PART 4-DESIGN OF AN EXISTING

EARTH DRAIN

Page i of xi
 RO PE ST RETCHERS

TAI LORC
K
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R

BOND W
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m 7
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B
LA
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L LARS
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L LARS
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B WA
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PROPOSED DR

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BOND
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0 11. 38
m
2

FARM LA
D
N
EX
IS
TN
I GR
OA
D
T OP OGRA PHIC A ND B AT HY ME TRIC
S URVE Y OF
K OROA MA

Fig. 4.0a Map Showing Drainage Route

ROP E ST RE TCHERS

E XI ST IN G SA ND F ILL LEVEL
11
E XI ST IN G GR OUND LEVEL
10

H W L: 8.00m H W L: 8.00m
8

LW L: 0.00 LW L: 0.00
0

D ATUM

F IL L HE IGHT
1 0.02

1 0.23

1 0.32

1 0.44

1 0.48

1 0.56

1 0.43

1 0.53

1 0.72

1 0.63

1 0.77

1 0.64

1 0.59

1 0.62

1 0.64

1 0.73

1 0.38

1 0.45

1 0.52

1 0.61

1 0.73

1 0.57

1 0.71

1 0.63

1 0.58

1 0.55

1 0.23
9 .32

9 .89

8 .93
- 5. 70

8 .321

- 5. 28

P ROP OSED
9 .56

9 .52

9 .61

9 .56

9 .03

9 .63

9 .32

8 .21

8 .33

8 .22

8 .20

8 .02

8 .22

8 .38

8 .55

8 .34

8 .26

8 .03

8 .24

8 .19

8 .21

8 .64

8 .94

9 .20

9 .47

9 .15

8 .85

9 .02

6 .11

2 .53

D RAIN
1 00.0

1 25.0

1 50.0

1 75.0

2 00.0

2 25.0

2 25.0

2 75.0

3 00.0

3 25.0

3 50.0

3 75.0

4 00.0

4 25.0

4 50.0

4 75.0

5 00.0

5 25.0

5 50.0

5 75.0

6 00.0

6 25.0

6 50.0

6 75.0

7 00.0

7 25.0

7 50.0

7 75.0

8 00.0
0 .00

2 5.0

5 0.0

7 5.0

OFFSET

P ERIMETER D RAIN

TOP OGRA PH IC A ND B ATHYMETRIC

S URVE Y OF
K OROAMA

Fig. 4.0b Profile of Existing Earthg Drain

Page ii of xi
4. HYDRAULICS OF GUTTER DESIGN
4.1.1 Rainfall Intensity model
The calibrated rainfall intensity model for Koroama area in Bayelsa state with 10 year return
period is taken to be similar to that of Bonny Island on the basis of annual rainfall records. Thus, rainfall
intensity with 10year return period as used for this study is:
i = 27738/(tc + 276)………………………………………………………………. (4.1a)
1.07*
or i = (274.47/(tc + 50) )*1.2…………………………………………………… (4.1b).

Where i = rainfall intensity mm/hour

tc = rainfall duration (same as time of concentration)
4.1.2 Estimating Peak Runoff Values
A typical approach to urban runoff computation is the recommendation in the Nigeria
Highway design manual, part 1 of the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing (FMW & H, 1973)
as the Rational formula or the Lloyd-Davis method for run off estimate:
-3
Qp = 2.78 x 10 CiA ………………….. (4.2)

Where:
3
Qp = Peak runoff in cubic meter per second (m /sec);
C = Coefficient of runoff expressed as % imperiousness of the watershed surface.
i = Intensity of rainfall (mm/hour) for a duration equals time of concentration; and
A = Catchment area (Ha) of the basin.
For Eq. (4.2) the coefficient of runoff, accounts for abstraction or losses between rainfall
and runoff which may vary due to the land use, character of soil and cover, climatology, etc.
The runoff coefficient varies from 0.1 (for unimproved area or flat grassy field or woodland with
very highly permeable soil) to 0.9 for mostly paved urban communities. Use of average
coefficient for various surface which are assumed not to vary through the duration of the storm
is common. The determination of rainfall intensity value, i for use in Eq. (4.2) involved an
assessment of the time of concentration, of the basin and the frequency of the rainfall intensity.
These three variables are as related in the rainfall model of Eq. (4.1). Use of the rainfall
intensity-duration-frequency models are made in the actual design discharge computations for
the Koroama-NAG location.
4.1.3 Time of Concentration:
Time of concentration, tc is used as the rainfall duration in calculating the intensity and it is
estimated by the formula (metric units):
0.77 -1/2
tc = 0.01947L S …………….. (4.3)
Where:
tc = Time of concentration in minutes;
L = Length of the watershed in metres; and
S = Slope of the watershed in metre per metre.
4.1.4 Most Efficient Hydraulic Cross-Section

Page iii of xi
 Drainage calculations as adopted in this design was based on average rainfall intensity
that has a return period of 10 years as recommended in the highway design manual, part-1
(FMW & H, 1973), without consideration to tidal events. The application of the concept of “Best
or most efficient Hydraulic section” is necessary for cost reduction during actual
construction. A channel maximum Rh, not only results in optimum hydraulic design but also
tends towards a section of minimum cost (Fig. 4.1) may be derived as follows (Nwaogazie &
Uba, 2001):

A by  zy 2
Rh   …………….. (4.4)
P b  2 y (1  z 2 )1 / 2
A
OR Rh  ………………. (4.5)
A
 zy  2 y (1  z 2 )1 / 2
y
Where: Rh = Hydraulic radius (metres);
2
A = Cross-sectional area (m );
P = Wetted perimeter (m);
z = Side slope (see Fig. 4.1, if z = 0, a rectangular channel results)
b = Bottom width (m); and
y = Depth of flow (m)
Differentiating Rh with respect to y and equating to zero gives:

A = y (2 (1  z ) – z ), which when substituted into Eq. (4.4) yields the maximum hydraulic
2 2

radius:
y
Rh max = ……………………… (4.6)
2
The sizing of drain is made via Chezy-Manning‟s formula:
2/3 1/2
Qd = 1/n ARh S0 ………………….. (4.7)
Where:
n = Manning‟s roughness coefficient
S0 = Normal channel slope; and
3
Qd = Design discharge or peak runoff (m /s) (see Eq. 4.2)
Combining Eqs (4.6) and (4.7), we obtain values for y and b as
3/8
 1.5878nQd 
y
  
 2 1  z 2  z  S 01 / 2 
………… (4.8)

and

b = 2y 2  1 z   z 
2
………………... (4.9)

Evaluation of Eqs. (4.8) and (4.9) for the existing earth drain at Koroama-NAG is presented later.

Page iv of xi
 B

z=0
1
y z=0 y
(i) Trapezoidal channel z (ii) Rectangular channel

b
b
(i) Trapezoidal Channel (ii) Rectangular Channel

y
Z=2

(iii) Semi-Trapezoidal channel b

Fig. 4.1: Typical trapezoidal (full & semi) and rectangular cross-sections

Where:
y = Depth of flow (m);
b = Channel bottom width (m);
B = Channel top width (m); and
z = Side slope (dimensionless), if z = 0, the cross-section becomes rectangular .

Page v of xi
4.2 COMPUTER APPLICATION FOR DRAINS REDESIGN

4.2.1 MODRAIN Code/Software

MODRAIN computer code is written in FORTRAN 77 language and is of two parts, the MAIN
program and a SUBROUTINE, SDRAIN. In the MAIN program, all the input data are read and echo-
checked (or reprinted). The subroutine sizes the drain by way of computing depth and width values of
each channel cross-section. Of course the choice of rectangular or trapezoidal section is made before
hand via input data, before the subroutine is called. Addition of free board of 0.05m to depth and width
values is made. Thereafter, velocity for the designed gutter is computed and a check on velocity limits is
made. If velocity value is less than 1.0m/s, an upgrade of the estimated longitudinal slope, S 0 is made
by a given percent. This is to avoid siltation in the drain. This slope upgrade is repeated many times as
necessary and velocity, V is correspondingly recomputed and checked until V ≥ 1.0m/s.

Similarly, if velocity, V is higher than 4.0m/s, then a reduction of slope, S0 is made to avoid
erosion. In each cycle of slope reduction by a given percent, velocity is recomputed and compared with
set limits. And it is terminated once V ≤ 4.0m/s. Once all the drains have been sized by the Subroutine,
SDRAIN, then simulate results per drain are printed out and program is terminated.
4.2.2 Input Data Preparation
The input data necessary to run the MODRAIN code are as given in Table 4.1

Table 4.1 Glossary of Input Data Variables

CARD COL. FORMAT VARIABLE DESCRIPTION

1. 1 – 72 72A TITLE Any title the user wishes to have printed.
2. 1 – 40 I10, 3F10.4 NDRN Total no. of drain designations
z Drain side slope, z = 0 for rectangular channel or z > 0.0 for
trapezoidal channel option.
RETP Return period for rainfall events in years.
COEFM Manning‟s coefficient for channel roughness.
3. 1 – 60 6F10.4 DLEN (L) Length of each drain designation/route (m)
4. 6F10.6 SLOP1 (L) Longitudinal slope, S0 of each drain (m/m)
5. 6F10.4 TAREA (L) Estimated catchment area of each drain (m2)
6. 1–3 A ROFFC Enter „YES‟ for constant value & „NO‟ for variable value of
weighted runoff coefficients.
7. 1 – 60 6F10.4 WRC (L) Constant or variable values of runoff coefficient

8. 1 – 20 2F10.4 COEF1 Coefficient of rainfall intensity, the quotient formula

COEF2 A/(t + B) ; COEF1 = A & COEF2 = B

4.3 DISCUSSION OF SIMULATED RESULTS

This is a case of single drain as opposed to network of drains. Appropriate input data were
entered in consonance with input data variables of Table 4.1. In the first design assumption, a
rectangular channel cross-section was made and simulated results are presented in Table 4.2,
an assumption of trapezoidal cross-section was made for various values of side slopes, z of 1,
1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3, respectively. A summary of simulated results are presented in Table 4.2. The
difference in the input data for rectangular and trapezoidal drains is on the entered value of

Page vi of xi
 “drain side slope, z”, that is z = 0.0 for rectangular drain and z = 1.0 for trapezoidal drain. In all
cases, the return period was taken as 10.0 years and Manning‟s coefficient, n as 0.020.
The cross-sectional area of the proposed concrete drain is a combination of rectangular
on one side, that is, z = 0 and trapezoidal on another side, where z > 0. The vertical side (z = 0)
serves as a retaining wall to the sand-filled premises. In order to determine the appropriate
value of z, it was necessary to vary z-values as 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 4.0. The computer-aided
design values of depth, width, velocity, drain capacity and adjusted slope are presented in
Tables 4.2 and 4.4. The corresponding cross-sectional area of each channel type shows a
gradual increase as z value increases. The average of the cross-sectional area of the 5No.
2
trapezoidal channels in Table 4.2 is 1.3008m which coincides with that of z = 2.0. This is the
recommended value of z for the required cross-section as 2.0 (see Fig 4.1iii).
It is interesting to note that the depth and longitudinal slope of the existing drain are y = 0.65m
and So = 0.0023m/m respectively. These values compare favorably with the computer simulated
equivalents.

Table 4.2 Summary of computer-aided Design of Rectangular/Trapezoidal drains

Channel Depth, m Width, m Velocity,m/s Drain Adjusted x-sectional
2
Type Capacity, Slope Area, m
3
m /s
Rectangular, 0.797 1.544 1.16 1.427 0.001875 1.2318
z=0
Trapezoidal, 0.8225 1.463 1.357 2.550 0.001875 1.203
z = 1.0
z = 1.5 0.7827 1.593 1.347 2.916 0.001875 1.247
z = 2.0 0.74 1.756 1.314 4.145 0.001875 1.299
z = 2.5 0.7011 1.928 1.276 4.293 0.001875 1.352
z = 4.0 0.6674 2.102 1.24 4.396 0.001875 1.403

Table 4.2 OUTPUT Results for Rectangular Channel

========================================================================
DRAINAGE NETWORK ANALYSIS USING RATIONAL FORMULA, RAINFALL INTENSITY VERSUS
TIME OF CONCENTRATION MODEL AND BEST HYDRAULIC SECTION FOR SIZING OF DRAINS:
DEVELOPED BY IFY L. NWAOGAZIE, PhD, FNSE, FNICE; PROFESSOR OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING

========================================================================
REDESIGN OF EXISTING EARTH DRAIN FOR SPDC KOROAMA NAG/TAYLOR CR
LOCATN
------------------------------------------------------------------------
====================
Page vii of xi
 INPUT DATA
====================
TOTAL DRAIN DESIGNATIONS = 1
RETURN PERIOD = 10.0 YEARS
MANNINGS COEFFICIENT = 0.2000E-01
DRAIN SIDE SLOPE = 0.00
R A I N F A L L- R U N O F F E S T I M A T E S
================================================
LOCATN LENGTH SLOPE CMT.AREA T.CONC R.INTSTY RUNOFF
====== ====== ===== ========= ====== ======== ======
1 .8000E+03 .1500E-02 .6590E+05 .8644E+02 .2126E-04 .1121E+01
ASSUMED WEIGHTED RUNOFF COEFF. = 0.800
**********************************
SIMULATED RESULTS
**********************************
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR DRAIN
----------------------------
SIZED DRAIN
========================
LOCATN DEPTH WIDTH VELOCITY DRAIN CAPTY ADJ.SLOPE
====== ===== ===== ======== =========== =========
1 0.7970E+00 0.1544E+01 0.1160E+01 0.1427E+01 0.1875E-02

Table 4.3 OUTPUT Results for Trapezoidal Channel

========================================================================
DRAINAGE NETWORK ANALYSIS USING RATIONAL FORMULA,RAINFALL INTENSITY
VERSUS TIME OF CONCENTRATION MODEL AND BEST HYDRAULIC SECTION FOR
SIZING OF DRAINS: DEVELOPED BY IFY L. NWAOGAZIE, PhD, FNSE, FNICE;
PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
========================================================================
REDESIGN OF EXISTING EARTH DRAIN FOR SPDC KOROAMA NAG/TAYLOR CR
LOCATN
------------------------------------------------------------------------
====================
INPUT DATA
====================
TOTAL DRAIN DESIGNATIONS = 1
RETURN PERIOD = 10.0 YEARS
MANNINGS COEFFICIENT = 0.2000E-01
DRAIN SIDE SLOPE = 2.00

Page viii of xi
 R A I N F A L L- R U N O F F E S T I M A T E S
================================================
LOCATN LENGTH SLOPE CMT.AREA T.CONC R.INTSTY RUNOFF
====== ====== ===== ========= ====== ======== ======
1 .8000E+03 .1500E-02 .6590E+05 .8644E+02 .2126E-04 .1121E+01
ASSUMED WEIGHTED RUNOFF COEFF. = 0.800
**********************************
SIMULATED RESULTS
**********************************
DESIGN OF TRAPEZOIDAL DRAIN
----------------------------

SIZED DRAIN
========================
LOCATN DEPTH WIDTH VELOCITY DRAIN CAPTY ADJ.SLOPE
====== ===== ===== ======== =========== =========
1 0.7399E+00 0.1756E+01 0.1314E+01 0.3145E+01 0.1875E-025.
REFERENCES

REFERENCES
1. FMW H (1973): Highway Design Manual, Part-1, Federal Ministry of Work & Housing,
Lagos, Nigeria.

2. Nwaogazie, I.L. & Duru (2002): “Developing Rainfall Intensity-Duration Frequency Models for
Port Harcourt City”, Technical Transaction, Nig. Soc. Of Engineers

3. Nwaogazie, I.L. and Uba, L.O. (2001): “Urban Drainage Failures and Incidence of Flooding in
Southern Nigeria”, NSE Techn. Transaction, Vol.36, No.3, pp43-54.

Page ix of xi
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