Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 1
24365879;:=<>3@?BADCFEGIH@?6<8JLKM5ONAD<PQ5SR<FET<U583636C<
VXW EYETGIZ8C\[6<\7I5^]<?_G7I7I<a` 1
bc d;e8fhgjilkmonlmFprqsft@u#vFwTmQp
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
q(a) = λa + µ
q(a + h) = λa + λh + µ
}§!«O/
λ = q(a + h) − q(a)
h
µ = q(a) − a q(a + h) − q(a)
h
|~}6}L+
q(a + h) − q(a)
q(x) = (x − a) + q(a)
h
l@sO/}@ +¯z¯!~}
}}¨;!/}§ }6!
/ }! /s ¯ q } /O ! f
¥ f [a;a+h] ¥ q [a;a+h] ±
Z a+h Z a+h
f (x) dx ≈ q(x) dx
a a
l@ l
ªO8!ss ¯#I¨I!O
q ∈ P1 q ±
Z a+h
h
q(x) dx = (q(a) + q(a + h))
a 2
} }¢@@ I }6}L+
q(a) = f (a) q(a + h) = f (a + h)
Z a+h Z a+h
h
f (x) dx ≈ q(x) dx = (f (a) + f (a + h))
a a 2
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
®
¥
Z Z
a+h h a+h
f (x) dx − (f (a) + f (a + h)) = (f (x) − q(x)) dx
a 2 a
Z a+h
6 |f (x) − q(x)| dx
a Z
kf (2) k∞ a+h
6 |(x − a)(x − a − h)| dx
2 Z a
kf (2) k∞ a+h
6 (x − a)(h + a − x) dx
2 Z a
kf (2) k∞ a+h
6 h(x − a) − (x − a)2 dx
2 a a+h
kf (2) k∞ (x − a)2
6 h
2 2 a
a+h !
(x − a)3
−
3 a
Z
a+h (2) 3
h kf k∞ h
f (x) dx − (f (a) + f (a + h)) 6
a 2 12
Z d Z xi+1
P
n
f (x) dx = f (x) dx
c i=0 xi
Pn h
≈ (f (xi ) + f (xi+1 ))
i=0 2
f (c) + f (d) P
n−1
≈h +h f (xi )
2 i=1
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
f 7→ sin(x)e −x C∞
2 2
f 0 (x) = cos(x)e −x − 2x sin(x)e −x
2 2
f 00 (x) = (4x2 − 3) sin(x) e −x − 4x cos(x) e −x
O
}I!/} +FI!}!} ª} ®
−} 3 6 33 ¥
2 2
} [0 ;3] 2 x 7→ 4x −© 3~/ ¯sIh @8}−3 «6/4x
|~¥ }6}L+ }64x ;− 3 6 33 £
}Q/ Q
}}I/I/!+Q I#/ ¨}}!/|4x|
/+F6 £
12
1 1
/@ }
± 00
kf k∞ 6 45
!} h}
ªª/}~ª§!
«¯/}}z }!ªz} z
N d−c = 3
3 |~}L} O8 #+s;z 45 × 9 |~}L} Oª¯Y }
h= £ ¥ £ ¥
«#N«F}s ! /¢¯ @ « 4N2
E ¥
r
45 × 9
N>
4E
{
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
}§!«
1
α=
3
4
β=
3
1
γ=
3
{
h
ª/! s}}
• ¤
α(−1)3 + γ13 = −α + γ = 0
}s/h
!hO+ !!'I¨!! ¯!}zF@}}}#I¯O
ª/¯
P3 £ P4
}! }_ }}
• ¤¦¥ x 7→ x4
Z 1 1
x5 2
x4 dx = =
−1 5 −1 5
I#ª
!h/O}}
•
2
α(−1)4 + γ14 =
3
| }@} Q /s
!h } +.¨#¯
~ s
ª/ @!}@+.}
¥ P4 £¤
z} £ I@} ; !!}j« /¯ }B
!hL
/}z/!/}
@@§¥ L
!h/§ ¯;6 Y} _} /}@ ¥
/}¥ !/ z£ !$# @¨;¦! #s
ª/# !FP
¯ f }};/; @; !8; /}! @¨@ |~} z ª
¨ f@s[−1 }; !1s] s/}@/}! !/ } ¥ z£ 0 }
I'}P
f −1, 0, 1 f 0£
/}@O ¯}BI 8 #}B
Z 1
P(x) dx = αP(−1) + βP(0) + γP(1) = αf (−1) + βf (0) + γf (1)
−1
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
f (x)dx x=
a 2 2
+
/}B} 1 @¯@I#}B h ®
C dx = du ¥
2
Z a+h Z 1
h h h
f (x) dx = f u+a+ du
a −1 2 2 2
!#"
$
1 %'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 11
±
Z a+h
h 2h
f (x) dx = α0 f (a) + α1 f a+ + α2 f a+ + α3 f (a + h)
l@
} I}$zI@} F+Q I/}
a 3 3
}6 !/«}QO8
!h
!OO+I¨!! α0 , α1 , αI 2 , α3
P P P P3
/8
ª/ +FI¨I!s¯ /¦0 / 1 +F2I¨I!~ z.
}}_}¯}
• P0
¡ 1 |~}B }6+
£
α0 + α 1 + α 2 + α 3 = h
~
!h ¯§I¨I! ! Q@ / +§¨ _/
}}
• P1 x 7→
h }! }§I¨!}}
x−a− £¤¦¥
2
Z " 2 #a+h
a+h
h 1 h
x−a− dx = x−a− =0
a 2 2 2
a
}z/ sh
ª/8!sO}}
h 2h
α0 f (a) + α1 f a+ + α2 f a+ + α3 f (a + h)
3 3
h h h h
= − α0 − α1 + α2 + α3
2 6 6 2
}B}B #@!/}
h h h h
− α0 − α1 + α2 + α3 = 0
B} 2 6 6 2
1 1
−α0 − α1 + α2 + α 3 = 0
3 3
~
!h ¯§I¨I! ! Q@ / +§¨ _/
}}
• P2 x 7→
2
h /}! !/}_I¨I!}}
x−a− £¤$¥
2
Z 2 " 3 #a+h
a+h
h 1 h 2 h3
x−a− dx = x−a− =
a 2 3 2 3 8
a
}z/ sh
ª/8!sO}}
h 2h
α0 f (a) + α1 f a+ + α2 f a+ + α3 f (a + h)
3 3
h2 h2 h2 h2
= α0 + α1 + α2 + α3
4 36 36 4
}B}B #@!/}
h2 h2 h2 h2 h3
α0 + α1 + α2 + α3 =
B} 4 36 36 4 12
1 1
3α0 + α1 + α2 + 3α3 = h
3 3
!#"
$
1 %'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
Z 3 " 4 #a+h
a+h
h 1 h
x−a− dx = x−a− =0
a 2 4 2
a
h
ª/8!sO}}
¤
h 2h
α0 f (a) + α1 f a+ + α2 f a+ + α3 f (a + h)
3 3
h3 h3 h3 h3
=− α0 − α1 + α2 + α3
8 216 216 8
}B}B #@!/}
h3 h3 h3 h3
α0 − α1 + α2 + α3 = 0
8 216 216 8
B}
1 1
−α0 − α1 + α2 + α 3 = 0
27 27
|~}_!«/}¯'/¯¯ l
α0 + α 1 + α 2 + α 3 = h
1 1
−α0 − 3 α1 + 3 α2 + α3 = 0
1 1
3α0 + α1 + α2 + 3α3 = h
3 3
−α0 − 1 α1 + 1 α2 + α3 = 0
27 27
}F@¯!/}6 ¯
h 3h
α0 = α 3 = α1 = α 2 =
8 8
}!I¯F
ª/##!F+¦¨#¯ |~}l! ¯!~II!!
P4 £
4
!h! h
x 7→ x−a− £
2
}! }§I¨!}}
• ¤¦¥
Z 4 " 5 #a+h
a+h
h 1 h h5
x−a− dx = x−a− =
a 2 5 2 80
a
/l
!hO8!OO}}
•
h h4 3h h4 3h h4 h h4 7h5 h5
+ + + = =
6
8 16 8 362 8 362 8 16 432 80
h
ª/O} + }sFI¨I!¯
I!!O
ªO ¯#}zs8 !
¥ P4 £ £
}h
}} 4 © Il/} s ! /}! !/}=z} //!@l
f C £ ¥ ¥
/}@@}z/!O } } / O/} h 2h
¤ P f a, a + , a + , a + h£
3 3
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 1
/}@O« !
f (a)
= P(a)
h h
f a+ =P a +
3 3
2h 2h
f a+ =P a +
3 3
f (a + h) = P(a + h)
8/ /= ¯~h ! }zO/@
!h/8ª!+#¨z
¬s/}@ |~}Bl !F /}!!/}B!«}
£ ¥ ¥ ±
∀x ∈ [ a ; a + h ] ∃ξ ∈ [ a ; a + h]
h 2h
(x − a) x − a − x−a− (x − a − h)
3 3
f (x) − P(x) = f (4) (ξ)
4!
®6 }B
¥ ¥
2h
(x − a) x − a − h x−a− (x − a − h)
3 3
|f (x) − P(x)| 6 kf (4) k∞
4!
O I'¨#8I!!/} O}}
¤
h 2h
Z a+h (x − a) x − a − x−a− (x − a − h)
3 3 49 h5
=
a 4! 174960
}6@}s/@;!/}§ !# /}! !/}6¯/«}!
¥ ¥
Z
a+h h 3h h
f (x) dx − f (a) + f a+
a 8 8 3
#
3h 2h h 49 h5 kf (4) k
∞
+ f a+ + f (a + h) 6
8 3 8 174960
1 %'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
|~}6}L+
2t0 − 1 I 1
A= B=
2t0 2t0
|~} ¨O/ ¢¦I !z}s¡6/_
!h@+O!+} / O¡6
}T¡s !}t0=0 FQ!+I¯/}l/~
!h © ¦}h!+/~
!h £
£
!
P2 £
} }_¨s }}
• ¥ t 7→ t2
Z 1 1
t3 1
t2 dt = =
0 3 0 3
/l
!hO8!OO}} 1 2 t0
• t0 =
2t0 2
ª
!h/s+#}OI¨!! !¢I !/@ }#! 2
¤ P2 t0 = £
}FIO !}/Q}_~!/ª
ª/ +FI¨!s3¯ .¨ @~z
¬ } }§¨O}} P3
t 7→ t3 ¥
Z 1 1
3 t4 1
t dt = =
0 4 0 4
#
!h/QF!..}}Q «/ 2 |~}ª}l ¦F#
!h
£
} ¯ ¯;FI¨!! 9
¥
}zI}}Fl
ªP/3 £ !F8z!
¥ ±
2 /O
!h/# ¯. }
}} 2 I ¯};z}l
• t0 6= 1£ f C P
/}! !3}O¨Oz} I |~}#Q
ª/¦ ! = /}z/!/}
¥ 0 t0 £ ¥ ¥ ±
t(t − t0 ) (2)
∀t ∈ [ 0 ; 1 ] ∃ξ ∈ [ 0 ; 1 ] f (t) − P(t) = f (ξ)
2
®B/l;!/}
¥
t |t − t0 |
∀t ∈ [ 0 ; 1 ] |f (t) − P(t)| 6 kf (2) k∞
2
/
¬ Z 1
Af (0) + Bf (t0 ) = AP(0) + BP(t0 ) = P(t) dt
/} l } }6 I/O ! # } } 0
¥ ¥ ±
Z 1 Z 1
f (t) dt − 2t0 − 1 f (0) − 1 f (t0 ) = (f (t) − P(t)) dt
2t0 2t0
0 Z0 1
6 |f (t) − P(t)| dt
0 Z
kf (2) k∞ 1
6 t |t − t0 | dt
2 0 Z
t0
kf (2) k∞
6 − t(t − t0 )dt
2 0
Z
1
+ t(t − t0 )dt
t0
kf (2) k∞ 1 t0 t3
6 − + 0
2 3 2 3
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 1
t(t − t0 )2 (3)
∀t ∈ [ 0 ; 1 ] ∃ξ ∈ [ 0 ; 1 ] f (t) − P(t) = f (ξ)
6
/} l } }6 I/O ! # } }
¥ ¥ ±
Z 1 Z 1
f (t) dt − 1 f (0) − 3 f 2 = (f (t) − P(t)) dt
4 4 3
0 Z0 1
6 |f (t) − P(t)| dt
0 Z 2
kf (3) k∞ 1 2
6 t t− dt
6 "0Z 3
1 3
kf (3) k∞ 2
6 t− dt
6 0 3
Z 2 #
2 1 2
+ t− dt
3 0 3
kf (3) k∞
6
108
I !!
!h}/#¦® 2 ¯¦}#
ª/#Fz
t0 = ±
} O/};!ª+3/@z¯8@! I} z}8;
¥ ¯#s! /8¯¯sl
ªO¯ O O;¨;
£
!#"
$
1 %'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
{
{ {
@@ª} _« zO+#
!h/ s @!}¢'+~! +I } «
¥ @ £/£
i=1
Π (X − xi )
n
P(X) = Q(X) Π (X − xi ) + R(X)
i=1
| }l
~ ¦! }F/ T«/}} T/s
!h
R(x
si)=
P(x
i )¯}F/ F i l
+ I /}¯
P R£
Z b Z b
P
n P
n
P(t) dt − λi P(xi ) = P(t) dt − λi R(xi )
a i=1 Za b i=1
Z b
= P(t) dt − R(t) dt
Za b n
a
= Q(t) Π (t − xi ) dt
a i=1
~c .q§e8nlm4nlm
t8i@p'p ;m@m n@f8m
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 1
α−β
}6!«s}z¯' + }
¥
α−β =0
|~}6}L+ /}¯¢
α = β = 1£
! }¡l!+¯ }h
ª/O ¯#8 ! 3 £
© Oª;
ªl¯sI¨I!ª! z/¯ @Oh@
ªl¯sI¨I!h!
•
}
¯#I¦ !I}F/! @$P 2 /¯¦¨Q © ¦II!!
}I!/}¢ }! }§I¨!}} ¥ x 7→ x2 £
¥
Z 1 1
2 x3 2
x dx = =
−1 3 −1 3
}z/ sh
ª/8!sO}}
1 1 2
f −√ +f √ =
3 3 3
}6}L+ O/l
!hO+I¨!!
P2
© Oª;
ªl¯sI¨I!ª! z/¯ @Oh@
ªl¯sI¨I!h!
•
}
¯#I¦ !I}F/! @$P 3 /¯¦¨Q © ¦II!!
}I!/}¢ }! }§I¨!}} ¥ x 7→ x3 £
¥
Z 1
x3 dx = 0
−1
./
}I!/}; ¯$/@/!./} ! #¯.};/}«/ !@I!#$z¯
¡ h
!h!O}}
0 £¤
1 1
f −√ +f √ =0
3 3
}6}L+ O/l
!hO+I¨!!
P3
!#"
$
1 %'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 1
un
vn
Fn−1
'y l
(@//ª+#/}@ }! (L0, L1, L2, . . . , Ln) ¯ ¥ ¯}!;
//!¤ @/ s
¯}}/¤ O /O /
Pn
Z 1
(f, g) ∈ Pn × Pn 7−→ hf, gi = f (t)g(t) dt
−1
© ¨!/}B !!}!;/!!/}§ @/+«F / ! 1
¥ ¥
§/}@ +h!z¯}} .¡ Y ¯l¡ _ /.+h§B
@
• ¤ L0 1 ¥ ¥ α0 £
Z
© # =!};//!/
( 1 2 |~}B¯#}z 1
¥ α0 dt = 1 £ α0 = £
2
/}@ ¯ h
l −1
• ¤ L1
L1 = α1 (X − hX, L0 iL0 )
Z 1
x
= α1 X − dx L0
−1 2
= α1 X
|~}B¯ = !#}!;/¯
α1 L1 £ £ hL1 , L1 i = 1 £
Z 1 Z 1
2α21
(α1 x)2 dx = α21 x2 dx =
−1 −1 3
I#}6}L+
r
3
L1 = X
2
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 1
z}Bh
ª/8!s
Z 1
f (x)
√ dx = αf (x0 ) + βf (x1 )
2
−1 1 − x
!@6 _;¨/;T! @;6/!/ T / lI/}+h !! l
x0 x1
/}@O!! }z/! /
Z 1
f (t)g(t)
(f, g) ∈ Pn × Pn 7−→ hf, gi = √ dt
2
−1 1 − x
/}/ $! @ $z}l+!! }¨ªz. ./ |~};}!
/}@
T0 , T1 , . . . , Tn , . . .
8/}@ ¯~}¯}+l
@ }L !
• ¤
I/}@¯T0}!;/¯ T0 (x) = K K
£
Z 1
K2
√ dx = K2 [Arcsin (x)]1−1 = πK2
−1 1 − x2
®B }B 1
¥ ¥ K= √ £
π
/}@ ¯/h
@
• ¤ T1
T1 = K1 (X − hX, T0 iT0 )
®B }B
¥ Z 1
1 x
hX, T0 i = √ √ dx = 0
π −1 1 − x2
/}@ ¯}Oh
l /}6« !
¤ T1 K1 X £¬ kT1 k = 1
Z 1
K 2 x2
√ 1 dx = 1
2
−1 1 − x
}#I¯}! /}6! I8= }B/¢
¬ x = sin u
Z π/2 Z π/2
1 − cos(2u) π
sin2 (u) du = du =
−π/2 −π/2 2 2
r
I#}_!«/}! 2 ¯ ¡@
K1 = ¥
π
r
2
T1 (X) = X
π
~ @h !!};//}L l+'hz}l +
•
/¬ªl¥
!@ ¥ ¥ T2
T2 (X) = K2 X2 − hX2 , T1 iT1 − hX2 , T0 iT0
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
I#}B
Z π/2 √
2 1 x2 π
hX , T0 i = √ √ dx =
π −π/2 1 − x
2 2
I
r Z π/2
2 2 x3
hX , T1 i = √ dx = 0
π −π/2 1 − x2
'}+¢ ¯}}
¤ T2 −√
+
1
£ }z¯@//!
!h/¦$!
+ #h
l 2
Z 1
f (x) 1 1
√ dx = αf −√ + βf √
2
−1 1 − x 2 2
}F;/}!}z}#+#I ; } l
ª/88!
α
}6+I«}ª
!h/s+#¨ ¯ β I !
P0 P1 £
/#
ª/FQ!!Q$ ¯¨Q! }.
•
} } ! _}}6/ «/ Pl0_ }! x7→
} 1I¨I!
¥ }} α+β ¥
Z 1
dx 1
√ = [Arcsin (x)]−1 = π
−1 1 − x2
|~}6 }6 ~
α+β =π
.L
!h/§§!§; ¯ª¨_! }§z
• P1 x 7→ x
/= /}! !/}l! .}}F/~«/ √α √β . }! }
¥ − + ¥
I¨I!}}/l«/ |~}6}L 2 2
0£
α−β =0
/}/@}+}B
}
π
α=β=
2
l@O/= # }@!8 O!¡@ ¨_/} /+ O
¥ ;¥ L ! /}! !/}= } !/¯ z}l /}!3 !£ }
z}X
!@! } / 8}¥ 8 ¥ © lII!! /}! !}¢=} /!!§¥ §B
!h
¥ !«} T2 £
¥
f (4) (ξ) 1
∀x ∈ [ −1 ; 1 ] ∃ξ ∈ [ −1 ; 1 ] f (x) − P(x) = x2 −
4! 2
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
|~}@/FI!!Q
ª/.! Q¡s~
}I!/}
x 7→ Arccos (x) ±
Z 1
Arccos (x) π 1 1
√ dx ≈ Arccos − √ + Arccos √
−1 1 − x2 2 2 2
π π 3π
≈ +
Z 1 2 4 4
Arccos (x) π2
√ dx ≈
−1 1 − x2 2
Z 1 1
Arccos (x) Arccos 2 (x) π2
√ dx = − =
−1 1 − x2 2 −1 2
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
A
O
Z
g(x, y) dxdy = αg(O) + βg(A) + γg(C)
b
K
}h! !@/}+TI I/} }ª !.
!hF! $+TI¨I!
! / F/}@ ¡@ ¨_«
/ α, Fβ,
8γ
1£
/~
!hQ ¯I¨I!FT
}} / }¯++~
ª/
•
O}} (x, y) 7→ 1 ¥
α+β+γ
! z ! /} #¨ +Q s¡8 ~ !} # @} ¯Q¡
¥ ¥ ¥ ¥
1 |~6 } }L+# !/}
£ ¥
2
1
α+β+γ =
2
'/ª
ª~ ¯Q¨~F
}} }sz!Q /}!
•
!/}BI¨I!}} (x, y) 7→ x ¥ ¥
Z Z 1Z 1−y Z 1 1
(1 − y)2 (1 − y)3 1
x dxdy = x dxdy = dy = − =
b
K 0 0 0 2 6 0 6
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
y
/';8} «x I! |~} « §+
}z!/}z8¯«}x
¥!@ }8}
¯
+Q
}I!/} 1 ¯s!£ }
P ±
ϕ0 (x1 , x2 ) = 1 − x1 − x2
ϕA (x1 , x2 ) = x1
ϕC (x1 , x2 ) = x2
}!!!s
}z!/} f
¢ ¯
P1
!s!} O«
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
/@@ +}@I!}z¯}¢}B
¬ ϕ
I
D(f ◦ ϕ) = hD(f ) 2
D (f ◦ ϕ) = h2 D2 (f )
}B/!}#l;} !« s!/8 }6 z
! ¡
[ xi ; xi+1 ] × [ yi ; yi+1 ]
Z
N−1,M−1
P 1 1
f (x, y) dxdy − h2 f (xi , yi+1 ) + f (xi+1 , yi )
Ω i,j=0 3 3
N−1,M−1
1 1 P
+ f (xi , yi ) + f (xi+1 , yi+1 ) 6 h4 kD2 f k∞
6 6 i,j=0
®=}B!///} N−1,M−1
P /!
¥ h2 = (Ω) ±
i,j=0
Z
N−1,M−1
P 1 1
f (x, y) dxdy − h2 f (xi , yi+1 ) + f (xi+1 , yi )
Ω i,j=0 3 3
1 1
+ f (xi , yi ) + f (xi+1 , yi+1 ) 6 h2 kD2 f k∞ (Ω)
6 6
y |~}6 O¡@F / }
¥
Z 2Z 3
2 3
y
e−x dxdy
0 0
}!}
2 3
y
f : (x, y) 7−→ e−x
|~}B
∂f 2 3
= −2xy 3 e−x y
∂x
∂f 2 3
= −3x2 y 2 e−x y
∂y
®
¥
∂2f 2 3
2
= 2y 3 (−1 + 2x2 y 3 )e−x y
∂x
∂2f 2 3
= 6xy 2 (−1 + x2 y 3 )e−x y
∂x∂y
∂2f 2 3
2
= 3x2 y(−2 + 3x2 y 3 )e−x y
∂y
}L;}QI@l}B« }§!«
∂2f
kk 611718
2 ∞
∂x
2
∂ f
k 2 k∞ 611736
∂y
∂2f
k k∞ 611772
∂x ∂y
/ }}!§=} © l«/}
Y£¢¯¬ @ }O8/! (Ω) = 6 £
2
!kD
F;fk∞! ~6z11772
ε
r
ε
h6
70632
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
S2
S3
S1
F
A
O
F R2
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
b1 + a1,2 = Sx3
b2 + a2,2 = Sy3
|~}_!«/}¯¢
2 Sx2 − Sx1 Sx3 − Sx1 Sx1
F : X ∈ R 7−→ X+
Sy2 − Sy1 Sy3 − Sy1 Sy1
!+~¡ª« Q !}z
!;} ¯./}«¯
/
@@ / . }~!}z
!;}_@}/=! @ sl!!/O/F}+/!!F/}« £ !
¥ ¥
£
Sx2 − Sx1 Sx3 − Sx1 −−→ −−→ −
det = (Sx2 −Sx1 )(Sy3 −Sy1 )−(Sy2 −Sy1 )(Sx3 −Sx1 ) = S1 S2 ∧ S1 S3 · →
e3
Sy2 − Sy1 Sy3 − Sy1
sIh}/ !~@¨!ª+s}!Ys!/@}O¯ I !}~/}+/!+
S 1 S2 S1 S3
+#¡@/!8!'O!} /~+ }
¥ £
} !.}_} ! @@¦} } ¡ I}z¯ !« /@ }
/}!/} ¯T/ s¯l@sL!} lªI
! }Iª!}+}~@¯ }!
¥ }@I!± IF / .¯l@Q;!} # /} !}+}
O, A, C
l¯ }!/ }@ !/ /#}L « }«# ¨ @
¯ ¯ !S 1 , S2 ,
S 3IY ¯~+«/}~B¥
(shªI! !@/}}O
z!!/s//}S 3~C+#S!2!£
S1 A
O/@
£
ϕ g ◦ϕ
z¡8I |~};F}zF!/!$8+};!+I+}!# } I! !@/}.}
!h# g£##¯.I¨I!#!$/ $z}l+¦ /}
_ ¢¡ Fh
ª/8} l }F«!
/}B
1 £¬ª¥
Z Z
g(x, y) dxdy = g ◦ F(x, y) | ϕ| dxdy
F(Ω)
Ω
| ϕ|
≈ (g ◦ F(A) + g ◦ F(O) + g ◦ F(C))
6
Aire(K)
≈ (g(S1 ) + g(S2 ) + g(S3 ))
3
α0 + α 1 + α 2 + α 3 + α 4 + α 5
}z/F /}! !/}ªI¨I!F}}Q~« F /Qh!} FF!
}
¥ ¥
¯ ¡l 1 |~}B}B ~ !/}
¥ £ ¥
2
1
α0 + α 1 + α 2 + α 3 + α 4 + α 5 =
2
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
z l
ª!sO}}/l«/
• (x, y) 7→ x
1 1
α2 + α4 + α5
2 2
}z/F }68«_¡h I¨ / +} s / } !/};I¨!O}}
¥ ¥ (a) ¥
« 1 |~B } }6+ +z!/}
£ ¥
6
1 1 1
α2 + α4 + α5 =
2 2 6
z /h
!h8!!O! s}}Oh«
• (x, y) 7→ y
1 1
α1 + α3 + α5
2 2
}z/F }68«_¡h I¨ / +} s / } !/};I¨!O}}
¥ ¥ (a) ¥
« 1 |~B } }6+ +z!/}
£ ¥
6
1 1 1
α1 + α3 + α5 =
2 2 6
z h
ª/8!sO}}O/l«/
• (x, y) 7→ x2
1 1
α2 + α4 + α5
4 4
}! }§I¨!}}
¤¦¥
Z 1Z 1−y Z 1
1−y
x3
x2 dxdy = dy
0 0 3 0
Z0 1
(1 − y)3
= dy
3
0
4 1
(1 − y)
= −
12 0
1
=
12
|~}6 }6 + }
¥
1 1 1
α2 + α4 + α5 =
4 4 12
@zl
}I!/} }_!«
• ¬ (x, y) 7→ y 2
1 1 1
α1 + α3 + α5 =
4 4 12
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0 1
}! }§I¨!}}
¤¦¥
Z 1Z 1−y Z 1 Z 1−y
xy dxdy = y x dx dy
0 0 Z0 1 0
2
y(1 − y)
= dy
0Z 2 Z 1
1 3
(1 − y) (1 − y)2
=− dy + dy
2 2
0 1 0 1
(1 − y)4 (1 − y)3
= −
8 0 6 0
1
=
24
|~}6 }6 + }
¥
1 1
α5 =
4 24
' ¯!}¡l!+¯~/¯¯ @
1
α0 + α1 + α2 + α3 + α4 + α5 =
2
1 1 1
α2 + α4 + α5 =
2 2 6
1 1 1
α1 + + α3 + α5 =
2 2 6
1 1 1
α2 + α4 + α5 =
4 4 12
1 1 1
α1 + + α3 + α5 =
4 4 12
1 1
α5 =
4 24
1
α3 = α 4 = α 5 =
6
α0 = α 1 = α 2 = 0
¢y y
l@/ Q}
!;!/}F;}+#I}!«}F+
I }!+}6@/}!I#¡
¨!/@/ 8}O/}8 !!@}
}} ; z}ª}8} }}
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
sc $q
e8nlmQpXn @q;f8t.q e pi;f i kYm
f8msq=t @
Z 1Z 1
1 1 1
f (x, y) dxdy ≈ (f (0, 0) + f (1, 0)) + (f (0, 1) + f (1, 1))
0 0 2 2 2
1
≈ (f (0, 0) + f (1, 0) + f (0, 1) + f (1, 1))
4
'/}@ ' ¯}¢+'z}@ '@I¯}= }z =¯¢}!
l@
¤/8!~+#/Q1!}z¯!/¢ z/ @¥ /
}I!/}# /}!£ !/}
[0;1]
!}./s!Q! }¯!/+¦
}}F /}! !}§¯ ¥ +./
¥ [ 0 ; 1 ]£ [0;1]
}@ # /}z/!/}B¯} I |~}B} ~8! 2 z+/}@
!} ¥ X 1 − X£ [0;1]
Q1
ϕ(0,0) (x, y) = (1 − x)(1 − y)
ϕ(0,1) (x, y) = (1 − x)y
ϕ(1,0) (x, y) = x(1 − y)
ϕ(1,1) (x, y) = xy
#}6
Z 1Z 1 Z 1
Z 1
ϕ(0,0) (x, y) dxdy = (1 − x) dx (1 − y) dy
0 0 0 1 0 1
(1 − x)2 (1 − y)2
= − −
2 0 2 0
1
=
4
Z 1Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
ϕ(0,1) (x, y) dxdy = (1 − x) dx y dy
0 0 0 0
1 1
(1 − x)2 y2
= −
2 0 2 0
1
=
4
!#"
$
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
Z 1Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
ϕ(1,0) (x, y) dxdy =x dx (1 − y) dy
0 0 0 1 0
2 1
x (1 − y)2
= −
2 0 2 0
1
=
4
Z 1Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
ϕ(1,0) (x, y) dxdy = x dx y dy
0 0 20 1 2 1 0
x y
=
2 0 2 0
1
=
4
}_ }L Ol
ª/O ¯F¨Oz+/}@ F
Q1 £
%'& (()$*+
,.-/
0
Z Z
f (x, y) dxdy ≈ f ◦ ϕ(x, y) |Jacϕ | dxdy
ϕ(Ω) Ω
}!}s
ª8!O¯/8!OO!
}O/h
@
Z
P
f (x, y) dxdy ≈ λi f (xi , yi )
Ω
« }¯}B/ @@~ /}
Z
P
f (x, y) dxdy ≈ |Jacϕ | λi f ◦ ϕ(xi , yi )
ϕ(Ω)