Chapter 14

Problem Solutions
14.1
Ad =

vo
= 80
vi

vo (max) = 4.5 vi (max) = 56.25 mV

So vi (max)rms =

56.25
2

= 39.77 mV

14.2

(a)
4.5
= 0.028125 mA
160
4.5
iL =
= 4.5 mA
1
Output Circuit = 4.528 mA
v
4.5
vi = o =
vi = 0.05625 V
A
80
(b)
v
4.5
io 15 mA = o =
RL RL
i2 =

RL (min) = 300

14.3
(1)
(2)

v2 = 12.5 mV

(3)
(4)
(5)

AOL = 2 104
v1 = 8 V
AOL = 1000

vo = 2 V

14.4
From Eq. (14.4)

ACL =

15 =

R2 / R1
1 R2
1+
1 +
AoL
R1
R2 / R1
1 R2
1+
1 +
R1
2 103

R
15 2
R
R
1

+ 1 3 = 2
15 1 +
3
R1

2
10
2
10

15.0075 =

R2
(0.9925)
R1

R2
= 15.12
R1

14.5

vI v1 v1 v0 v1
=
+ and v0 = A0 L v1
R1
R2
Ri
so that v1 =

v0
A0 L

1
vI v0
1
1
+
= v1 +
+
R1 R2
R1 R2 Ri
So
1
vI
1 1
1
1
= v0 +
+
+
R1
R2 A0 L R1 R2 Ri
Then
v0
(1/ R1 )
=
= ACL
vI 1
1 1
1
1
+
+
+
R2 A0 L R1 R2 Ri
From Equation (14.20) for RL = and R0 = 0

1
1
1 (1 + A0 L )
= +
Rif Ri R2
1

For Ri = 1 k

a.

(1/ 20)
1
1 1
1 1
100 + 103 20 + 100 + 1

0.05
=
[0.01 + 1.06 103 ]

ACL =

or

 ACL = 4.52
1 1 1 + 103
= +
Rif = 90.8
Rif 1 100

For Ri = 10 k

b.
ACL =

(1/ 20)
1
1 1
1
1
100 + 103 20 + 100 + 10

0.05
[0.01 + 1.6 104 ]

or
ACL = 4.92
1
1 1 + 103
= +
Rif = 98.9
Rif 10
100

For Ri = 100 k

c.
ACL =

(1/ 20)
1
1 1
1
1
100 + 103 20 + 100 + 100

0.05
[0.01 + 7 105 ]

or
ACL = 4.965
1
1 1 + 103
=
+
Rif = 99.8
Rif 100
100

14.6

R2
1 +
R1
v

ACL = o =
vi
1 R2
1 +
1 +
R1
AOL
For the ideal:
R2 0.10
= 50
1 + =
R1 0.002

vo (actual ) = (0.10)(1 0.001) = 0.0999

So

0.0999
50
=
= 49.95
1
0.002 1 +
(50)
AOL
which yields
AOL = 1000

14.7
From Equation (14.18)
A
1
OL
v
Ro R2
Avf 1 = o1 =
v1 1
1
1
+
+

R
R
R
o
2
L
Or
5 103
1

3
1
100
v = (4.99999 10 ) v
vo1 =
1
1
1.11
1 1 1
+ +

10 1 100
vo1 = 4.504495 103 v1
Now
i1 vi v1
=
K
v1
R1v1
Then
vi v1 = KR1v1
which yields
vi
v1 =
KR1 + 1
Now, from Equation (14.20)
1

1 + 5 103 +
1
1
10
K= +

10 100 1 + 1 + 1
10 100

5.0011 103
= (0.1) + (0.01)
= 45.15495
1.11

Then
vi
vi
v1 =
=
( 45.15495)(10 ) + 1 452.5495

We find
vi

vo1 = 4.504495 103

452.5495
Or
v
Avf 1 = o1 = 9.9536
vi

For the second stage, RL =

 5 103
1

1
100
vo 2 =
v1 = 4.950485 103 v1
1 1
+

1 100

1
1 1 + 5 103
K +

= 49.61485
10 100 1 + 1

100
vo1
vo1
vo1
v1 =
=
=
KR1 + 1 (49.61485)(10) + 1 497.1485
Then
vo 2 4.950485 103
=
= 9.95776
497.1485
vo1
So
v
Avf = o 2 = (9.9536)(9.95776) Avf = 99.12
vi

14.8
a.

v1 vI
v v v
+ 1 + 1 0 =0
R3 + Ri R1
R2
1
vI
1
1 v
v1
+ + = 0 +
R3 + Ri R1 R2 R2 R3 + Ri
v0 v0 A0 L vd v0 v1
+
+
=0
RL
R0
R2
or
1
A v
1
1 v
v0 +
+ = 1 + 0L d
R
R
R
R
R0
0
2
2
L
v v
vd = I 1 Ri
R3 + Ri
So substituting numbers:
vI
1 v
1
1
v1
+ + = 0 +
10 + 20 10 40 40 10 + 20
or
v1[0.15833] = v0 [0.025] + vI [0.03333]
1 v (104 )vd
1 1
v0 +
+ = 1 +
0.5
1 0.5 40 40

(1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

(2)

or
v0 [3.025] = v1 [ 0.025] + ( 2 104 ) vd
v v
vd = I 1 20 = 0.6667 ( vI v1 )
10 + 20
So
v0 [3.025] = v1 [ 0.025] + ( 2 104 ) ( 0.6667 )( vI v1 )

(3)
(2)

or
v0 [3.025] = 1.333 10 4 vI 1.333 104 v1
From (1):
v1 = v0 ( 0.1579 ) + vI ( 0.2105 )
Then
v0 [3.025] = 1.333 104 vI 1.333 104 v0 ( 0.1579 ) + vI ( 0.2105 )
v0 2.1078 103 = vI 1.0524 104
or
v
ACL = 0 = 4.993
vI
To find Rif : Use Equation (14.27)
0.5 0.5
iI 1 +
+

1
40

3
1
1 0.5 0.5 0.5 (10 ) vd
= v1 + 1 +
+

1
40 (40) 2
40
10 40
iI (1.5125) = v1{(0.125)(1.5125) 0.0003125} 25vd
or
iI (1.5125) = vI {0.18875} 25vd
Now
vd = iI Ri = iI (20) and v1 = vI iI (20)
So
iI (1.5125) = [vI iI (20)] [0.18875] 25iI (20)

iI [505.3] = vI (0.18875)
or
vI
= 2677 k
iI
Now Rif = 10 + 2677 Rif = 2.687 M
To determine R0 f : Using Equation (14.36)

1
1 A0 L
=

R2
R0 f R0
1 + R R
1
i

or R0 f = 3.5

1 103
=

0.5 1 + 40

10 20

Then R0 f = 1 k 3.5
R0 f = 3.49

b.
Using Equation (14.16)
dACL
dA
5
= (10) 3 CL = (0.05)%
ACL
ACL
10
14.9

v0 A0 L vd v0 vI
+
= 0 and vd = vI v0
R0
Ri
So
v0 A0 L
v
v

(vI v0 ) + 0 I = 0
R0 R0
Ri Ri

1 A
1 A
1
v0 + 0 L + = vI + 0 L
R0 R0 Ri
Ri R0
1 (104 ) 1
1
(104 )
+
+
+
v0
= vI

0.2 0.2 100

100 0.2
v0 [5.000501 104 ] = vI [5.000001 10 4 ]

So ACL =

Set vI = 0

b.
i0 =

v0
= 0.9999
vI

v0 A0 L vd v0
+ and vd = v0
R0
Ri

1 A
1
i0 = v0 + 0 L +
R
R
R
0
i
0
Then
1
1 A0 L 1
=
+
+
R0 f R0 R0 Ri

or
1
1 (104 ) 1
=
+
+
R0 f 0.2 0.2 100
which yields
R0 f 0.02
14.10

vI 1 v1 vI 2 v1 v1 v0
+
=
20
10
40
vI 1 vI 2 v0
1
1
1
+
+
= v1 + +
20 10 40
20 10 40
v
and v0 = A0 L v1 so that v1 = 0
A0L
Then
1
1
7

vI 1 (0.05) + vI 2 (0.10) = v0 +

3
40 2 10 40
= v0 [2.50875 102 ]
v0 = 1.993vI 1 3.986vI 2
v0 2 1.993
v
=
0 = 0.35%
2
v0
v0

14.11

40
4
vB =
v2 = v2 = 0.8v2
40 + 10
5
v1 v A v A v0
=
10
40
v1 v0
1
1
+
= vA +
10 40
10 40
v1 (0.1) + v0 (0.025) = vA (0.125)
v0 = A0 L vd = A0 L (vB v A )
or
v0 = A0 L [0.8v2 v A ]
v0
0.8v2 = v A
A0 L
v A = 0.8v2

Then

v0
A0 L

(1)

(2)
(3)


v
v1 (0.1) + v0 (0.025) = (0.125) 0.8v2 0
A
0L

0.125

v1 (0.1) v2 (0.1) = v0 0.025 +

103

= v0 [2.5125 102 ]
Ad =

v0
= 3.9801
v2 v1

Ad 0.0199
=
0.4975%
Ad
4

14.12
a.

Considering the second op-amp and Equation (14.20), we have

1
1
1 1 + 100
101
= +

= 0.10 +
(0.1)(11)
Rif 2 10 0.1 1 + 1
0.1
So Rif 2 = 0.0109 k
The effective load on the first op-amp is then
RL1 = 0.1 + Rif 2 = 0.1109 k

Again using Equation (14.20), we have

1
1 + 100 +
1
1 1
0.1109 = 0.10 + 110.017
= +
11.017
Rif 10 1 1 + 1 + 1
0.1109 1
so that
Rif = 99.1
b.

To determine R0 f :

For the first op-amp, we can write, using Equation (14.36)

1 100
1
1 A0 L
=

R2 1
40
R0 f 1 R0
1+
1+
R1 || Ri
1 || 10

which yields R0 f 1 = 0.021 k

For the second op-amp, then

A0 L
1
1
=

R2
R0 f R0
1 + ( R + R ) || R
1
0f1
i

1
100

=
0.10
1 1 +

(0.121) ||10
or R0 f = 18.4

c.

To find the gain, consider the second op-amp.

v01 (vd 2 ) vd 2 vd 2 v02

+
=
0.1
Ri
0.1

(1)

v01
v02
1
1
1
+ vd 2
+ +
=
0.1
0.1
0.1 10 0.1
or
v01 (10) + vd 2 (20.1) = v02 (10)
v02 A0 L vd 2 v02 (vd 2 )
+
=0
R0
0.1

(2)

v02
100 1 v02
vd 2

=0
+
1
1 0.1 0.1
v02 (11) vd 2 (90) = 0
or
vd 2 = v02 (0.1222)
Then Equation (1) becomes
v01 (10) + v02 (0.1222)(20.1) = v02 (10)
or
v01 = v02 (1.246)
Now consider the first op-amp.

vI (vd 1 ) vd 1 vd 1 v01
+
=
1
Ri
1

(1)

1 1 1
vI (1) + vd 1 + + = v01 (1)
1 10 1
or
vI (1) + vd 1 (2.1) = v01 (1)
v01
v A0 L vd 1 v01 (vd 1 )
+ 01
+
=0
0.1109
R0
1
1 1
1
100 1
v01
+ + vd 1
=0
0.1109 1 1
1 1
v01 (11.017) vd 1 (99) = 0
or
vd 1 = v01 (0.1113)
Then Equation (1) becomes

(2)

vI (1) + v01 (0.1113)(2.1) = v01

or vI = v01 (1.234)
We had v01 = v02 (1.246)
So vI = v02 (1.246)(1.234)
or

v02
= 0.650
vI

v02
=1
vI
So ratio of actual to ideal = 0.650.

d.

Ideal

14.13
(a)

For the op-amp. A0 L f 3dB = 106

106
= 50 Hz
2 104
For the closed-loop amplifier.
106
f 3dB =
= 40 kHz
25
(b)
Open-loop amplifier.
2 104
2 104
| A | =
A=
2
f
f
1+ j
1
+
f3dB

f3dB
f 3dB =

f = 0.25 f 3dB A =
f = 5 f 3 dB A =

2 104
1 + (0.25)

= 1.94 104

2 104

= 3.92 103
1 + (5) 2
Closed-loop amplifier
25
f = 0.25 f 3dB A =
= 24.25
1 + (0.25) 2
f = 5 f 3 dB A =

25
1 + (5) 2

= 4.90

14.14
The open loop gain can be written as
A0
A0 L ( f ) =

f
f
1 + j
1 + j

f
5
106

PD
where A0 = 2 105.
The closed-loop response is
A0 L
ACL =
1 + A0 L
At low frequency,
2 105
100 =
1 + (2 105 )
So that = 9.995 103.
Assuming the second pole is the same for both the open-loop and closed-loop, then
f
f
1
= tan 1
tan

f
5
106

PD

For a phase margin of 80, = 100.

So
f
100 = 90 tan 1
6
5 10
or
f = 8.816 105 Hz
Then
A0 L = 1
2 105

8.816 105
1+

f PD

8.816 105
1+

6
5 10

or
8.816 105
1.9696 105
f PD
or
f PD = 4.48 Hz
14.15
(a)
1st stage
(10) f3 dB = 1 MHz f 3 dB = 100 kHz
2nd stage
(50) f3 dB = 1 MHz f 3 dB = 20 kHz
Bandwidth of overall system 20 kHz
(b)
If each stage has the same gain, so
2
K = 500 K = 22.36
Then bandwidth of each stage
(22.36) f 3 dB = 1 MHz f 3 dB = 44.7 kHz
14.16

A=

Ao
1+ j

A=

f
f3 dB
Ao

f
1+

f3 dB

200 =

5 104
104
1+

f3 dB

Then
fT = (5 104 )(40) fT = 2 MHz
14.17

f3 dB = 40 Hz

(5 104 ) f PD = 106 f PD = 20 Hz
(25) f 3 dB 106 f3 dB = 40 kHz
Av =

Avo
1+ j

Av =

f3 dB

25
f

1+
3
40 10

At f = 0.5 f 3 dB = 20 kHz
Av =

25
1 + (0.5) 2

= 22.36

At f = 2 f 3 dB = 80 kHz
Av =

25
1 + (2) 2

14.18
(20 103 ) Avf

= 11.18

MAX

= 106 Avf

MAX

= 50

14.19
From Equation (14.55),
SR
10 106
F P BW =
=
2 VP 0 2 (10)
or
F P BW = f max = 159 kHz
14.20
a.
VP 0

Using Equation (14.55),

8 106
=
2 (250 103 )

or
VP 0 = 5.09 V
b.

1
1
=
= 4 106 s
f 250 103
One-fourth period = 1 s

Period T =

Slope =

VP 0
= SR = 8 V/ s
1 s
VP 0 = 8 V

14.21
For input (a), maximum output is 5 V.

S R = 1 V/s
so

For input (b), maximum output is 2 V.

For input (c), maximum output is 0.5 V so the output is

14.22
For input (a), max v01 = 3 V.

Then v02

max

= 3(3) = 9 V

For input (b), max v01 = 1.5 V.

Then v02

max

= 3 (1.5 ) = 4.5 V

14.23
f MAX = 20 kHz, SR = 0.8 V / s
V po =

SR
0.8 106
=
V po = 6.37 V
2 f MAX 2 (20 103 )

14.24
V
V
I1 = I S 1 exp BE1 , I 2 = I S 2 exp BE 2
VT
VT
Want I1 = I 2 , so
V
5 1014 (1 + x) exp BE1
I1
VT
=1=
I2
V
5 1014 (1 x) exp BE 2
VT
=

V V
(1 + x)
exp BE1 BE 2
VT
(1 x)

Or
V VBE1
VOS
1+ x
= exp BE 2
= exp

1 x
V

VT
T
0.0025
= exp
= 1.10
0.026
Now
1 + x = (1 x )(1.10)
x = 0.0476 4.76%
14.25
From Equation (14.62),
vCE 2
vCE1

1+ V I 1+ V
AN
AN

= S3
1 + vEB I S 4 1 + vEC 4
V

VAP
AP

For vCE 2 = 0.6 V, then vEC 4 = 5 V. We have vCE1 = 5 V so

0.6
1 + 80 I S 3 1 + 80

1 + 0.6 I S 4 1 + 5
80
80

or
I S 3 (1.0625) 2
=
= 1.112
I S 4 (1.0075) 2
So
I S 3 = (1014 ) (1.112 )

or
I S 3 = 1.112 1014 A
14.26

By superposition:
R
vo (vi ) = 2 vi = 50vi
R1
R
vo (vos ) = 1 + 2 vos = 51vos
R1

So
vo = vo ( vi ) + vo ( vos ) = 50vi + 51vos

For vi = 20 mV and vos + 2.5 mV

vo = 50(0.02) + 51(0.0025) = 0.8725 V
For vi = 20 mV and vos = 2.5 mV
vo = 50(0.02) + 51(0.0025) = 1.1275 V
So
1.1275 vo 0.8725 V
14.27
vo = 50vi = 50 2.5 mV + sin t ( mV )
vo = [ 0.125 0.25sin t ] ( v )

14.28

0.5 103
= 5 108 A
104
Also
i
dV
1
I
I = C o Vo = Idt = t
dt
C0
C
Then
5 108
5=
t t = 103 s
10 106
I=

14.29
a.

100
| v01 | = 10 1 +
or | v01 | = 110 mV
10

Then
50
| v02 | = | v01 | (5) + 10 1 + = (110)(5) + (10)(6)
10
or
| v02 | = 610 mV

14.30
v0 due to vI
1

v0 = (0.5) 1 + = 0.9545 V
1.1
Wiper arm at V + = 10 V, (using superposition)

R1 || R5
0.0909
v1 =
(10) =
(10)
+
R
||
R
R
0.0909 + 10
4
1 5
= 0.090
1
Then v01 = (0.090) = 0.090
1
Wiper arm in center, v1 = 0 and v02 = 0

Wiper arm at V = 10 V, v1 = 0.090

So
v03 = 0.090
Finally, total output v0 : (from superposition)
Wiper arm at V + ,
v0 = 0.8645 V
Wiper arm in center,
v0 = 0.9545 V
Wiper arm at V ,

v0 = 1.0445 V

14.31
a.
R1 = R2 = 0.5 || 25 = 0.490 k
or
R1 = R2 = 490
b.

From Equation (14.75),

125 106
(0.026) ln
+ (0.125) R1
14
2 10

125 106
= (0.026) ln
+ (0.125) R2
14
2.2 10
0.586452 + (0.125) R1 = 0.583974 + (0.125) R2
0.002478 = (0.125)( R2 R1)

So R2 R1 = 0.0198 k 19.8
Then
R2 (1 x) Rx
R Rx
1
= 0.0198
R2 + (1 x) Rx R1 + xRx
(0.5)(1 x)(50)
(0.5)(50) x

= 0.0198
(0.5) + (1 x)(50) (0.5) + x(50)
25(1 x)
25 x

= 0.0198
50.5 50 x 0.5 + 50 x
(0.5 + 50 x)(25 25 x) (25 x)(50.5 50 x)
= 0.0198
(50.5 50 x )(0.5 + 50 x)

25 {0.5 0.5 x + 50 x 50 x 2 50.5 x + 50 x 2 } = 0.0198 {25.25 + 2525 x 25 x 2500 x 2 }

25 {0.5 x} = 0.0198 {25.25 + 2500 x 2500 x 2 }
0.5 x = 0.019998 + 1.98 x 1.98 x 2
1.98 x 2 2.98 x + 0.48 = 0
x=

2.98 (2.98) 2 4(1.98)(0.48)

2(1.98)

So
x = 0.183
and
1 x = 0.817
14.32
R1 = R1 ||15 = 0.5 ||15 = 0.4839 k
R2 = R2 || 35 = 0.5 || 35 = 0.4930 k
From Equation (14.75),
i
i
(0.026) ln C1 + iC1 R1 = (0.026) ln C 2 + iC 2 R2
IS3
IS 4
i
(0.026) ln C1 = iC 2 R2 iC1 R1
iC 2
i
i
R
(0.026) ln C1 = iC 2 R2 1 C1 1

i
i
R
2
C2
C2

i
i
(0.026) ln C1 = iC 2 (0.4930) 1 (0.9815) C1
iC 2
iC 2

By trial and error:

iC1 = 252 A and iC 2 = 248 A

or
iC1
= 1.0155
iC 2
14.33
From Eq. (14.79), we have
R
vo = I B1 R2 I B 2 R3 1 + 2
R1

I B1 = 1 A I B 2 = 2 A
Setting vo = 0, we have
200
0 = (106 )( 200 103 ) ( 2 106 ) R3 1 +

20

200 103
R3 =
R = 9.09 K
( 2 106 ) (11) 3

14.34

1+

R2
= 80
R1
R1 = 6.329 K

V f = vI = 5sin t ( mV )
I1 + I B = I 2

(a)

VI = 0 VX = 0 I 2 = I B
VO = (106 )(500 103 ) vo = 0.50 V

(b)

v VX
VX
+ IB = o
R1
R2
1
1
v
1
1
VX + + I B = 0 vo = R2 + vI + I B R2
R1
R1 R2
R1 R2
vo = 80 5sin t ( mV ) + (106 )( 500 103 )
vo = [ 0.5 + 0.4sin t ] ( v )

14.35
a.

For I B 2 = 1 A, then v0 = (106 )(104 )

or

v0 = 0.010 V

b.

If a 10 k resistor is included in the feedback loop

Now v0 = I B 2 (10) + I B1 (10) = 0

Circuit is compensated if I B1 = I B 2 .

14.36
From Equation (14.83), we have
v0 = R2 I 0S
where R2 = 40 k and I 0 S = 3 A.
Then
v0 = ( 40 103 )( 3 106 )
or
v0 = 0.12 V
14.37
a.
Assume all bias currents are in the same direction and into each op-amp.
v01 = I B1 (100 k ) = (106 )(105 ) v01 = 0.1 V
Then
v02 = v01 ( 5 ) + I B1 ( 50 k )

= ( 0.1)( 5 ) + (106 )( 5 104 )

= 0.5 + 0.05

or
v02 = 0.45 V
b.
Connect R3 = 10 ||100 = 9.09 k resistor to noninverting terminal of first op-amp, and
R3 = 10 || 50 = 8.33 k resistor to noninverting terminal of second op-amp.

14.38
a.
For a constant current through a capacitor.
1 t
v0 = I dt
C 0
0.1 106
or v0 =
t v0 = (0.1)t
106
v0 = 1 V
b.
At t = 10 s,
c.
Then
100 1012
v0 =
t v0 = (104 )t
6
10
At t = 10 s,
v0 = 1 mV
14.39
a.
Assume all bias currents are into the op-amp.
v01 = I B1 ( 50 k ) = (10 106 )( 50 103 )
or
v01 = v02 = 0.5 V
v03 = ( 1)( v01 ) + (10 106 )( 20 103 )

or
v03 = 0.3 V
b.

RA = 10 || 50 RA = 8.33 k

RB = 20 || 20 RB = 10 k
c.
Assume the worst case offset current, that is, I 0 S = I B1 I B 2 or I 0 S = I B 2 I B1 .
From Equation (14.83),
v01 = R2 I 0 S = ( 50 103 )( 2 106 )

or
v01 = v02 = 0.1 V
v03 = ( 1) v01 I 0 S R2

= ( 1)( 0.1) ( 2 106 )( 20 103 )

or
v03 = 0.14 V
14.40
a.
Using Equation (14.79),
Circuit (a),
50
v0 = ( 0.8 106 )( 50 103 ) ( 0.8 106 )( 25 103 ) 1 +
50
or
v0 = 0

Circuit (b),
50
v0 = ( 0.8 106 )( 50 103 ) ( 0.8 10 6 )(103 ) 1 +
50
2
= 4 10 1.6
or
v0 = 1.56 V

b.
Assume I B1 = 0.7 A and I B 2 = 0.9 A, then using Equation (14.79):
Circuit (a),

 50
v0 = ( 0.7 106 )( 50 103 ) ( 0.9 106 )( 25 103 ) 1 +
50
= 0.035 0.045

or

v0 = 0.010 V

Circuit (b),
50
v0 = ( 0.7 106 )( 50 103 ) ( 0.9 106 )(106 ) 1 +
50
= 0.035 1.8

or

v0 = 1.765 V

14.41
a.

If R = 0,
100
v0,max = 1 +
V0 S + I B (100 k)
10

= (11)(10 103 ) + (2 106 )(100 103 )

v0,max = 0.110 + 0.20
v0,max = 0.310 V

b.

R = 10.1|| 100 = 9.17 k = R

14.42
a.

Ri

(15) = 0.010 V
Ri + R2

15
= 0.0006667
15 + R2
15(1 0.0006667) = 0.0006667 R2
Then
R2 = 22.48 M

b.

R1 = Ri || RF = 15 || 10 R1 = 6 k

14.43
a.
Assume the offset voltage polarities are such as to produce the worst case values, but the bias
currents are in the same direction.
Use superposition:

Offset voltages
100
| v01 | = 1 +
(10) = 110 mV =| v01 |
10

50
| v02 | = (5)(110) + 1 + (10)
10
| v02 | = 610 mV

Bias Currents:
v01 = I B (100 k) = (2 106 )(100 103 ) = 0.2 V
Then
v02 = (5)(0.2) + (2 106 )(50 103 ) = 0.9 V
Worst case: v01 is positive and v02 is negative, then
v01 = 0.31 V and v02 = 1.51 V
b.

Compensation network:

If we want
RB +
+

V = 20 mV and V = 10 V
+
R
R
C
B
8.33

(10) = 0.020
8.33 + RC
or
RC 4.15 M

14.44
Assume bias currents are in same direction, but assume polarity of offset voltages are such as to
produce the worst case output.
a.
Let I B1 = 5.5 A, I B 2 = 4.5 A
Bias Current Effects:
v01 = I B1 (50 k) = 0.275 V v02 = 0.275 V
v03 = I B1 (20 k) v01 v03 = 0.165 V
Offset Voltage Effects:
50
v01 = (5) 1 + = 30 mV v02 = 30 mV
10
20
v03 = v01 5 1 + v03 = 40 mV
20
Total Effect: v01 = 0.305 V and v02 = 0.305 V v03 = 0.205 V
14.45
For circuit (a), effect of bias current:
v0 = (50 103 )(100 109 ) 5 mV
Effect of offset voltage

 50
v0 = (2) 1 + = 4 mV
50
So net output voltage is v0 = 9 mV

For circuit (b), effect of bias current:

Let I B 2 = 550 nA, I B1 = 450 nA, then from Equation (14.79),
50
v0 = (450 109 )(50 103 ) (550 109 )(106 ) 1 +
50
2
= 2.25 10 1.1
or
v0 = 1.0775 V
If the offset voltage is negative, then
v0 = (2)(2) = 4 mV
So the net output voltage is
v0 = 1.0815 V

14.46
a.
At T = 25C, V0 S = 2 mV so the output voltage for each circuit is
v0 = 4 mV
b.
For T = 50C, the offset voltage for is
V0 S = 2 mV + (0.0067)(25) = 2.1675 mV
so the output voltage for each circuit is
v0 = 4.335 mV
14.47
a.

At T = 25C,

V0 S = 1 mV, then

50
v01 = (1) 1 + v01 = 6 mV
10
and
60
60
v02 = v01 1 + + (1) 1 +
20
20
= 6(4) + (1)(4) v02 = 28 mV

b.
At T = 50C, V0 S = 1 + (0.0033)(25) = 1.0825 mV, then
v01 = (1.0825)(6) v01 = 6.495 mV
and
v02 = (6.495)(4) + (1.0825)(4)
or
v02 = 30.31 mV
14.48
25C; I B = 500 nA, I 0 S = 200 nA
50C, I B = 500 nA + (8 nA / C)(25C) = 700 nA
I 0 S = 200 nA + (2 nA / C)(25C) = 250 nA
a.
Circuit (a): For I B , bias current cancellation, v0 = 0
Circuit (b): For I B , Equation (14.79),
50
v0 = (500 109 )(50 103 ) (500 10 9 )(106 ) 1 +
50
= 0.025 1.00 v0 = 0.975 V

b.
Due to offset bias currents.
Circuit (a):

v0 = (200 109 )(50 103 ) v0 = 0.010 V

Circuit (b):
Let I B 2 = 600 nA
I B1 = 400 nA
Then
50
v0 = (400 109 )(50 103 ) (600 109 )(106 ) 1 +
50
= 0.020 1.20 v0 = 1.18 V

c.
Circuit (a): Due to I B , v = 0
Circuit (b): Due to I B ,
50
v0 = (700 109 )(50 103 ) (700 109 )(106 ) 1 +
50
= 0.035 1.40 v0 = 1.365 V

Circuit (a): Due to I 0 S ,

v0 = (250 109 )(50 103 ) v0 = 0.0125 V

Circuit (b): Due to I 0 S ,

Let I B 2 = 825 nA
I B1 = 575 nA
Then
50
v0 = (575 109 )(50 103 ) (825 109 )(106 ) 1 +
50
= 0.02875 1.65 v0 = 1.62 V

14.49
25C; I B = 2 A, I 0 S = 0.2 A
50C, I B = 2 A + (0.020 A / C)(25C ) = 2.5 A
I 0 S = 0.2 A + (0.005 A / C)(25C) = 0.325 A
a.
Due to I B : (Assume bias currents into op-amp).
v01 = I B (50 k) = (2 106 )(50 103 )
v01 = 0.10 V
60
60
v02 = v01 1 + + I B (60 k) I B (50 k) 1 +
20

20
3
6
6
= (0.1)(4) + (2 10 )(60 10 ) (2 10 )(60 103 )4

or

v02 = 0.12 V

b.
Due to I 0 S :
1st op-amp. Let I B1 = 2.1 A
2nd op-amp. Let I B1 = 2.1 A
I B 2 = 1.9 A
v01 = I B1 (50 k) = (2.1 106 )(50 103 )
v01 = 0.105 V
60
60
v02 = v01 1 + + I B1 (60 k) I B 2 (50 k) 1 +
20

20
3
6
= (0.105)(4) + (2.1 10 )(60 10 ) (1.9 10 6 )(50 103 )(4)
or
v02 = 0.166 V

c.

Due to I B :

v01 = (2.5 10 6 )(50 103 ) v01 = 0.125 V

60
60
v01 = v02 1 + + I B (60 k) I B (50 k) 1 +
20

20
6
3
= (0.125)(4) + (2.5 10 )(60 10 ) (2.5 106 )(50 103 (4)
or
v02 = 0.15 V

Due to I 0 S :
Let I B1 = 2.625 A
I B 2 = 2.3375 A
v01 = I B1 (50 k) = (2.6625 106 )(50 103 )
v01 = 1.133 V
60
60
v02 = v01 1 + + I B1 (60 k) I B 2 (50 k) 1 +
20
20
= (0.133)(4) + (2.6625 106 )(60 103 ) (2.3375 106 )(50 103 )(4)
or
v02 = 0.224 V

14.50

R4
R2
vB =
vI 1 and v0 (vI 2 ) = vB 1 +
R1

R3 + R4
or
R4 R2
v0 (vI 2 ) =
1 + vI 2
R1
R3 + R4

or vI 1 .
v0 (vI 1 ) =

R2
vI
R1

Then
R4 R2
R2
v0 =
1 + vI 2 vI 1
R1
R1
R3 + R4
V
V
we can write vI 2 = vcm + d and vI 1 = Vcm d Then
2
2
R4 R2
Vd R2
Vd
v0 =
1 + Vcm + Vcm
R1
2 R1
2
R3 + R4
Common-mode gain
R4 R2 R2
v
Acm = 0 =
1 +
Vcm R3 + R4
R1 R1

Differential mode gain

v
1 R4 R2 R2
Ad = 0 =
1 + +
Vd 2 R3 + R4
R1 R1
Then
A
CM RR = d
Acm
1 R4 R2 R2

1 + +
R1 R1
2 R3 + R4
=
R4 R2 R2

1 +
R1 R1
R3 + R4

1 R4

2 R3

R2 R2
1

1 + +
R1 R1
R4
+
1

R3

CM RR =
R2 R2
R4
1

1 +
R3 R4
R1 R1
1 +
R3
Minimum CMRR Maximum denominator
R
R
maximum 4 and minimum 2 . Then
R3
R1
R4 (1.02)(50)
=
= 5.204
R3 (0.98)(10)
R2 (0.98)(50)
=
= 4.804
R1 (1.02)(10)
Then
1 5.204

(5.804) + (4.804)
2 6.204

CMRR =
5.204

6.204 (5.804) (4.804)

1
(9.6725)
= 2
(0.06447)
CMRR = 75.0 CMRRdB = 20 log10 (75.0)
CMRRdB = 37.5 dB

14.51
Use the results of Problem 14.50:
R 1 + x 50
Let 4 =
(1 + 2 x)(5)
R3 1 x 10
R 1 x 50
Let 2 =
(1 2 x)(5)
R1 1 + x 10
Then

CMRR =

1 (1 + 2 x ) 5
( 6 10 x ) + (1 2 x )( 5 )

2 6 + 10 x

(1 + 2 x ) 5

( 6 10 x ) (1 2 x )( 5 )

6 + 10 x

1
2
30 + 10 x 100 x + 30 10 x 100 x 2
= 2
30 + 10 x 100 x 2 ( 30 10 x 100 x 2 )

a.
20 x =

b.
20 x =

1
[60 200 x 2 ]
30 100 x 2
2
=
=
20 x
20 x
For CMRRdB = 90 dB CMRR = 31, 623 x will be small, neglect the x 2 term. Then
30
x = 0.0000474 = 0.00474%
31, 623
For CMRRdB = 60 dB CMRR = 1000. Then
30
x = 0.0015 = 0.15%
1000