Chapter 5 : Fuzzy Relation

5.1 Crisp and Fuzzy Relation

Crisp relation:
+ degrees or strengths of relation
Fuzzy relation
Cartesian product :
1
{( , , ) | , }
n
i n i i n
i N
X x x x X i N

{1, 2, , }
n
N n
nary relation: a su!set of
n
i
i N
X

i"e",
1 2 1 2
( , , , )
| |
n n
R X X X X X X
$ $
a set the uni#ersal set
Characteristic function:

1 1
1 1
1 if ( , , )
( , , )
$ other%ise
n
R n
x x x R
x x x

'

&inary, 'ernary, (uaternary, (uinary, nary

relations
) *epresentation of a relation

1
( ,""", )
n
R X X


1 2
, ,"",
( )
n
i i i
r
: n+ ,e,!ership array
1 2
, ,"",
n
i i i
r
- 1 iff 1
( ,""", )
n
x x R
$ other%ise
./a,ple 0"1 :
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 0
1 1
2
1 1
2 1 1
2 1
( ) )
({ , } ,
1 1 1 1 $"3 $"3 $"3 $"3
{ | }
, ,4 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5
{ , }
6 7:6 { , }7
{ }, {
i n
i n
j j
R X Y Z YY Y Y Z Z Z Z Z
R X X X J N Y X
X j J N R
X a X a Y b Y a X b X b Y b Y b
y X X
Y X j J
R X Y R X X
y X X Y X

+ + + + + + +




1
2,1
1,2 1,1
, } {(4,4), ( , 5), ( ,4), ( , )}
( ) ( ) 6 { }7( ) ,a/ ( )
|
1 $"8 $"2 $"3
"
,4 , 5 ,4 , 5
$"9 $"2 1 $"8 $"3
, ,4 , ,4 , ,4 , , 5 , , 5
$"9 $"2 1 $"3 $"9
, , , ,
i ij
x y
j j
j J
X x Y Y s
x R y R X Y R x R
Y j J X X
R
a a b b
X a X b Y a Y a Y b
R R
X a X b Y a Y b X

< >
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
f
1 2
$ 1 $"3
,4 , 5 ,4 , 5
1 $ $": $"9 $"8 $"1
$ ( , ,""", ) 1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
n
X Y Y
R x x x
NY Beijing NY NY NY London Paris Beijing Paris NY Paris Londom
+ + +
+ + + + +
X

-{.nglish , French} ,
Y

-{ dollar , pound , franc ,

,ar;}
<-{=> , France , Canada , &ritain , ?er,ary}
( ) R X Y Z

-{(.nglish , dollar , =>) , (French , franc ,

France)
(.nglish , dollar , Canada) , (French ,
dollar , Canada)
(.nglish , pound , &ritain)}
1
Y
+ollar 1 $ 1 $ $ +ollar $ $ 1
$ $
2
Y
@ound $ $ $ 1 $ @ound $ $ $
$ $
1
Y
Franc $ $ $ $ $ Franc $ 1 $
$ $
2
Y
Aar; $ $ $ $ $ Aar; $ $ $ $
$
=> Fran Can &rit ?er =>
Fran Can &rit ?er
1
Z
2
Z
1
Z
2
Z
0
Z
1
Z
2
Z
1
Z
2
Z

0
Z
.nglish
Franch
1
X
2
X
) Fuzzy *elations
Cartesian @roduct : 1 2 n
X X X



tuples : 1 2
( , ,""", )
n
x x x
,e,!ership grade :
1 2
$ ( , ,""", ) 1
n
R x x x
./a,ple 0"2: &irary relation * : represents the
concept B #ery farC
X

- { De% Eor; , @aris}

Y

-{&eiFing , De% Eor; , Gondon}

*elation in list notation
( ) R X Y

-
1 $ $": $"9 $"8 $"1
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) NY Beijing NY NY NY London Paris Beijing Paris NY Paris Londom
+ + + + +
*elation in ,e,!ership array
DE @aris
&eiFing 1 $"9
DE $ $"8
Gondon $": $"1
) Hrdinary fuzzy relation
%ith #aluation set 6$,17
Gfuzzy relation
Iith ordered #aluation set G
0"2 @roFection and Cyclindric ./tensions
) set fa,ily J -
{ | }
i n
X i N

Get J -
|
i n
x i N < >
i
j J
X X

Get E -
|
j
Y j J < >

j
j J
X X

Ihere n
J N
, | K | - r
E a su!seLuence of J ,
Y X
iff
j j
Y X j J
@roFection :
6 7 R y
the proFection of * on E
1 2
( , , , )
n
R X X X

: a relation
E-
{ | }
i n
X j J N

6 7 R y
: a fuzzy relation (set)

6 7( ) ,a/ ( )
x y
R y Y R x
f
,a/ can !e generalized !y other tconor,s
) ./a,ple 0"1 1
X

-{J,E}, 2
X

-{a,!}, 1
X

-{4,5}
1 2 1
( , , ) R X X X


-
$"9 $"2 1 $"8 $"3
, ,4 , ,4 , ,4 , , 5 , , 5 X a X b Y a Y a Y b
+ + + +
Get
ij
R
-
6 { , }7
i j
R X X

,
6 { }7
i i
R R X

1,2
$"9 $"2 1 $"3
, , , ,
R
X a X b Y a Y b
+ + +

1,1
$"9 $ 1 $"3
,4 , 5 ,4 , 5
R
X X Y Y
+ + +

2,1
1 $"8 $"2 $"3
,4 , 5 ,4 , 5
R
a a b b
+ + +

1
$"9 1
4
R
y
+
2
1 $"3
R
a b
+
1
1 $"3
4 5
R +
Cyclindric ./tension
6 7 R X Y
the C. of * into
JE
JE : sets i
X

that are in J !ut are not in E

6 7( ) ( ) R X Y x R y
*: a relation defined on E
)./a,ple 0"2 ( *efer to e/a,ple 0"1)
Get J - 1 2 1
{ , , } X X X



Mnd *-
1,2
R
1 1
{ , } y X X



JE - 1
X

- {4,5}
Fro, e/a,ple 0"1
1,2
$"9 $"2 1 $"3
, , , ,
R
X a X b Y a Y b
+ + +
1,2 1
6 7 6 { }7 R X Y R X

-
$"9 $"9 $"2 $"2 1 1 $"3 $"3
, ,4 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5 , , 5 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5 X a X a X b X b Y a Y a Y b Y b
+ + + + + + +
12 1
6 7:6 { }7 R X Y R X

11 2
6 { }7 R X

21 1
6 { }7 R X

1 2 2
6 { , }7 R X X

2 1 1
6 { , }7 R X X

1 1 2
6 { , }7 R X X

Consider
6 7 R X Y
- 2 1 1
6 { , }7 R X X

2 1 1
{ }, { , } {(4,4), ( , 5), ( ,4), ( , )} y X X Y X X x Y Y s



{/,y} {/,5}
*- 2
1 $"3
R
a b
+
2 1 1
6 { , }7 R X X

-
1 1 1 1 $"3 $"3 $"3 $"3
, ,4 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5 , ,4 , , 5 X a X a Y b Y a X b X b Y b Y b
+ + + + + + +
08
Cyclindric closure
M relation ,ay !e e/actly reconstructed fro,
se#eral of its proFections !y ta;ing the set
intersection of their cyclindric e/tensions
{ } I i P
i
|
:a
set of proFections of a relation on J
R X Y X P X P cyl
i i
I i
i

) 7( 6 ,in ) }( {
i
Y
'he fa,ily of sets on %hich
i
P
is defined"
./a,ple

+ +

, ,
3 " $
, ,
2 " $
,5 ,
8 " $
, ,
1
, ,
2 " $
, ,
9 " $
} , , {
1 , 2 1 , 1 2 , 1
b y b y a y a y b x a x
R R R Cyl
*efer to the original relation
) , , (
1
N
2
N
1
N

X X X R
in e/a,ple
0"1"
Ot is not fully reconstructa!le fro, its proFections
!eco,e of ignora,us of 1
R
, 2
R
,and
1
R
"
03
0"1" &inary *elations *(

Y X,
)

Y X
!ipartite graph

Y X
directed graph
*epresentations
i, ,atrices
7 6
ij
r R
, %here
) , (
j i ij
y x R r
ii, sagittal diagra,s
./a,ples
i)
0 2 1 2 1
y y y y y
:
0
2
1
2
1
x
x
x
x
x
x

2 " $ $ $ $
0 " $ $ $ $
2 " $ $ $ $
$ 2 " 1 $ $
$ $ $ 2 " $
$ $ $ 1 9 "
ii)
09
+o,aindo, *
Crisp P do, * -
} , ) , ( | { Y y R y x X x
Fuzzy P do, *(/) -
) , ( ,a/ y x R
Y y
'he do,ain of a fuzzy relation *(/,y) is a fuzzy set
on JQ do, *(/) is its ,e,!ership function"
e"g" do, *( 1
X
) - ,a/($"9, 1) - 1
*angeran *
Crisp P ran * -
} , ) , ( | { X x R y x Y y
Fuzzy P ran *(y) -
) , ( ,a/ y x R
X x
e"g" ran *(
0
y
) - ,a/($"2, $"0, $"2) - $"0
Reight
) , ( ,a/ ,a/ ) ( y x R R h
X x Y y

e"g",
1 ) ( R h
nor,al fuzzy relation
01$
On#erse
) , (
1
X Y R

) , ( ) , (
1
y x R x y R

R R R R
T

1 1 1
) ( ,
e"g"
1
1
1
]
1

2 " $ : " $
1 $
2 " $ 1 " $
R
1
]
1

2 " $ 1 2 " $
: " $ $ 1 " $
1 T
R R
Co,position
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( Z Y Q Y X P Z X R
)7 , ( ), , ( ,in6 ,a/ ) , 7( 6 ) , ( z y Q y x P z x Q P z x R
Y y

Aa/,in co,position
@roperties

'

) ( ) (
) (
1 1 1
R Q P R Q P
P Q Q P
P Q Q P



Aatric for,
7 6 7 6 7 6
j i ij
! " r
Ihere
) , ,in( ,a/ 7 6
j i

ij
! " r
011
)7 , ( ) , ( 6 ,a/ ) , 7( 6 ) , ( z y Q y x P z x Q P z x R
Y y

,a/product co,position
,atri/ for,
7 6 7 6 7 6
j i ij
! " r
Ihere
) , ( ,a/ 7 6
j i ij
! " r
./a,ple
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

0 " $ 0 " $ $ " $ $ " 1

9 " $ $ " $ 2 " $ 1 " $
8 " $ 8 " $ 0 " $ 9 " $
0 " $ : " $ 2 " $
$ " 1 8 " $ $ " $
3 " $ 0 " $ 1 " $

Aa/,in -
1
1
1
]
1

: " $ 0 " $ 2 " $ 0 " $

8 " $ 0 " $ 2 " $ $ " 1
0 " $ 0 " $ 1 " $ 3 " $
Aa/prod -
1
1
1
]
1

02 " $ 23 " $ 2 " $ 0 " $

:1 " $ 0 " $ 12 " $ $ " 1
20 " $ 2 " $ 10 " $ 3 " $
*elational Foin
) , ( 4 ) , ( ) , , ( Z Y Q Y X P Z Y X R
)7 , ( ), , ( ,in6 ) , , 7( 4 6 ) , , ( z y Q y x P z y x Q P z y x R
'he ,a/,in co,position can !e o!tained !y
aggregating appropriate ele,ents of the
corresponding Foin"
012
./a,ple

) , , 7( 4 6 ,a/ ) , 7( 6 z y x Q P z x Q P
Y y

0"2&inary *elation on a >i,ple >et
*epresentations
012
characteristic @roperties (Crisp case)
i, refle/i#e
irrfle/i#e

antifle/i#e

ii, sy,,etric
asy,,etric

antisy,,etric
( , ) , ( , ) x y R y x R x y
strictly antisy,,etric
, ( , ) x y x y R
or
( , ) y x R
iii, transiti#e
nontransiti#e

antitransiti#e

Fuzzy *elations
i, refle/i#e
x
,
( , ) 1 R x x
irrefle/i#e
x
,
( , ) 1 R x x
antifle/i#e
x
,
( , ) 1 R x x

refle/i#e
x
,
( , ) R x x
012
ii, sy,,etric
, , x y

( , ) ( , ) R x x R y x
asy,,etric
, , x y

( , ) ( , ) R x x R y x
antisy,,etric
( , ) $
( , ) $
R x x
R y x
>
'
>

x y
iii, ,a/,in transiti#e
, x z

[ ]
( , ) ,a/ ,in ( , ), ( , )
y Y
R x z R x y R y z

,a/product transiti#e
, x z

[ ]
( , ) ,a/ ,in ( , ) ( , )
y Y
R x z R x y R y z

nontransiti#e
, x z

[ ]
( , ) ,a/ ,in ( , ), ( , )
y Y
R x z R x y R y z

<
antitransiti#e
, x z

[ ]
( , ) ,a/ ,in ( , ), ( , )
y Y
R x z R x y R y z

<
./a,ple 0"8 *:#ery near

refle/i#e, sy,,etric, nontransiti#e

010
>u,,ary
*
e
f
l
e
/
i
#
e
M
n
t
i
r
e
f
l
e
/
i
#
e
>
y
,
,
e
t
r
i
c
M
n
t
i
s
y
,
,
e
t
r
i
c
'
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
#
e
Crisp:
eLui#alenceQ
Fuzzy:
si,ilarity
(uasi
eLui#alence
Co,pati!ilit
y or
'olerance
@artial
ordering
@reordering
or
(uasi
ordering
>trict
ordering
Figure1": >o,e i,portant types of !inary relation
*(J,J)
transiti#e closure:
( )
T
R X

Mlgorith, for co,puting T

R
1"
S
( ) R R R R
2" Of
S
R R
, Get
S
R R
, go to step1
1" >top,
S
T
R R
Ihere
:
co,ponent%ise ,a/
01:
./a,ple 0"3

$"8 $"0 $"$ $"$
$"$ $"$ $"$ 1"$
$"$ $"2 $"$ $"$
$"$ $"$ $"3 $"$
R
1
1
1

1
1
]
>tep1:
$"8 $"0 $"$ $"0
$"$ $"$ $"3 $"$
$"$ $"$ $"$ $"2
$"$ $"2 $"$ $"$
R R
1
1
1

1
1
]

S
$"8 $"0 $"$ $"0
$"$ $"$ $"3 1"$
( )
$"$ $"2 $"$ $"2
$"$ $"2 $"3 $"$
R R R R
1
1
1

1
1
]

>tep2:
S
R R Q
, Get
S
R R
repeat step1

$"8 $"0 $"0 $"0
$"$ $"2 $"3 $"2
$"$ $"2 $"2 $"2
$"$ $"2 $"2 $"2
R R
1
1
1

1
1
]

S
$"8 $"0 $"0 $"0
$"$ $"2 $"3 1"$
( )
$"$ $"2 $"2 $"2
$"$ $"2 $"3 $"$
R R R R
1
1
1

1
1
]

>tep1:
S
R R Q
, Get
S
R R
repeat step1

T
$"8 $"0 $"0 $"0
$"$ $"2 $"3 1"$
$"$ $"2 $"2 $"2
$"$ $"2 $"3 $"2
R R
1
1
1

1
1
]
>tep2: >top

S
T
R R
018
0"0 Fuzzy .Lui#alence *elation
Crisp !inary relation
eLui#alence: refle/i#e, sy,,etric, and
transiti#e
eLui#alence classes
partition: JS*
./a,ple 0"9:
{ } 1, 2, ,1$ X

L

( ) R X X



{
( , ) | , x y x y
ha#e the sa,e re,ainder %hen
di#ided !y 1}

*: refle/i#e, sy,,etric, transiti#e
eLui#alence
partition { } S (1, 2, 8,1$), (2, 0,3), (1, :, 9) X R

013
Fuzzy &inary *elation
Fuzzy
>i,ilarity relation eLui#alence relation
>i,ilarity classes eLui#alence classes
2 Onterpretations of a si,ilarity relation:
1"?roup si,ilar ele,ents into crisp classes
%hose ,e,!ers are si,ilar to each other
to so,e specified degree"
2"
, x X

associate a fuzzy set x
#

defined on
X

"
a fuzzy relation
6$,17
R R

g
U
('heore, 2"0, .Ls"
(2"1)(2"2))
Of *: >i,ilarity relation,

: R

eLui#alence relation
Get
( ) : R

the partition of
X

%"r"t"
R

( ] { }
( ) ( ) | $,1 R R

( ) : R

nested, i"e",

( ) : R

a redefine,ent of
( ) R

iff

@ro#e that :M fuzzy relation
: R X X
is a si,ilarity
relation, then
R

is a eLui#alent relation
@f : * : a si,ilar relation
* : refle/i#e, i"e",
, ( , ) 1 x X R x x
sy,,etric, i"e",
, , ( , ) ( , ) x y X R x y R y x
transiti#e, i"e",
2
, , ( , ) ,a/6 ( , ), ( , )7
y Y
x z X R x z R x y R y z

i,
R

: refle/i#e

, ( , ) 1 6$,17, ( , ) x X R x x x x R

Q

R

: refle/i#e
ii,
R

: sy,,etric
* : sy,,etric

, , ( , ) ( , ) x y Z R x y R y x
Get
( , ) ( , ) R x y R y x
'hen

or
<
a, if

-U
( , ), ( , ) x y y x R

!, if
<
-U
( , ), ( , ) x y y x R

iii,
R

: transiti#e
* : transiti#e

2
, , ( , ) ,a/6 ( , ), ( , )7
y Y
x z X R x z R x y R y z

Get 1
( , ) R x y
, 2
( , ) R y z
Mssu,e 1 2
<
'hen 1 2
<
, 1 2
< <
, or 1 2
<
a" if 1 2
<
-U
( , ) , ( , ) x y R y z R

(M)

1 2 1
( , ) ,a/6 ( , ), ( , )7 ,in6 , 7
y Y
R x z R x y R y z

Q

( , ) , ( , ) R x z x z R

(&)
(M) , (&) -U
: R $ransi$i%e

!" if 1 2
< <

( , ) , ( , ) x y R y z R

>
, donVt care
( , ) x z
c" if 1 2
<

( , ) , ( , ) x y R y z R

>
, donVt care
( , ) x z
./a,ple 0"1$ :
( , ) R X X
: a fuzzy relation
* : refle/i#e , sy,,etric , transiti#e (
T
( ) R R R R R Q
)
le#el set :
{$"$, $"2, $"0, $"3, $"9,1"$}
R

'here are fi#e nested partition
T s

'he si,ilarity class for each ele,ent is a fuzzy

set defined !y the ro% of the ,e,!ership ,atri/
corresponds to that ele,ent
./a,ple : see ./a,ple 0"1$
For c :
$ $ 1 $ 1 $"9 $"0
a b c d e & g
+ + + + + +
For e :
$ $ 1 $ 1 $"9 $"0
a b c d e & g
+ + + + + +
c and e are si,ilar at any le#el

0": Co,pati!ility *elations refle/i#e ,

sy,,etric
co,pati!ility
Mlternati#es : tolerance relation
pro/i,ity
Crisp case :
Aa/i,al co,pati!ility classes P not properly
contained %ithin any other co,pati!ility class
Co,plete co#er P all the ,a/i,al co,pati!ility
classes
Fuzzy case :
Wco,pati!ility class a su!set M of J ,
s"t"
, , ( , ) ( , ) , : x y # i& R x y R x y R >
fuzzy co,pati!ility
relation
,a/i,alW co,pati!ility classes
co,pleteWco#er
./a,ple 0"11 :
( , ) R X X
: a fuzzy relation
* : refle/i#e , sy,,etric
a co,pati!ility relation

{$"$, $"2, $"0, $"8, $"3,1"$}

R

-U the co,pleteWco#ers

020
e"L"
$"0
$"0
$"8 $"9
1 $"8 $ 1 $"8
$ 1 $ $"9 $
$"0 $"8 1 1 $"3
$ $ $ 1 $
$ $"1 $ $"9 1
1 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $
1 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 $ $ $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 1 1 $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 1 1 1 $
$ $ $ 1 1 1 $ $ $
$ $ $ 1 1 $ 1 $ $
$ $ $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1
b d
a
b
c
d
e
R
x y xx y

+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
]

1 2
6 7
6 7
( , ) { , }
(/,y) ( , ( ) ( , )
( , )( )
x
x
x #
y xx X x y X' x x Xy #x y
y X x y or y x#x X# Xx yR y R y x
x ( R # x R y

I
$"2
$"2
1 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $
1 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 $ $ $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 1 1 $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 1 1 1 $
$ $ $ 1 1 1 1 $ $
$ $ $ 1 1 1 1 $ $
$ $ $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
Goo; for co,plete su!graphs
(1,2) , (1,2,0),(2,0,:,8),(0,3),(9)
(12,),(2,0,:),(2,0,8),(1,0),(0,:)
(2,0),(0,:,8),(2,:,8),(2,:),(:,8)

,a/i,al co,pati!le classes (the co,plete $"2

co#er):
(1,2),(1,2,0),(2,0,:,8),(0,3),(9)
'hese do not partition J"
02:
e"L"
$"0
$"0
1 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $
1 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 $ $ $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 1 1 $ $
$ $ 1 1 1 1 1 1 $
$ $ $ 1 1 1 $ $ $
$ $ $ 1 1 $ 1 $ $
$ $ $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
]

,a/i,al co,pati!le classes

( 'he co,plete $"0co#er)
(1,2),(1,2,0),(2,0,:),(2,0,8),(0,3),(9)
028
0"8" Hrdering *elations
X partial ordering: refle/i#e , antisu,,etric ,
transiti#e

X Y
: J : predecessor
precedes E : successor
if e/ist First ,e,!er : if
x y

y X
(,ini,u,)
uniLue Gast ,e,!er : if
y x

y X
(,a/i,a,)
,ay not Aini,al ,e,!er : if
y x x y
!e uniLue Aa/i,al ,e,!er : if
x y x y
Xproperties :
1, if

, at ,ost one first ,e,!er

if

, at ,ost one last ,e,!er

2, 'here ,ay !e se#eral ,a/i,al and ,ini,al
,e,!er
1, if

a first ,e,!er J ,

only one ,ini,al

,e,!er E e/ists and /-y
2, if

a last ,e,!er / ,

only one ,a/i,al

,e,!er E e/ists and /-y"
0, partial the first ,e,!er

the last ,e,!er

in#erse
ordering the last ,e,!er

the first ,e,!er

partial ordering
023
On a partial ordering , it does not guarantee that
(/,y)
,
( , x y or

y x
)"
Of

(/,y) : co,para!le (total ordering)

Hther%ise (/,y) : non co,para!le
X
# X
Of
x X
, and
y #
,
x y
,

/: lo%er !ound of M on J
Of YYY ,
x y

/ : upper !ound of M on J
Xgreatest lo%er !ound ( or infi,u, ) ?G&
- a lo%er !ound %hich succeeds e#ery other lo%er
!ound

Geast upper !ound ( or super,u, ) G=&
- a upper !ound %hich preceeds e#ery other upper
!ound
XGattice P M partial ordering on J contains ?G&
and G=& , 1 2
{ , } ' x x X
029
X Connected P a partial ordering is said to !e
connected
iff
, x y X
,
x y

/Zy or yU/
X Ginear ordering (total ordering , si,ple ordering ,
co,plete ordering )
- %hen a partial ordering is connected , then
( , ) x y
:
co,para!le
X Rasse diagra,s P representing partial orderings in
%hich

indicates

X ./a,ple 0"12 : Crisp partial orderings

01$
X Fuzzy partial ordering
- refle/i#e , antisy,,etric , and transiti#e under
so,e for, of transiti#ity"
any fuzzy partial ordering can !e resol#ed into a
series of crisp partial ordering "

i"e" ta;ing a series of

cut that produce increasing

le#els of refine,ent
X On a fuzzy partial ordering , *

x X
, t%o fuzzy sets are associated %ith
6 7 x
R

: do,inating class

6 7
( ) ( , )
x
R y R x y

6 7 x
R

: do,inated class

6 7
( ) ( , )
x
R y R y x

011
X / undo,inated iff *(/,y) - $
y x
J undo,inating iff *(y,/) - $
y x
X Fuzzy upper !ound for
# X
is a fuzzy set
6 7
( , )
x
x #
( R # R

I
Of a least upper !ound of M e/ists , it is the
uniLue ele,ent
( , ) x ( R #
s"t" 1, 2,

( , )( ) ( R # x
U $ *(/,y) U $ ,

y
support 6 =(*,M) 7
X ./a,ple 0"11
a ! c d e
Fuzzy partial ordering *:
1 $"8 $ 1 $"8
$ 1 $ $"9 $
$"0 $"8 1 1 $"3
$ $ $ 1 $
$ $"1 $ $"9 1
a
b
c
d
e
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

1" ro% : do,inating class for each ele,ent
colu,n : do,inated class for each ele,ent
2" d : undo,inated , C : undo,inating
1" For M - {a,!} , =(*,M) - the intersection of
'he do,inating classes of a and ! -
$"8 $"9
b d
+
2, G=&(M) -!
012
0" Crisp ordering captured !y the fuzzy ordering
e"g"
0 " $
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1 1 $ $ $
$ 1 $ $ $
1 1 1 1 1
$ 1 $ 1 $
1 1 $ 1 1
R

[ is \ 2 1 1 0 1
'he ordering !eco,e %ea;en %ith the increasing
W
011
Fuzzy preordering P refle/i#e and transiti#e
Fuzzy %ea; ordering P
i, an ordering satisfying the proportion of a fuzzy
total ordering e/cept antisy,,etry"
ii, a fuzzy preordering in %hich
y x
, either
*(/,y)U$ or *(y,/)U$
Fuzzy strict ordering P
Mntirefle/i#e
Mntisy,,etric
'ransiti#e
0"3" Aorphis,s
Crisp ho,o,orphis, h fro, (J,*) to (E,()
Ihere *(J,J), ((E,E)!inary relations
Q x h x h R x x )) ( ), ( ( ) , (
2 1 2 1
Fuzzy ho,o,orphis, h
Of *(J,J), ((E,E)Fuzzy !inary relations
Mnd
)7 ( ), ( 6 ) , (
2 1 2 1
x h x h Q x x R
OtVs possi!le that a relation
Q x h x h )) ( ), ( (
2 1 %hich
R x x ) , (
2 1 "
Of this is ne#er the case h is called a strong
ho,o,orphis,"
012
Crisp strong ho,o,orphis, h
Of
Q x h x h R x x )) ( ), ( ( ) , (
2 1 2 1
Mnd
R y h y h Q y y

)) ( ), ( ( ) , (
2
1
1
1
2 1
%here h : ,any to one \
) (
1
y h

contains a set of
Js
Fuzzy strong ho,o,orphis, h
R i,poses a partition
h

on J
Get
} , , , {
2 1 n
a a a # L
} , , , {
2 1 n
b b b B L

h

*,(fuzzy relations
h : strong ho,o,orphis,
iff
) , ( )) , ( ( ,a/
2 1
,
y y Q b a R
j i
j i

%here

'

B b b h y
# a a h y
j j
i i
) (
) (
2
1
010
./a,ple 0"12
*(J,J)
1
1
1
1
]
1

$ $ : " $ $
0 " $ $ $ 1
$ 9 " $ $ $
$ $ 0 " $ $
R
((E,E)
1
1
1
]
1

$ 9 " $ 1
9 " $ $ 1
$ 9 " $ 0 " $
Q
\hordinary fuzzy ho,o,orphis, (one %ay)
s$rong x h x h Q x x R )) ( ), ( ( ) , (
2 1 2 1

&ut
9 " $ ) , ( Q

$ ) , ( c d R
i,e,
Q ) , (
%hile
R c d ) , (
%here
) ( , ) ( c h d h
01:
*(J,J)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

3 " $ 1 $ $ $ $
$ $ 1 $ $ $
0 " $ 9 " $ $ $ 0 " $ $
$ $ $ 1 " $ $ $
$ $ 8 " $ $ 0 " $ $
$ $ $ $ 2 " $ 3 " $
((E,E)
1
1
1
]
1

1 $ 1
$ 3 " $ 2 " $
9 " $ $ 8 " $
\hstrong fuzzy ho,o,orphis, (t%o %ay)
018
( represents a si,plification of *
Oso,orphis, : (congruence)
h:11, onto
Y X
.ndo,orphis, : (su!graph)
h:J\E,
X Y
Muto,orphis, :
Oso,orphis, and .nd .ndo,orphis,
i"e", J-E nad *-(
013
0"9 >=@i Co,positions of Fuzzy *elations
?eneralize ,a/,in Co,position
i : tnor,
sup : tconor,
@(J,E), ((E,<)fuzzy relations
) ( Z X Q o P
i
:supi co,position
)7 , ( ), , ( 6 sup ) , 7( 6 z y Q y x P i Z X Q o P
Y y
i

@roperties
1" ) ( ) ( R o Q o P R o Q o P
i i i i

2"
) ( ) (
j
i
j
j
j
i
Q o P Q o P
1"
) ( ) (
j
i
j
j
j
i
Q o P Q o P
2"
) ( ) ( Q o P Q o P
i
j
j
i
j
j

0"
) ( ) ( Q o P Q o P
i
j
j
i
j
j

:"
1 1 1
) (

R o Q Q o P
i i
019
1" >ho% .L"(0"1:), i"e",
( ) ( ),
i i
j j
j J j J
P Q P Q


I I
Ihere
( , ) P X Y

and ( , ) Q Y Z

are fuzzy relations"

pf" Fro, .L"(0"11), i"e",
[ ]
( , ) sup ( , ), ( , )
i
y Y
P Q x z i P x y Q y z

1
]

( ) ( , ) sup ( , ), ( , )
i
j j
j J j J
y Y
P Q x z i P x y Q y z

1 1

1 1
] ]

I I
Get
j
j J
Q Q

I
1 2
, , ,
J
Q Q Q Q Q Q L
i"e",
( , ), y z

1
( , ) ( , ), , ( , ) ( , )
J
Q y z Q y z Q y z Q y z L
Q
i is ,onotonically increasing

1
6 ( , ), ( , )7 6 ( , ), ( , )7
"""""""""""
6 ( , ), ( , )7 6 ( , ), ( , )7
J
j
j J
j
j J
i P x y Q y z i P x y Q y z
i P x y Q y z i P x y Q y z

'

I
I

( , ) x y
6 ( , ), ( )( , )7 6 ( , ), ( , )7
j j
j J j J
i P x y Q y z i P x y Q y z

I I
sup 6 ( , ), ( )( , )7 sup 6 ( , ), ( , )7
j j
j J j J
y Y y Y
i P x y Q y z i P x y Q y z




I I

sup 6 ( , ), ( , )7, ( , ), ( , )
j
j J
y Y
i P x y Q y z x y y z

I
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ), ( , )
i i
j j
j J j J
P Q x z P Q x z x z

1 1

1 1
] ]

I I
i,e",
( ) ( )
i i
j j
j J j J
P Q P Q


I I
02$
>upi co,position ,onotonically increases
i"e",
1 2
1 2
(0"2$)
(0"21)
i i
i i
P Q P Q
Q P Q P




if 1 2
Q Q
Odentity of
i

1,
( , )
$,
x y
* x y
x y

'

1
1
$
$
_



,
O
i"e",
i i
* P P * P
*elation R on
2
X

: i+transiti#e
iff [ ]
( , ) ( , ), ( , ) , , , R x z i R x y R y z x y z X

i
R R R
itransiti#e closure
( ) T i
R
'he s,allest itransiti#e relation containing *
'heore, 0"1: *: any fuzzy relation

( )
( )
1
n
T i
n
R R

U , %here

( ) ( 1)
i
n n
R R R


021
proof:
i,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 , 1
i i i
n m n m n m
T i T i
n m n m n m
R R R R R R R

+

_ _
_


,
, ,

U U U U U

( ) ( )
( )
2 1

T i

R R R



U U
i"e",
( ) T i
R
: itransiti#e (
( ) ( ) ( )
i
T i T i T i
R R R Q )
ii, Get >: itransiti#e,
R '

(2)
i i
R R R ' ' '
Of
( )
,
n
R '

( 1) ( )
i i
n n
R R R ' ' '
+


( )
,

R '

( )
( )
1

T i

R R '

U
i"e",
( ) T i
R
: s,allest
'heore, 0"2: *: refle/i#e fuzzy relation on
2
X

,
X n

( ) 1
( 1)
( )
1
m m
n
T i
n n
R R
R R m
R R
+

,
&y (0"10) (0"18)
,athe,atical
induction
(0"2$)(0"21) ,onotonically increasing
itransiti#e
022
proof : i,
: , R re&lexi%e Q

(2)
,
i i
* R R * R R R R

( 1) ( ) n n
R R

(&y repetition)
ii, sho%
( 1) ( ) n n
R R

proof: Of
( 1)
, ( , ) 1
n
x y R x x

Of
, x y

[ ]
1 1
( )
1 1 2 1
, ,
( , ) sup ( , ), ( , ), , ( , )
n
n
n
Z Z
R x y i R x z R z z R z y

L
L

X n

Q
$ 1
, , ,
n
X Z Z Z y > L
contains
at least 2 identical ele,ent"
>ay
( )
r s
Z Z r s <

[ ]
( )
1 1 1 1
( , ), , ( , ), , ( , ), , ( , ) ( , ), ( 1)

r r s s n
i R x z R z z R z z R z y R x y n
+
L L L

( ) ( 1)
, , ( , ) ( , ),
n n
x y X R x y R x y

( ) ( 1)
( )
n n
R R B

( ) ( 1)
( , )
n n
R R # B

( 1)
( )
n
T i
R R


refle/i#e
./tension of definition
i

021
0"1$ ODF i
,
Co,positions of Fuzzy *elations
i
,
operation:

{ } ( , ) sup 6$,17 | ( , )
i
, a b x i a x b
%here
, 6$,17 a b
,
i
: continuous tnor,
Of
i
: logical conFunction (i"e",

, and)
i
,
: logical i,plication (i"e",

, if then)

'heore, 0"1
1,
( , ) i a b d
iff
( , )
i
, a b b
2,
( ( , ), )
i i
, , a b b a

1,
( ( , ), ) ( , ( , ))
i i i
, i a b d , a , b d

2,
, ( , ) ( , )
i i
a b , a d , b d
i

( , ) ( , )
i i
, d a , d b
ii
0,
( ( , ), ( , )) ( , )
i i i
i , a b , b d , a d
:,
(inf , ) sup ( , )
i j i j
j
j
, a b , a b
8,
(sup , ) inf ( , )
i j i j
j
j
, a b , a b
3,
( , sup ) sup ( , )
i j i j
j j
, b a , b a
9,
( , inf ) inf ( , )
i j i j
j j
, b a , b a
1
a b b
a b
> >
>
1$,
( , ( , ))
i
i a , a b b
022
proof: (1) i , Of
{ } ( , ) , | ( , ) i a b d b x i a x d

( )

{ } sup | ( , ) ( , )
i
b x i a x d , a d
ii, Of
( , )
i
b , a d

d

( )

{ } { } ( , ) ( , ( , )) ( , sup | ( , ) ) sup ( , ) | ( , )
i
i a b i a , a d i a x i a x d i a x i a x d d
(1)

( , ) ( , ) ( , ( , ))
i
i a x , b d i b i a x d Q


( ( , ), ) ( ( , ) )
i
i i a b x d x , i a b d


( ( , ), )
i
, i a b d
{ } { } ( , ( , )) sup | ( , ) ( , ) sup | ( ( , ), ) ( ( , ), )
i i i i i
, a , b d x i a x , b d x x , i a b d , i a b d
(8) Get
sup
j
j
' a
(&)
,
j
a s j

( , ) ( , ),
i i j
, s b , a b j

( , ) inf ( , )
i i j
j
, s b , a b
(C)

$
$
inf ( , ) ( , ),
i j i j
j
, a b , a b j J Q

$
$
( , inf ( , )) ,
j i j
j
i a , a b b j

$
$
( , inf ( , )) sup ( , inf ( , ))
i j j i j
j j
j
i s , a b i a , a b b

( , ) inf ( , )
i i j
j
, s b , a b
(+)

(sup , ) ( , ) inf ( , )
i j i i j
j
j
, a b , s b , a b
i: ,onotone increasing
i: continuous ,onotone
! a! d &y (1)Z-
&y (1)-U d ! a
Mssociati#ity
co,,unitation
&y (M)
&y(2)
&y(1)
&y(1)
&y(&)(C)(+)
020
(2)>ho%
( ( , ), )
i i
, , a b b a
('heore, 0"1 (2))
proof :
{ } ( , ) 6$,17 | ( , )
i
, a b '-" x i a x b Q
and !y 'heore,
1"1$
,in
( , ) ( , ) ,in( , ) i a b i a b a b
i, Of aU!

{ } { } ( , ) 6$,17 | ( , ) 6$,17 | ,in( , )
i
, a b '-" x i a x b '-" x a x b b

( ( , ), )
( , )
( ,1)
i
i , a b a
i b a
i b
b

( ( , ), )
i
i , a b a b
i, Of
a b


{ } { } ( , ) 6$,17 | ( , ) 6$,17 | ,in( , ) 1
i
, a b '-" x i a x b '-" x a x b

( ( , ), ) ( ( , ), )
i i
i , a b a i , a b b

(1, )
( ,1)
i a
i b
b

( ( , ), )
i
i , a b a b
&y 'heore, 0"1 property 1(i"e",
( , ) i a b d
iff
( , )
i
, a d b
)

( ( , ), ) ( ( , ), )
i i i
i , a b a b , , a b b a
&y M/io, i2
( , )
i
, a b b
&y M/io, i2 ( 1 a )
&y M/io, i1
&y M/io, i2
( , ) 1
i
, a b
&y M/io, i2
&y M/io, i1
(2) pro#e 'heore, 0"1 (2) :
a b
-U i,
( , ) ( , )
i i
. a d . b d
ii,
( , ) ( , )
i i
. d a . d b
proof : i,
( , ) ( , )
i i
. a d . b d

( , ) sup{ | ( , ) }
i
. a d x i a x d
(M)

( , ) sup{ | ( , ) }
i
. b d x i b x d
(&)
a, if
d a b
-U (M)-d , (&)-d ,
(M)-(&) (1)
!, if
a d b
-U (M)-1 , (&)-d
(M)

(&) (2)
c, if
a b d
-U (M)-1 , (&)-1
(M)- (&) (1)
(1),(2),(1) -U (M)

(&)
i"e",
( , ) ( , )
i i
. a d . b d
ii, see i
0" sho%
( ( , ), ( , )) ( , )
i i i
i . a d . b d . a d
@roof : if
( , )
i
a b . a b b > >
if
( , ) 1
i
a b . a b >
M, if
( ( , ), ( , )) ( , ( , ))
i i i
a b i . a b . b d i b . b d >
-U
( , ( , )) ( , ) ,in( , )
i
i b . b d i b d b d d

( , )
i
. a d d
-U
( , ( , )) ( ,1)
i
i b . b d i b b

( , ) 1
i
. a d

-U
( , ( , )) ( ,1)
i
i b . b d i b b

( , ) 1
i
. a d
&, if
( ( , ), ( , )) (1, ( , )) ( , )
i i i i
a b i . a b . b d i . b d . b d >
-U
( , )
i
. b d d

( , )
i
. a d d

( , )
i
. b d d

( , ) 1
i
. a d

( , ) 1
i
. b d

( , ) 1
i
. a d
1$" sho%
( , ( , )
i
i a . a b b
@roof :
( , )
i
a b . a b b > >

( , ) 1
i
a b . a b >
M, if
a b >

( , ( , )) ( , ) ,in( , )
i
i a . a b i a b a b b >
&, if
a b

( , ( , )) ( ,1)
i
i a . a b i a a b >

inf
i
.
co,position

inf
( )( , ) ( ( , ), ( , ))
i
.
i
P Q x z y Y. P x y Q y z
'heore, 0"2 :

1 1 1
(1)( ) ( ) ( ( ) )
i i
. . i
P Q R Q P R P Q R

<> <>
(2)( ( ) ( )
i i i
. . . i
P Q ' P Q '
'heore, 0"0 :
( ) ( )
( ) ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
i i
i i
i i
i i
. .
j j
j j
. .
j j
j j
. .
j j j
j j
. .
j j j
j j
P Q P Q
P Q P Q
P Q P Q
P Q P Q








'heore, 0": : if 1 2
Q Q
-U
1 2
i i
. .
P Q P Q

1 2
i i
. .
Q R Q R
@roof : 1 2
Q Q
-U 1 2 1
Q Q Q
, 1 2 2
Q Q Q

1 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i
. . . .
P Q P Q P Q Q P Q
-U
1 2
i i
. .
P Q P Q

1 2 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i
. . . .
Q R Q R Q Q R Q R
-U
1 2
i i
. .
Q R Q R
'heore, 0"8 :
1"
1
( )
i
. i
P P Q Q

2"
1
( )
i
. i
R P P R

1"
1
( )
i i
. .
P P Q Q

2"
1
( )
i i
. .
R R Q Q

@roof :
(1)
1 1
( )
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