Chapter-3

Constitutive Equations
C O M P O S I T E M AT E R I A L S A N D D E S I G N
ME F452
D R . P R I YA N K U PA D H YAYA
Effective Property Concept
 Effective linear elastic constitutive equations for the composite
 Develop equations for predicting elastic constants
 Exact configuration in impractical for each analysis
 Concept of representative volume element (RVE)
small enough to represent the local material response yet large enough to
represent average material response
 Inhomogeneity to homogeneity
Concept of RVE
Generalized Hooke’s Law
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝜖𝑘𝑙 (𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙 = 1, 2, 3)

 Here, 𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 is a 4th order tensor with 81 (34) elastic constants.

 Symmetry of stress: total 6 component of [𝜎]
 Symmetry of strain: total 6 component of [𝜖]

𝜎𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 𝜖𝑗 (𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, … 6)
Contracted Notation of Stress and Strain
𝜎1 ≡ 𝜎11 𝜖1 ≡ 𝜖11 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 𝐶14 𝐶15 𝐶16
𝜎2 ≡ 𝜎22 𝜖2 ≡ 𝜖22 𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 𝐶24 𝐶25 𝐶26
𝜎3 ≡ 𝜎33 𝜖3 ≡ 𝜖33 𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 𝐶34 𝐶35 𝐶36
𝐶𝑖𝑗 =
𝜎4 ≡ 𝜎23 𝜖4 ≡ 2𝜖23 𝐶41 𝐶42 𝐶43 𝐶44 𝐶45 𝐶46
𝜎5 ≡ 𝜎31 𝜖5 ≡ 2𝜖31 𝐶51 𝐶52 𝐶53 𝐶54 𝐶55 𝐶56
𝜎6 ≡ 𝜎12 𝜖6 ≡ 2𝜖12 𝐶61 𝐶62 𝐶63 𝐶64 𝐶65 𝐶66

Generalized Hooke’s Law

Total 36 constants
 Existence of Strain Energy Density Function
1 1 Anisotopic Material
𝑊 = 𝜎𝑖 𝜖𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 𝜖𝑗 𝜖𝑖
2 2
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 𝐶14 𝐶15 𝐶16
𝜕2𝑊 𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶23 𝐶24 𝐶25 𝐶26
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33 𝐶34 𝐶35 𝐶36
𝜕𝜖𝑗 𝜕𝜖𝑖 𝐶𝑖𝑗 =
𝐶14 𝐶24 𝐶34 𝐶44 𝐶45 𝐶46
𝜕2𝑊 𝐶15 𝐶25 𝐶35 𝐶45 𝐶55 𝐶56
𝐶𝑗𝑖 = 𝐶16 𝐶26 𝐶36 𝐶46 𝐶56 𝐶66
𝜕𝜖𝑖 𝜕𝜖𝑗
If the strain energy density function exists Total constants
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑗𝑖 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21
Monoclinic Material
𝑥3
 One plane of symmetry (12)
 Stress and strain transformation 𝑥2 , 𝑥2′
𝑥1 , 𝑥1′
 Total 13 constants
𝑥3′
𝑥′1 𝑥′2 𝑥′3
1 0 0 [𝜎′] = a T 𝜎 [a]
𝑥1 0 90 90
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 1 0
𝑥2 90 0 90 0 0 −1 𝜎𝑖′ = 𝐶𝑖𝑗′ 𝜖𝑗′ = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 𝜖𝑗′ (1)
𝑥3 90 90 180
 Monoclinic Material
1 0 0 𝜎11 𝜎12 𝜎13 1 0 0
𝜎′ = 0 1 𝜎𝑖′ = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 𝜖𝑗′ (2)
0 𝜎12 𝜎22 𝜎23 0 1 0
0 0 −1 𝜎13 𝜎23 𝜎33 0 0 −1
𝜎𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 𝜖𝑗 (3)
Transformed Stress Transformed Strain
𝜎′1 = 𝜎1 (4) 𝜖′1 = 𝜖1 (10)
𝜎′2 = 𝜎2 (5) 𝜖′2 = 𝜖2 (11) (4) ⇒ 𝐶14 = 𝐶15 = 0
𝜎′3 = 𝜎3 (6) 𝜖′3 = 𝜖3 (12) 5 ⇒ 𝐶24 = 𝐶25 = 0
(6) ⇒ 𝐶34 = 𝐶35 = 0
𝜎′4 = −𝜎4 (7) 𝜖′4 = −𝜖4 (13) 7 ⇒ 𝐶46 = 0
𝜎′5 = −𝜎5 (8) 𝜖′5 = −𝜖5 (14) 8 ⇒ 𝐶56 = 0
𝜎′6 = 𝜎6 (9) 𝜖′6 = 𝜖6 (15)
Monoclinic Material

𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 0 0 𝐶16

𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶23 0 0 𝐶26
𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33 0 0 𝐶36
𝐶𝑖𝑗 =
0 0 0 𝐶44 𝐶45 0
0 0 0 𝐶45 𝐶55 0
𝐶16 𝐶26 𝐶36 0 0 𝐶66

Total 13 constants
Orthotropic Material
 Two planes of symmetry (12 and 23) 𝑥3
𝑥1′
 Stress and strain transformation
𝑥2 , 𝑥2′
 Total 9 constants
𝑥1
𝑥′1 𝑥′2 𝑥′3 𝑥3′
−1 0 0
𝑥1 180 90 90
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 1 0
𝑥2 90 0 90 0 0 −1
𝑥3 90 90 180
𝐶16 = 𝐶26 = 𝐶36 = 𝐶45 = 0
Orthotropic Material
𝑥3
 Total 9 independent constants
 No coupling between shear and normal
 Also exhibits symmetry about the third plane

𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 0 0 0

𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶23 0 0 0 𝑥2
𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33 0 0 0
𝐶𝑖𝑗 =
0 0 0 𝐶44 0 0 𝑥1
0 0 0 0 𝐶55 0
0 0 0 0 0 𝐶66
Transversely Isotropic Material
𝑥3
 Total 5 independent constants
 Isotropy in plane transverse to fibers

𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶12 0 0 0

𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶23 0 0 0 𝑥2
𝐶12 𝐶23 𝐶22 0 0 0
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶22 − 𝐶23 𝑥1
0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 𝐶66 0
0 0 0 0 0 𝐶66
 Isotropic Material
 Properties independent of direction
 Infinite symmetry planes
 2 independent material constants
𝑥3 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶12 0 0 0
𝐶12 𝐶11 𝐶12 0 0 0
𝐶12 𝐶12 𝐶11 0 0 0
𝐶11 − 𝐶12
0 0 0 0 0
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = 2
𝐶11 − 𝐶12
0 0 0 0 0
𝑥2 2
𝐶11 − 𝐶12
0 0 0 0 0
2
𝑥1
Engineering Constants (Orthotropic)
 Axis 1 aligned along the fiber, 23 transverse
 Measured through laboratory experiments
 Three elastic and three shear modulus
 Six (three independent) Poisson’s ratio
1 𝜈21 𝜈31 𝜏23 𝜖𝑗
𝜖1 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 − 𝜎3 𝛾23 = 𝜈𝑖𝑗 = −
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐺23 𝜖𝑖
𝜈12 1 𝜈32 𝜏13 𝜈𝑖𝑗 ≠ 𝜈𝑗𝑖
𝜖2 = − 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 − 𝜎3 𝛾13 =
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐺13
𝜏12
𝜈13 𝜈23 1 𝛾12 =
𝜖3 = − 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 𝐺12 𝐺𝑖𝑗 = 𝐺𝑗𝑖
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
Engineering Constants (Orthotropic)
 𝐸1 is axial Young’s modulus
𝑆12 = −𝜈21 /𝐸2 𝑆13 = −𝜈31 /𝐸3
 𝐸2 and 𝐸3 are transverse Young’s moduli
 𝐺12 and 𝐺13 are axial (in-plane) shear moduli 𝑆21 = −𝜈12 /𝐸1 𝑆23 = −𝜈32 /𝐸2
 𝐺23 is transverse (out-of-plane) shear modulus
𝑆31 = −𝜈13 /𝐸3 𝑆32 = −𝜈23 /𝐸3
𝜖1 𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 0 0 0 𝜎1
𝜖2 𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆23 0 0 0 𝜎2 𝑆11 = 1/𝐸1 𝑆44 = 1/𝐺23
𝜖3 𝑆13 𝑆23 𝑆33 0 0 0 𝜎3
= 𝑆22 = 1/𝐸2 𝑆55 = 1/𝐺13
𝜖4 0 0 0 𝑆44 0 0 𝜎4
𝜖5 0 0 0 0 𝑆55 0 𝜎5 𝑆33 = 1/𝐸3 𝑆66 = 1/𝐺12
𝜖6 0 0 0 0 0 𝑆66 𝜎6
Engineering Constants (Orthotropic)
𝜖1 1/𝐸1 −𝜈21 /𝐸2 −𝜈31 /𝐸3 0 0 0 𝜎1
𝜖2 −𝜈12 /𝐸1 1/𝐸2 −𝜈32 /𝐸2 0 0 0 𝜎2
𝜖3 −𝜈13 /𝐸3 −𝜈23 /𝐸3 1/𝐸3 0 0 0 𝜎3
𝜖4 = 0 0 0 1/𝐺23 0 0 𝜎4
𝜖5 0 0 0 0 1/𝐺13 0 𝜎5
𝜖6 0 0 0 0 0 1/𝐺12 𝜎6

 From the symmetry present in the compliance matrix

𝜈21 𝜈12 𝜈31 𝜈13 𝜈23 𝜈32
= = =
𝐸2 𝐸1 𝐸3 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
Engineering Constants (Orthotropic)
1 − 𝜈23 𝜈32 𝜈21 + 𝜈23 𝜈31 𝜈31 + 𝜈21 𝜈32
0 0 0
𝐸2 𝐸3 Δ 𝐸2 𝐸3 Δ 𝐸2 𝐸3 Δ
𝜖1 𝜎1
𝜈21 + 𝜈23 𝜈31 1 − 𝜈13 𝜈31 𝜈32 + 𝜈12 𝜈31
𝜖2 0 0 0 𝜎2
𝜖3 𝐸2 𝐸3 Δ 𝐸1 𝐸3 Δ 𝐸1 𝐸3 Δ 𝜎3
𝜖4 = 𝜈31 + 𝜈21 𝜈32 𝜈32 + 𝜈12 𝜈31 1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 𝜎4
0 0 0
𝜖5 𝐸2 𝐸3 Δ 𝐸1 𝐸3 Δ 𝐸1 𝐸2 Δ 𝜎5
𝜖6 0 0 0 𝐺23 0 0 𝜎6
0 0 0 0 𝐺13 0
0 0 0 0 0 𝐺12
Δ = (1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 − 𝜈23 𝜈32 − 𝜈13 𝜈23 − 2𝜈21 𝜈32 𝜈13 )/𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
Engineering Constants (Transversely Isotropic)

𝐸2 = 𝐸3 𝜈12 = 𝜈13 𝐺12 = 𝐺13 𝐺23 = 𝐸2 /2(1 + 𝜈23 )

𝜖1 1/𝐸1 −𝜈12 /𝐸1 −𝜈12 /𝐸1 0 0 0 𝜎1

𝜖2 −𝜈12 /𝐸1 1/𝐸2 −𝜈23 /𝐸2 0 0 0 𝜎2
𝜖3 −𝜈12 /𝐸1 −𝜈23 /𝐸2 1/𝐸2 0 0 0 𝜎3
𝜖4 = 𝜎4
0 0 0 2(1 + 𝜈23 )/𝐸2 0 0
𝜖5 0 0 0 0 1/𝐺12 0 𝜎5
𝜖6 0 0 0 0 0 1/𝐺12 𝜎6
Coordinate Transformation
𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑥 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑦 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝜃
𝑥
𝑧 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑧, 𝑥3
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 0 𝑚 −𝑛 0
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0 = 𝑛 𝑚 0 𝜎 (123) = 𝑎 𝑇
𝜎 𝑥𝑦𝑧 [𝑎]
0 0 1 0 0 1
𝜖 (123) = 𝑎 𝑇 𝜖 𝑥𝑦𝑧 [𝑎] 3 × 3 Matrix
𝑚 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑛 = sin 𝜃
Coordinate Transformation (Stress)
Stress and Strain
Contracted Notation 𝜎 1 = 𝑇1 𝜎 𝑥

𝜎1 ≡ 𝜎11 𝜖1 ≡ 𝜖11
𝜎2 ≡ 𝜎22 𝜖2 ≡ 𝜖22
𝜎3 ≡ 𝜎33 𝜖3 ≡ 𝜖33
𝑚2 𝑛2 0 0 0 2𝑚𝑛
𝜎4 ≡ 𝜎23 𝜖4 ≡ 2𝜖23
𝑛2 𝑚2 0 0 0 −2𝑚𝑛
𝜎5 ≡ 𝜎31 𝜖5 ≡ 2𝜖31
𝜎6 ≡ 𝜎12 𝜖6 ≡ 2𝜖12 [𝑇1 ] = 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 𝑚 −𝑛 0
0 0 0 𝑛 𝑚 0
−𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑛 0 0 0 𝑚2 − 𝑛2
Coordinate Transformation (Strain)
Stress and Strain
Contracted Notation 𝜖 1 = 𝑇2 𝜖 𝑥

𝜎1 ≡ 𝜎11 𝜖1 ≡ 𝜖11
𝜎2 ≡ 𝜎22 𝜖2 ≡ 𝜖22
𝜎3 ≡ 𝜎33 𝜖3 ≡ 𝜖33
𝑚2 𝑛2 0 0 0 𝑚𝑛
𝜎4 ≡ 𝜎23 𝜖4 ≡ 2𝜖23
𝑛2 𝑚2 0 0 0 −𝑚𝑛
𝜎5 ≡ 𝜎31 𝜖5 ≡ 2𝜖31
[𝑇2 ] = 0 0 1 0 0 0
𝜎6 ≡ 𝜎12 𝜖6 ≡ 2𝜖12
0 0 0 𝑚 −𝑛 0
0 0 0 𝑛 𝑚 0
−2𝑚𝑛 2𝑚𝑛 0 0 0 𝑚2 − 𝑛2
 Coordinate Transformation (Stiffness): Orthotropic
𝑇1 (𝜃) −1 = 𝑇1 (−𝜃)
𝜎 1 = 𝐶 𝜖 1
𝑇2 (𝜃) −1 = 𝑇2 (−𝜃)
[𝑇1 ] 𝜎 𝑥 = 𝐶 [𝑇2 ] 𝜖 𝑥 Transformed Stiffness is Monoclinic
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 0 0 𝐶16
𝜎 = 𝑇1 −1 𝐶 [𝑇2 ] 𝜖 𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶23 0 0 𝐶26
𝑥 𝑥
𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33 0 0 𝐶36
[𝐶 ] =
0 0 0 𝐶44 𝐶45 0
𝜎 𝑥 = [𝐶] 𝜖 𝑥 0 0 0 𝐶45 𝐶55 0
𝐶16 𝐶26 𝐶36 0 0 𝐶66
Coordinate Transformation (Stiffness): Orthotropic
𝐶11 = 𝑚4 𝐶11 + 2𝑚2 𝑛2 𝐶12 + 2𝐶66 + 𝑛4 𝐶22 𝐶33 = 𝐶33

𝐶12 = 𝑛2 𝑚2 𝐶11 + 𝐶22 − 4𝐶66 + 𝑛4 + 𝑚4 𝐶12 𝐶36 = 𝑚𝑛(𝐶13 − 𝐶23 )

𝐶13 = 𝑚2 𝐶13 + 𝑛2 𝐶23 𝐶44 = 𝑚2 𝐶44 + 𝑛2 𝐶55

𝐶16 = 𝑛𝑚 𝑚2 𝐶11 − 𝐶12 − 2𝐶66 + 𝑛2 𝐶12 − 𝐶22 + 2𝐶66 𝐶45 = 𝑚𝑛(𝐶55 − 𝐶44 )

𝐶22 = 𝑛4 𝐶11 + 2𝑚2 𝑛2 𝐶12 + 2𝐶66 + 𝑚4 𝐶22 𝐶55 = 𝑛2 𝐶44 + 𝑚2 𝐶55

𝐶23 = 𝑛2 𝐶13 + 𝑚2 𝐶23 𝐶66 = 𝑛2 𝑚2 𝐶11 − 2𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + 𝑛2 − 𝑚2 2 𝐶66

𝐶26 = 𝑛𝑚 𝑛2 𝐶11 − 𝐶12 − 2𝐶66 + 𝑚2 𝐶12 − 𝐶22 + 2𝐶66

Coordinate Transformation (Compliance): Orthotropic
𝑇1 (𝜃) −1 = 𝑇1 (−𝜃)
𝜖 𝑥 = 𝑆 𝜎 𝑥
𝑇2 (𝜃) −1 = 𝑇2 (−𝜃)
−1
𝑆 = 𝐶 Transformed Stiffness is Monoclinic
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 0 0 𝑆16
𝑆 = 𝑇1 −1 𝐶 𝑇2 −1 𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆23 0 0 𝑆26
𝑆13 𝑆23 𝑆33 0 0 𝑆36
[𝑆 ] =
0 0 0 𝑆44 𝑆45 0
−1
𝑆 = 𝑇2 𝑆 𝑇1 0 0 0 𝑆45 𝑆55 0
𝑆16 𝑆26 𝑆36 0 0 𝑆66
Coordinate Transformation (Stiffness)
𝑆11 = 𝑚4 𝑆11 + 𝑚2 𝑛2 2𝑆12 + 𝐶66 + 𝑛4 𝑆22 𝑆33 = 𝑆33

𝑆12 = 𝑛2 𝑚2 𝑆11 + 𝑆22 − 𝑆66 + 𝑛4 + 𝑚4 𝑆12 𝑆36 = 2𝑚𝑛(𝑆13 − 𝑆23 )

𝑆13 = 𝑚2 𝑆13 + 𝑛2 𝑆23 𝑆44 = 𝑚2 𝑆44 + 𝑛2 𝑆55

𝑆16 = 𝑛𝑚 𝑚2 2𝑆11 − 2𝑆12 − 𝐶66 + 𝑛2 2𝑆12 − 2𝑆22 + 𝐶66 𝑆45 = 𝑚𝑛(𝑆55 − 𝑆44 )

𝑆22 = 𝑛4 𝑆11 + 𝑚2 𝑛2 2𝑆12 + 𝐶66 + 𝑚4 𝐶22 𝑆55 = 𝑛2 𝑆44 + 𝑚2 𝑆55

𝑆23 = 𝑛2 𝑆13 + 𝑚2 𝑆23 𝑆66 = 4𝑛2 𝑚2 𝑆11 − 2𝑆12 + 𝑆22 + 𝑛2 − 𝑚2 2 𝑆66

𝑆26 = 𝑛𝑚 𝑛2 2𝑆11 − 2𝑆12 − 𝑆66 + 𝑚2 2𝑆12 − 2𝑆22 + 𝑆66

Summary of Constitutive Equations

𝜎𝑥 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 0 0 𝐶16 𝜖𝑥

𝜎𝑦 𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶23 0 0 𝐶26 𝜖𝑦
𝜎𝑧 𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33 0 0 𝐶36 𝜖𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧
0 0 0 𝐶44 𝐶45 0
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛾𝑧𝑥
0 0 0 𝐶45 𝐶55 0
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝐶16 𝐶26 𝐶36 0 0 𝐶66
Summary of Constitutive Equations

𝜖𝑥 𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 0 0 𝑆16 𝜎𝑥

𝜖𝑦 𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆23 0 0 𝑆26 𝜎𝑦
𝜖𝑧 𝑆13 𝑆23 𝑆33 0 0 𝑆36 𝜎𝑧
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧
0 0 0 𝑆44 𝑆45 0
𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑥
0 0 0 𝑆45 𝑆55 0
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑆16 𝑆26 𝑆36 0 0 𝑆66
Thermal Effects
 Thermal expansion due to temperature change 𝛼𝑥 = 𝑚2 𝛼1 + 𝑛2 𝛼2
 𝛼 is coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 𝛼𝑦 = 𝑛2 𝛼1 + 𝑚2 𝛼2
 No shear: pure extension
𝛼𝑧 = 𝛼3 𝛼𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑚𝑛(𝛼1 − 𝛼2 )
𝜖𝑇 1 = 𝛼 1 𝛥𝑇 𝜖𝑇 𝑥 = 𝛼 𝑥 𝛥𝑇
𝜖𝑥𝑇
𝜖 𝑇
1 = [𝑇2 ] 𝜖
𝑇
𝑥 𝜖𝑇𝑥 = 𝑇2
−1 𝛼 1 𝛥𝑇 𝑚2 𝛼1 + 𝑛2 𝛼2
𝛼𝑥 𝜖𝑦𝑇
𝛼1 𝑛2 𝛼1 + 𝑚2 𝛼2
𝛼2 𝛼𝑦 𝜖𝑧𝑇 𝛼3
𝛼𝑧 𝑇 = Δ𝑇
𝛼3 𝛾𝑦𝑧 0
𝛼1= 𝛼 𝑥= 0
0 𝑇
𝛾𝑧𝑥 0
0 0 𝑇 2𝑚𝑛(𝛼1 − 𝛼2 )
𝛼𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
0
Hygro (Moisture) Effects
 Moisture leads to hygroscopic expansion 𝛽𝑥 = 𝑚2 𝛽1 + 𝑛2 𝛽2
 𝛽 is coefficient of hygroscopic expansion (CTE) 𝛽𝑦 = 𝑛2 𝛽1 + 𝑚2 𝛽2
 Δ𝑀 is % moisture absorbed by weight (0.005%)
𝛽𝑧 = 𝛽3 𝛽𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑚𝑛(𝛽1 − 𝛽2 )
𝜖𝐻 1 = 𝛽 1 𝛥𝑀 𝜖𝐻 𝑥 = 𝛽 𝑥 𝛥𝑀
𝜖𝐻 1 = [𝑇2 ] 𝜖 𝑀 𝑥 𝜖𝐻 = 𝑇2 −1 𝛽 1 𝛥𝑀
𝑥 𝜖𝑥𝐻
𝑚2 𝛽1 + 𝑛2 𝛽2
𝛽1 𝛽𝑥 𝜖𝑦𝐻
𝑛2 𝛽1 + 𝑚2 𝛽2
𝛽2 𝛽𝑦 𝜖𝑧𝐻
= 𝛼3 Δ𝑀
𝛽𝑧 𝐻
𝛽 1 = 𝛽3 𝛽 𝑥= 𝛾𝑦𝑧 0
0 0 𝐻 0
𝛾𝑧𝑥
0 0 𝐻 2𝑚𝑛(𝛽1 − 𝛽2 )
𝛽𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
0
 Hygro-Thermo-Elastic Constitutive Equation
 Assumption of superposition of strain: mechanical, thermal & hygro

𝜖 = 𝜖𝜎 + 𝜖𝑇 + 𝜖𝐻

𝜖𝑥 𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 0 0 𝑆16 𝜎𝑥 𝑚2 𝛼1 + 𝑛2 𝛼2 𝑚2 𝛽1 + 𝑛2 𝛽2

𝜖𝑦 𝑆12 𝑆22 𝑆23 0 0 𝑆26 𝜎𝑦 𝑛2 𝛼1 + 𝑚2 𝛼2 𝑛2 𝛽1 + 𝑚2 𝛽2
𝜖𝑧 𝑆13 𝑆23 𝑆33 0 0 𝑆36 𝜎𝑧 𝛼3 𝛼3
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + Δ𝑇 + Δ𝑀
0 0 0 𝑆44 𝑆45 0 0 0
𝛾𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑥 0 0
0 0 0 𝑆45 𝑆55 0
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2𝑚𝑛(𝛼1 − 𝛼2 ) 2𝑚𝑛(𝛽1 − 𝛽2 )
𝑆16 𝑆26 𝑆36 0 0 𝑆66