: :

: /
2012/2011

** .
** .
** .
** .
** ................... .
** .
** .
** .
** ) : ( Ox / Rd
) S2O82(aq ) + 2e = 2 SO42(aq
2 I (aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e

) ) ( ( S O ( ) / SO
) ) (( I ( ) / I
2
8 aq

2
4 aq

aq

2S2O32( aq ) S4O62( aq ) + 2e

H 2C2O4 = 2CO2 + 2 H + + 2e

2 aq

) H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) + 2 e 2 H 2O( l

) / H 2O( l

)
))

) / S2O32( aq

( (H O

) 2 aq

+ 2 H (+aq ) + 2e

)
))

) ( aq

H 2O2( aq ) = O2

) Mno4( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5e = Mn(2aq+ ) + +4 H 2O(l

) / Mn(2aq+

) 4 aq

) Cr2O72(aq ) + 14 H (+aq ) + 6e = 2Cr(3aq+ ) + +7 H 2O( l

/ 2Cr(3aq+

2
) 7 aq

2
) 6 aq

( ( CO ( ) / H C O
) ) ( (O ( ) / H O

4 aq

2 aq

( ( Mno
( (Cr O

( (S O

2 g

aq

** : :

m : V : - :

Vg
VM

P V
R T

=n

=n

m V
=
M
M

: VM )

=n

) V ( l ) , ( g / l ) , M ( g / mol ) , m ( g

P = 1 atm

: (T = 0 0 C = 273,15 0 K ,

= 00 C + 273,15 , R = 8,31 SI

) VM ( n = 1 mol :
) : p ( 0 0 : d = s : eau

pd
M

{P ( pascal ) , V ( m ) , T ( K

1 R T
P
n = 10

VM = 22, 4 l / mol

= VM

}{1 atm = 1, 013 10 pa

5

eau = 1 Kg / l

n = C V :) C 4 H 9Cl ( l ) + 2H 2O ( l ) C 4 H 9OH ( l ) + H 3O (+aq ) + Cl (aq

** :

( t ) = H O H 3O + t + Cl Cl t

** :
20/1

x (t )
( t ) = H 3O+ + Cl .

= + + . xmax
H 3O
Cl
max
V

)
)

(
(

x x2 x1
=
t t2 t1

=v

) . ( t

xmax

max

= ) x (t

) ( s / m ) , ( s.m2 / mol ) , V ( m3 ) , C ( mol / m3

dx
dt

=v

1 dx 1 d ( C V ) dC
=
=
V dt V
dt
dt

=v

 :
3

. ) H 2O 2(aq

) 20 ) . ( 20 Volumes
.
-1 .
/ . ( H 2O2 / H 2O ) , ( O2 / H 2O2 ) :
. / . .
/
-2 . 500 mL

) - ( 2 ) ( 2

)- (1 )(1
** 5 mL ) (Fe +3 + 3Cl

** 10 mL ) (Fe +3 + 3Cl

** C FeCl3 = 0.2mol / L

** C FeCl3 = 0.2mol / L

** 175mL

** 170 mL

** 20mL 20

** 20mL 20

/ ] [ H 2O 2 20 .
/ H 2O 2 . R = 8.314SI : P = 1.013 105 pa

-3 10 mL 10 mL 10 mL

. C = 1mol / L
/
/ ) Fe +3(aq
-4 ) ) (K (+aq ) + MnO 4(aq .C = 2.00 102 mol / L
. V q :

9
55, 00

8
43, 35

7
27,38

6
22, 27

5
13,32

4
7, 05

3
4, 24

2
2, 75

1
1, 20

) t ( min

5,90

8, 60

14, 2

18,1

21, 6

28

31

33

34, 4

) Veq ( min
) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol
) X ( mmol

20/2

9
55, 00

8
41,50

7
27, 42

6
22, 22

5
13,17

4
7, 05

3
4, 42

2
2,30

1
1, 75

) t ( min

1,8

3,5

6, 0

8, 2

15, 0

22, 0

25, 4

31, 0

32, 5

) Veq ( min
) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol
) X ( mmol

/ .
/ .
/ .
/ t n( H 2O2 ) = 50 MnO4 Vq :

/ .
/ .
/ .
/ . .
/ .
:
) ( S1 ) ) (2 K (+aq ) + S2O82( aq
) ( S2 ) ) ( K (+aq ) + I ( aq . 250 C
) ( t = 0 ) (V1 = 50 ml ) ( S1 ) ( C1 ) (V2 = 50 ml
) ( S2 ) . ( C2 = 1 mol / L
.
-1 . :
) ) ( S2O8 2 ( aq ) / SO4 2( aq

) ) / I ( aq

) 2 ( aq

. (I

- 1 -

)mmol

2
S 2O 8

n
12

-2 . .

10

-3 .

-4 ) . ( C1

-5 .

-6 .

-7

) . ( t1/2
-8 ) ( t = 10 min

20/3

t (min) 40

30

20

10

 :
CH 3OCH 3 ) ( mthoxymthane 504o C CH 4
) CH 3OCH 3( g ) CH 4( g ) + CH 2O( g
CH 2O :
V ) (a CH 3OCH 3

Pt :
130
59, 6

160
60

96
58

70
56,8

38
49,9

46
52

32, 5
48, 4

25
46,1

20, 5
44, 6

16
41, 6

9
38, 6

6
36, 2

0
32

) t (min
) Pt (KPa

-1 .

-2 ng t (a ) : ) . x(t
) x(t
-3( - t
V
R = 8.31J / mol.o K Pt

: T R

) Pt (KPa

P0 . PV = nRT :
( .

) x(t
(
V

. Pt

. t = 25 min

-4 ) . Pt (t

( .
. t = 20 min

( . .

10

) t (min
20

:
) ( t = 0 ) (V1 = 500 ml ) ( S1 ) ) (2 K (+aq ) + S2O8 2 ( aq

) = 1, 5 10 2 mol / L

(C

) (V2 = 500 ml ) ( S2 ) ) ( K (+aq ) + I ( aq

) . ( C2
.

) 2 ( aq

I .

-1
-2 ) ( Ox / Rd .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
20/4

 -7 x
) = f ( t

) 2 ( aq

I .

-8 ) ( t = 25 mn
-9
-10 ) ( t1/2 .
) 2 ( aq

I .

-11 ) ( C2 .
:
Zn( s ) + 2 H + = Zn(+aq2 ) + H 2( g ) :

) ( t = 0 m = 1 g V = 40 ml
C = 0, 5 mol / L ) V ( H 2
VM = 25 L / mol ) n ( H 2
750

500

400

300

250

200

150

100

50

) t (S

6,8

6,16

5, 28

4,8

4,16

3, 44

2,56

1, 44

) nH 2 ( mmol

-1 ) ( Ox / Rd .
- 2 ) n ( H 2 VM . VH
2

- 3 .
- 4 x ) . n ( H 2
- 5 ) x = f ( t 1cm 1mmol : . 1cm 50s
- 6 t = 50 s t = 400 s .

- 7 : - . - ( M (Z n ) = 65, 4 g / mol ) .
:
) ( propanol 2 ol
)............. (1

) 5C3 H 8O( aq ) + 2 Mno4 ( aq ) + 6 H (+aq ) = 5C3 H 6O( aq ) + 2 Mn 2(+aq ) + 6 H 2O( aq

** : 50 ml C0 = 0, 20 mol / L

50 ml

** ) ( t = 0 1 ml ) ( propanol 2 ol
) x = f ( t x t

10 ml

40 ml
, C = 0, 5 mol / L VE x

, t )(1

20/5

-:

** ) ( propanol 2 ol

g / mol , = 0785 g / L ) :

** ) ) ) : (Ox / Rd

( M = 60

) / Fe 2+ ( aq ) ) , ( C3 H 6O( aq ) / C3 H 8O( aq ) ) , 2 Mno4 ( aq ) / Mn 2(+aq

** ) : Mno4 ( aq

3+
) ( aq

(( Fe

** ) : Mn2(+aq

** : ) ( 2
-1 40 ml .
-2 ) ( 2 :
) ............. ( 2

) Mno4 ( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5 Fe(2aq+ ) = Mn 2(+aq ) + 5 Fe(3aq+ ) + 4 H 2O( aq

-3 .
-4
nMno t ) ( C , VE
4

** )(1
n t :
nMno = 10nMno
4

-1 ) ( propanol 2 ol
n0 : n0 .

-2 )(1
-3 xmax ) (1 .
-4 ) x = f ( n0 , C ,VE
** :
-1 t1/ 2 .
-2 .

:
CaCO 3 :
CaCO 3 (S ) + 2H 3O (+aq )
) CO 2 ( g ) + 3H 2O ( l ) + Ca(+aq2

V a = 100 ml :
C = 0,10 mol / l
- V = 1 l T = 298 K

:
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

)t (s

7150

6940

6540

6090

5560

4880

4120

3320

2280

1250

) PCO2 ( pa
nCO2

-1 )

= nRT

( PV

R = 8, 31 SI

nCO .2

20/6

 -2 x . nCO
2

-3 . t = 50 s
-4 ) . x = f (t
-5 t = 0 t = 50 s
-6 H 3O + :
- x max

- . t1/2

-7 . .
-8 .
- ) (
- 0 ) . ( t = 0
- ) ( t ) x ( t . ( t ) = 4, 25 580.x ( t ) :
- . max
: : 250 C

= 12 , Cl = 7,5 , H O+ = 35, 0 ms.m 2 / mol

3

Ca 2+

) ) (( I

aq

) ( H 2O2

C = 0,1 mol / l

H 2O2

2 ml

18 ml

1 ml

10 ml

+I

(K

)(1
)( 2

) ( . 30 ml :
) 2 I (aq ) + H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) I 2( aq ) + 2 H 2O(l

-1 . .
2 - .
- .
3 .
.

)(1

) [ I 2 ] ( mol / l

t = 30 min

- ) (1 t = 30 min .
4 - . I 2( aq )
- t = 5 min

- .
- .

20/7

) t ( min

 :
= 20 0 C )( V = 500mL ,

V = 200mL ) ) (H + (aq ) + Cl (aq C = 1.101 mol / L

m ( Mg ) = 9 102 g .
Mg (s ) + 2 H + (aq ) = Mg +2 (aq ) + H 2 ( g ) :

-1
-3 - .

-2 .

- .

-4 , Patm = 1,009 10 5 Pa P
, :

P = Patm + PH 2

:
115
1.198
266
1.297

144
1.239
290
1.297

90
1.159
238
1.297

52
1.097
193
1.294

71
1.127
212
1.297

18
1.034
174
1.273

0
1.009
160
1.261

) t (s
5

)P(10 Pa
)t(s
)P(105Pa

- x PH 2

1cm
4.10 4 mol 1cm
-5 x . 20 s :
-6 t 1/2 t=180s

-7 t = 180 s ) Mg+2(aq .
Vm=22.4mol/L . T (K ) = 273 + ( 0 C ) . R = 8,31.Pa.m 3 .mol 1 .k 1 . M (Mg ) = 24,3g / mol :

** :
2 2 . :
+ 2H 2O (CH 3 )3 C OH + H 3O + + Cl

(CH 3 )3 C Cl

t = 0 n 0 = 3, 7 103 mol 2 2 150 ml

) ( .
t = 0 0 = 0 t = 400 s
f = 9,1 ms / Cm .
-1 .

- 2 .

-3 ] = i [ X i ] [ X i
i .
- = K .x ( t ) :

(t ) .n 0
-4 t :
f

K ) . K (

= ) x (t

-5( t 1 - 1 = 5,1 ms / Cm ) . x (t 1
( 2 2 .
20/8

M = 92,5 g / mol

: /
2012/2011

:
-1- :
H 2O2 + 2e + 2 H + = 2 H 2O

H 2O2 = O2 + 2e + 2 H +
) 2 H 2O2( aq ) = O2( g ) + 2 H 2O(l

- :

- : .
- .

-2 / ] [ H 2O 2 ) ( 20
** :
) 2 H 2O (l
** :
PV M = nRT V M = 22.4L / mol

) n 0 (H 2O 2

2x f

xf

n 0 (H 2O 2 ) 2x f

** V = 1L VO2 = 20 L ) O 2( g

2 H 2O 2 (aq ) = O 2 ( g ) +

VO
20
n(O2( g ) ) = 2( g ) :
22, 4
VM

= ) ) n(O2( g

n(O2( g ) ) = 0,89 mol

n( H 2O2 )i = 2 x f = [ H 2O2 ] V

** n(O2( g ) ) = x f = 0.89 mol :

[ H 2O2 ]i = 1.79mol / L

- H 2O 2 ) : (VH O = 20 ml
2 2

n( H 2O2 )i = 1, 79 0.02

n( H 2O2 )i = [ H 2O2 ]i .V

n( H 2O2 )i = 3.6 10 mol

-3 - .
/ ) Fe +3(aq

) 4( aq

MnO

.
-4 - : :
- :
) = 2Mn(2aq+ ) + 5O2( g ) + 8H 2O(l

+
) ( aq

+ 5H 2O2( aq ) + 6 H

) 4( aq

2MnO

- :
) 2MnO 4(aq ) + 5H 2O 2(aq ) + 6H (+aq ) = 2Mn (2aq+ ) + 5O 2( g ) + 8H 2O ( l

20/9

nH 2O2

nMnO

5x f

2x f

nH 2O2 5 x f

nMnO 2 x f

n ( H 2O 2 ) = 50. MnO 4 V
- t . q :

MnO4 .Vq [ H 2O2 ] .V

nMnO nH O
i
i
4

= 2 2
2
5
2
5

5 MnO4 .Vq
i

2V

= (1) ............ [ H 2O2 ]i

: V = 10 ml ) VH O = 200 ml ( :
2 2

n( H O ) = [ H 2O2 ] .VH O ) (1 :
2 2 t

2 2

5. MnO4 .Vq 200

=
2
10

n( H 2O2 ) tot = 50 2 102 .Vq

= Vq

n( H 2O2 ) tot = 50. MnO .Vq n( H 2O2 ) tot

) ( 2 ) .............. n( H O

2 2 tot

- .
n( H 2O2 ) tot = n( H 2O2 ) i 2 x

) (n( H 2O2 )i n( H 2O2 ) tot

2

= x ) ( 2 :

- : ) ( 3) ; ( 2

) (3.6 102 Vq
2

=x

( 3) ............

55, 00

43, 35

27,38

22, 27

13,32

4
7, 05

4, 24

5,90

8, 60

14, 2

18,1

21, 6

28

31

33

5,90

8, 60

14, 2

18,1

21, 6

28

31

33

34, 4

15, 0

13, 7

10,9

8, 95

7, 3

4, 0

2, 5

1,8

0,8

2
2, 75

1
1, 20

) t ( min

34, 4

) Veq ( min
) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol
) X ( mmol

9
55, 00

8
41,50

7
27, 42

6
22, 22

5
13,17

4
7, 05

3
4, 42

2
2,30

1
1, 75

) t ( min

1,8

3,5

6, 0

8, 2

15, 0

22, 0

25, 4

31, 0

32, 5

) Veq ( min

1,8

3,5

6, 0

8, 2

15, 0

22, 0

25, 4

31, 0

32, 5

) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol

17,1

16, 2

15, 0

13,9

10,5

7, 0

5,3

2, 5

1, 75

) X ( mmol

-
.
- ) ( 2
). (1
- ................ ................ :

20/10

 :
) S 2O 82(aq ) + 2e = 2SO 42(aq

-1 :

2I (aq ) = I 2(aq ) + 2e
) S 2O82(aq ) + 2 I (aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(aq

nS O 2 nI
C2 V2
-2 :
= 28
1
2
1
2
10 50
10 10 3 1 50 10 3

=
nS O 2 = 10 103 mol
2 8
1
2
1
2
=

nS O2
2 8

-3 :

-4 ) : (C 1

nI 50

= = 25mmol
= xmax

2 2

n
10

S2O82
x
=
=
=
10
mmol
max

1
1

10 103
50 103

nS O

2
2 8

V1

-5 :

) S 2O82(aq

xmax = 10 mmol :

C1 = 0, 2 mol / l

= C1

) 2 SO42(aq

) I 2( aq

) 2 I (aq

) S 2O82(aq

50 103

10 10 3

2x

50 103 2x

) 10 103 x ( t

20 103

10 10 3

30 103

-6 : . t1/ 2 24 min n ( t1/ 2 ) = 5 mmol :

xmax
-7 ) : ( t1/2 = 5 10 3 mol :
2

**
**

C V x
S 2O82 = 1 1
V1 + V2

(10 5) 103
1

10

= S 2O82

50 2 5 ) 103
(
=

C V 2x
I = 2 2
V1 + V2

( 2 10 + 50 ) 103

**

2C1V1 + C2V2
V1 + V2

**

5 103
x
= ] [ I2
1
10
V1 + V2

**

2 5 10 3
2x
= SO42
1
10
V1 + V2

= K +

10

= ] [ I2

) dn ( S 2O82
dt

dx
n ( S 2O82 ) = 10 x
dt

K + = 0, 7 mol / l

SO42 = 0,1mol / l

dx
dt

= v n ( S 2O82 ) = f ( t ) :

) dn ( S 2O82
dt

dn ( S 2O8
dx
=
dt
dt

( S 2O t = 10 min :

2
8

2
8

20/11

= K +

= SO42

: )
) dn ( S O
49
v=
=

24 0

[ I 2 ] = 5 102 mol / l

-8 : t = 10 min
:

S 2O82 = 5 102 mol / l

I = 0, 4 mol / l

10

= ) x ( t1/2

dt

v 0, 21 mmol / min

) CH 3OCH 3( g ) CH 4( g ) + CH 2O( g

1
2 :
t :

ng = nCH 3OCH 3 + nCH 4 + nCH 2O = ( a x ) + x + x

ax

xmax

xmax

a xmax

ng = a + x

) . P = P0 = 32 KPa = 32000 Pa (

3( - t = 0 :

** t = 0 P0 .V = a.R.T : P0 .V = n0 .R.T

a.R.T
= (1) ....... P0 ) ( n0 = a
V

a
x
Pt .V = nt .R.T ) .RT + .RT Pt .V = ( a + x ) .R.T ( nt = a + x
** : t
V
V
x Pt P0
x
=
) (1 ( 2 ) ........ Pt = P0 + .RT : :
( 3) ...............
V
R.T
V

= Pt

3( -
.
x Pt 32 x103
x Pt P0
=

=
3( - ) ( 3 :
V
8.31x777
V
R.T
: t = 25 min Pt = 46,1 KPa = 46100 Pa :

x
= 1.55 x104 Pt 5
V

( 4 ) ...............

x
= 2 x103 mol / L
V

x
) ( 4 = 1.55 x104. ( 46100 ) 5 2.mol / m3 :
V
[CH 4 ] = [CH 2O ] = 2 x103 mol / L [CH 4 ] = [CH 2O ] = x :
V

P
a x
x
ax
= 0
= ] [CH 3OCH 3
V V R.T V
V

= ] [ CH 3OCH 3

[CH 3OCH 3 ] = ( 5 2 ) = 3mol / m3

[CH 3OCH 3 ] = 3x103 mol / L

1 dx
.
4( - :
V dt

) Pt (KPa
=v

) ( 4 :
1 dx
dP
. = 1.55 x10 4. t
V dt
dt
. ) : P = f ( t
=v

46

Pt (60 36)x103
=
= 461.54 Pa / min
t
52 0
v = 1,55 x104 461, 54 :

v = 7.1x102 mol / m3 min

xmax
4( -
2
x
** ) ( 5 ) ..... Pt max = P0 + max .R.T : ( 2
V
= ) x ( t1/2

xmax
** R.T : t = t1/ 2
2.V

10

) t (min

P ( t1/ 2 ) = P0 +

) 2.V ( P ( t1/ 2 ) P0
R.T

= xmax

t1

20

) ( 5

P ( t1/2 ) = ( 32 + 60 ) / 2 = 46 KPa P ( t1/2 ) = ( P0 + Pt max ) / 2 : t1/ 2 = 24 min :

20/12

 :
-1 .

-2 ) ( Ox / Rd ( S2O82(aq ) / SO42(aq ) ) : ) ) . ( I 2( aq ) / I (aq

) S 2O82(aq ) + 2e = 2 SO42(aq

) / SO42(aq

( (S O

2
) 8 aq

2I (aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e

) / I (aq

( (I

) 2 aq

-3 ) I (aq -4. ) S2O82(aq .

-5 . :

) (

n I (aq ) = C2 V2

mol

) 2 SO42(aq

n S2O82(aq ) = 7,5 103 mol

n S2O82(aq ) = C1 V1

-6 :
-7 :

(
)
n ( I ( ) ) = 0,5 C

) S 2O82(aq ) + 2 I (aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(aq

aq

) I 2( aq

) 2 I (aq

) S 2O82(aq

0,5 C2

7,5 103

) 2x (t

) x (t

) 0,5 C2 2 x ( t

) 7,5 103 x ( t

2xmax

xmax

0,5 C2 2 xmax

7,5 103 xmax

** ) x ( t ) [ I 2 ] = f ( t .
nI ( t ) = x ( t ) = [ I 2 ] V : :

) x (t
V

= ] [ I2

[ I 2 ] : ) x ( t ) [ I 2 ] = f ( t ) x ( t ) = g ( t .
-8 . t = 25 min
) 1 dx ( t ) d ( x ( t ) / V
.
=
:
V dt
dt
) d ([ I 2 ]t
) x (t
= ) v (t

= [ I 2 ]t :
dt
V
t = 25 min

= ) v (t

( 3, 9 1, 7 ) 103

= ) v ( 25 min

25 0
v ( 25 min ) = 8.8 10 mol / L.min
5

-9 [ I 2 ] f

: = 6 10 3 mol / L :

[ I2 ] f

** : x f = 6 103 mol x f = 6 103 1 x f = [ I 2 ] f V = 6 10 3 mol / L :

n ( S2O82(aq ) ) = 7,5 103 mol ) ) ( S2O82(aq x f ) . I (aq

-10 : t1/2 .

I x t : ] [ I 2
]( ) [ 2
2

. t1/ 2 = 15 min :

-11 C2 : ) I (aq :
2x
2 6 103
C2 = f 0,5 C2 2 x f = 0
0,5
0,5
20/13

= C2 :

C2 = 2, 4 10 2 mol / L

 :
-1 ) ( Ox / Rd :

) / Zn( S

2+
) aq

Zn( S ) = Zn(2a+q ) + 2e

) / Zn( S

(( Zn

( ( Zn )

2+
) aq

)/ H2 (g

(( H

+
) aq

) 2 H (+aq ) + 2e = H 2 ( g

VH 2

-2 ) n ( H 2 VM : VH

VM

-3 :
**

n ( H + ) = 0,5 40 103 n ( H + ) = C V

**

1
m
= ) n ( Zn
65
M

= ) n ( Zn

)/ H2 (g

(( H

+
) aq

= ) n ( H2

n ( H + ) = 0, 2 102 mol

n ( Zn ) = 1,53 102 mol

-4 x ) : n ( H 2
**

) H 2( g

0

) Zn(+aq2

0

) x (t

) x (t

xf

xf

) 2 H (+aq

0, 2 102

)

Zn( s

1,53 10 2

)

1,53 102 x ( t )

0, 2 102 2x ( t

2x f

0, 2 10

xf

1,53 10

** x ) : n ( H 2 . n ( H 2 ) = x :
-5 ) x = f ( t 1 cm 1 mmol : . 1 cm 50 s
-6 :
** : t = 50 s

v = 5,88 10 mol / L.s

** : t = 400 s

v = 1, 95 10 mol / L.s

** .
-7 :
xmax = 1,53 102
1,53 102 xmax = 0

- : :

0, 2 102
2
= 0,1102
= xmax
0, 2 10 2 xmax = 0
2

x f = 0,1102 mol

) H (+aq .
- . xmax = 0,1102 mol :
xmax
- = 0,5 101 mol :
2

20/14

= ) x ( t1/2 t1/ 2 270 s :

** : ) ( 2
-1 40 ml .
-2 ) ( 2 :
) Mno4 ( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5 e = Mn 2(+aq ) + 4 H 2O( aq

) 5 ( Fe 2 + ( aq ) = Fe3+ ( aq ) + e

) ............. ( 2

) / Mn 2(+aq

) ) / Fe 2+ ( aq

) Mno4 ( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5 Fe(2aq+ ) = Mn 2(+aq ) + 5 Fe(3aq+ ) + 4 H 2O( aq

-3 : :

) n ( Fe2 +
2

** ) . ( Mno4

) 4 ( aq

3+
) ( aq

( 2Mno

( Fe

) n ( Mno4
1

-4
nMno t ) : ( C , VE
4
:

) n ( Fe 2+

= ) n ( Mno4

** )(1

C VE
2

(1) ...................

=
nMno
4

-1 n0 n0 :
** : n0

** ) ( propanol 2 ol

n0 = 102 mol

n0 = 5 103 0, 2 n0 = C0 V0 :

0, 785 1
m V
= n0
=
: n0
60
M
M

C VE
:
nMno4 = 10nMno ) (1
4
2

n0 = 1, 3 102 mol

= n0 :

nMno = 10
4

nMno = 5 C VE
4

-2 ): (1

) 5C3 H 8O( aq ) + 2 Mno4 ( aq ) + 6 H (+aq ) = 5C3 H 6O( aq ) + 2 Mn 2(+aq ) + 6 H 2O( aq

0

) 2x ( t

2 xmax

) 5x ( t

5 xmax

-3 xmax ) : (1

xmax = 2, 6 103 mol

n0 = 102

n0 = 1, 3 102

)

1,3 102 5x ( t )

102 2x ( t

2 xmax

10

5 xmax

1,3 10

xmax = 2, 6 103
1,3 102 5 xmax = 0
2

3
10 2 xmax = 0
xmax = 5 10

) . ( propanol 2 ol
n0 nMno

-4 ) : x = f ( n0 , C ,VE ) nMno = n0 2 x ( t

n0 10nMno
n0
4

= ) 5n0 x ( t
nMno4 = 10nMno :
4
2
2

= ) x (t

= ) x (t

n0
C VE
2

= ) x (t

** :
xmax
-1 t1/ 2 :
2
x
-2 x ( t1/2 ) = 1.3 10 3 x ( t1/ 2 ) = max : = 2, 7 min
2
20/15

= ) . x ( t1/2
t1/ 2

 :
: ) ( PV = nRT :PCO2V
RT

= ) n ( CO2

, R = 8.31 , V = 1 L = 1 m3 , T = 2980 K

10
PCO :
8,31 298 2

) {P ( Pa
CO2

n ( CO2 ) = 4, 038 107 PCO

= ) n ( CO2

) n ( CO2 :
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

)t (s

7150

6940

6540

6090

5560

4880

4120

3320

2280

1250

) PCO2 ( pa

2,88

2,80

2, 64

2, 46

2, 24

1,97

1, 66

1,34

0,92

0,50

) nCO2 ( mmol

-2 :

** n0 H 3O + = 0,1 10 1 n0 H 3O + = C V : n0 H 3O +

** ) : n0 ( CaCO3 .

) CaCO3 ( S ) + 2 H 3O(+aq ) = CO2 ( g ) + 3H 2O(l ) + Ca(+aq2

n0 H 3O +

) x (t

) x (t

) n0 ( H 3O + ) 2 x ( t

xmax

xmax

n0 ( H 3O + ) 2 xmax

n0 H 3O + = 102 mol

** x : . nCO = x
2

-3 . t = 50 s x ( 50 s ) = 1,97 10 mol :
3

n Ca +2

) n ( CO2

x ( 50s ) = 1,97 103

x ( 50s ) = 1,97 103

n H 3O +

n ( H 3O + ) 2 x ( 50 s ) = 6, 06 103

) n ( mol

t = 50 s

-4 ) . x = f (t

) 1 dx ( t
.
-5 :
V dt
1 2, 25 0
= )v ( 0
.
** : t = 0 :
0,1 40 0

= ) v (t

v ( 0 ) = 5, 62 104 mol / L.s

1 2 0, 5
.
** : t = 50 s :
0,1 50 0

= ) v ( 50

v ( 50 ) = 3 104 mol / L.s

** .
-6 - : x max
) n ( H 3O +
2

= xmax = 5 10 mol xmax

- x ( t1/2 ) = 2,5 10 mol : t 1/2 t1/ 2 = 72 s :

3

20/16

 -7 .
-8 - H 3O(+aq ) Ca(+aq2 ) : ) . Cl(aq
( t ) = Cl Cl t + H O H 3O + t + Ca Ca +2 t

- 0 ) ( t = 0
( 0 ) = Cl Cl + H O H 3O + + 0 Cl = H 3O + = 0,1 mol / L = 102 mol / m3 :
0
0
0
0
3
2
........ ( 0 ) = 4, 25 s / m ( 0 ) = ( 35 + 7,5 ) 10 10 ) (
- ) ( t ) x ( t . ( t ) = 4, 25 580.x ( t ) :
(1) ................... ( t ) = Cl Cl t + H O H 3O + t + Ca Ca +2 t :
+2

+2

** ) : Cl(aq . Cl 0 = Cl t = 102 mol / m3 :

- nt H 3O + = n0 H 3O + 2 x ( t ) : nt Ca +2 = x ( t ) :

**

) n H 3O + 2 x ( t
V

= H 3O
t

) 102 2 x ( t

= H 3O
t
100 106

) x (t
) x (t
+2
+2
**
Ca t = 100 10 6 Ca t = V
2
) 2x (t
) x (t
3
+2
3 10
3
( t ) = 7,5 10 10 + 35 10
+
12

10

) (1 :
100 106
100 10 6
) ( t ) = 4, 25 580.x ( t ) ( t ) = 0,75 + 3,5 700 x ( t ) + 120 x ( t

) ( t ) = 4, 25 580.x ( t

- . max

20/17

max = 4, 25 580 5 103 mol max = 4, 25 580.xmax

max = 1,35 s / m

 :
-1 ) ( Ox / Rd :

2 I(aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2 e

) / I (aq

H 2O2 + 2 H + + 2 e = 2 H 2O

-2 .

) (

( (I

) 2 aq

) ( H 2O2 / H 2O

) (

** n1 I = 0,1 18 103 n1 I = C VI :

) (

n1 I = 1,8 10 3 mol

n1 ( H 2O2 ) = 0,1 2 103 n1 ( H 2O2 ) = C VH 2O2

) (

) (

** n2 I = 0,1 10 103 n2 I = C VI :

n1 ( H 2O2 ) = 0, 2 103 mol

) (

n2 I = 0,1 103 mol

n2 ( H 2O2 ) = 0,1 1103 n2 ( H 2O2 ) = C VH 2O2

n2 ( H 2O2 ) = 0,1 103 mol

-2 - :
+

) 2 H 2O( l

) I 2( aq

) 2 H (+aq

) H 2O2( aq

0, 2 103

) 0, 2 103 x ( t

0, 2 103

}:

2 x f = 1,8 103

3 ) :

= xf

(n

x f = 0, 2 103

-4 :

) 1,8 103 2x ( t .
1, 4 103

x f = 0, 2 103

= ] [ I 2 ] = 6, 67 103 mol / L [ I 2

) (1 : t = 30 min :
- .
dt

1,8 10 3

) ( I2

) n( I
0, 2 103
[ I 2 ] = 2 :
0, 03
Vtotale

] d [ I2

) 2 I (aq

103 mol / L

[ I 2 ] = 5,3

=v

.
- ) (1 ) . ( 2
- .

20/18

 :
-1 : Mg +2 : H 2( g ) :
m
M

-2 :

= ) n0 ( Mg

n0 ( Mg ) = 3, 7 103 mol n0 ( Mg ) = 9 10

24,3

n0 ( H + ) = 2 102 mol

n0 ( H + ) = 1.101 200 103 n0 ( H + ) = n0 ( HCl ) = C V

--3 -
) Mg +2(aq

) H 2( g

) 2H + (aq

) Mg ( s

n0 ( H + ) = 2 10 2 mol

n0 ( Mg ) = 3, 7 103 mol

) x (t

) x (t

) 2 102 2 x ( t

) 3, 7 103 x ( t

xf

xf

2 102 2 x f

3, 7 103 x f

- :
:

x f = 102
2 102 2 x f = 0

3
3
3, 7 10 x f = 0
x f = 3,7 10

x f = 3, 7 103 mol

: ) ( Mg .
= n H RT
-4 x : PH
2

PH 2V H 2

P V
V
n H 2 = x x = H 2 H 2 PH 2 = P Patm ( P Patm ) :
RT
RT
-5 ) : x (t x )(1

) (1 :

V
) ( P Patm
RT

= x

300 106
P 1, 009 105 ) :
(
8,31 293

=x

(1) .....

= x

VH 2 = 500 200 ml = 300 10 6 m3

T = 273 + 20 = 293 K

) x = 1, 23 107 ( P 1, 009 105

( 2 ) .............

) : ( 2
144

115

90

71

52

18

) t (s

2,83
290

2,32
266

1,84
238

1, 45
212

1,10
193

0,31
174

) x ( mmol

160

)t(s

3, 54

3, 54

3, 54

3, 54

3, 50

3, 24

3,10

) x ( mmol

** :

20/19

1cm
4.10 4 mol 1cm
20 s

xmax
-6 : = 1,8 mmol :
2
1 3,8 1, 5
dx
= v
: t=180s
0, 2 220 20
dt

= ) x ( t1/2 xmax = 3, 6 mmol t1/ 2 = 87,5 s :

v = 5, 75 105 mol / s.l

-7 t = 180 s ) Mg+2(aq :
293 K 0 1 mol
1 8, 31 293
n.R.T
= V0
:
5
1, 009 10
P
Vg
= nH 2
** ; x = 3, 4 mmol = nH 2
V0

= V0 = 24,13 L V0 = 2413 105 m3 V0 t = 180 s :

VH 2 = 24,13 3, 4 103

nMg 2+
3, 4 103
= Mg 2+
nH 2 = nMg 2+ = Mg 2+ V
0, 2
V

**

VH 2 = 82 ml

= Mg 2+

Mg 2 + = 1, 7 10 2 mol / l

:
-1 - :
Cl

H 3O +

(CH 3 )3 C OH

(CH 3 )3 C Cl

2H 2O

n 0 = 3, 7 103

) x (t

) x (t

) x (t

) 3, 7 103 x (t

xf

xf

xf

3, 7 10 3 x f

-2 : x max
x max = x f = 3, 7 103 3, 7 10 3 x f = 0

xmax = 3, 7 10 3 mmol

-3 ) : = K .x (t

(1) ...............

: H 3O + ; Cl = H O H 3O + + Cl Cl :

) ) x (t

+ Cl

H 3O +

) x (t

= H 3O + t = Cl t ) (1 :
V

( 2 ) ..................

) ( 2
-5 - ) x (t : t 1

n 0 V

n 0 H O + + Cl
3

(t ) .n 0
-4 t :
f

n 0

+ Cl

= ) x (t ) ( 2 :
= ) x (t

xf
H O + + Cl = f
3
V

5,1 3, 7 103
9,1

H 3O +

=K

= ) x (t

V
+ Cl

n0

= ) x (t

H 3O +

= ) x (t

xf
H O + + Cl
3
V
( t ) .n0
= ) x (t

x ( t ) = 2,07 103 mol

- n ( t1 ) = 1, 63 103 n ( t1 ) = 3, 7 103 2, 07 103 n ( t1 ) = 3, 7 103 x ( t ) :

m
M

= ) m = 92,5 1, 63 10 3 m = M n ( t1 ) n ( t1 m = 0,15 g

20/20