CHNG I: KHAI NIM CHUNG

V BAO V R LE TRONG HT.

(RELAYS PROTECTION IN ELECTRIC
SYSTEM)

KHAI NIM
LCH S
VUNG BAO V
CAC YU CU C BAN
PHN LOAI
KY HIU
NGUN LAM VIC

1. KHAI NIM: (CONCEPT)

BVRL La mt thit b t ng ghi nhn
va phan ng i vi cac dang h hong va
tnh trang lam vic khng bnh thng trong
HT (ct cac MC hoc bao tn hiu tuy theo
mc trm trong).

Theo doi, phat hin tnh trang lam vic cua

cac phn t:
Khi h hong th phai cach ly cac phn t h
hong ra khoi h thng (ct MC).
Khi qua tai phai bao tn hiu.

Ngn chn, cach ly cac phn t b s c.

Duy tr phn t khng s c tip tuc lam

1.1 S C: ( FAULT)
C
NHIT
THUY LC .
..

CAC PT
KHNG
IN
B BIN
I

BAO V
TRC
TIP

IN
CAC DANG
S C
(NM)

BAO V

R LE

2. LCH S: (HISTORY)

Tin thn la cu ch (cu chay):

u im:
Kt cu n gian, re tin.

Lam vic kha chc chn.

Nhc im:
Dong tac ng khng chnh xac.
Phu thuc vt liu, cng ngh ch tao
dy chay.
Kho phi hp tac ng trong li in
phc tap.

Ch tac ng mt ln, thi gian thay dy

chay mt in keo dai cho h tiu thu.
khng th thc hin vic ghep ni va

Rle va MC ra i:
Khc phuc c cac nhc im cua
cu ch.
c s dung kha rng rai: Trong bao
v cac thit b in, trong bu chnh vin
thng, thit b in va in t gia dung. . .
Rle c phat trin qua nhiu giai oan
va c phn thanh cac loai c ban sau:
in c, in t, cam ng.
in t, ban dn.
Rle tnh

1960

Rle s

1970

2.1 R LE S: (DIGITAL
RELAYS)
U IM - NHC IM CUA RLE S:
1. u im:
tin cy lam vic cao do:
Han ch c nhiu va sai s do nguyn
ly truyn thng tin bng s.
S dung cac linh kin co cng sut tiu
thu rt nho nn nhit bn trong thit b khi
lam vic khng cao.
Khng s dung phn ng trong mach
logic nn khng co quan tnh, khng b ket do r
set, bui.
Co kha nng kt hp nhiu chc nng
bao v trong mt thit b thay v phai s dung
nhiu Rle ring le.

Co kha nng t lp trnh c nn

nhay rt cao, d dang s dung cho cac i
tng bao v khac nhau.
nhay, chnh xac cao, thi gian tac
ng nhanh (i vi bao v ct nhanh).
Kha nng bao v tinh vi, sat vi ngng chu
ng cua i tng bao v.
Thi gian hiu chnh ngn nn khng phai
ct in lu khi a vao vn hanh.
Kha nng t kim tra tnh trang lam vic
cua ban thn thit k.
Co kha nng o lng va ni mang phuc
vu cho vic o lng va iu khin, giam sat
va iu khin t ng t xa.
Co kha nng hin th thng tin tt cho ngi
s dung chu yu la chng trnh phn mm
vi tnh.
Co chc nng ghi nh cac s kin bt

2. Nhc im:

Gia thanh cao nn oi hoi vn u t ln khi

nng cp ng loat cac Rle cu bng Rle
s.

Rle s oi hoi cp d phong cao hn

Rle th h i cu, khi mt thit b gm
nhiu chc nng bao v kt hp b s c
se gy nhiu tac hai ln nu khng c d
phong tt.

oi hoi ngi vn hanh phai co trnh

cao.

Phu thuc nhiu vao bn cung cp hang

trong vic sa cha va nng cp thit b.

Rle s c phat trin qua 3

th h
TH H I:
n gian, t chc nng, cha giao tip
manh.
TH H II:
Cu hnh manh, a chc nng, giao tip
SCADA.
TH H III:
Cu hnh manh, a chc nng, giao tip
linh hoat, lp trnh c, giao nhp manh vi
SCADA ( TH - HT ).

3. S khi cac Rle s dung b vi

x ly:
Mun
vao/ra

U
I

u
vao
tng
t

Vao/R
a

Mun s

Bin
i
u
vao

Giao
din
vao/ra
s

Chuy
n
i
tng
t /
s

B
vi
x
ly

Thit b
pha xa
Thng tin
tun
t

Mun
V1 ngun

V2
V3

Ngu
n

DC
va song
songKnh s liu / a
ch / k

B
nh
RAM
EPROM
ROM

Giao
din
ngi
s
dung

Thng tin v i tng bao v se c a

vao Rle qua u vao tng t va u vao s.
B phn bin i u vao loc va khuych
ai tn hiu tng t thanh ai lng phu
hp vi u vao cua b chuyn i tng t
s. Tai y cac tn hiu tng t se c
chuyn i thanh gia tr t l vi thng tin u
vao. B vi x ly c a vao ch lam
vic theo chng trnh cha trong b nh lp
trnh c EPROM hoc ROM. No so sanh vi
thng tin u vao vi cac gia tr t cha trong
b nh xoa ghi bng in EEPROM. Cac phep
tnh trung gian c lu gi tam thi b nh
RAM.

3. VUNG BAO V:
(PROTECTIONING AREA )
PHAM VI, KHU VC MA 1 H THNG BVRL
CO NHIM VU THEO DOI, QUAN LY.
Gii han bng thit b ong ct (MAY CT).
Cac vung phai phu ht HT.
Cac vung phai giao nhau.
Cn phai phi hp.
Bao v chnh.
Bao v d tr :

_ Tai ch ; _ T xa

V du v vung bao
v:

4. CAC YU CU C BAN: (BASE

REQUIREMENTS)
THC HIN THEO CAC TIU CHUN
ANSI . . .
CHON LOC

NHANH
NHAY
TIN CY

IEC ,

4.1 CHON LOC: (SELECTIVITY)

Chon loc la kha nng cua bao v co

th phat hin va loai tr ung phn
t b s c ra khoi h thng. Cu
hnh cua h thng in cang phc tap
th vic bao am tnh chon loc cua bao
v cang kho khn.
Bao v co chon loc tuyt i:
Lam vic khi s c xay ra trong

mt pham vi hoan toan xac nh.

Khng lam nhim vu d phong cho

Bao v co chon loc tng i:

Bao v chnh cho i tng c
bao v.
Chc nng d phong cho bao v
t cac phn t ln cn.

thc hin yu cu v chon loc

i vi cac bao v co chon loc
tng i, phai co s phi hp gia
c tnh lam vic cua cac bao v ln
cn nhau trong toan h thng nhm
am bao mc lin tuc cung cp
in cao nht, han ch n mc
thp nht thi gian ngng cung cp
in.

4.2 TAC NG NHANH: (QUICKLY

OPERATION)
Ct nhanh phn t b ngn mach:

Han ch c mc pha hoai phn

t o.
Giam c thi gian trut thp in ap
cac h tiu thu.
Cang co kha nng gi c n nh HT.
giam thi gian ct ngn mach cn phai:
giam thi gian tac ng cua thit b bao v
Rle. ( trong mt s trng hp th khng thoa
man yu cu chon loc). Hai yu cu nay i khi
mu thun nhau, v vy tuy iu kin cu th

cn xem xet ky cang hn v hai yu cu nay.

 Thi gian cach ly s c

tCNM = tBV + tMC

tBV

tMC

tCNM

4.3 NHAY: (SENSITIVITY)

nhay:
c trng cho kha nng phn bit s

c cua Rle hoc h thng bao v.

c biu din bng h s

nhay.
Kn = IN / IK

Gii han nhay

IN = IKD
N

Vung BV
chnh

Vung khi
ng

nhay phu thuc nhiu yu t:

Ch lam vic cua h thng

(mc huy ng ngun ).

Cu hnh cua li in, dang

ngn mach va v tr im ngn mach.

Nguyn ly lam vic cua Rle, c

tnh cua qua trnh qua trong h

thng in . . .

Tuy theo vai tro cua bao v ma yu

cu nhay cua no cung khac nhau.
Cac bao v chnh thng yu cu co
h s nhay trong khoang 1,5 2,
bao v d phong t 1,2 1,5.

 C TNH CUA R LE

ILV

IKD

IN

4.4 TIN CY: (REABILITY)

tin cy la tnh nng am bao cho thit b

bao v lam vic ung, chc chn. Ngi ta
phn bit:

tin cy khi tac ng: la mc chc

chn rng Rle hoc h thng Rle se tac
ng ung.

tin cy khng tac ng: la mc chc

chn rng h thng Rle se khng lam vic
sai.

tin cy phu thuc cac yu t sau:

1. Phu thuc ban cht: ( I ; U )
2. Phu thuc vt liu, cng ngh

5. PHN LOAI: (CLASSIFY)

PHN BIT H THNG BVRL VA PHN
T RL
Ta co th phn loai theo cac nhom sau:

Theo phng phap tac ng MC.

Theo nguyn tc lam vic.

Theo c im d phong.

5.1 THEO PHNG PHAP TAC NG MC:

(CB OPERATIONING METHOD )
_TAC NG TRC TIP
GIAN TIP
N GIAN
LP
KHNG CN NGUN
THAO TAC
THAO TAC
KHO CHNH NH,
KIM TRA THEO DOI

_ TAC NG

TU BAO V C
TBC
VI
CN
NGUN

LINH HOAT TRONG

VN HANH

5.2 THEO NGUYN TC LAM VIC:

(PRINCIPLE WORK)

Theo nguyn tc lam vic ta co nhng

loai bao v sau:
Bao v qua dong cc ai:
phan ng vi dong trong phn t
c bao v.
Bao v tac ng khi dong in qua
ch t thit b bao v tng qua mt
gia tr nh trc nao o.
Bao v qua dong co hng:
phan ng theo gia tr dong in tai
ch ni bao v va goc pha gia dong
in o vi in ap trn thanh gop.
Bao v tac ng khi dong in
vt qua gia tr t Ik va goc pha phu
hp vi trng hp ngn mach trn

 Bao v so lch dong in: la bao v

da trn nguyn tc so sanh trc tip dong
in hai u phn t c bao v.
Bao v khoang cach: la loai bao v dung
Rle tng tr co thi gian lam vic phu thuc
vao quan h gia in ap UR va dong in IR
a vao Rle va goc gia chung:
t = f ( UR / IR , R)
thi gian nay t ng tng ln khi khoang cach
t ch ni bao v n im h hong tng
ln. Bao v t gn ch h hong nht co
thi gian lam vic be nht.
Bao v tn s cao: la loai bao v doc
ma vic lin lac gia hai u ng dy
c thc hin bng tn s cao (khoang 50

5.3 THEO C IM D PHONG:

(STANDBY CHARACTIRISTIC)

Chon loc tng i: Ngoai nhim vu

bao v chnh cho i tng c bao
v con co th thc hin chc nng
d phong cho bao v phn t ln
cn. Vung khi ng > vung lam vic.

Chon loc tuyt i: Bao v ch lam

vic khi s c xay ra trong mt pham vi
hoan toan xac nh. Vung khi ng <
vung lam vic.

6. KY HIU: (SYMBOL)
S :
_ S khi
_ S nguyn ly
_ S khai trin
_ S thi cng (
lp t, u ni . . . )

Ky hiu bng ch theo G.O.S.T cua LIN X va

a c VIT NAM hoa.
Ky hiu bng s theo tiu chun ANSI.
Trong pham vi nha trng s dung h thng ky
hiu ch.

Tn baov

Baovquadong_ BVQD

Kyhiuch Kyhius

BVRI max _ I> , I>>

Baovquadongcohng BVRI + RW _ I>

Baov so
lch_BVSL

BVRSL _ DI

Baovkhoangcach_BVKC BVRZ _ Z<

50, 51
67
87
21

6. KY HIU: (SYMBOL)
PHN T R LE GM PHN U VAO
VA U RA
U VAO:
_ Tn Rle:
RI, RU, RT, RG, RZ, RTh,
RSL . . .
_ Cach anh s:
1RI, 2RI . . . , 1RI1, 1RI2. . .

2
1RI

 U RA: Tip
im
Thng h _ NO
Thng kn _ NC

ong chm
M chm

7. NGUN IN LAM VIC:

(SOURE WORK)
1.7.1 NGUN THAO TAC:

Ngun in thao tac cung cp

nng lng cho cac thit b bao
v, iu khin, iu chnh va bao
hiu nha may in, tram bin
ap va cac trung tm iu HT.

Ngun in thao tac co th la

xoay chiu hoc mt chiu.
Ngun xoay chiu dung trc tip

Ngun in mt chiu thng dung

cquy, tu in c nap in sn
hoc cac b nn dong xoay chiu ly
ngun t cac h thng t dung, may
bin dong in hoc may bin in
1.7.2
ap.Ngun tn hiu o lng:
Tn hiu o lng: I , U , f ,
Thit b o lng: BU ( PT, TU ) _ BI ( CT , TI )
c im lam vic
chnh xac, sai s
Ngun tn hiu va ngun nng lng

8. S NI DY BI_ RL:
8.1. S sao hoan toan:

BI : Y
RL : Y

IRL = If
Ks = 1
IA

IB

IC

1RI
Ia

Ib
Ic

2RI

3RI

8.2. S sao khuyt:

IRL= If
Ks = 1

IA

IB

BI : V
RL : V

IC

1RI
Ia
Ic

IV

3RI

8.3. S tam giac:

IRL = 3 If
BI : D
RL : Y

Ks = 3, 2, 1

IA

IB

IC

1RI

Ia

Ib

Ic

IRL

2RI

3RI

8.4. S s 8

Hiu dong pha: IRL = IA - IC

Ks = 2, 3, 1

IA

IB

IC

RI
IRL
Ia

Ic

8.5. Kha nng lam vic cua cac s :

Cham t 2 pha tai 2 im

khac nhau
8.5.1 Hai xut tuyn khac nhau
- Khi ngn mach tai NB, NC nu:
Bao v ni Y hoan toan va co thi gian lam
vic nh nhau th ca hai ng dy u b ct
ra.
Bao v ni Y khuyt hay s 8 (BI t 2
pha A va C) th ch co mt ng dy b ct.
iu o khng hp l.
hp l BI phai t cac pha cung tn.

A B

IB(1,1)

NB

IC(1,1)

NC

8.5.2 Trn cung mt tuyn

ng dy
IC(1,1), IB(1,1)
IB(1,1)
A
B
NC

NB

Khi ngn mach tai NB, NC nu:

Bao v ni Y hoan toan th oan xa ngun
b ct v co thi gian be hn.
Bao v ni Y khuyt hay s 8 th oan gn
ngun hn b ct. iu o khng hp l.