PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 1

Find the following limits:

x2 - 1
x + 7 - 3x + 5 (2) lim

om
(1) lim x →1+ x3 - 1 + x4
x →1 3x + 5 - 5x + 3 1

[ Ans: 1 ] [ Ans: 2 (2 - 3)

.c
sin ax - sin bx  a - b  tan x - 1
(3) lim  Ans : c - d  (4) lim [ Ans: 2 ]
x → 0 sin cx - sin dx   π π
x → x -
4 4

ce
sin x - cos x sin 3x + cos 3x
(5) lim [ Ans: - 2 ] (6) lim
π π π π
x → - x x → x -
4 4
ra 4 4
[ Ans: - 3 2 ]
m
π
tan-1 x - 2 sin x - 1  3 
3  1 (8)
(7) lim ns : lim
π -  Ans : 4 
x → 3 x - 3

 4  x →
3 tan x 1  
xa

x3 + 1 + x5 + 1 x + x 2 + x 3 + ..... + x n - n
(9) lim ( 10 ) lim
x - 1
.e

x →-1+ x + 1 x→ 1

 1   n(n + 1 ) 
 Ans: ( 35 + 21 )   Ans : 
w

 7   2 
w

x 4 - 8x 2 - x - 6  59   20 
(1 ) lm  Ans : 39  x 6 - 64  Ans : 9 × 2 3 
x→3 2x 3 - 15x - 9   ( 12 ) lim  
x→2 1 1
 
w

x3 - 23

1 1
( 3x + 3 ) - ( 4x + 1 )
4 4 3 x + 6 - 3 2x + 4
( 13 ) lim ( 14 ) lim
x→2 x3 - 8 x→2 x2 - 4
 1   1 
 Ans : -   Ans : - 48 
 144 3   
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 2

Find the following limits:

π tan x - tan a
sin -1 x -  ( 16 ) lim
1 
( 15 ) lim 6
 Ans :  x→a tan - 1 x - tan - 1 a
1 2x - 1  3 

om
x→
2
[ Ans : ( 1 + a 2 ) sec 2 a ]
cos ax - cos bx ( x n - a n ) - na 1(x - a)
( 17 ) lim ( 18 ) lim
x→0 cos cx - cos dx

.c
x→a x - a )2
 a2 - b2 
 Ans :   n ( n - 1) n - 2 
 c 2 - d 2   Ans : a 
 2 

ce
( 1 + mx )n - ( 1 + nx ) m  m n 
( 19 ) lim ( 20 ) lim  -  , m, n ∈ N

x → 1  1 - xm 
x→0 x2 1 - xn 

 Ans :

mn ( n - m ) 
2 

ra 
 Ans :

m - n
2 
m
xn + 1 - ( n + 1) x + n ( 22 )
( 21 ) lim , n∈N 12 + 32 + 52 + ... + ( 2n - 1 )2
x →1 ( x - 1 )2
xa

lim
n ( n + 1) 
n→∞ [ 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2n - 1 ) ] n

 An   4 
 2   Ans : 3 
 
.e

2 5x - 2 3x 1
( 23 ) lim [ Ans : 2 log 2 ]  1 - x x  Ans: e - 2 
lim  
w

x→0 sin ( 24 )  
x→0  1 + x 
w

n r

[ Ans : ] ∑  Ans : 2 log e 

1 n
log x - 1
e -1
( 26 ) lim 3
25 lim n→∞ n  3 
x - e r =1
w

x→e

( 27 ) lim ∑
1
n ( n + 1)
, n ∈ N [ Ans: 1 ]
( 28 )
∑ n3 , n ∈ N
 3 
x→∞ lim  Ans : 4 
x→∞ n ∑ n2  

   1 x tan x
( 29 ) lim  n 2 + n + 1 - n   Ans : ( 30 ) lim [ Ans: 1 ]
n→∞    2  x → 0 ex - 2 + e-x
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 3

Find the following limits:

e 3x - 2e 2x + 2 x  2  6x - 3x - 2x + 1
( 31 ) lim  Ans : log e  ( 32 ) lim
x→0 x   x→0 x2
[ Ans : ( log 3 ) ( log 2 ) ]

om
4 3
x4 + 1 - x2 + 1 7 + x3 3 + x2
( 33 ) lim ( 34 ) lim
x→0 x2 x →1 - 1

.c
 1  1
 Ans : - 2   Ans : - 4 
   

ce
a x + 1 - 2a x - a + 2
tan3 x - 3 tan x ( 36 ) lim
( 35 ) lim [ Ans: - 24 ] → 0 a x + 1 - 3a x - a + 3
π  π 
x →
3
cos  x +
 6  
ra  a - 2 
 Ans : a - 3 
 
m
x - a + x - a a2 - x2 + ( a - x )
( 37 ) lim + ( 38 ) lim - , a > 0
x→a x2 - a2 x→a a3 - x3 + a - x
xa

 1   
A :  2a
 2a   Ans : 
 a 3 + 1
.e

1- x - 3 x4 - 4  8 
( 39 ) lim [ Ans : -2] ( 40 ) lim  Ans : 5 
x→-8 2 + 3 x x→ 2 x 2 + 3x 2 - 8  
w

sin x o  π  ( 1 + x 2 - 1 ) sin - 1 x  1
( 41 ) lim  Ans: 180  ( 42 ) lim  Ans : 2 
w

x→0 x  x→0 ( tan - 1 x ) 3  

w

( sin -1 x ) 2 - 1h sin - 1 h
( 43 ) lim [ Ans: 2 ] e tan - e
x→0 1 - ( 44 ) lim [ Ans: 1 ]
1 - x2 h→0 tan - 1 h - sin - 1 h

2 x + 33 x + 55 x
5 + cos x - 2  1 ( 46 ) lim
( 45 ) lim  Ans : 8 
x→∞ 3x - 2 + 3 2x - 3
x → π (π - x )2  
 2 
 Ans : 
 3 
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 4

Find the following limits:

( x 3 + 27 ) log ( x - 2 )  1 
( 47 ) lim [ Ans : 9]
( 48 ) lim ( cos x ) cot 2 x
-
 Ans : e 2 
x→3 x2 - 9 x→0  


om


 1 
[ Ans : ]
3x
 3x - 2 
( 49 ) lim ( sin 2x ) tan2 2x
-
 Ans : e 2  ( 50 ) lim   e- 4
π   x → ∞  3x + 
x →  

.c
4

1 - x
[ Ans : ]

ce
sin x
( 51 ) lim
x→0
(1 - 4x ) x e- 4
( 52 ) lim
 sin x  x - sin x
→0  x 
 [ Ans : e- 1 ]

( 53 ) lim
n→∞
( n + 1 ) + ( n + 2 ) + ... + ( n + n )
n2

ra 3 
( 54 ) lim
n→0
8n - 4 n - 2n + 1
5 - 4 + cos n

[ Ans : ]
m
 Ans : 2 
  8 5 ( log e 2 ) 2
xa

n
 1 3n + 1 - 2n
∑
1 ( 56 ) lim [ Ans: 3 ]
( 55 ) lim  Ans : 2 
  n → ∞ 3n + 2n + 1
r = 1 4r - 1
n→∞ 2
.e

( 57 ) lim  x + x + x - x xe - x - ae - a
x → ∞   ( 58 ) lim
x→a x - a
[ Ans : ]
w

 1
 Ans : 2  ( 1 - a ) e -a
 
w

x x x 1 - cos { 1 - cos ( 1 - cos θ ) }

( 59 ) lim cos ⋅ cos ⋅ ... ⋅ cos ( 60 ) lim
n→∞ 2 22 2n θ→0 θ8
w

 sin x   1 
 Ans : x   Ans : 128 
  

( 61 ) lim
35 x - 2 ⋅ 7x + 1  35 
( 62 )
e αx - e β x
[ Ans: 1 ]
 Ans : 49  lim
x → 0 x   x → 0 sin αx - sin βx
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 5
Find the following limits:

y - a πy sin -1 x - sin -1 a
( 63 ) lim sin tan ( 64 ) lim
y →a 2 2a x→a x - a
 1 
 a   Ans : 

om
 Ans: -  2 
 π   1- a 

( 65 ) lim
1 - cos ( 1 - cos x )  1 4 sec -1 x - π
 Ans : 8  ( 66 ) lim [ Ans: 2 2]
x→0 x4   x → x -

.c
2 2

( 68 ) Prove that lim ( 3x + 2 ) ≠ 5

ce
x→2
( a + h ) sin ( a + h ) - a sin a
2 2
( 67 ) lim
h→0 h
[ Ans : a 2 cos a + 2a sin a ] ( 69 Prove that lim x 2 sin
x→0
1
x
= 0

ra
m
Solve the following problems:
xa

 1 3 
( 70 ) Express  x l ≤ , x ∈R -   as the complement of an interval.
 l 2x - 3 l 5 2 
[ Ans: R - ( - 1, 4 ) ]
.e

( 71 ) Express 1 – neighbourhood of 0.1 in the interval and modulus forms.

w

[ Ans: ( - 0.9, 1.1 ), l x - 0.1 l < 1 ]

w

( 72 ) Express the following set in the form of an interval and also in the form N ( p, δ ),
p ∈ R, δ > 0. { x l 0 ≤ l 3x + 1 l < 2, x ∈ R }.
  1   1 2 
w

 Ans :  - 1,  , N - , 
  3   3 3 

 1 1  2 
( 73 ) Express  x l ≤ , x ∈R - -  as the complement of an interval.
 l 3x + 2 l 5  3 
  7 
 Ans : R -  - , 1  
  3 
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 6

( 74 ) Prove that the intersection of two δ - neighbourhoods of p is a δ - neighbourhood of p.

( 75 ) Assuming that the intersection of two open intervals is either empty or it is an open
interval, prove that the intersection of two neighbourhoods of p ∈ R is a

om
neighbourhood of p.

( 76 ) If f ( x ) = x, x < -1
= 0, x = 0
2
= x , x > 1, then can we find lim f ( x ) ?

.c
x→0
[ Ans: No. Q f is not defined in any neighbourhood of zero. ]

ce
lxl
( 77 ) Examine the continuity of f at x = 0 where f ( ) = , for x ≠ 0, f ( 0 ) = 1.
x
[ Ans: discontinuous ]

( 78 ) Examine the continuity of f ( x ) = [ ra ], x ∈ R at n ∈ Z.

[ Ans: discontinuous ∀ n ∈ Z ]
m
( 79 ) If for each x, a ∈ D f , we hav l f ( x ) - f ( a ) l ≤ l x - a l, then prove that f is
continuous at a.
xa

( 80 ) For f ( x ) = x - [ x ] fi d lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) where n ∈ Z and hence

x → n- x → n+
.e

examine the co inui y of f at n. [ Ans: discontinuous ]

1 1
w

-
e x - e x
( 81 ) If f ( x ) , x ≠ 0, then prove that lim f ( x ) does not exist.
1 1 x→0
-
w

e x + e x
w

n n n

  +   + ... +  
 1 2 n
( 82 ) Is it true that lim = log e 2 ?
n→0 n

 n 
 Ans : No. In   , n ∈ N. ∴ n is not defined everywhere in any neighbourhood of 0.
  r  

 707 
( 83 ) Express 2.123123123….. as a vulgar fraction  Ans : 333 
 
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 7

x
( 84 ) If f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0, find lim f ( x ) . [ Ans: 0 ]
1 x→0
ex - 1

om
1⋅ 5 2⋅7 3⋅ 9  1
( 85 ) Find limit of the sequence , , , .....  Ans : 6 
9 ⋅ 13 12 ⋅ 17 15 ⋅ 21  

.c
13 23 33  1 
7⋅8⋅7
( 86 ) Find limit of the sequence , , , …..  Ans : 18 
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 4⋅5⋅5  

ce
( 87 ) Obtain the maximum δ > 0 such that ∀ x, x ∈ N∗ ( 2, δ ) ⇒ f ( x ) ∈ N ( 13, 0.001 ),
where f ( x ) = 4x + 5, x ∈ R.
[ Ans: 0.00025 ]



1 
( 88 ) For f ( x ) = 2x, x ∈  1 + , n ∈ N  , show that

ra
m
n
∀ x ∈ N∗ ( 1, δ ), x ∈ D f ⇒ l f x ) - 2 l < ε . What can be said about lim f ( x ) ?
x →1
[ Ans: limit does not exist as is not defined everywhere in any neighbourhood of 1 ]
xa

 1 
( 89 ) Express x l x + < 4, x ∈ R, x ≠ 0 as the union of the intervals.
 x 
.e

[ Ans : ( - 2, - 3 , -2 + 3 ) ∪ (2 - 3, 2 + 3) ]
w

 3 
( 90 ) Exp ess x l 1 + > 2, x ∈ R - {0}  as the union of the intervals.
 x 
w

[ Ans: ( - 1, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, 3 ) ]
w

 13 5 
( 1 ) Express  x l x 2 - < , x ∈R as the union of the intervals.
 2 2 
[ Ans: ( - 3, - 2 ) ∪ ( 2, 3 ) ]

( 92 ) Prove that lim f ( x ) where f ( x ) = x - [ x] does not exist.

x→4
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 8

( 93 ) Find the limit of the sequence 5, 5 ⋅ 5 , 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 , ..... [ Ans: 5 ]

3n 1
( 94 ) Find minimum m ∈ N such that n ≥ m ⇒ f ( n ) ∈ ( 1, 0.01 ), f ( n ) =
3n

om
[ Ans: 5 ]

( 95 ) If f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) ∀ x, y ∈ R and if f is continuous at x = 0, then prove

that f is continuous at every x ∈ R.

.c
( 3sin x - 1 ) 2
( 96 ) If f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find f ( 0 ).
x log ( 1 + x )

ce
[ Ans : ( log 3 ) 2 ]

( 97 ) If f ( x ) =
sin ( a + 1 ) x + sin x

= c,
x

1 1
,
ra x < 0
x = 0
m
( x + bx 2 ) 2 - x2
= , x > 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find a, b, c.
3
bx 2
xa

 3 1
 Ans : a = - 2 , b ≠ 0, c = 
 2
.e

π
( 98 ) If f ( x ) = - 2 sin x, x ≤ -
2
π π
w

= A sin x + B, - < x <

2 2
π
= cos x, x ≥ is continuous on R, then find A and B.
w

2
[ Ans: A = - 1, B = 1 ]
w

Solve the following problems of infinite series:

∞ n3 + n2 n ∞ n3 + n2
( 99 ) Find ∑ x and hence obtain ∑
n=1 n! n=1 n!
3 2 x
[ Ans: ( x + 4x + 2x ) e , 7e ]
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 9

Solve the following problems of infinite series:

2 2 2 2
∞
Sn x n
( 100 ) If S n = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n , then find ∑ .
n=1 n!

om
 1 3 2 x
 Ans : 6 ( 2x + 9x + 6x ) e 
 

1+ x 1 + x + x2 
( 101 ) Prove that 1 + lim  + + ... ∞  = e
x → 1  2 ! 3! 

.c
n 1 1
 n 

ce
( 102 ) Prove that n ! >   1+ + .... ∞
2! 4! 2
 e  ( 103 ) Prove that = 1+
1
1
+
1
+ .... ∞ e - 1
2
3! 5!

( 104 ) Find
∞
∑
2 ( n + 1)
n = 1 ( 2n + 1 ) !
ra [ Ans: e - 2 ]
m
7 9 11  11 
( 105 ) Find
3⋅ 4⋅ 5
+
5⋅ 6⋅ 7
+
7⋅ 8⋅ 9
+ ... ∞  Ans : 3 log 2 - 6 
xa

 

∞ log x ) 2n - 1 x2 - 1
( 106 ) Prove that ∑ =
.e

1 ( 2n - 1 ) ! 2x
w

∞ 1 xn - 1
( 107 ) Find ∑ n
[ Ans: log x ]
1 n ( x + 1)
w

∞ 1 1+ x
108 ) Prove that ∑ = log
w

1 ( 2n - 1 ) ( 2x + 1 ) ( 2n - 1 ) x

1
( 109 ) Find approximate value of ( 131 ) 3 correct to four decimal places. [ Ans: 5.0788 ]

n  
 1  1 11
( 110 ) If n is very large, prove that 1+  = e  1 - + 

 n   2n 24n 2 