FOUR WEEK PRACTICAL

TRAINING

REPORT 2009

AT

DHOLPUR COMBINED CYCLE POWER PROJECT

(DCCPP)

DHOLPUR (RAJ.)

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

 INTRODUCTION

DHOLPUR COMBINED CYCLE POWER PROJECT.

DCCPP is situated in the outskirts of Dholpur which is about 55Km.

South West of Agra. Dholpur was considered an ideal location for setting

up of a gas power plant having regards to the availability of land, water,

transmission network, proximity to broad gauge railway , also well

connected by roads (G.T. road passes through this city) and being an

important load center for eastern Rajasthan.

The total estimated cost of the plant is Rs. 1155 crore.The main

equipments were supplied by M/s BHEL and it was also the main

contractor for erection, testing and commsining of the plant. The

BOP(Balance of plant) was given to M/s GEA Energy System. The main

fuel used for this plant is R-LNG(liquified natural gas) which will be

supplied by M/s GAIL. The gas required per day for both unit is 1.3MM

SCM at 9000Kcal.

The unique feature of this plant is that waste heat from the gas turbine is

recovered by a heat recovery steam generator to power a conventional

steam turbine in a combined cycle configuration. And also a MARK- 6

control system has been introduced for the first time in the northern

region in INDIA.
 PREFACE

Practical training in must for each and every student and especially for

technical students for their success in completion of technical education.

Study remains incomplete without having practical knowledge of what

we have gone thought the theory. It is rather important of every student to

be practical along with their practical knowledge. Today time need more

perspective and systematic alignment of a student along with their

knowledge.

Without having any lagging effect a student should have admirable

knowledge of their practical field . Enclosures regarding their field should

be made with every receipt and view point.

In the conclusion it is opinion that practical training is more important

for each and every technical student along with theoretical knowledge.
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Method for transforming other power into electrical power :-
Power plants are classified in the following categories according to the
fuel used:
(a) Coal based thermal power plant
(b) Nuclear power plant
(c) Hydro electric power plant
(d) Solar power plant
(e) Wind power
(f) Gas power plant Rotating turbines attached to electrical generators
produce most commercially available electricity. Turbines may be driven
by using steam. Water wind or other fluids as an intermediate energy
carrier. The most common usage is by steam in fossil fuel power plants or
nuclear power plants and by water in hydroelectric dams. Alternately
turbines can be driven directly by the combustion of natural gas.

Electricity From Natural gas :-

Power plant uses several methods to convert gas into electricity. One
method is to burn the gas in a boiler to produce steam, which is then used
by a steam turbine to generate electricity. A more common approach is to
burn the gas in a combustion turbine to generate electricity.
Another technology that is growing in a combustion turbine and used the
heat combustion turbine exhaust to make steam to drive a steam turbine.
This technology is called combined cycle and achieves a higher
efficiency by using the same fuel source twice.
 COMBINED CYCLE POWER
GENERATION
Combined cycle electricity generation :-
Growth in gas fueled combined cycle system will take place,
because of the attractive economic environmental and operating
characteristics of this natural gas system.Combined cycle gas turbine
plants generate electricity more. Efficiently than conventional fossil to
percent compares with 30 to 50 percent for typical now biological units.

Advantage of Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant

 High Thermal Efficiency
 Low water Requirement
 Environmental friendliness
 Fast start-up
 Low Gestation period
 Low Installation Cost

Disadvantage of Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant

 Low thermal Efficiency in Open cycle
 Higher Cost of Generation
 Higher Maintenance Cost

Classification of Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant

SIZE PLANT CAPACITY GT CAPACITY

SMALL UP-TO 100 MW 30-40 MW
 MEDIUM 150-400 MW 60-120 MW
LARGE > 400 MW > 120 MW

Environmental effects of combined cycle electricity generation

(a). Natural-gas fueled combined cycle units are environmentally
performable to conventional coal system the gas combined cycle unit
produces none of the solid waste associated with coal units less than 1
percent of the sulfur dioxide and particulate matter and about 85 percent
less nitrogen oxide produces by a similarity sized new coal unit equipped
with pollution control equipments.

(b). Co-generation system :- cogeneration is use of a primary energy

like natural gas to sequentially produce heat and electricity. The concept
is based on the recover and use of waste heat produced daring the
generation of electricity. In most electric utility power plants, this waste
heat is lost resulting in substantially lower operating efficiencies than
with co-generation.
A variety of natural gas co-generation technologies are currently being
used. Including small pre-packaged units that incorporate all the
necessary components for a co-generation system as well as high
efficiency industrial gas turbines. These natural gas co-generation system
are available in sizes ranging from as small as 202 kw to as larges as
several hundred mega watts.

(c.) Air Emissions :- The average emissions rates in the united states
from natural gas fired generation are 1135 ibd/meh of carbon dioxide 0.1
ibs/mwh of sulfur di oxide and 1.7 ibs/mwh of nitrogen oxide compared
 to the average air emissions from coal fired generation natural gas
produces as much carbon dioxide less than a third as much nitrogen
dioxide at the power plant in addition the process of extraction treatment
and transport of the natural gas to the power plant generators additional
emissions.
(d) Design Principle :- In a gas turbine, set composed primarily of a
compressor burner and the gas turbine proper. The input temperature to
the gas turbine is relatively high but the output temp of the fuel gas
temperature is sufficient for production of steam in the second steam
cycle with live steam temperature in the range of steam cycle depends on
the ambient temperature .The methods of waste heat disposal either by
direct cooling by lake river or sea water or using cooling towers.
(e) Efficiency of CCGT plants :- The thermal efficiency of a combined
cycle power plant is normally in terms of the net power output of the
plant as a percentage of the lower heating value or net calorific value of
the fuel. In the case of generating only etc. criticity power plant
efficiencies of up to 59% can be achieved in the case of combined heat
and power generation the efficiency can increase to about 85%.

PLANT DESIGN INPUTS

 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE
 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
 FUEL SPECIFICATIONS
 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
 PEAKING CAPABILITY
 OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY
 PLANT WATER QUALITY
 BLACK START FACILITY
 
FUEL SPECIFICATIONS
 NATURAL GAS/ LNG VS NAPHTHA
 NATURAL GAS SUPPLY PRESSURE
 BRIDGE FUEL - NAPHTHA/ HSD
 SULPHUR CONTENT - LOW PREFERRED

WORKING OF THE COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

DCCPP located at Dholpur has an unique feature that the same energy
source (i.e. natural gas) is used to rotate both gas and steam turbine
without wasting much of energy. As the name implies it is a combined
cycle i.e. waste heat from the gas turbine is recovered by a heat recovery
steam generator to power a conventional steam turbine in a combined
cycle configuration. Hence, the working of both gas and steam turbine is
discussed here.
 GAS TURBINE
WORKING OF GAS TURBINE:

This machine has a single-stage centrifugal compressor and

turbine, a recuperator, and foil bearings.

A gas turbine extracts energy from a flow of hot gas produced

by combustion of gas or fuel oil in a stream of compressed air.

It has an upstream air compressor (radial or axial flow)

mechanically coupled to a downstream turbine and a combustion

chamber in between. Gas turbine may also refer to just the

turbine element.

Energy is released when compressed air is mixed with fuel and

ignited in the combustor. The resulting gases are directed over

the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine, and, mechanically,

powering the compressor. Finally, the gases are passed through

a nozzle, generating additional thrust by accelerating the hot

exhaust gases by expansion back to atmospheric pressure.

 Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed

air and thrust, in any combination, and used to power aircraft,

trains, ships, electrical generators, and even tanks.

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary engine that

extracts energy from a flow of hot gas produced by combustion of gas in
a stream of compressed air. It has an upstream air compressor radial or
axial flow mechanically coupled to a downstream turbine and a
combustion chamber in between. Gas turbine may also refer to just the
turbine element.

Energy is released when compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited in
the combustor . The resulting gases are directed over the turbine's blades,
spinning the turbine and mechanically, powering the compressor. Finally,
the gases are passed through a nozzle, generating additional thrust by
accelerating the hot exhaust gases by expansion back to atmospheric
pressure.

Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air and thrust,
in any combination, and used to power electrical generators .

Theory of operation:

Gas turbines are described thermodynamically by the Brayton cycle , in which

air is compressed isentropically , combustion occurs at constant pressure,
and expansion over the turbine occurs isentropically back to the starting
pressure.

In practice, friction and turbulence cause:

a) Non-Isentropic Compression: For a given overall pressure ratio,the

 compressor delivery temperature is higher than ideal.

b) Non-Isentropic Expansion: Although the turbine temperature drop

necessary to drive the compressor is unaffected, the associated
pressure ratio is greater, which decreases the expansion available to
provide useful work.

c) Pressure losses in the air intake,combustor and exhaust: reduces the

expansion available to provide useful work.

Gas Power Cycle :- Although any cycle may in principle be used as a heat engine or as
a refrigerator and heat pump by just reversing the direction of the process in practice
there are big difference and the study is split between power cycle and refrigeration
cycle.
Many gas cycle have been proposed and several are currently used to model real heat
engines. From the academic point of view we will the brayton cycle.

Brayton Cycle :- The brayton cycle named after the American Engineer

George Bray ton, is a good model for the operation of a gas turbines
engine. Now a days used by practically all aircraft except the smallest
once by fast boast and increasingly been used for stationary power
generation. Particularly when both power and heat are of interest the ideal
bray ton cycle in the T-S and P-V diagram and the regenerative cycle.As
with all cyclic heat engines, higher combustion temperature means
greater efficiency. The limiting factor is the ability of the steel, nickel,
ceramic, or other materials that make up the engine to withstand heat and
pressure. Considerable engineering goes into keeping the turbine parts
cool. Most turbines also try to recover exhaust heat, which otherwise is
wasted energy. the heat released from the exhaust gas has been absorbed
by many kms of tubing which line the boiler. Inside these tubes is water,
which takes the heat and is converted into steam at high temperature and
pressure. The type of boiler is called heat recovery steam generation
(HRSG) This steam at high temperature and pressure is sent to the turbine
where it is discharged through the nozzles on to the turbine blades. The
energy of the steam striking on the blades makes the turbine to rotate.
Coupled to the turbine is the rotor of the generator. So when the turbine
rotates the rotor of the generator turns. The rotor is housed inside a stator
having heavy coils of copper bars in which electricity is produced
through the movement of magnetic field produced by the rotor. Electricity
passes from stator winding to the transformer, which increases its voltage
level so that it can be transmitted over the lines to far off places.

The steam, which has given away its energy, is changed back into water
in the condenser. Condenser contains many kms of tubing through which
cold water is continuously pumped. The steam passing over the tubes
continuously loses heat and is rapidly changed back into water. But the
two waters i.e. the boiler feed water and cooling water must never mix.
Boiler water must be absolutely pure otherwise the tubing of the boiler
may get damaged due to the formation of salts inside the tubes due to the
presence of different impurities in water.
To condense large quantities of steam huge and continuous volume of
water is required. In some power stations same water has to be used again
and again because there is not enough water. So the hot water tracts are
passed through the cooling towers. The cooling towers are simply
concrete shells acting as a huge chimney creating a draught of air. The
design of cooling towers is such that a draught of air is created in the
upward direction. The water is sprayed at the top of the tower. As it falls
down the air flowing in the upward direction cools it. The water is
collected in a pond from where the water is recirculated by the pumps to
the condenser. Inevitably, however some of the water is taken taken away
by the draught of water in the form of vapours and it is this water with
familiar white clouds emerging from the cooling towers.

HRGS (heat recovery steam generator)

SALIENT FEATURES OF HRSG

 Horizontal Natural Circulation Design.

 Steam generation at multiple pressure levels with or without
reheaters.
 Modular construction with spiral finned tubes for compactness.
 Fully drainable heat transfer section
 Short installation time.
 Ease of operation.
 Supplementary Fuel firing system to meet specific customer
requirements.
o -In duct firing/Furnace firing.
o Multiple Fuel firing (Oil/Gas).
 Low NOx and CO emission.
o Stand by fresh air firing with FD fan for uninterrupted steam
supply ( FD Fan mode ).
 Unfired boiler.
 Exhaust gases are used to generate steam.
 500 c lower portion.
 High pressure circuit two.
 6H bar upper portin economizer.
  Low temperature portion.
 6 bar 202 c (ragging)
 Discharge pressure 1H bar steam
 Water tube boiler.
 Forced circulation boiler.
 Vertical boiler.
 At 100 c leaver boiler.
 Deareater feed storage tank
 Circuit feed regulating
 Economizer
 Evapourator
 Super heater H.P. turbine and L.P. turbine
 Twin cyclender turbine.
 Tendon compound turbine.

HP STEAM (RATED PARAMETERS)

• PRESSURE : 78.2 Kg/Cm2.
• TEMPERATURE : 514+/- 5 Deg. C
• FLOW : 187.1 TPH.

LP STEAM (RATED PARAMETERS)

• PRESSURE : 5.0 Kg/Cm2.
• TEMPERATURE : 200 Deg. C
• FLOW : 39.8 TPH.
 ARRANGEMENT OF HRSG DHOLPUR
HP Main
CCPP

LP Feed Water
Steam Line

HP Feed Water

Cond. In/Out
HP Steam LP Steam
Drum Drum

GT HP HP HP HP HP LP LP LP HP
CPH
SH-II SH-I EVP-IIEVP-I ECO-II SH EVP-IIEVP-II ECO-I
Exhaust

DD GD DESH

Spray line
LP Main Steam
Line
 STEAM TURBINE
Steam turbine auxiliary (STA) :-
1. H.P. & L.P. by pass system
2. shapt turning system
3. feed water system
4. air extraction water side.
5. cw make up and raw water system.
6. hub oil system.
7. tacking oil system.
8. hydrolic oil system.
9. glained steam system
(1) two glained steam
(a) fan
(b) cooler
(2) pressure can valve
10. cooling water circuit :-
to create low back pressure
11. cooling water pump :-
two pump are in service one is service & second is stained
12. cooling tower:-
fans is use in cooling.
13. lub water pump:-
3 pumps one is service of two is stained.
14. air extraction system:-
Steam side removes non condensable from steam turbine.
15. air ph system:-
 load on turbines is lers.
 We head up air.
  It’s density is reduce
 Mass flow is reduced

16. auxiliary raw cooling water com water:-

 Three pump 2.1
 Intermediate heat exchanger
17. feed water duration:-
(a) hot water line
(b) L.P. steam line
(c.) H.P. steam line
 TURB
O-GENERATOR AND
EXCITATION SYSTEM

An Turbogenerator is an electromechanical device that converts

mechanical energy to electrical energy, using a rotating magnetic field

THEORY BEHIND THE WORKING OF A TURBOGENERATOR

 An Turbogenerator generally includes a rotor that rotates within a

stator core to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

 A frame-supported stator core provides a high permeability path for

magnetic flux and a rotor assembly positioned to rotate
continuously within the stator core so as to induce electrical
current.

 The resulting current is carried by high-current conductors through

and out from the power generator, to connectors that provide the
current to a plant bus for power distribution.

Main Components of Generator

• Stator
– Stator Frame (Fabrication & Machining)
• Core Assembly
– Stator Core, Core Suspension Arrangement
• End Shield
• Stator Winding Assembly
– Stator Winding , Winding Assembly, Connecting Bus bar,
Terminal Bushing
• Rotor
– Rotor Shaft, Rotor Wedges, Rotor Coils, Wound Rotor, Rotor
Assembly
• Completing Assembly
– Bearing Assembly, Shaft Seal Assembly, Oil Catchers,
Insert Cover etc
 • Exciter
• Auxiliary Systems
•

FUNCTIONS OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

 FAULTS. GENERATION OF AIR GAP FLUX TO GET ELECTRICAL

OUTPUT.
 TO GENERATE SYNCHRONISING TORQUE TO KEEP THE MACHINE
IN SYNCHRONISM.
 TO GENERATE REACTIVE POWER (MVAR)
 FAST RESPONSE TO SYSTEM DISTURBANCES.
 CAPABILITY TO GENERATE FIELD FORCING CONDITION FOR
PROMPT CLEARANCE OF PRESSURE.

BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM

 CONTACT LESS SYSTEM

 ELIMINATES ALL PROBLEM RELATED TO TRANSFER OF POWER
BETWEEN
 STATIONARY AND ROTATING ELEMENTS
 COMPLETELY ELIMINATES BRUSHGEAR ,
 SLIPRINGS, FIELD BREAKER .
 ELIMINATES THE HAZARD OF CHANGING
 BRUSHES ON LOAD
 BRUSH LOSSES ARE ELIMINATED
 RELIABILITY IS BETTER
 IDEALLY SUITED FOR LARGE SETS
RATING OF GENERATORS

Parameter GTG
STG

TYPE TARI 1080

TARI 1080

ACTIVE POWER 112.46

126.2 MW

MVA 132.3
148.4MVA

SPEED/FREQUENCY 3000/50
3000/50RPM/Hz

STATOR VOLTAGE 10.5

10.5Kv

STATOR CURRENT 7275

8164A

CONT. UNBALANCED CURRENT 10

10%

RATED POWER FACTOR 0.85 LAG

0.85 LAG

INNER CONNECTION OF
STATOR WINDING Y-Y
Y-Y

RATED FIELD CURRENT 756

825 A

RATED FIELD VOLTAGE 319

368V

INTERNAL COOLING AIR

AIR
 EXTERNAL COOLING MEDIUM WATER AIR

220 KV SWITCHYARD AND

TRANSFORMERS
220 KV SWITCHYARD AND DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS INSTALLED
AND BUS SCHEMES.
BUS SCHEME
Main Function Of The Stations Is To Receive The Energy And Transmit It At
The Required Voltage Level With The Facility Of Switching.
At DCCPP Following Are The Bays:-
1 GTG-1
2 Bus coupler
3 Line-1
4 GTG-2
5 Line-2
6 Line-3
7 STG
Bus System
There Are Mainly Two Buses
1 Main Bus-1
2 Main Bus-2

SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

In this type of breaker quenching of arc is done by SF6 gas. The opening and
closing of the circuit breaker is done by air.
TYPE DESIGNATION:-
E : S F 6 Gas Insulation
L : Generation
F : Out Door Design
SL : Breaker Construction
4 : Code BIL Rated Voltage 4 - 245 / 460 / 1050 kv
1 : No. of chamber
The high voltage circuit breaker type ELF SL 4-1 comprises 3 breaker
poles, a common control cubicle and a pneumatic unit (compressed
air plant) a breaker pole consists of :-
- SUPPORT (FRAME) - 40000
- POLE COLUMN - 41309 N
- PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR ( PKA)- 90200
The actuator is operated with compressed air.
A pneumatic unit ( 97200), an air receiver and a unit compressor is
installed to supply the compressed air. the compressed air stored in
the air receiver is distributor to the three actuator via pipe line.
The common control cubicle ( 96000), which is installed separately
contains all control devices and most of the monitoring
instrumentation with the exception of the density monitor 98005
mounted on the middle breaker pole. the pressure switches are
installed in the control cubicle. all three poles columns are filled
with insulating gas and interconnected by means of pipe lines. the
gas is monitored by a density monitor 98005 ( temp. compensated
pressure monitor )
If all the poles of the circuit breaker do not close simultaneously then the
pole discrepancy relay will operate and trip the breaker. Also at the
time of tripping, if all the breakers do not trip simultaneously, then
again the tripping command through the pole discrepancy relay
 will initiate to trip the breaker and annunciation will appear in the
sub station control room and the UCB.

ISOLATORS:
Isolators are used to make or break the circuit on no load. They should never be
operated on load. The isolators installed in the sub station have a capacity
of 1250 amperes. They are double end break type, motor operated and
can be operated from local as well as remote.

MAINTENANCE JOBS TO BE DONE ON 220 KV SWITCH YARD

Daily Job
Visual checking for any hot spot
Checking of air leakage from the breaker
Checking for any gas leakage from the breaker
Checking of air pressure of breaker
Checking of gas pressure of breaker
Checking of oil leakage form CT and CVT
Checking of oil level from CT and CVT
Checking of lubricating oil level in compressors
Checking healthiness of trip circuit for all breakers.
Monthly Job
Thermo vision scanning of conductor joints and attending to the
hot spot on available opportunity
Breaker operation checking from local and remote
Isolators operation from remote and local.
Measurement of specific gravity and voltage of 220 V D. C>
Battery cells.
Quarterly Job
Breakers
1. Tightening of breaker clamps
2. Cleaning of breaker cubicles
3. Checking of oil level of compressors of SF6 breakers.
4. Lubrication of rollers, mechanism shafts, anti pumping pin and
c clips.
5. Checking operation of breakers through trip coil 1, trip coil 2,
both the coils, anti pumping operation and pole discrepancy
operation
6. Checking of pressure of gas and air pressure of breakers.

Isolators
1. Tightening of the jumper clamps
2. Tightening of electrical connections
3. Cleaning of male female connections
4. Checking of fuses and replacement there F.
5. Checking of operation of isolators
Current transformers
1. Checking of oil level.
2. Checking of oil and leakage
3. Tightening of jumper clamps
4. Tightening of electrical terminal secondary connection
Lightning Arrestors
1. Tightening of jumper connections
2. Tightening of earthing connections
3. Checking of counter reading
4. Checking of porcelain part
5. Checking of grading current

Capacitive Voltage Transformer

 1. Checking of oil level and leakage
2. Tightening of HT jumper clamps.
3. Tightening of secondary terminal connections

Battery 220 V D. C.
1. Cleaning of battery terminals
2. Tightening of battery terminal connections
3. Recording of specific gravity and voltage of each cell.

DURING ANNUAL SHUT DOWN OF UNITS

Breakers
1. Checking and cleaning of porcelain part of the breaker.
2. Tightening of breaker clamps.
3. Cleaning of breaker cubical
4. Tightening of all the terminal connection
5. Lubrication of I) C and D Roller (II) Locking pins (III) Anti Pumping pins
(IV) Mechanism Shafts
6. Recording of closing and tripping of each phase
7. Recording of insulation resistance value of breaker
8. Checking of annunciator and inter locks.
a. Air pressure low
b. Air pressure very low trip circuit cut off
c. Gas pressure low
d. Gas pressure trip circuit off and other ann. of breaker
9. Checking of tripping through
a. Trip Coil I
b. Trip Coil II
c. Through both the trip coils
d. Anti Pumping operation
e. Pole Discrepancy operation
10. Measurement of resistance of trip cells and closing coils
11. Checking of air leakage and its stoppage
12. Checking the gas leakage
13. Replacing the oil of compressors
 14. Checking of auto operation of compressors
15. Complete maintenance of compressors
16. Checking of closing/tripping of breaker from local remote

Isolators
1. Cleaning of male female connections
2. Tightening of all the jumper clamps
3. Lubrication of control rotary post insulator with grease
4. Checking of proper operation of the isolator
5. Tightening of all the nuts and bolts
6. Cleaning the motor cubical
7. Tightening of all the terminal connections
8. Greasing the gear box of motor
9. Checking of all the fuses
10. Checking of operation of isolator from local/remote

Current Transformers
1. Checking / cleaning of porcelain part of CT
2. Checking of oil and level and stopping it if low
3. Checking of oil leakage and its stoppage
4. Checking of N2 pressure and maintaining it at 0.2 kg/cm2
5. Tightening of earthing connection
6. Checking of BDV value of CT oil
7. Tightening of all the secondary terminal connections
8. Cleaning of marshalling box and tightening of terminal connections
9. Recording of IR values of primary and secondary side of CT
10. Tightening of bushing clamps.
Capacitive Voltage Transformers
1. Checking of oil level and topping thereof
2. Checking of N2 pressure and maintaining it at 0.2 kg/cm2
3. tightening of jumper clamps.
4. Tightening of secondary connection
5. Recording of IR values of primary and secondary side
6. BD value of oil
Lightning Arrestors
Cleaning of porcelain part and checking
1. Tightening of earthing connection
2. Tightening of jumper connection
3. Recording of IR values
4. Checking of counter readings
5. Checking of grading current

EARTH SHIELDING
It is a mesh of wire upon the tower. Its main purpose is to protect the substation equipment
from direct lightning strokes. Metallic body of each equipment is properly earthed.
The earthing resistance of any switch yard is about 0.2 ohm. Before the building up of
the sub station earthing material of G. I. wire is buried in the ground whose depth
depends upon the moisture content of ground. Earthing electrodes are provided at
various points. This increases the number of parallel provided at various points. This
increases the number of parallel paths and hence resistance of earth decreases.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

This is a technique in which power lines are used as communication lines by which we can
make contact with other substation
The range of frequency used for communication is 300 KHz to 500 kHz.

WORKING
The voice frequency if converted into electrical signal. These signals are super imposed
on a carrier frequency and transmitted on the line through a coupling capacitor. At
the receiving end wave trap does not allow the modulated signal to enter the
power circuit where as the coupling capacitor provides a low resistance path to
this signal. This signal is then given to the line matching unit. In the LMU this
frequency is matched and after wards filtration of signal is done. The signal is
demodulated and again converted into the voice signal, which is available at
phone receiver.
 DIFFERENT TRANSFORMERS INSTALLED IN TRANSFORMER YARD:

Transformer is a static device which is used to change the voltage level keeping
the power and frequency same. In the plant transformer is one of the most
important equipment. In the whole plant, there are about 83 transformer installed
at various places to operate the auxiliaries.

Main transformers which are necessary:

1. To step up the generated voltage.
2. To supply power to the auxiliaries from the generator.
3. To start the plant by taking the supply from the grid.
are installed in a transformer yard. It is located in between the main plant and the switch
yard. The main transformers installed in the transformer yard are:

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT - 1)

It steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV to 220 KV. It connects the plant with the
220 KV switch yard.
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT -2)
It steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV to 220 KV. It connects the plant with the
220 KV switch yard.
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT -3)
It steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV to 220 KV. It connects the plant with the
220 KV switch yard.

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER (UAT-1)

It is a step down transformer with 12/15 MVA capacity. It steps down the
voltage from 11.5 KV to 6.9 KV.
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER (UAT-2)
It is a step down transformer with 12/15 MVA capacity. It steps down the
voltage from 11.5 KV to 6.9 KV
. UNIT SERVICE TRANSFORMER (UST)
It is a step down transformer with 2 MVA capacity. It is used to step down
from 6.6 kV to 0.4333 KV. There are 6 No.s of UST.
Transformer;-
There are 3 generator transformers in the plant. One for each unit. The output from the
 generator is fed to the generator transformer which steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV
to 230 KV and supplies power to grid. Generator transformer winding connected in
star\delta with a phase displacement of 30 degrees. Three - phase supply from the
generator is connected to the low voltage side bushings and the output is taken from
the opposite side. Neutral point on the H.V. side is provided at the side of the tank.
Neutral is solidly grounded. In case neutral is solidly connected to the earth a very
small current flowing through the neutral causes the tripling of the transformer. So in
this case more care is to be taken.
The main parts of a transformer are:
1. Steel Tank
Whole of the transformer winding is immersed in the oil in the tank. The tank is
airtight. The tank should be strong enough to bear the pressure generated inside the
tank without bursting. To avoid bursting of the tank two pressure relief valves are
provided on both sides of the tank. In case pressure inside the tank exceeds 0.39
kg/cm2 these valves operate. The diaphragm inside bursts and oil spills out thus
tripling the generator.
2. Bushings
Porcelain bushings are provided on both sides of the tank from which L.V. and H. V.
winding is connected to the external circuit. These bushings insulate the winding
terminals from the body. Bushings are also filed with transformer oil, which helps in
cooling as well as insulation.
3. Cooling System
During the operation of the transformer, which raises the temperature of both the oil
and the winding? For proper operation the temperature should be kept within limits.
To cool the oil separate cooling system is provided. It consists of radiator, cooling
fans and motor pump. Hot oil number of radiating fins from the top. There are a large
enters the radiating fins from the top. There are a large number of radiating fins
provided. When oil flows through this radiator fins it cools down and again enters the
main tank from the bottom. The large number of fins increases the surface area thus
increasing rate of heat dissipation.
In transformer there are three types of cooling systems:
a. Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
In this type cooling of oil is done by the natural flow of the oil. It is done when the
load on the transformer is below 160 MVA
 b. Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
When the load on the transformer is between 160 MVA to 240 MVA, natural air
striking the fins is not able to cool down the oil properly due to increase in
the heat generation. So air is forced on the radiating fins. This is done by
using the fans installed below the radiator fins.
c. Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
With further increase in load, more heat is generated which necessary forced cooling of
oil also. This is done by energizing the pumps placed in the bottom pump near the
main tank. These force the oil to flow which results in the cooling of the oil. G. T.
is provided

4. Conservator Tank and Breather

With constant heating of oil there is a loss of oil due to evaporation and there is expansion
of oil. If some space is provided above the oil level in tank. As the tank is
completely sealed, so stresses will develop on the tank due to the expansion of oil.
So a ventilating system is provided which avoids stresses in the tank and helps in
the proper expansion of the oil. A conservator tank with a breather is provided on
the top of the tank. Conservator contains oil to some level and air cell. During
expansion of the oil level inside the conservator tank increases. Due to this air cell
contracts and air inside is pushed out. When the oil cools down, oil level
decreases. Air cell expands and sucks air inside. The atmospheric air contains
moisture and if oil comes in contact with this moist air its properties degrade. This
is avoided by placing a drying agent in the breather. Calcium chloride or silica gel
in the breather absorbs the moisture from air. Thus moisture less air enters the
tank. In normal conditions the color of silica gel is blue. When its color changes to
pale pink, it should be replaced immediately.

5 Buccholz relay:
It is the most important protective device for internal faults. It is a gas-activated relay.
During any fault inside the winding light gases like hydrogen are generated. The
Buccholz relay is connected on the pipe between the conservator and the main tank.
These gases get struck in the Buccholz relay and cause the level of oil in the relay to
go down. Due to this a mercury switch is operated which makes the contact and given
a signal. In the beginning only an alarm is there. But if the fault persists and becomes
serious there is a second mercury switch, which gets operated and trips the
 transformer. The various readings for the alarm and trip signal are:
Alarm signal - 220 mm Hg
Trip signal - 500 mm Hg
6 Tap changer:
Tap changers are provided in the transformer to get the desired output voltage by
changing the number of turns.
The tap changers are of two types:

1. On load tap changer

2. Off load tap changer

1. On load tap changer:

In this we can change the tapping of the transformer on load. The tap changer is
generally provided on the H.V. side as current on this side is very less. These
are installed on S.T.

2. Off load tap changer:

These are installed on GT. The tap is changed mechanically after disconnecting the
transformer from the circuit.
To monitor the temperature of oil as well as winding two temperature gauges are
provided. In the gauge two capillary tubes are provided. One is dipped in oil to
measure its temperature and the second one is dipped near the winding.

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER:

Each unit has two unit auxiliary transformers. When the unit starts generating
electricity these transformers are energized and then supplies power to the auxiliaries.
Before starting of the unit, UAT bus is connected to the station bus. Auxiliaries of all
three units take about 7 mw of power. UAT is connected between the generator and
the GT. A tapping is taken from the power coming from the generator to the GT. UAT
relieves GT from extra load of about 7 MW which is to be supplied to the auxiliaries
via GT and ST thus increasing the efficiency. It is a step down transformer, which
 steps down the voltage from 10.5 kV to 6.9kV. The rating of UAT is 12/15 MVA. UAT
bus supplies only those auxiliaries, which are not necessary to be energized in case of
sudden tripping of generator.

UNIT SERVICE TRANSFORMER:

It is also a 6.6 kV/ 415 V transformer which is used to supply the auxiliaries
connected to
the unit secondary switchgear bus.

DETAIL OF 220KV C. B.

• VOLTAGE : 245KV
• NORMAL CURRENT : 2000A
• LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE : 1050KV
• SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING CURRENT : 40kA
• SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT & DURATION : 40KA,
3SEC.
• OPERATING SEQUENCE : O - 0.3sec.- CO – 3 min. –
CO
• GAS PRESSURE ( SF6) : 7. 0 bar.
• CLOSING & OPENING SUPPLY VOLTAGE : 220V DC
• AUXILIARY CIRCUIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE :Iph.240V AC, 415V AC.
• AIR PRESSURE : 21.5 BAR
• FREQUENCY : 50HZ
• MASS (Approx.) : 3800Kg.
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

POWER: 12/15 MVA

HV VOLTAGE 10.5 KV
LV VOLTAGE 6.9 KV
TRANSFORMER PERCENTAGE IMP 10 %
TRANSFORMER VECTOR GROUP Dyn1
TAP +/- 10% OF RATED
VOLTAGE

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

POWER: 90/120/160
MVA
HV VOLTAGE 230 KV
LV VOLTAGE 10.5KV
TRANSFORMER PERCENTAGE IMP 12.5 %
TRANSFORMER VECTOR GROUP YNd11
TAP +/- 5 % OF RATED
VOLTAGE
 DC SYSTEM

BATTERIES
Main Building
• Wet cell battery bank
o 125 V Battery Bank – 1
o 125 V Battery Bank – 2
o 125 V Battery Bank – 3
o 125 V Battery Bank – 4
o 220 V Battery Bank – 1
o 220 V Battery Bank – 2

• Dry cell battery

o Battery Bank

SWITCHYARD BUILDING BATTERY BANK

 220 V Battery Bank – 1
220 V Battery Bank – 2
48 V Battery Bank – 1
48 V Battery Bank – 2

BATTERY ROOM
Battery room should be well ventilated, clean, dry and temperature moderate
(Damping is dangerous due to possibility of earth leakage from the battery)
Smoking is prohibited
Battery get best result at the room temperature between 20 – 35o C

ELECTROLYTE
It is a mixture of Acid and Pure Water (Distilled) with proper portion.
General value of proportion is 85 % water and 15 % acid.
Gravity to be maintained 1.200 + 0.005 in al the cells.

CAUTION
Batteries and Battery Room should be clean, dry and well ventilated.
Never allow a flame, cigarette near the batteries.
Wear old clothes or terylene when working with acid or electrolyte (Terylene
is resistant to dilute acid).
Never add water to acid. It will spurt dangerously

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
The specific gravity of the electrolyte works with temperatire. Any reading
observed on the hydrometer should therefore be corredted to 270o C as all the
specific gravity values indicated by use are at 27o C
For every 1o C above 27o C add 0.007 to the specific gravity as read
on hydrometer
NORMAL OPERATION OF BATTERIES
Keep the battery on trickle charge continuously (25 hrs. each day) except
where it is on discharge or on Boost charge.
The trickle charge current shown on milli ammeter should be so adjusted that
the battery be kept fully charges without being over charged.
The trickle charging current should be so appropriate that it should neither be
too much trickle charge not too little trickle charge.
The value above 2.3 and below 2.25 volts per cell during routine checking it
found means adjustment of trickle charging current is required.