Cigre Electra305

N° 305 - Août / August 2019
Meetings* of
Interest to
Members
©CIGRE.couloir3.com
*For updated list of events, please visit

our events section of the website at cigre.org
CIGRE Events OTHER Events

Workshop Electricity for all – CIGRE brazil IEEE-PES General Meeting
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Atlanta, USA
August 20-21, 2019 August 4-8, 2019
CIDER 19 – Conference on the Integration of Distributed ISH 2019 Conference
Energy Resources – CIGRE Australia Budapest, Hungary
Melbourne, Australia August 26-30, 2019
August 20-21, 2019
EPE’19 ECCE Europe - EPE
21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering Genova, Italy
University of Technology and Economics, Budapest September 2, 2019
August 26, 2019 83rd IEC General Meeting
WEBINAR – A Proposed Framework For Coordinated Power Shanghai, China
System Stability Control – WEBINAR by JWG C2/C4.37 October 21-25, 2019
University of Technology and Economics, Budapest MATPOST 2019
September 5, 2019 from 12:00 p.m. to 01:00 p.m. CET
Lyon, France
CIGRE Symposium – Chinese National Committee November 20-22, 2019
Chengdu, China
September 20-25, 2019
CIGRE SC A1 Meeting and International Tutorials &
Colloquium on Rotating Electrical Machines – CIGRE India
New Delhi, India
September 25-27, 2019
11th CIGRE Macedonia Conference 2019
Ohrid, Macedonia
October 6-8, 2019
The 6th International Advanced Research Workshop on
Transformers - ARWtr – CIGRE Spain
Cordoba, Spain
October 6-9, 2019
CIGRE Steering Committee Meeting – Central Office and
Russian National Committee
St Petersbourg, Russia
October 7, 2019
Technical Council Meeting – Central Office And Russian
National Committee
St Petersbourg, Russia
October 8, 2019
2019 Grid of the Future
Atlanta, GA, United States
November 3-6, 2019
©CIGRE.couloir3.com
N° 305 Août | August 2019
>>> Résumés Summaries

panaramka.istock
RÉSUMÉ - BT 767 - GT B2.45 traitements algorithmiques de signaux numériques

Les caractéristiques des feux de végétation et destinés à des fonctions de protection, d'automatisme
leurs possibles impacts sur le comportement et de contrôle. Les facteurs d'influence les plus
des lignes aériennes importants pour un fonctionnement fiable ont été
analysés et sont présentés comme les spécifications
La Brochure Technique traite du sujet des feux de principales des différents éléments de l'ensemble de la
végétation sous les lignes aériennes. Elle est le premier chaîne d'acquisition numérique.
document qui a étudié ce sujet aussi exhaustivement
qu'il est possible, avec des contributions de la plupart SUMMARY - TB 768 - WG B5.24
des disciplines en rapport avec la question du feu. Elle Protection requirements on transient
couvre, entre autres, des points comme les implications response of digital acquisition chain
financières, les aspects de sécurité, l'amorçage The Brochure covers a number of aspects related
électrique dans un gaz pendant un feu, les systèmes to the required transient response of a complete
de détection des conditions météorologiques et des digital acquisition chain as this became an important
feux, et elle propose un modèle d'étude de l'amorçage issue with the development of IEC 61850 based
lors d'un feu. Le document présente une longue liste substations using Stand Alone Merging Units (SAMU)
de références, ainsi qu'une annexe sur le traitement and / or Non Conventional Instrument Transformers
mathématique de l'amorçage, et sur la conductivité de (NCIT) and featuring IEC 61850-9-2 process bus
la flamme. Il est un outil de grande valeur pour tous together with algorithmic digital signal processing for
ceux qui ont à traiter des questions en rapport avec le protection, automation and control functionality. The
feu. most important influencing factors for their reliable
operation have been examined and presented as
SUMMARY - TB 767 - WG B2.45 the main requirements to different elements of the
Vegetation fire characteristics and complete digital acquisition chain.
the potential impacts on overhead line
performance RÉSUMÉ - BT 769 - GT A1.39
The Technical Brochure deals with the subject of Mesures du facteur de dissipation diélectrique
vegetation fires under overhead lines. The brochure is des barres et des bobines de stator neuves
the first document that deals with the subject as widely Dans le monde des machines électriques tournantes,
as possible and includes most of the disciplines involved les mesures du Facteur de Dissipation Diélectrique
in fire. It covers inter alia the financial implications of (DDF) servent à évaluer la qualité de fabrication
fire, safety aspects, breakdown of a gas during a fire, individuelle des barres et des bobines de stator, et
weather and fire tracking systems and also proposes a le comportement diélectrique du système d’isolation
model for the breakdown during a fire. The document électrique d’un enroulement. Dans le but d’apporter
contains a long list of references as well as an appendix une meilleure compréhension de l’utilisation des
with the mathematical treatment of the breakdown as mesures de DDF pour évaluer l’état et la qualité des
well as the conductivity of a flame. It is a document systèmes d’isolation d’un stator, le Groupe de Travail
that will be of great value to anybody dealing with most a collecté et analysé 20 129 mesures de DDF, portant
aspects of fire. sur des barres et des bobines de stator nouvellement
fabriquées, et représentant quatre types de système
RÉSUMÉ - BT 768 - GT B5.24 d’isolation électrique.
Spécifications de la réponse transitoire de la
chaîne numérique d'acquisition requises pour SUMMARY - TB 769 - WG A1.39
la fonction de protection Dielectric dissipation factor measurements on
La Brochure couvre un certain nombre d'aspects de new stator bars and coils
la spécification de la réponse transitoire de l'ensemble In the field of rotating electrical machines, the Dielectric
d'une chaîne d'acquisition numérique. Cette question Dissipation Factor (DDF) measurement is used for
est devenue importante avec le développement des assessing the manufacturing quality of individual stator
postes basés sur la CEI 68150, mettant en œuvre des bars/coils and the dielectric behaviour of the electrical
unités de Concentration autonomes (SAMU) et/ou des insulation system of a winding. To provide a better
transformateurs de mesure non classiques (NCIT), et understanding of the use of DDF measurements in
le Process Bus de la CEI 68150-9-2, combinés à des relation to the assessment of the condition and quality
of stator insulation systems, 20129 DDF measurements for the installation of HV- cables. This Technical
on newly manufactured stator bars or coils concerning Brochure addresses the factors to be considered when
four different types of electrical insulation systems were deciding which trenchless technology is best suited to
collected and analysed. the task: Horizontal Directional Drilling, Microtunneling,
Pipe ramming or Ploughing.
RÉSUMÉ - BT 770 - GT B1.48
Technologies d’installation sans tranchées RÉSUMÉ - BT 771 - GTC D1/A2.47
L’utilisation des technologies d’installation sans Progrès dans l'interprétation de l'Analyse des
tranchées des câbles d’énergie s’est fortement Gaz Dissous (AGD)
démocratisée durant la dernière décennie afin Cette Brochure Technique fournit de nouvelles règles
de permettre les croisements de cours d’eau, de pour l’interprétation de la DGA dans les équipements
services souterrains et de zones très encombrées. électriques, en tenant compte du type et de la
Si ces technologies sont relativement complexes et localisation des défauts. Il identifie les défauts qui sont
demandent un savoir-faire précis, le GT B1.48 a préparé moins préoccupants dans les transformateurs (p. ex.,
une Brochure Technique dans le but d’offrir des règles gaz de fuite d’huile ou points chauds T3-H dans l’huile)
générales pour l’utilisation des technologies sans et ceux qui sont potentiellement plus dangereux (p. ex.,
tranchées pour l’installation de câbles haute tension. carbonisation du papier C et formation d’arc dans le
L’objet de cette brochure est d’orienter sur la technique papier). Il fournit également des limites de niveau de
d’installation sans tranchée la plus adaptée : HDD, gaz qui sont plus spécifiques de ces types de défauts.
Microtunnel, Enfoncage de tube ou via Trancheuse.
SUMMARY - TB 771 - JWG D1/A2.47
SUMMARY - TB 770 - WG B1.48 Advances in DGA interpretation
Trenchless Technologies This Technical Brochure provides new rules for the
Use of trenchless technologies for the installation of interpretation of DGA in electrical equipment, taking
energy cables has become more frequent in the last into account the type and location of faults. It identifies
decade in order to allow for crossing of water courses, the faults that are of lesser concern in transformers
underground services and to cross very congested (e.g., stray gassing of oil or hot spots T3-H in oil),
areas. As these technologies are relatively complex and those which are potentially more dangerous (e.g,
and require specific knowledge, the WG B1.48 has carbonization of paper C and arcing in paper). It also
prepared a Technical Brochure with the aim of giving provides gas level limits which are more specific of
general guidance to the use of trenchless technologies these types of faults.
Page Advert - Annonces
Page 2 Meetings of interest
Page 21 CIGRE Symposium 2019 - Chengdu, September 2019
Page 41 RTDS TECHNOLOGIES
Pages 58-59 Electra 2019 - Ad. Rates & Instructions
Page 94 Session 2020 - Save the date
4 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

SOMMAIRE|CONTENTS
N° 305 - Août | August 2019
panaramka.istock
EDITO 6-7
 The weird but wonderful workings of the open session - By
Rob Stephen, President of CIGRE
GLOBAL 8 - 20
CONNECTIONS  Energy Transition with holistic, pragmatic and
sustainable approaches - Part 2
 Q&A with Yves Zumwald, Swissgrid (Swiss
Transmission System Operation)
LIFE OF ASSOCIATION 22 - 41
 Final Report of the 2019 CIGRE Symposium in Aalborg -
Aalborg - June 4-7, 2019
 CIGRE Canada NGN - Our newest Next Generation Network
 CIGRE Slovenia – 14th CIGRE National Conference 2019
 CIRED 2019 - 25th International Conference and Exhibition
on electricity distribution - Madrid - June 3-6, 2019
 SEERC - Leadership meeting - Tbilisi - July 8, 2019
 SC D2 Colloquium 2019 - Helsinki - June 10-14, 2019
Revue éditée par le CIGRE
Magazine edited by CIGRE
ANNUAL REPORTS 42 - 57
Président/ Robert STEPHEN
Chairman:  C1 Power system development and economics
 C2 Power system operation and control
Président du Marcio SZECHTMAN
Conseil
 C3 Power system environmental performance
Technique/
Chairman of the BROCHURES 60 - 65
Technical THEMATIQUES  767 - GT B2.45 : Les caractéristiques des feux de végétation
Council: TECHNICAL et leurs possibles impacts sur le comportement des lignes
Trésorier/ Michel AUGONNET BROCHURES aériennes
Treasurer:  767 - WG B2.45: Vegetation fire characteristics and the
Secrétaire Philippe ADAM potential impacts on overhead line performance
Général/ philippe.adam@cigre.org
Secretary
General:
66 - 73
 768 - GT B5.24 : Spécifications de la réponse transitoire de
la chaîne numérique d'acquisition requises pour la fonction
Edition/ Marie TAILLANDIER
Redaction: de protection
edition@cigre.org
Tél. : 01 53 89 10 07
 768 - WG B5.24: Protection requirements on transient
response of digital acquisition chain
Publicité/ Estelle TIJOU-LEZÉ
Advertising: estelle.tijou@cigre.org 74 - 83
Tél. : 01 53 89 12 95  769 - GT A1.39 : Mesures du facteur de dissipation
diélectrique des barres et des bobines de stator neuves
Conception Christine DEMANGE
réalisation:  769 - WG A1.39: Dielectric dissipation factor measurements
cdpaoprod@gmail.com
on new stator bars and coils
Dépôt légal : N° 305 Août 2019 84 - 89

ISSN : 1286-1146  770 - GT B1.48 : Technologies d'installation sans tranchées
CIGRE  770 - WG B1.48: Trenchless Technologies
© Copyright
Photo de 90 - 93
couverture/  771 - GTC D1/A2.47 : Progrès dans l'interprétation de
Front cover Page: panaramka.istock l'Analyse des Gaz Dissous (AGD)
 771 - JWG D1/A2.47: Advances in DGA interpretation
Copyright ©2019
21 rue d’Artois - 75008 Paris - France
33 (0)1 53 89 12 90 - http://www.cigre.org
No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 5

EDITORIAL
The weird but wonderful

workings of the open
session
By Rob Stephen, President of CIGRE
R.STEPHEN
President
CIGRE
CIGRE’s objective for the open session is to allow for maximum number of papers,
updated information on the specific topics from numerous international experts,
and participation of delegates allowing presentations of their contributions.
During the Paris Session week, there are many activities such as Panel sessions,
Tutorials, Working Group and Study Committee meetings and other workshops.
These are peripheral to the main events, which are the Study Committee open
sessions. These sessions are often confused with conferences where papers
are presented. Delegates may enter these sessions and be surprised to find
a few persons sitting on the stage with two screens displayed. The one being
the presentation currently underway and the other the upcoming contributions.
Delegates expecting a paper to be presented may be confused at first and wonder
what process is unfolding and why CIGRE decided on this method of practice.
This editorial hopes to clear these issues for delegates.
The open session (there are 16 of them, one for each Study Committee) is a
result of two years of preparation, starting on the Saturday after the previous
Paris Session. At this meeting, is held amid dismantling of exhibits, when other
delegates have left. The Study Committee Chairpersons discuss and agree on
the preferential subjects. These subjects form the basis for discussion at the Paris
Session in two years’ time. They also propose joint sessions between two or more
Study Committees.
The Special Reporter: The Study Committee selects experts for the role of
the “Special Reporter”. To be selected as a Special Reporter by your peers
is a great honour and indicates that you are a recognised expert in your field
internationally. The Special Reporter’s role is to study the papers submitted in line
with the preferential subjects and pose questions that should be answered either
by the authors (if paper specific) or by the delegates attending the open session.
The answers to these questions (termed contributions) are then presented and
discussed at the open session.
Why CIGRE papers are not dated: It has been mentioned that some papers
published for the CIGRE Paris Session may be dated as the paper synopses
are submitted 15 months in advance. The advantage of the way of working is
that, unlike a conference where the paper is main source of information, the

EDITORIAL
contributions as well as the paper is the source of information. In addition the authors
can now present papers at a poster session and discuss updates with delegates.
The delegate therefore has a number of avenues to obtain updated information

covered in the topic of the paper, these are:
 Special Reporters’ report – covering a brief summary of the paper and relevant
questions linking the paper to the preferential subject.
 The paper itself – which is published in advance of the Paris Session to allow
for delegates to study the paper and prepare contributions or answers to the
questions.
 The poster session – where the delegate can meet face to face with the author
and discuss details of the paper.
 The open session – where the contributions are presented and provide answers
to the special reporters’ questions on the paper.
At the end of the process the delegate will have full up to date knowledge of the topic
at hand with input from many experts.
Increased paper numbers: The other benefit of the process is that it is possible to
accept many more papers than a conventional conference. A conference normally
permits around 80 papers in a 3 day program with around 20 minutes per paper
including questions. This may increase with parallel sessions. At the CIGRE Paris
Session we have exceeded 700 papers over the 5 day period. This is because papers
are discussed and not presented.
The Steering Committee has taken the decision recently to allow for an increased limit
for papers being submitted. It is hoped that in the next two Sessions the number of
paper submitted will exceed 1000.
Be seen on stage: Another benefit of the process is that delegates have an opportunity
to prepare and present views and opinions on stage in front of international experts.
This is not possible at a conventional conference. I urge all delegates to study the
papers and prepare answers to the special reporters’ questions. The contributions
should be sent in advance to the Study Committee Chairperson who, together with the
special reporters, will assess the quality and validity of the contribution the day prior
to the session. If accepted, the contribution is presented the following day. There are
sometimes opportunities for spontaneous contributions but these are not guaranteed.
I would urge you all to take advantage of the process and study the papers and
special reporters’ reports in advance, in order that you may present contributions at
the paramount engineering conference on power systems.
I hope to see you at a CIGRE event soon. 

GLOBALCONNECTIONS # GLOBALCONNECTIONS # GLOBALCONNECTIONS # GLOBALCONNECTIONS
Energy transition with holistic,

pragmatic and sustainable
approaches
PART 2: Challenges for integration in
electricity systems of variable renewable
energy resources
By Alessandro Clerici, Honorary Chairman WEC Italy, IEEE Life Fellow
1. Introduction
Part 1 of this paper (1), provided data on the present situation of global energy resource consumption (now
85% fossil), on the sources for electricity production (now 65% fossil) and on scenarios for their development
up to 2040. The non-OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries are now
responsible of 2/3 of CO2 emissions with an AAG (Average Annual Growth) above 3% against a negative AAG
of OECD countries. In addition, a detailed analysis has been included on the outstanding developments of
photovoltaic (PV), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), on-shore wind and off-shore wind capacity up to the end of
2018. The dominant position of China has also been underlined. In the last 13 years wind and solar have had an
average annual growth of around 20% and 45% respectively and now they have together a 3% share in primary
energy consumption and 7% in electricity production. This combined share of electricity production is, however,
sharply increasing to an expected share in 2040 of around 33%, approaching the share of production from
coal (Bloomberg), or even a larger share according to the more optimistic “Sustainable Development Scenario”
among the 3 scenarios examined in the recent IEA WEO 2018.
This Part 2 underlines the challenges posed by variable renewable energy resources (VRES), as wind and
solar, for their smooth integration into the electric power systems. Some actual examples are shown to stimulate
appropriate considerations, taking account of the increasing share of wind and solar in many countries. Some
specific situations with hidden costs or non-optimum choices to minimize global costs of VRES are included.
These considerations, together with the necessary holistic approach, are to reach the environmental objectives
for a nation with the mix of interventions in the different sectors which minimizes the cost, thus preserving its
competitiveness in a global market. Concerns are expressed on possible effects when poorly anticipated or
evaluated costs for VRES integration become evident when VRES development is too fast. This is done to avoid
hiccups [mistakes] and to support a durable and effective energy transition.
2. Global challenges for integration into power systems of Variable

Renewable Energy Sources (VRES)
It is well known that the key issue posed to the smooth integration into power systems of solar and wind is their
variability (2); and the challenges increase with the share of production of electricity from VRES. The variation
versus time of the produced power by VRES in the same hour or day may be strong and they have appreciable
differences in the various regions of large countries.
Figures 1 and 2 provide some ideas on different types of variability, hourly, daily and seasonal, with different
impact on technology and cost of remedial actions. In some cases, the effects of variability have been
underestimated, creating concerns for power quality, security of supply or an overgeneration (non-absorption

by the network of total available power from RES), which has been shown as are large issue in China during
the past years according to the Chinese National Energy Administration and reported by ENERDATA, with
additional poorly foreseen costs.
As shown in Figure 1, which shows the situation in Ireland, apart from the strong variations in the power injected
in the electrical system from all the wind plants (varying from 0% to around 70% of the global rated power of the
connected wind farms), in July 2013, for around 4 weeks, the global wind production has been practically zero.
The same long duration unavailability of injected power from VRES plants has been mentioned during CIGRE
2018 by a German TSO; in July 2017 for around 3 consecutive weeks the injected power from all the solar and
wind plants (amounting now in Germany to something more than 100 GW) has been less than around 8 GW.
Figure 1 - Yearly variability in 2013 of the electricity production

of the total Irish wind fleet connected to the network (2)
From Figure 2, it is apparent how in central part of Italy and in a sunny day of December the peak power from
a PV installation is around 40% of that of a sunny day in July and the energy around 30% -And going Northern
in Europe the percentages in December are strongly reduced, affecting greatly the optimum dimensioning of
possible future storage systems and any thermal plants. In a cloudy day one can notice the great and steep
variations of the produced power of a single installation.
Figure 2 - Seasonal and daily variability of power production

from a roof top solar installation in Florence area in Italy (2)
It is quite evident from figure 3 how at sunset the evening ramps of residual load may be severe as caused by
the collapse of PV production; in the specific case of Italy, now the ramps may be around 5 GW per hour for 3
hours in summer time and are covered at present by dispatchable generation and import. With the new proposal
of the Italian government to have in 2030 additional 40 GW of VRES, with an increase of PV capacity from the
present 20 GW to 50 GW, in summer sunny days the evening ramps due to solar and required to dispatchable
generation or storage or interconnections should be above 12 GW per hour for 3 hours. •••

Figure 3 - Residual load ramps (negative in the mornings and positive in the evenings)
caused by PV generation during a sunny summer day in Italy (2)
In addition to their variability, some additional technical problems are caused by VRES.
Wind and solar installations are connected through inverters to the network with poor contribution to
short circuit power; the increase of VRES is added to the reduction of connected conventional rotating machines
with relevant inertia-The reduced short circuit power level causes larger impacts of voltage dips generated by
faults on the transmission system, with the relevant possible consequences and effects on protection selectivity/
coordination and stability. Figure 4 reports an example in increased spread of voltage dips from 2005 to 2012
for the South of Italy due to strong penetration of PV. The Italian TSO, Terna, is installing 20 synchronous
condensers of 250 MVAr each, combined with a flywheel, for voltage control and short circuit power aid.
Apart from that mentioned above, the following remarks may be drawn on RES integration effects on:
 traditional fleets: frequent ramping up and down of thermal generation plants, increased reserve capacity,
needs for increased balancing primary and secondary reserve, reduction of operating hours for conventional
power plants with relevant economic impact (anticipated withdrawal in the absence of adequate capacity
markets),
 overgeneration of RES with respect to the global demand especially during low demand days/hours which
may cause the rejection of potential RES energy.
 electricity market: wholesale price distortions (and with negative prices allowed for instance in Germany)
due to dispatch priority for zero priced subsidized RES and to the collapse of PV production in the evenings
(highest pool price are in the evenings as in figure 5 imposed by conventional plants to recuperate the
economic losses from around 7 am to 5 pm), new merit orders, additional ancillary services and balancing
costs, needs of capacity markets not only for power/frequency regulation but also for prolonged absence
of RES production, as in Ireland and Germany above reported examples, where electrical battery storage
systems are not generally available . With increased share of VRES, the atmospheric conditions are
becoming always the key factor affecting the pool price.
 transmission and distribution grid: expansion of the T&D systems, insertion of storage systems with
different energy/power ratios according to type of ancillary service required, reverse power flows in the
primary and secondary substations and possible congestions at the distribution level due to MV and LV
distributed RES. For primary substations this creates challenges to control them from the national dispatch
center and requires a stronger coordination between TSO and DSOs for balancing services and to avoid
congestions at local level; the higher voltage bus of a substation is seen as a load or a generator depending
on RES production.
 consumers: some incentivized RES production programs with levy on the electricity bill have caused
increase in electricity prices to some categories of final consumers, due to the necessary investments into
the whole power system to keep quality and security of supply (see, for instance, Figure 6).
In any case, so far DSOs and TSOs have been able to manage electric power systems without an impact on
reliability and quality of supply even in countries with high % of VRES which are a pathway for climate change

mitigation, but they also reduce dependence on imported fuel, improve air quality, increase energy access and
security of supply, promote economic development and job creation.
Figure 4 - Increase of involved area of voltage dips in Italy following transmission faults
and due to the sharp increase of PV from 2005 to 2012 (source Terna)
Figure 5 - Market price distortion due to high share of PV during a sunny summer weekend day in Italy (2)
3. EU challenges for integration into power systems of Variable

Renewable Energy Sources - Experience from Germany and Italy
EU has been the forerunner for RES development and still keeps very ambitious goals that recently have been
set (3) for 2030 at a share for RES of 32% of global energy consumption and this could imply a 55% RES share
in electricity production. According to WEC (2), the first 5 countries with the highest % of VRES capacity with
respect to national peak load are in EU. And the same applies to the countries with the maximum share of
energy production of solar plus wind with respect to national production (1).
With reference to the EU, the share of the total electricity production (3250 TWh) in 2018, according to
Energiewende (4), fossil fuels are still up to something more than 42% with nuclear at 25.5%.In the 32% share
of RES, wind is leading with 11.3% followed by hydro 10.6%, biomass 6% and PV 3.6%. Lignite and coal •••

account still for 20% and the share in 2018 for the more coal dependent countries has been from 20% to 30%
in Denmark, Netherlands, Romania, Portugal and Slovenia, 34% in Greece, 36% in Germany, 43% in Bulgaria,
47% in Czech Republic and 76% in Poland.
It is quite clear that for EU and for various of its countries it will be a great challenge to reach the ambitious goals
of decarbonization, and exit as in Germany, from both nuclear and coal.
The development of RES has been mainly driven in EU by initial generous feed in tariffs which will be valid in
some EU countries for around additional 10 years or more.
In Germany, the electricity produced from PV is now remunerated with an average value at around 250 €/
MWh the highest one among the different RES and due to the initial high values of feed in tariff. From BDWE,
total impact of incentives to RES production on client bills has been rather constant in last 3 years and close
to 23 billion €/year, distributed in a different way on clients: around 68 €/MWh for households 3500 kWh/year
(on a bill of 295 €/MWh) and 12 for large industries (on a bill of 100 €/MWh). The strong penetration of RES
with relevant additional costs on the grid and increasing balancing interventions have brought the grid global
costs around 20 billion €/year; and in Figure 6 it is quite clear the share of grid fee (25%) on households bills,
share that is even higher than the renewable production surcharge (23%). The acquisition/sales of energy for
households has a share of 21% on their total electricity bill.
Figure 6 - 2018 composition of the 29.5 c€/kWh electricity price for a German household (Source BDEW)
In Italy the situation is quite similar, noting that, in 2018, local electricity production has been 290 TWh compared
to the 642 TWh of Germany. The total incentives for RES production included in customer bills in 2018 (5)
amount to a €11.6 billion with 50% of share of PV. According to Italian GSE, the RES production incentives on
clients is ranging from €30/MWh for households with 2640 kWh/year to €73/MWh for non-resident people with
3500 kWh/year. For LV connected users having a yearly consumption of 15 MWh, the renewable production fee
is €54/MWh. The PV production incentives on customer bills will last for additional 10 years and are €290/MWh
in 2018. This corresponds to €350/ton of CO2 avoided if produced from coal and above €800/ton if produced
with gas combined cycle plants, compared to an EU Emission Trading System value of around €6/ton CO2 in
past years and to €25 in 2018.
Even if these incentives are still affecting for various years in different way in different countries the electricity
market and bills to clients, they may be considered “past history”. In fact combination of technology / construction
developments, volumes and the adoption of auctions and PPA’s (Power Purchasing Agreements) have driven
down CAPEX and OPEX costs and electricity prices for VRES production from large plants to values in some
countries (e.g., S. Arabia, Chile, Mexico) unimaginable just some years ago: around 20 $/MWh and Figure 7
provides a worldwide scenario of results.

Figure 7 - Best values in €/MWh of auctions and PPA results 2016/17/18 (Source Agora Energiewende)
Extrapolation of low auction and PPA values should, however, be done with caution, as the low prices are in
locations with very high wind or solar load factors and low local costs for installation and O&M, combined in
some cases with special financing and other facilitations. In EU the values of PPA tariffs or auctions for on
shore wind and solar may be now at around 40-60 €/MWh with the exception of solar in Spain (lower values);
in Germany in 2018 the average off shore winning auctions were at 46.6 €/MWh but one off-shore wind plant
has been quoted at no surcharge on pool price that is now appreciably below the €46.6 value but it is expected
in 2030 to reach about 60 €/MWh.
The production cost of VRES is therefore always more attractive but the additional investments and costs they
require for a reliable and secure operation of power systems will become always more an important portion of
direct (actual energy bill) or indirect (taxes) charges for electricity on the shoulders of industrial, commercial and
residential clients. In the last international congress of GO 15 (Grid Operators) with ICER (International Center
of Energy Regulators) in October 2018 in Milan, Italy it has been clearly agreed that above an appreciable share
of VRES in electricity production the additional investments in the power system are at least equal to those on
additional VRES generating installations-
With reference to coal plants production and their future closure it is worth mentioning the situation in Germany
and Italy.
Germany (4), with its 43 GW of coal plants, in 2018 produced 146 TWh from lignite and 83 TWh from hard coal
(36 % share of total TWh) causing CO2 emissions close to 220 MT. Just at end of January 2019 the “Khole
(Coal) commission” has proposed to the government a progressive closure of all coal plants within 2038 (with
possible anticipation in 2035 to be verified in 2032) with a proposed compensation of € 40 billion for the overall
coal exit for the involved coal mining regions; ”special measures will be analyzed to avoid additional sensible
increase to the already high cost of electricity for clients”. The first measure involves the shut down by 2022 of
12.7 GW of lignite plants but with compensations not yet defined.
In Italy the National Energy Strategy of the previous government had decided the closure of all the coal plants
within 2025; the 2018 production from coal has been 27 TWh (around an 11% share of local production) with CO2
emissions of 24 Mt-Various investments in the transmission system to take care of new locations of production
and a new HVDC 3 terminals interconnector from Italian continent to Sicily and to Sardinia have been proposed
by the Italian TSO, Terna. The new government has confirmed the 2025 date for closure of all coal plants in the
Energy and Climate Plan sent to the European Commission on December 31,2018. No clear agreement has
been reached up to now on the remunerations to the owners for the anticipated closure with respect to present
amortization philosophy and no social costs of unemployment for the relevant people involved. •••

For both countries, the type and locations of new RES generation, the relevant procedures to promote/define the
actual investments of both generation and T&D systems and the permits times (always longer in both countries),
together with the actual costs and relevant allocation/sharing will be determinant for the declared objectives to
become a reality.
4. Some few examples of hidden costs or non-economic choices in

some energy transition projects
At end 2018, Germany (4) had in service 47.5 GW of PV (year
production 46 TWh), 52 GW of wind on shore (93 TWh) and 6.4 GW
of wind offshore (19 TWh). In the reference year 2017, Germany had
in service for VRES 42.4 GW of PV, 50.5 GW of wind on shore and
5.4 GW of wind offshore. According to their 3 possible scenarios
established in 2018, the recent targets for RES expansions up to
2030 are very ambitious and exceed those established in 2017 -
additional off shore wind capacity of 11.5-14.5 GW, additional on
shore wind capacity of 25-35 GW and PV additional capacity of
30-60 GW, but with great majority in Medium Voltage/Low Voltage
systems, and therefore not impacting transmission developments.
Offshore and on shore wind power will be installed mainly near the
coast in the North of Germany (see in figure 8).
 Figure 8 - Evaluation of location of wind capacity

in Germany in 2033 (Source Fraunhofer Institute)
With reference to offshore wind, the transmission of power from the production sites on the sea and the mainland
is perhaps a smaller challenge to the one (valid also for onshore wind) to cover the longer distances from Northern
Germany to industrial centers in the South. The Federal Network Agency outlined in 2018 the grid (shown in
Figure 9) where the completed lines and those approved or under construction are very limited. This implies that
the transmission system may become the real bottle neck for the decarbonization targets In Germany.
Figure 9 - Development of German transmission systems in 2030 as outlined in 2018

to integrate future RES and mainly offshore and on shore wind
According to ENERDATA “The four German power transmission system operators (TSOs), namely Amprion,
TenneT, 50Hertz and TransnetBW, have submitted the second version of the future domestic power grid
development strategy (Netzentwicklungsplan or NEP 2030) to the energy regulator Federal Network Agency
(BNetzA) for examination. The draft unveils several scenarios but all of them include the 65% renewable
target for gross electricity consumption by 2030 set out by the Germany's government coalition in 2018. The
5 scenarios also plan conventional power generation capacity to be reduced by 5-6 GW by 2030 compared to
the previous NEP 2030 (2017) and the scenario B 2025 plans coal-fired power capacity to halve compared to

2017. All scenarios revise upward renewable capacity (+40-50 GW) compared with NEP 2030 (2017), and 17
to 20 GW of offshore wind capacity are expected by 2030, which is more than the 15 GW target set out in the
Renewables Act (EEG). The four TSOs estimate that the additional capacities required to reach this target will
boost the necessary investments in power transmission lines: onshore lines would require € 52 bn in investment
(€ 20bn more than previously thought), while an additional € 18 bn to € 27 bn would be needed to link up
offshore wind parks with the mainland power grid. Some of the additional costs will come from digitalizing power
transmission systems and running more lines underground”. Considering the capacity factors of the different
technologies ,the incremental energy productions of VRES up to 2030 would require to revert on final clients
transmission costs of many tens of €/MWh in 2030 to be added to the production costs; and on top one has to
add also all the other additional costs to the system as mentioned above to counteract the variability of RES,
increasing dramatically the so called “grid parity“ value.
In Italy the domestic distributed generation with 3-6 kW PV domestic micro plants costs 1600-3500 €/kW,
AVT (Added Value Tax) included, and depends on location of building and relevant access, type of roof etc. At
present there are around 700,000 domestic prosumers over 30 million domestic customers, and they consume
0.45% of the Italian global electricity. The majority of families in Italy live in multi-apartment houses with clear
problems to agree, install and share a PV system. The market for micro domestic PV systems is therefore not
large. With the present incentives (tax deduction for 50 % of CAPEX, reduced charge for system costs and the
economic advantages of net metering), according to the Politecnico of Milan study, it is expected they will double
in 10 years, reaching 1% of total Italian electricity consumption.
The kWh production cost of a mini plant of around 300-500 kW (which could aggregate and serve around 100
clients through the well-established and reliable distribution system) costs around 1/3 of the kWh production
cost from a roof top micro plant, taking account, amongst other things, of low efficiency due to orientation and
inclination of the selected portion of the existing roof. Is it fair that a poor lady living in a large building in the
suburbs of Milan contributes to the costs of the advantages of the owner of a nice villa with swimming pool, who
is proud to be a prosumer with the costs paid by others? This seems especially unfair if the costs are around 3
times of what needed to get the same results for CO2 emissions.
In the mobility arena, the ownership of a car is no more an asset with car-pooling, car renting, car sharing etc.
Why should it not be applicable to electricity? A possible saving in the costs for eventual extension in power
transfer capacity of portions of the distribution systems must be analyzed if and when a there is significant
penetration of home charging for electric cars or of heat pumps applications.
What will happen when final clients become aware of what above? We need to avoid the bubbles as seen in the
RES as soon as the high costs of incentives have pushed for a reduction of incentives with consequent strong
reduction of RES development as from Figure 10.
GERMAN PV
ITALY
Figure 10 - Reduction of PV installations in Germany and PV + wind installations in the ENEL grid of Italy
following strong reduction of incentives (2) •••

5. Conclusions
 Fossil fuels are still dominating at a global level the primary energy consumptions and electricity production
with present share of 85% and 65% respectively, but environmental issues have become the driving factors
of energy policies worldwide with the consequent strong development of RES.
 Around 2/3 of CO2 emissions are coming from non-OECD countries with a continuous increase in value
and share, creating a general market shift of RES from developed countries to emerging economies. China
alone accounts, in 2018, for a global market share in operating capacity of 34% for solar and 37% of wind,
but recent reduction of Chinese incentives and necessary, parallel expansion of T&D systems are going to
impact their development and therefore also the global one.
 With initial generous incentives, especially wind and solar have had a tremendous AAG. Considering their
starting developments in last decades and their world average low electricity production load factors (25%
for wind and 13% for PV), wind and solar have however together a share of around 3% in primary energy
resource consumption and 7% in electricity production.
 Due to outstanding technological development ,increased volumes, introduction of auctions and PPAs,
wind and solar have drastically reduced their costs of produced kWh and with large plants have reached
lower values than those of conventional plants and even by far lower in areas of strong wind/insolation and
local low costs for installation and O&M. The right location with high wind and/or solar capacity factors and
low grid connection costs for new large VRES projects is a key to success, it requires however enhanced
transmission and distribution infrastructures and an international perspective.
 RES and specifically wind and PV have become a big business overtaking the investments in conventional
generating plants: around $135 billion in 2018 for PV production plants and $135 billion for wind plants.
 RES have clearly a lot of positive externalities such as among the others:
 reduction not only of CO2, but also of other types of emissions with negative impacts on health and
relevant expenses for health care;
 job creation;
 reduction of imported energy resources with relevant increased security of supply for a country; and
 additional government incomes coming from increased activities.
but for wind and solar their location and variability create challenges as detailed in the paper for their
integration into power systems with additional costs for a reliable and safety operation; these costs,
especially in case of substantial share of RES and for specific locations ,may even exceed by far the RES
production costs.
 So far DSOs and TSOs have been able in the various countries to manage electric power systems without
an impact on reliability even with high % of VRES.
 Solutions for the main challenges imply two complementary categories: Technologies and “Policies and
Market design”. Each country’s power system is unique, even if some general conclusions can be drawn,
a sophisticated technical, economic and regulatory analysis on a case-by-case basis must be conducted
over an adequate period of time. (2)
 To make possible sound choices for the investments in the 3 basic pillars of energy transition (that is
electricity generation ,energy efficiency and transport) and their subsectors in order to arrive at the less
expensive solutions for a nation, a pragmatic and sophisticated holistic approach is indispensable, and be
based on data and facts. A range for the costs of positive and negative externalities versus time to perform
cost/benefit analyses is essential, and this initial step, should be followed by cost evaluations and decisions
on their distribution among industrial, domestic and commercial consumers and citizens. A comparison with
of the directions of gas developments (mainly conventional now and renewable in future for many types)
with electricity directions is required at all the levels of the 3 pillars, to minimize the costs of a smooth
transition between electricity to gas and gas to electricity facilities [6].

 An ideological strong pushing of a too fast energy transition (e.g. great expansion of RES and e-vehicles)
without detailed analyses on the overall costs and on who is going to pay for them, could lead to bubbles
as already seen for instance for RES in various countries; and this could kill in the cradle or strongly reduce
an effective and stable transition, with RES or e-mobility becoming a problem instead of an asset.
 An energy transition should promote socio-economic development, respecting the environment and keeping
a country competitiveness in a global market where sustainable energy costs to industrial, commercial and
residential clients are a key issue for a nation development.
 Taking care substantial and too fast decarbonization strategies may imply in specific countries higher energy
costs to final clients, stranded energy infrastructures, stranded primary resource assets and relocations of
people, it is mandatory to involve sectorial interests in order they become conscious of both environmental
problems and cost to community of the various solutions.
 A spread communication and information is essential especially to create a consensus and consciousness

in particular in those who are going to pay the costs for an expected better life of future generations; this to
avoid strong negative reactions as soon as they become aware of the actual costs.
 New regulations and market rules are becoming indispensable for the electricity sector with a revision of
the grid parity concept, introduction of possible nodal pricing with evaluation of externalities and with clear
promotion of the less expensive solutions; and this without freezing the market for decades and with a
certain degree of flexibility taking care the increased speed of technology development.
 And the new market rules have to integrate in an optimum way the emissions, the auctions, the PPAs, a new
day ahead market (a zero value for RES MWh without incentives would kill them), the balancing market that
would include various types of capacity markets according to the different needs, storage markets, ramping
up and down, short circuit contribution, demand response etc.; and this in order to provide less expensive
solutions and among the others some reference values to all types of investors.
 And why not to have a lesson from New Zeeland that has a unique market arrangement based on a
carbon price which avoid incentives to RES, combined with a nodal price that takes into account eventual
additional costs on T&D (e.g. losses and congestions) connected to plants localization (2)?
6. References
(1) A. Clerici: ”Energy transition with holistic pragmatic and sustainable approaches. PART 1: Global energy
resources and outstanding development of wind and solar”. No. 304 - June 2019 ELECTRA
(2) WEC Study Group chaired by A. Clerici: ”Variable Renewables Integration in Electricity Systems: how to get
it right” - 2016 - www.worldenergy.org
(3) https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2030-energy-strategy
(4) Agora Energiewende: ”The European power sector in 2018” - www.agora-energiewende.de
(5) GSE (Italian Operator of Energetic Services): ”GSE 2019 report” - www.gse.it
[6} ETIP SNET “Vision 2050, Integrating Smart Networks for the Energy Transition: Serving Society and
Protecting the Environment”, 2018 – www.etip-snet.eu.
Manuscript received on June 1st, 2019 

Q&A with Yves Zumwald, CEO

Swissgrid (Swiss Transmission
System Operator)
By Matthias ZWICKY
1. What policies is
Switzerland pursuing
in the electric utilities
industry to tackle
climate change?
Switzerland has taken a wide range
of policy measures to counteract
climate change. For example,
it introduced laws committing it
to the short- and medium-term
climate targets agreed under the
Kyoto Protocol and the nationally
determined contributions set out in
the Paris Agreement.
As part of these nationally determined contributions, Switzerland is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas
emissions by 20% by 2020 and by 50% by 2030 compared to the 1990 levels. It has also set indicative targets
for the period to 2050 in line with its commitment to gradually shift away from fossil fuels and contribute to
maintaining the increase in global temperature to well below 2°C.
In 2016, Switzerland emitted 48 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, excluding emissions and abatements
of greenhouse gases from land use, land-use change and forestry. Energy-related emissions, including those
from the transport sector, accounted for 78% of total greenhouse gas emissions – a reduction of 10% compared
to 1990. It’s also worth noting that Switzerland’s carbon intensity is the lowest among International Energy
Agency member countries.
Despite the progress achieved, more stringent measures are required to ensure that the country stays on
track to achieve its targets towards 2020 and its medium to long-term targets under the nationally determined
contributions and the Energy Strategy 2050, especially in the transport sector.

2. What technologies is Swissgrid developing to support the energy
transformation – and what role will automation and distributed
resources play?
We’ve introduced a number of innovations to support our activities in different areas. For example, since taking
over Switzerland’s transmission grid assets in 2013, we’ve been working on digitalizing the system to ensure we
have accurate and up-to-date records and standardized documentation processes. We’ve made an initial digital
recording of the 200-metre-wide route corridor of our 3,700 km routes using helicopter flights, and this data is
being transferred into a three-dimensional line model that we’ll be able to use to model transmission lines and
perform status analyses and simulations.
We’ve also optimized our procurement of control reserves by introducing a system of combined auctions,
whereby we look for synergies between both the products and between the weekly and daily auctions. This
market clearing system, the first of its kind based on stochastic optimization, enables us to select the bids with
the lowest procurement costs while upholding the technical requirements for the control reserves.
Elsewhere, we’ve introduced fully automated network security forecasts for the next four hours, which are
updated every 15 minutes. These forecasts increase the security of the network by enabling operators to perform
preventative interventions or prepare curative interventions.
Moreover, as Switzerland’s demand for electricity and generation of renewable energies increases, we need to
reconstruct and expand the transmission grid. However, it can be difficult to gain consensus among the affected
citizens and other stakeholders on where to construct the new power lines. With this in mind, we’ve launched a
new 3D Decision Support System, which uses geographical data and mathematical optimization to find the most
consensual solution for all of the stakeholders involved.
One of the crucial factors in ensuring the success of these projects is to involve business from the outset. It’s
incredibly satisfying when we can address business challenges directly and help iron out operational problems.
3. What’s your vision for the power system by the middle of this
century – and what disruptions lie in store for the industry?
The energy system of the future will be much more consumer-centric, with end users such as households and
industry playing much more active and central role.
Real-time communication platforms and digital innovations will be used to encourage these end users to exploit
technologies such as solar panels, heat pumps, boilers and electric cars to optimize their electricity bills. This
will result in a greater share of decentralized and variable energy generation as well as increasingly international
electricity flows.
To keep the system in balance, we will have a growing need for flexible capacity that can be deployed in real
time. Prosumers can play an important role in this by actively participating in market events.
4. What impact will the changes to the power system by the mid-
century have on the workforce ?
The combination of digitalization, new technologies and increasing customer demands will require new business
models and the integration of services and technologies that accommodate changing consumer behaviors.
Employees will have to be able to constantly adapt to change, embrace life-long learning and remain engaged
during this period of change.
The electricity system of the future will be highly automated, with a lot more data available, therefore the
future workforce needs to be digitally enabled. We will need a workforce that can handle this data – with data
specialists, cyber security specialists and software application programmers playing a critical role. Routine work
will increasingly be automated so that employees can devote more of their time to their core activities. •••

Understanding these skill needs is of a high importance for the electricity industry and executive management
will play a crucial role in managing this transformation carefully.
Description of Swissgrid
Swissgrid is the national grid company. As the owner of Switzerland’s extra-high-voltage grid, it is responsible
for operating the grid safely and without discrimination and for maintaining, modernising and expanding the
grid efficiently and with respect for the environment. Swissgrid employs about 470 highly qualified people from
20 countries at its sites in Aarau, Prilly, Castione, Landquart, Laufenburg, Ostermundigen and Uznach. As
a member of the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), it is also
responsible for grid planning, system management and market design in the European exchange of electricity.
The majority of Swissgrid’s share capital is jointly held by various Swiss electricity companies.
Biography Yves Zumwald

Yves Zumwald, an electrical engineer, launched his long career in the energy industry in 1993 at Energie Ouest
Suisse (EOS). After a spell as National Electrical Design Manager at Orange Communications, he returned to
EOS Holding in 2002 to head up the company’s Grid Usage and Access operations. In 2005, he took over as
Head of the Infrastructure department as a member of the Executive Board at EOS Réseau. In 2009, he took
charge of the Sales department and joined the Executive Board of the Romande Energie group. He made a
significant contribution in this role to the development and optimisation of the department while guaranteeing
outstanding quality of supply. In 2014, he joined Swissgrid as a member of the Executive Board and Head of
Grid, before being appointed CEO of Swissgrid in 2016. 
Global Connections Section includes invited articles and interviews along with CIGRE articles to broaden global power
system expertise.
Invited authors and interviews approved by the Electra Editorial Board may express opinions solely their own.

International CIGRE Symposium
organized by the China National Committee
and supported by six Study Committees
Towards active, sustainable digital networks
that are resilient and integrated from UHV
to distribution
Chengdu, China - September 20-25, 2019
Theme Programme
Today, new global energy challenges are emerging. The technical programme sessions opens with
The application of the huge number of new keynotes and welcome reception on September
technologies and new equipment makes the 23, 2019. Before that day, we will offer a technical
electric power system more complex. The deep visit to±500kV convertor station or Zipingpu
integration of information technology and power hydropower station. Tour of Chengdu will also be
systems brings not only intelligence, but also organized for accompanying persons.
challenges to the energy system. To deal with Individual Study Committee meetings and Working
those new challenges and achieve goals such as Group meetings will take place from September 20
the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, to 21.
Paris Agreement and air pollution abatement,
we need to reconsider and investigate the issue of
energy development and provide effective
systematic solutions for the upgrading of the
power systems.
The aim of the CIGRE symposium Chengdu 2019 is
to provide a forum for recent research findings and
operational experiences related to sustainable,
active and digital development of power systems
(from UHV to distribution), and in particular, to
address recent technical advances and policy
developments that allow transmission and
distribution networks to enter their next era.
Venue
Chengdu is one of the most famous historical and
cultural cites of China, and it is a city that you
will never want to leave once you come. It offers
a great variety of attractions, entertainment and
lifestyles.
Chengdu has plenty of world natural and cultural
heritage sites such as Qingcheng Mountain, the
Dujiangyan Irrigation System, Panda base, and
national scenic spots such as Wuhou Temple, Dufu
Thatched Cottage, Jinsha Relics, Xiling Snow
Mountain. The Intercontinental Century City
Chengdu will be the venue for all technical
sessions.
To register
Please visit our website for more information
www.cigre2019-chengdu.org
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
Final Report of the 2019 CIGRE

Symposium in Aalborg
Aalborg, Denmark
June, 4-7, 2019
by the Technical Organizing Committee
Z. EMIN, Chair SC C4 and TOC Chair; C.LETH BAK, LOC Chair;

M. MARELLI, Chair SC B1; H. LUGSCHITZ, Chair SC B2; M. RASHWAN, Chair SC B4;
K. STASCHUS, Chair SC C1; S. ALMEIDA DE GRAAFF, Chair SC C2;
H. SANDERS, Chair SC C3; and C. SCHWAEGERL, Chair SC C6
Introduction
The CIGRE Danish National Committee working with eight Study Committees hosted a Symposium in Aalborg
Culture and Congress Centre, Aalborg, Denmark. The Symposium’s main focus was to provide a forum
for recent research results and system operations experience related to the rapid transformation of power
networks and markets and the challenges imposed on such networks by the introduction of increased amounts
of renewable energy. A wide variety of papers, ranging from academia to industry and from conceptual to
practical, implemented solutions were presented during the Symposium. Moreover, a number of Northern
European countries are at the forefront of introducing increasing amounts of renewables into their respective
electric power systems and this large share is further increased by the introduction of offshore wind energy
and interconnectors. This is necessitating a need to re-think how transmission and distribution networks are
coupled and co-ordinated together from planning to operation while overcoming all the necessary technical,
operational and environmental challenges.
The two-day Symposium attracted over 325 delegates from more than 30 countries. More than 110 papers
were accepted and presented during the 24 sessions. Papers originating from Young Members (YM) were
also displayed as posters in addition to being presented. In total there were 18 Young Member papers. There
were eight tutorials, presented the day before the Symposium by all the supporting Study Committees. The
Symposium was supported by Study Committees B1, B2, B4, C1, C2, C4, C3, and C6 with SC C4 leading it.
Symposium programme
The Symposium was located in Aalborg City and hosted by Aalborg Congress and Culture Centre using one
large session room (Europahallen) for common sessions and three session rooms (Musiksalen, Radiosalen
and Det lille teater) for technical sessions. Lunches for delegates were served in the congress centre. The
overall program consisted of:
 Three SC meetings and more than 30 WG meetings;
 A welcome reception in NORDKRAFT (a former coal fired power plant) with three welcome speeches
and two technical speeches. A light dinner and drinks were served. The Raggedy Ann’s entertained the
delegates during the evening;
 An opening session in Europahallen featuring an opening speech by the Chairman of the Organizing
Committee, a keynote speech, CIGRE TC Chair’s address and sponsors presentations;
 A set of 24 technical sessions for the eight Study Committees in three parallel tracks;
 A student poster session where YM presented their work for more intensive discussions. YM papers were
also presented in the sessions;
 Gala Dinner in Musikkens Hus with a welcome speech and some light snacks and drinks followed by a
musical performance by the Piazzolla Orchestra. A three-course dinner was served in the upper foyer
enjoying the view of the sun setting over the Limfjord;

 A closing session with an address from each SC Chair summarizing the findings of the Symposium and
wrapped up by Symposium Technical Chair. Best and runner-up YM paper awards were given. The
closing speech was given by Chairman of the Organizing Committee;
 A technical visit to offshore wind power plant ANHOLT by specially chartered ferryboat. The vessel visited
the offshore turbines and transformer platform as close as possible with delegates being able to observe
the technical installations. During the voyage 5 lectures related to offshore wind power were given.
Student poster session

The Technical Organizing Committee was particularly impressed by the very high standard of the Young
Member papers. Prizes were awarded for the top two student submissions based on the quality of the paper,
the clarity of presentation, Young Member’s interaction with the audience during paper presentation, poster
and the judges’ discussions with the authors. First prize was awarded to Christina Brantl from the Institute
for High Voltage Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany for her paper and poster titled “Impact of
the HVDC system configuration on DC line protection”. The runner-up was Juan-Andrés Pérez-Rúa from the
Technical University of Denmark, Department of Wind Energy, Denmark, whose paper was titled “Improved
Method for Calculating Power-Transfer Capability Curves of Offshore Wind Farms Cables”.
Key learning points

The following sections provide key learning points per Study Committee in a concentrated form. More detailed
summary of each session is available on e-cigre.
Study Committee B1:
The main takeaways for SC B1 can be summarised under three heading: 1- intelligence is the future, 2-
experience helps innovation and 3- future needs cables.
Condition monitoring provides valuable information about the state of the assets, this improves reliability and
drives down costs across the whole cable life.
Innovation always fosters improvements: extension of range, increase of resolution, interpretation or collection
of vital information which was not thought important initially. Overall, lessons learnt, and coordination are vital
to improve designs, practices and standards.
DC systems need cables to be sustainable and integrated in the wide network. Hence importance of points
like insulation coordination, coordination between sub-systems, and overall cost reduction etc need to be
considered. New cable applications for renewables are improving their resilience with more robustness in
design, more focus on testing and operation and more experience being gathered from installations.
Study Committee B2:
The main learning and discussion point for SC B2 was the optimization of overhead lines by new tower design
to increase the public acceptance, and also considering costs and maintenance, and new composite materials
for towers. Much interest exists in DC and AC/DC hybrid overhead lines to transport bulk energy and to
overcome bottlenecks in the existing transmission grid. Hybrid line means one circuit AC and one circuit DC on
the same tower. Such lines can be created by the transition of existing double circuit AC overhead lines to an
AC/DC hybrid line, or they can be built as new AC/DC hybrid lines to have a point-to point DC connection and
to enable tie offs from the AC circuit.
Study Committee B4:
A key learning point from SC B4 was that most of the DC grids in the future will be formed as PtP links
initially and later extended gradually to become multiterminal. This would most likely result in multi-vendor VSC
systems. Interoperability among such converters is therefore a major concern which becomes all the more
urgent with the perspective of future DC grids.
Another key discussion point was that a full-scale development of a meshed HVDC grid needs input from all

areas. This is because the phenomena in such a grid are complex and difficult to estimate. Studies are required
together with developments both with suppliers and with future users.
It was once again confirmed that there is a strong need for DC breakers, the technology, and the requirements
in control and protection of DC grids. Further discussions were held on fault detection in mixed circuit with new
converter topologies providing dc fault suppression capabilities. There was also confirmation of innovations
in VSC technology leading to economic solutions for the integration of distributed renewables in the MVDC
networks.
Study Committee C1:
The main learning points on the system planning side were that planners need to be aware of and quantify
uncertainties at many levels, in many models and tools, and that trade-offs need to be made explicit. Many
decision makers need to align in order for the system to be developed as needed, for which cooperation is key
in general, and in particular for dealing with trade-offs.
On the planning of offshore wind connection, the choice of regulatory regime can influence choice of technology
(HVAC, HVDC, storage) and that there is a need for long term offshore and onshore planning to be coordinated
to minimize CAPEX and improve public support. Furthermore, dynamic loading enables increase in wind
capacity per network capacity but requires forecasting, modelling, monitoring, and increased collaboration
between OEM-developer-TSO.
Various innovative solutions for a long-term future, climate-neutral electricity and energy supply system based
on strong contributions of renewable energy including much higher offshore wind capacities than we have
today were explored on the long-term side. The scale of decarbonisation of energy and the very large role
for electricity mean that bold concepts (e.g. North Sea Wind Power Hub, global grid, Power-to-Gas) need to
be considered and flexibility must be fully utilised, much of it in distribution networks. Increased number of
concepts for balancing demand and supply even in those parts of the year where RES are most challenged is
seen from accelerated research that shows climate neutrality will raise major political, regulatory and societal
questions which will require cooperation across different decision makers, and that for flexibility, market price
signals will be very important.
Study Committee C2:
It is worth noting that the papers covered all three technical directions of the Study Committee, i.e. (1) real-time
system operation and control, (2) system operational planning and performance analysis and (3) control centre
infrastructure and human resources for system operation. The contributions presented in the SC C2 paper
sessions focused around enhanced and coordinated system operation. From transmission system operator’s
perspective this essentially evolves around three main requirements: flexibility, observability and controllability.
With increasing power electronics interfaced devices (PEID), (e.g. offshore windfarms and energy storage
systems), a high level of flexibility will be required for delivering ancillary services such as frequency and
voltage support, congestion management and restoration. Majority of these new PEID are dispersed,
requiring increased observability. As the output of these devices is volatile, increased observability will create
the possibility for enhanced and more effective power flow control, which under all circumstances need to
be coordinated. Lots of innovative solutions are being developed with the aim of increasing the operator’s
observability and controllability: wide area control systems, inertia estimation, dynamic security assessment
and AC line emulation strategies are a few to name. At the end, the ongoing developments all contribute to the
same goal: how can we achieve the same level of operational reliability, while making the energy transition in
the power system.
Study Committee C3:
SC C3 topics were mainly on the definition of sustainability; people, planet, profit. The key learning point on
these were:
Engagement of people (externally and internally) is crucial for being successful in all the challenges that
the power sector is facing. Objection from public is still one of the major problems the power sector faces.
Papers presented several ideas to improve public acceptance: from taking care of safety of all our workers to

measurements for improving visual impact and from new methods for reducing environmental effects to the
use of modern communication techniques.
Importance of sharing even bad examples and/or failures was highlighted along with the importance of data
and collaboration between different stakeholders.
There is still a shortage of accurate data, our sector needs more involvement from academia as well as from
practical experiences of the sector itself.
Working with the sustainable development goals (SDG’s) presented by the United Nations, is helping with
organizing and structuring the approach from the sector.
Study Committee C4:
A key learning point for SC C4 was that there are still many challenges with the analysis and control of power
quality (PQ) in power systems, particularly with large deployment of wind and PV generation and with the
advent of cables installed into the system. Main issues revolve around applicability of standards in complex
interactive cases, application of analysis methods and the introduction of cables This final report provides
a summary for all the 24 sessions that focus on the planning of power networks to accommodate offshore
renewables and interconnectors, technological advanced that makes help this integration less onerous, issues
associated with environmental and system technical performance aspects and they are operated in a wider
scheme of TSO-DSO interaction.
into the transmission system can bring the natural resonant frequencies to lower orders. The latter brigs further
issues in terms of TOVs and delayed current zeroes to name some of the technical issues. There are ongoing
challenges that need to be addressed to adequately represent intermittent, converter interfaced generation in
power system simulations and network security analysis tools.
Technologies that are now readily available bring certain challenges, but also create new opportunities to
improve the performance and reliability of the power system. These include active filtering of harmonics
from STATCOMs and wind turbine converters. Combining off shore wind developments with increased
interconnection between neighbouring power systems utilising advances in both AC and HVDC designs.
More complex interaction phenomena are emerging as the ratio of synchronous to inverter-based resources
is gradually declining in the system, and as different types of inverter-based resources and associated control
systems are being connected in close proximity of each other. Diverse range of interaction issues including
sub-synchronous control and torsional interactions, super-synchronous resonances, and weak grid instabilities
are being observed. Different solutions including modifications of converter control systems, development
of special protection schemes at the network level, and installation of passive harmonic filters are proposed
and implemented. Further work on identifying these new and emerging interaction phenomena is required in
addition to frequency domain analysis techniques as a screening method.
Another key theme is that the industry appears to have moved to ‘the next phase’ where commercially available
solutions for harnessing wind (and solar) are now being ‘rapidly scaled up’, bringing with them new technical
challenges for design engineers as well as network operators. This is particularly the case where HVAC is
utilised to connect new generation and/or strengthen onshore networks to cope with significant increases in
generation capacity.
Study Committee C6:
A key learning point was the elevated coordination required for TSO-DSO interaction with key challenges on
the DSO side being the use of huge data (smart meters, aggregators etc), the need for commercial interaction
among these players and the technical challenges that exists in the grid management with more fluctuating
generators.
Grid forming provided by inverters in storage units and renewable generation units helps to improve overall
stability and resilience, to provide ramp rate control and smoothing, to reduce wear and tear on generators, to
avoid load shedding and to reduce frequency deviation, to have frequency and voltage ride-through capabilities

In terms of strategies for active distribution network operation it is important to realize application of novel
schemes and methods for realising active distribution system planning and operation, and enabling integration
of flexible demand and regulation reserves in electricity markets. Thereby, the hosting capacity of the renewable
units in local electricity grids are increased and economic benefits for the stakeholders are maximised.
Detailed session summaries

Detailed summary of the 24 sessions is given below under each Study Committee.
SC Session
B1 13: Cable monitoring

16: Cable system design
22: Offshore network of the future: wind farms and HVDC grid
B2 17: OHL tower design, optimization of costs, public acceptance, EMF, AC/DC coupling effects
B4 3: DC Grids and multi-terminal dc systems

6: Innovative solutions in FACTS and HVDC technology
9: Control and protection of dc grids
21: Off-shore system integration
24: Analysis and modelling of DC and FACTS
C1 4: System planning including offshore networks

12: Offshore wind connection planning
15: Long-term and sector-coupled decarbonized energy system planning
C2 2: Assessment and study tools for system operation

5: Operation of hybrid and low inertia power systems
11: Support from VSC HVDC for system operation
14: Frequency support from power electronics interfaced devices
C3 8: Eco-design and environmental concerns, the social aspect (people)

23: Eco-design and environmental concerns, the environmental aspects (planet)
C4 1: Electromagnetic transient aspects

7: Power quality challenges
10: SSR, control interactions and instabilities
19: System technical aspects of wind generation
C6 18: Challenges for DSOs and improved TSO-DSO interoperability

20: Innovative strategies for active distribution network operation

CIGRE Canada NGN
Our newest Next Generation
Network
CIGRE Canada NGN – Our Newest NGN Group

By Kasun Samarasekera, Canadian NGN Committee Member
How did it all begin?
It all began when four Canadian NGNs attended the 2018 Paris Session Young
Members Forum. The Forum opened our eyes to numerous benefits of an NGN
platform to aid young professionals in the careers. During the 2018 Paris NGN
Forum, contacts were made from NGN Groups around the world such as UK,
USA, Australia and Russia. Armed with the support and knowledge from these
existing NGN Groups from around the world we headed back to Canada with the confidence to initiate Canada’s
NGN Group.
One month later, the NGN Committee presented a proposal to the Canadian National Committee to receive
funding and support from CIGRE to start the NGN Group. Our first goal was to define a mission statement to
help focus our goal as an NGN Group. Our Mission Statement is as follows:
“CIGRE Canada’s NGN aims to support the next generation of Canadian Power System Professionals
by providing opportunities for technical growth, networking and leadership skills for Students and Young
Members.”
CIGRE Canada NGN officially launched in 2019 and then NGN Committee currently consists of the following
Members who are working hard to promote CIGRE to Canadian NGNs:
Ani Chopra, Brendan Kelly, Kurtis Martin-Sturmey, Aleks Modelewska, Michael Ross, Kasun
Samarasekera and Farhad Yahyaie. Members from the Canadian National Committee who advise us
include: Dr. Udaya Annakkage and Jean Guay.
To this date we have successfully launched a few initiatives:
NGN Young Member Best Paper Award: NGNs who submit a paper to the annual CIGRE Canada Conference
can qualify to have their paper judged for the Best Paper Award. The prize includes recognition for their work
and a 1000$ prize!
NGN Webinar Series: “How to Get Involved with CIGRE”: We had 85 registrants and 45 attendees of the
Webinar Series. Our goal is to eventually have three Webinars per year to help NGNs develop technical
knowledge and interpersonal skills in relation to their career.
Launch of LinkedIn Page: Helps keep NGNs around Canada connected and informed on opportunities and
news on what’s going on with CIGRE, it has currently 80 Members. Click here to join!

Our Next Event: NGN Forum at the 2019 Montreal Canada Conference
By Aleks Modelewska, Canadian NGN Committee Member
Since the Canadian NGN was founded in January of 2019, we thought it would be
fitting to hold our first Canadian NGN Forum and Social Event at the 2019 CIGRE
Canada Conference in Montreal.
We will be joining the Conference Tour to the IREQ Laboratories. We will ensure
an NGN presence by helping market the activity and encouraging young attendees
to participate.
The NGN Forum will take place at lunch on Wednesday, September 18th. It
will give attendees the chance to learn about the benefits of being a Member
of CIGRE as well as the NGN. It will encourage them to participate in Working
Groups, which may seem quite intimidating at times, and it will help them network with like-minded individuals
in the industry from around the globe, opening up opportunities they never thought possible.
That evening, the discussion will continue at the NGN Social, in a more relaxed setting, over wine and
appetizers at a local restaurant with a Montreal flare. We hope that all Young Members attending the CIGRE
Canada Conference in Montreal this year will join us!
Our Future Plans

Our future plans include an official website launch and the implementation of a Canadian NGN Scholarship
to get NGNs involved long-term with CIGRE. The prize includes expenses covered to attend the upcoming
CIGRE Paris Session. NGNs are selected for the Scholarship based on for the NGN who has contributed the
most to CIGRE. As of 2018, CIGRE Canada has about 52 Student and Young Members, our goal is to grow
that number each year so that many more NGNs can reap the benefits of CIGRE.
Q&A Session-
What are your future predictions for the industry?
By Kurtis Martin Sturmey, Canadian NGN Committee Member
Utility operations will face unprecedented pressures in three forms. Firstly, adapting
the grid to the customer of the future will change the market conditions and power
flow due to behind-the-meter generation, peer-to-peer energy transactions,
and other fundamental changes. Secondly, the importance of greenhouse gas
emissions will continue to shift the generation profile from coal to renewables and
draw attention to the maintenance of SF6-insulated equipment. Thirdly, global
climate change effects will escalate the need for resiliency as storm frequency
and intensity increase, sea levels rise, and wildfires become more prevalent. Risk-based asset management
and predictive analytics will be key to meet these challenges head on.
How do you want to get involved in CIGRE?

By Farhad Yahyaie, Canadian NGN Committee Member
I found CIGRE Members very knowledgeable, supportive, and generous in

sharing their experiences. I would like to get involved in CIGRE Working Groups
that are pertaining to my field of work and personal interests. By doing so, I
hope to deepen my technical knowledge on those subjects as well as expand
my network of professionals and enhance my leadership and communication
skills.

How have you been involved in CIGRE and how have you
benefited from it?
By Brendan Kelly, Canadian NGN Committee Member
I joined the CIGRE Canada NGN having previously been an Executive committee
Member in Ireland and one of the founding Members of the NGN in Ireland. I was
also on the organizing committee for the CIGRE Dublin 2017 symposium and
am a current Working Group Member of C1.39 and C1&6.37 which are focused
on planning techniques in uncertain future environments. I have been fortunate
enough to have authored numerous technical papers and have presented at the
2016 and 2018 Paris sessions as well as at multiple symposia and colloquia on Power System Planning
philosophies and Technical Power System analysis. CIGRE is like no other, in that there is such a wide
network of electrical engineering or market experts to call on at any time. Also, with its regular events and
Working Group sessions it helps facilitate the development of a wide professional network in this industry as
well as providing an important platform for power systems specialists to showcase their work. Through CIGRE,
my professional network has opened up substantially and following my recent move to Canada, it has given me
the opportunity to connect with like minded people in this industry in a completely different country.
What is a Technical Piece that you have worked on for CIGRE?
By Michael Ross, Canadian NGN Committee Member
I have been fortunate to be a contributing author to the CIGRE Working Group

C6.22 Microgrids Evolution Roadmap, and my involvement in such a Study
Committee and Working Group has truly enriched my experience as a power
systems engineer. It is humbling to witness the amount of experience, knowledge,
and expertise that exists within each of the Members of the international Working
Group; it is very inspiring to see the diversity of the careers in the power system
industry, and the vast amount that you can learn along the way. I still keep in touch
with many colleagues from that Working Group, and I see them often at several CIGRE events such as at
CIGRE Sessions and CIGRE Canada Conferences. This experience has inspired me to now be a contributing
author to the C6.38 Rural Electrification and C6/1.33 Multi-Energy Systems Working Groups. 

CIGRE Slovenia
14th CIGRE National Conference
2019 with prevailing topics on
energy system changings
Lasko, Slovenia
May 21-23, 2019
Written by Kresimir Bakic
21-23 May was biennial CIGRE Conference in the Lasko Thermal Spa,
Location where use of electricity in Slovenia started in year 1882
(Photo Archives: NC CIGRE Slovenia)
Tradition of organizing CIGRE national conferences in Slovenia is very long and started in 1953 when was
organizing the first CIGRE conference in Ljubljana for the former country of Yugoslavia. After Slovenian
independency in 1991, immediately was organized National Committee in 1992 and year after that first CIGRE
conference in May 1993. From the beginning CIGRE conferences in Slovenia covered all areas of electricity
sector: generation, transmission and distribution. After liberalization of energy sector Slovenian NC CIGRE
invited regulators, traders and marketers to participate at CIGRE national conferences. From this reason of
“incorporation all”, CIGRE conference become the largest energy event in Slovenia with participation of more
than 600 participants. Concerning to the Slovenian population of 2 million and size of electricity sector, this is
quite large conference. Generally, conferences are organized every time in different location and this size of
conference limiting the number of locations due to high demanded requirements (number of conference rooms,
space for exhibition, capacity of hotels, etc.).
This year, in May was organized 14th conference, which was after 2001 divided in two sections: CIGRE and
CIRED. Total number of registered participants in 2019 was 582 with some unregistered what means over 600
participants, similar as all CIGRE national conferences last 10 years. During 3-day conference is organized
also the exhibition on products and services for energy sector for selected 35 sponsors. Preferential subjects
for conference are selected by Chair persons of certain National Study Committee, which are organized
as mirror CIGRE SCs. All together was accepted 131 papers in CIGRE section and 53 papers in CIRED
section. CIGRE National Study Committees were covered all except C6, which was incorporated in CIRED
activities. But is CIGRE section there is one more committee, SC D3 (Smart Grids – System approaches), what
is not case in other countries. The largest number of papers was accepted in NSC B3 (15), following B2 and

C5 with 13 papers each, etc. All papers are reviewed by at least one expert and presented with possibilities for
discussion. About 70% of papers were oriented to the activities of changings in electricity sector. Other papers
presents some new experiences with projects in last two years. Conclusions of conference are published in
internal CIGRE magazine called “Sporočila” (News). Every year at the end of conferences are selected the
best papers in each Study Committee. Authors of awarded papers receive certificate during Gala dinner.
Beside classic part of conference dealing with preferential subjects, this year were organized three very
interesting panels:
 Application of chemical batteries in transportation and energy sector (with international participation),
 Energy-climate National strategy oriented to European directives and own possibilities, and
 Big data issues in Electric Power Sector.
Opening session was organized with particular attention. Invited speaker was former Chairman of CIRED and
active CIGRE Member Mr. Theodor Conner from Germany, who presented “Challenges of energy transition
for German distribution system”. Important part of opening ceremony was as well delivering of awards for
extraordinary participation in electricity sector in the past. This is tradition at Slovenian CIGRE Conferences
from 1999. Thus, this year the highest Award for the life work in electricity sector was granted to Prof. Maks
Babuder for his 50 years active work in the Slovenian electric power sector.
CIGRE medals for outstanding contributions to the CIGRE activities in Slovenia and abroad were awarded
to Prof. Igor Papič, rector of the University of Ljubljana and active Member in SC C4 as well as to dr. Janko
Kosmač, active Member of C2 and innovator in the electricity sector.
The best journalist in Slovenia reporting on energy issues in last few years was Mr. Borut Hočevar, from
Finance daily newspaper.
For CIRED sector were delivered also two CIRED medals for excellence in activities and contribution for
improvement of distribution of electricity. Medals were granted to Mr. Theodor Connor, from Germany, former
Chairman of CIRED for his international activities and Mr. Drago Bokal, from Slovenia, for his outstanding
contributions in the Slovenian CIRED activities.
Last part of opening ceremony was workshop on National economic challenges in the energy transition.
Presenters were dr. Romana Jordan, chair of the Administrative Board of ACER (Agency for the Cooperation
of Energy Regulators in EU), “More than energy – Transition of European energy sector”, Aleksander Mervar,
CEO of ELES, National TSO, “Challenges and dilemmas in the Slovenian Electric power sector in the path of
decarbonization up to 2050”, and Matjaz Vodusek, CEO of SODO, National Distribution Operator, “Opportunities
for users, challenges for utilities”.
Traditionally, Slovenian CIGRE conference organize student competition for the best paper covering four
preferential subjects. The prize for winner is tablet computer. Other students’ participants receive the book on
history of the Slovenian Electricity power system. This year was winner Ms. Rajne Ilievska from University of
Ljubljana, Faculty for electricity with paper “Dynamic simulation of power-system black-start process”. Next
Slovenian CIGRE Conference will be in May 2021. 
Workshop on Economy challenges in energy transition with focus on

the Slovenian system was very well attended (Photo Archives: NC CIGRE Slovenia)

CIRED – 25th International

Conference and Exhibition on
electricity distribution
Madrid, Spain
June 3-6, 2019
The 25th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED) organized by Belgium’s
“Association des Ingénieurs sortis de l’institut d’Electricité Montifiore” (AIM) was held in Spain’s capital city
Madrid. The event was held in the Feria de Madrid, one of Spain’s leading International Conference and
Exhibition venues. CIRED 2019 attracted a record number of 1519 delegates from 62 countries and similarly
the Exhibited was the largest ever staged at CIRED, with 140 exhibitors.
To celebrate the 25th anniversary CIRED introduced ‘Best Young Academic Paper Awards’ and two CIRED
start-up awards for Companies less than five years old a new initiative that attracted twelve entries.
The Conference started on Monday 3rd June with seven tutorial sessions on key distribution topics and this was
followed by a three day programme featuring the six main technical sessions, research and innovation forums
and the round table discussion meetings.
Briefly, the key topics of the papers presented at the six technical sessions can be summarized follows:
Session 1, Network components – Innovation, asset management and condition assessment of substation
components, overhead lines and underground cables.
Session 2, Power quality and electromagnetic compatibility – quality of supply monitoring, power quality
simulations and studies, electric and magnetic fields.
Session 3, Operation, control and protection – operation of networks, control technology and system
protection in the environment of smart grids.
Session 4, Distributed energy resources and efficient utilization of electricity – planning for and optimizing
the impact of DER.
Session 5, Planning of power distribution systems – distribution planning, network development,

assessment and asset management.
Session 6, DSO business environment enabling digitization and energy transition – flexibilty, legacy
DSO and future DSO.
1731 abstracts have been submitted for CIRED 2019.
Poster sessions: The Poster sessions that were held daily provided delegates with excellent, well –structured
interactive guided tours giving delegates the opportunity for in-depth discussions with every authors.
The Exhibition included the industry’s major manufacturers showcasing distribution switchgear that no longer
features SF6 insulation and power transformers designed specifically for networks supporting energy input
from sources of renewable generation. Delegates were also given the opportunity to discuss the services now
available for the inspection of assets namely, the use of helicopter patrols for overhead lines and equipment
able to determine the records of underground cable networks. A separate section of the exhibition was
dedicated to the start-up companies, in which some innovative young companies showed their developments.

Manufacturers from many countries exhibited a complete range of the test equipment and services available
for distribution companies for asset monitoring in order to improve the reliability and efficiency of their networks.
The equipment on display included test sets for on and off-line power quality and partial discharge monitoring,
earthing and oil condition testing.
The current and on-going challenges for distribution network operators and for all stakeholders with respect
to clean energy and smarter grids were also addressed in the Exhibition which was dominated by a variety
of automation software and simulation studies for every application. These included substation automation,
digital substations, IoT solutions for smart grids, renewable power applications and grid automation modelling.
Finally, to address one of the industry’s latest challenges two exhibitors offered solutions to improve cyber
security.
This record breaking CIRED 2019, established a new landmark offering all delegates and visitors the opportunity
to increase and expand their knowledge-base on the technologies and innovations that are now available and
being implemented by distribution system operators.
Javier Iglesias Diaz, Pablo Rodriguez Herrerias from the CIGRE Spanish National Committee
and Estelle Lezé-Tijou from the CIGRE Central Office
CIGRE Spanish National Committee Representatives were attending the Conference and had the opportunity
to discuss with delegates main areas of interest in Spain as well as the new CIGRE end to end value approach.
It was a good opportunity to promote Spanish National Committee events during 2019: “Fault location on land
and submarine links” and “Test strategy for protection, automation and control (PAC) functions in a full digital
substation based on IEC 61850 applications”. Additionally, CIGRE awareness was raised in Spain and CIGRE
activities and benefits were promoted amongst new potential Members. 
E-posters
Poster session, with guided tour
Round table with the participation of CIGRE experts 

South East European Region
of CIGRE (SEERC) – Leadership
meeting
Tbilisi, Georgia
July 8, 2019
Council of South East European Region of CIGRE (SEERC) is very active organizing a number of techni-
cal events as biennial conferences, workshops, technical advisory committee meetings, regional Working
Groups meetings, and more trying to improve cooperation between power systems in this region. Lea-
dership of council is changing every two years after conference. Momentarily SEERC is leaded by Aus-
trian NC CIGRE, with Mr. Klemens Reich (APG TSO) as Chairman and Dr. Wolfgang Hribernik (Austrian
Institute of Technology) as Chairman of Technical Advisory Committee. Last TAC was in March this year
in Split (Croatia) which paved the way for next Regional Conference 2020 in Vienna and other technical
activities. In accordance with Operation rules all SEERC events have to be confirmed by Managing Board.
Georgian NC CIGRE as new Member invited Managing board of SEERC to Tbilisi for 9th MB meeting.
Meeting was organized on Monday, 8 July, very professionally with Technical tour to new HVDC BTB
substation 500 kV/400 kV Akhaltsikhe, 2x350 MW enabling increased cross border transits between
Georgia and Turkey. Results of meeting clearly defined three coming events:
 Cigre Regional Colloquium in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) on 25 October 2019 with title
“Energy-climate national strategies 2030 and challenges for electric power sector”. Intention is
to open wide discussion on decarbonization of energy sector and integration of RES in electric power
systems in Region. Announcement of event will be soon published through CIGRE communication
systems and media. Chairman of event will be president of NC CIGRE Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr.
Edhem Bičakčič;
9th Meeting of Managing Board of SEERC in Tbilisi (Georgia) on 8 July 2019

(Photo: NC CIGRE Georgia)

 Regional SEERC Workshop on Interactions between TSO and DSO plus 6th SEERC Technical
Advisory Committee Meeting in Athens (Greece), 23-24 January 2020; and
 Third Regional Electric Power Conference in Vienna, 17-18, June 2020. Title of conference:
Cooperation - Sustainability – Future. Topics of conference are: (1) Transition to Future Power
Systems in the South East European Region of CIGRE, (2) Cross Border Cooperation in the South
East European Region of CIGRE, and (3) Innovation and New technologies in the South East
European Region of CIGRE. Subtopics and more information on conference is available on web site:
http://cigrevienna2020.at. Conference will be open for all sponsors wishing to present their products
and services in the South East European Region. Chairman of Conference will be Clemens Reich.
First CIGRE event in Georgia was covered by National TV, TV Maestro and media in neighboring country
of Azerbaijan, what is very good sign for future CIGRE activities in this part of world.
SEERC as one of four world’s region of CIGRE was established in 2014 in Rome, Italy consisting National
Committees of CIGRE from Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro,
N. Macedonia, Greece, Serbia, Ukraine, Turkey, Romania, Czech and Slovak Republic, Hungary, Kosovo,
and Georgia. Next Member should be NC CIGRE of Israel, who applied for membership. First Regional
Conference was held in 2016 in Portoroz, Slovenia and second in 2018 in Kyiv, Ukraine. 
Georgian TV Maestro notified news from CIGRE SEERC meeting and

about importance of CIGRE cooperation at the evening main news
(Photo: copy from TV screen)

Technical tour to Akhaltsikhe HVDC Back-to-back substation 2x350 MW
(Photo archive NC CIGRE Georgia)

SC D2 Helsinki Colloquium 2019

Helsinki, Finland
June 10-14, 2019
Chair: Dr Olga V. Sinenko (RU)
Secretary: Joël Nouard (FR)
Introduction
SCD2 2019 Colloquium was held from 10th to 14th June in Helsinki. The event included:
 working bodies meetings;
 the SC D2 regular meeting;
 a Young Member session;
 the colloquium;
 three tutorials;
 technical exhibition and visits.
SC D2 Members at the regular meeting

Colloquium
On Wednesday 12th June, the Colloquium was opened by Dr Olga V. Sinenko (RU) - Chairwoman of
Study Committee D2 and Dr Liisa Haarla (FI), Chair of the Finnish National Committee of CIGRE.
140 attended the event. A total of 40 papers have been presented and discussed. All the proceedings are
available at e-cigre.
PS1 – Information and communication technology (ICT)

supporting energy transition
PS 1 focussed in three areas, related to Information Technology

Systems:
 Big data, data analytics using artificial intelligence (AI) for
securing the electric power utilities operations
 Machine learning
 Cloud Computing
The PS1 was introduced by Mr Marcelo Costa de Araujo (BR).
Digitalization is one of the key words used to describe the transformation through which the electrical
sector is undergoing. Information and Communication Technology can provide new solutions for the
problems faced by Electric Power Utilities. The subtopics in PS1 aimed to have a better understanding
of how Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing are being approached by Energy
Power Utilities worldwide.
The large amounts of raw data generated by PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units), SCADA (Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition) systems, Enterprise Systems, GIS (Geographic Information Systems),
sensors, among others, must be properly stored, processed and analysed to provide valuable information
to decision-makers in operation and maintenance of power systems.
Even though Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms date back to the 1950s, it wasn’t until recently that it
could become feasible in real world applications. The increased computational power, the availability of
data to train artificial machines and the advances brought by deep learning have made possible to explore
this technology. Some of its applications in the electrical sector are:
 Fault location and root cause analysis
 Computer Vision
 Dynamic behaviour analysis
 Grid Topology Optimization
 Resource Forecasting
PS 2 – Cyber security
PS 2 focussed on five subtopics, related to the cyber security of

energy organisations and infrastructures:
 Threat management in Electric Power Utilities (EPU)
 Security assessment tools
 Cyber security maintenance in power system operation
 Electric power utility credential management with blockchain
technology
 Big data used for detecting cyber anomalies in electric power
utility Information and Operational Technology
The PS2 was introduced by Mrs Giovanna Dondossola (IT).
The value of cyber security is increasing every day and, with the
progressive role that information technologies are playing in the
global economy, its weight will increase more and more in the following years. In the digitalization era

the increasing dependence of power systems on large computer networks is an ongoing process that will
accelerate along with the smart grid development. It is the increasing dependence on these computer
networks, the new information platforms and communication technologies and the associated cyber
assets that will make the power systems more and more vulnerable to cyber-attacks, since power systems
as providers of an essential service to the critical infrastructures and to the whole society, are a “first class
target” for attackers.
Distributed Energy Resources and Renewables are expected to bring additional digital challenges to
Electric Power Utilities (EPU), due to the large volume of data originating from various locations in the grid.
These include advances in IoT, Big Data, Machine Learning and AI, which bring tremendous opportunities
to the electricity industry, at the same time present new challenges to EPUs in the areas of information
systems and telecommunications.
From the market perspective, the new market models for exploiting available generation and demand
flexibilities require addressing the security of control architectures that interconnect grid operators with
aggregators and active users from industrial, commercial, residential, as well as domestic sectors.
PS3 – New internet of things (IoT) application to support electric

power utilities
PS 3 focussed in three areas, related to Information Technology

Systems:
 5G for utility networks
 New internet of things applications to support electric power utilities
 Cybersecurity issues in internet of things
PS3 was introduced by Mr Sampsamatti Tanner (FI).
The subtopics in PS3 aimed to have a better understanding of how

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are being approached by Energy
Power Utilities worldwide.
IoT has evolved from machine-to-machine (M2M) communication,

i.e. machines connecting to each other via a network without human
interaction. IoT takes M2M to the next level, from single M2M
connections to a sensor network of large number of smart devices that connect people, systems and other
applications to collect and share data.
The internet of things can be seen as a category of software application programs for process control, the
gathering of data in real time from remote locations and to control equipment and conditions.
When compared to the contemporary controls systems such as SCADA that are developed for large and
critical utilities, IoT has its roots in consumer markets where e.g. price and time-to-market have been
more important than reliability and security. IoT market has also attracted many start-up and other non-
traditional utility companies. IoT is often offered as a service package that integrates the different stages
of IoT architecture together.
Power utilities want to take advantage to new innovations, agile development and cost-effectiveness of
the new IoT technologies. This introduces a number of challenges. Some of these relate environmental
conditions (such as high voltages and EMS, remote location) and to cyber security and usability in critical
environments. Also, integration to existing systems, processes and organizations can be challenging.
Some suggested IoT applications which brought in overall economy & efficiency in achieving higher
performance levels in the electrical sector are listed and briefly described below.
 Inspection of Facilities and Component Health Monitoring: New type of sensors and methods (vision,
heat, acoustics), drones
 On-site Assistance: Wearable devices
 Distributed Energy Resource Management:

 Areal documentation: Drones, Construction, Disasters, Normal Operations, Plans
 Monitoring and planning of electricity flow
Tutorials
Advanced Utility Data Management and Analytics for Improved Situational Awareness of EPU
Operations
This tutorial, based on TB 732, was presented partially by Mr Gasper Lakota (SI).
Design, Deployment and Maintenance of Optical Cables associated to Overhead HV Transmission

Lines
This tutorial, based on TB 746, was presented by Mr Sacha Kwik (ES) and Mr Krister de Vries (SE).
Cyber Security Management – a key player in the EPU resilience strategy

This tutorial was presented by Mrs Giovanna Dondossola (IT) and Mrs Roberta Terruggia (IT). 

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2019 Power system development and
economics
by Konstantin Staschus, Chairman of SC C1
SC C1 & Peter Roddy, Secretary of SC C1
Overview
The mission of Study Committee (SC) C1 is to support electricity system planners and asset managers
worldwide in anticipating and successfully managing system changes to address emerging needs,
opportunities and uncertainties while respecting multiple constraints. SC C1 aims to provide particularly
strong value with its recommendations on methods and descriptions of practices during the ongoing
electricity system paradigm shift, brought about by the December 2015 Paris Agreement for climate
protection, the swift introduction of CO2-free renewable energy sources aided by rapid evolution
in generation patterns and economics, and also by digitalisation, demand response, and in social,
environmental and regulatory frameworks and expectations.
The unique perspective of SC C1 is to show how this paradigm shift can be managed while emphasizing
the integrative role of the transmission and distribution networks for the entire system which also includes
generation and demand. The system needs to be: planned to deal with the changes; built taking into account
economic and public acceptance challenges; and well maintained. Making the most of the change implies
supporting customers’ and market participants’ desire to implement innovative solutions and emphasizing
opportunities – along with risks – which the changes bring. It also implies anticipating, integrating and
supporting progress. Opportunities for improvement relate to e.g. customer empowerment, increased
penetration of distributed generation, closer transmission-distribution cooperation, new technologies, and
efficiency and sustainability improvements.
The scope of SC C1 work generally includes descriptions of state-of-the-art applied methods and practices
for system planning, economics and asset management. To provide value to SC C1’s target audience,
the drivers of the ongoing paradigm shift need to also partly drive the methods and practices that SC
C1 recommends: smart grids and demand-side response; energy-efficient electrification of heating
and transport; generation cost structure changes, especially for renewable and variable distributed
generation; energy storage and sector coupling options; sustainability policies (e.g. CO2), as well as
evolving regulation; and electricity market development and integration.
The four main areas covered by SC C1 are:

 System planning
 Asset management
 Business management
 Interconnections – horizontal, vertical
The main sections of this Annual Report describe how the SC and its Working Groups (WGs) have
addressed in 2018 the effects and the management of the paradigm shifts in each area.
The 2018 annual SC C1 meeting was held during the Paris Session and was attended by over 40
Members and observers. The SC C1 tutorial on ‘feasibility study of a global electricity network’ during
the Paris Session was very well attended and generated very engaged discussion. This tutorial has now
been presented several times due to strong demand. Despite having a Friday slot during the Paris week,

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the SC C1 Open Meeting was also well supported with approximately 30 prepared and 60 spontaneous
contributions. We gave three young engineers an opportunity to deliver presentations.
2019
Although the full Study Committee did not meet during the June 2019 Symposium in Aalborg, Denmark –
it will meet in September 2019 in Chengdu, China – SC C1 experts delivered a well-attended tutorial on
‘The future of reliability’. SC C1 Members also chaired three of the Aalborg Symposium sessions: ‘System
planning including offshore networks’, ‘Long-term and sector-coupled decarbonized energy system
planning’, and ‘Offshore wind connection planning’. Several papers by C1 Members and C1 Working
SC C1
Groups were presented.
During 2018 SC C1 published Technical Brochures on ‘The future of reliability’ and ‘Modelling of inverter-
based generation’. We were delighted to confer the Technical Committee award on Yury Tsimberg for his
outstanding leadership in our work on asset management. In line with the SC C1 strategy, we appreciate
very much the new CIGRE communication format of webinars, and are proud to have presented already
two CIGRE webinars, on the global grid feasibility study, and on asset management in line with ISO 55000.
Consistent with our system planning-related mission, the SC C1 Chair Konstantin Staschus contributed
in leading roles to the CIGRE Technical Council joint WG with the World Bank for disseminating CIGRE
results and creating CIGRE structures in Africa, and on CIGRE’s role towards the UN’s Sustainable
Development Goals.
System Development
Overview
System development of a secure, sustainable and affordable power system remains the challenge in
a fast-changing power system environment. Planning methodologies and evaluation tools continue to
evolve in order to meet these changing needs of the industry. To achieve power system resilience, energy
sector synergies for decarbonising efficiently, and integrating renewable and distributed energy resources
in the system, besides ever better planning methods we will need to engage stakeholders in the planning
process. There are also institutional challenges that need to be overcome to ensure strongly improved
cooperation of transmission and distribution system operators to deliver the network of the future.
Reports issued in 2018

TB 715 – This TB on the future of reliability was published in early 2018 by WG C1.27. The TB
provides insights in the need to change the definition of reliability in light of the significant rise in user
options to self-supply or supply power to the system. Historical definitions of reliability and the
justification for the specific recommended changes is presented with summaries of present levels of
renewable generation penetrations around the world and some of the planning and operating
challenges they introduce. TB provides recommendations for system planners and operators from
lessons learned from small island systems with high penetration levels, new technologies affecting
reliability, impacts of key variables and assumptions on the future of reliability.
On-going and new WGs

JWG C1/C4.36 reviews large city & metropolitan area power system development trends taking into
account new generation, grid and information technologies. Metropolitan areas are increasing in size,
population, surface area, political and economic importance. The WG considers new technologies to
replace ageing assets rather than replacing assets on a like-for-like basis. This will include cross industry
coordination and cooperation considerations, taking into account power flows to and from the distribution
network; application of innovative measurement devices; development of electric vehicles; active and
reactive power flow control technologies and their increasing automation; economic drivers for large city &
metropolitan area development; large scale HV and UHV cable route penetration; rooftop PV penetration
etc. Criteria and principles for large cities power system operation and development will be proposed.
WG C1.39 describes the state of the art in optimal power system planning under growing uncertainty: Power
systems are faced with unprecedented growing uncertainties coming from high penetration of renewables,
electrification o f t ransportation, h eating a nd c ooling, d evelopment o f d istributed e nergy, m icro-•••

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grids, energy storage facilities, smart grid and policy and structural uncertainties. This WG examines how
2019 the traditional power system planning deterministic methodologies and fixed criteria remain applicable or
need to be supplemented or replaced with new approaches. The WG seeks to understand the impact of
uncertainty factors on the power system and the interrelationship among the various factors, these include
generation planning with high share of renewable energy, risk based transmission network planning,
probabilistic planning criteria.
SC C1 JWG C6/C1.42 addresses planning tools and methods for systems facing high levels of distributed energy
resources. It identifies the impact of large deployments of distributed energy resources (DER) at the
distribution level and repercussions on the transmission grid, as well as the tools, methods and benefits
of aggregating DER at the distribution and transmission levels. The WG investigates the potential of co-
simulation tools allowing the analysis of the impact of distribution-connected DER on the transmission grid
considering static and dynamic aspects. It identifies and defines the planning and operation tools required
at the distribution and at the transmission levels. The WG surveys distribution and transmission utilities
for present practices and additional needs focusing on already known techniques, tools, methods and
data for valuing DER and customer flexibility, practices and techniques in developing scenarios, both for
transmission and for distribution (where e-mobility presents large uncertainties).
Business Investment
Overview
The work in this area addresses uncertainties and increasing penetration of renewable energy from the
investment viewpoint. Business management involves investment decisions in all aspects of the system,
incl. generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and demand with its flexibility. It complements system
planning with broader analyses of whether and how investments can actually be made, and infrastructure
built. More specifically, the work in this area describes how investment drivers and regulatory processes
are changing, how to communicate with the many relevant stakeholders, and how transmission and
distribution investments relate to each other.
WGs undergoing final SC review, on-going and new
WG C1.22 has summarised new investment decision processes and regulatory practices required to deal
with changing economic drivers. It reviewed current decision making processes in the context of a rapidly
changing environment (for example, low carbon scenarios and new economic drivers) and proposes
orientations for future processes. A particular focus was made on consequences of increasing network
and generation costs, new load balancing options (such as storage) and the impact of growing renewable
energy penetration. Its TB is undergoing final review by SC C1 and will be published in 2019.
WG C1.23 describes transmission investment decision points and trees, by defining target networks at
the end of a specified planning period to meet all the necessary criteria and requirements. To account
for uncertainty, multiple potential target networks can be generated which further require a number of
decision trees. This WG established if and how target networks are being used, and if they are used to
generate decision trees and key decision points. In particular, it investigated processes used to determine
the timelines of the decision points in the different countries and the methods used. The WG aims for TB
publication in 2019.
JWG C1/C6/CIRED.37 describes optimal transmission and distribution investment decisions under growing
uncertainty. Transmission and distribution investment decisions resulting from a planning process require
new approaches to deal with growing uncertainties on many parameters incl. new market designs, high
penetrations of renewable energy, demand growth and so on. The WG summarizes learnings from several
prior SC C1 and C6 WGs. It is now investigating how transmission and distribution planning scenarios are
consistently used to ensure holistic investment decisions are made by both TSOs and DSOs.
The new WG C1.41 aims to close the gap in understanding between stakeholders and electrical energy
specialists. With the development of DER, significant numbers of customers are becoming stakeholders
in the electrical industry. There is a need to bridge the gap in understanding between the technical
specialists and the various stakeholders that have a vested interest in the electricity product. This WG will

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examine the gap in understanding amongst the various stakeholders of the range of technical issues from
a planning perspective related to the changing nature of the power system and how this has developed.
It will review how stakeholders perceive this gap and what is being done across the world to improve the
2019
level of understanding, particularly of the non-technical stakeholders.
Interconnections - Horizontal & Vertical

Overview SC C1
This area of SC C1 work examines the increasing interdependence and integration faced by system
developers, on top of the usual complexity already implicit in the grid planning exercise, which arises
from the power grid being at the center of the energy transition towards a CO2-neutral energy system,
both as a fundamental enabler and as the most impacted element. The new dimensions of system
development tackled in this C1 work area are:
 higher interconnection rates between countries and systems, up to continental level and eventually
to a global grid (“Horizontal” interconnections); besides the traditional hurdles of realizing large
technical infrastructures, these cross-border links spanning several jurisdictions face further
critical issues in different authorisation patterns and market regulations, assessing and allocating
costs and benefits, negotiating partners’ and investors’ roles, and managing international
implementation;
 increasing interdependence of transmission grids on evolutions in the distribution grid (DER,
active distribution grids, radical modification of flow patterns, consumer empowerment, energy
communities, eventually up to a joint transmission and distribution grid planning process (“Vertical”
integration); this requires also an organisational and cultural change, since one TSO interfaces
often with several or many DSOs, who are themselves undergoing a deep process of modernising
their practices on local system development and of evolving towards smart grid operation;
 starting integration with other energy systems (“Sector Coupling”): to achieve global climate
change targets, electrification of transport, heating/cooling and industry, fed by CO2-free power
generation is a very effective route; therefore several workstreams are starting, in order to
assess and capture the benefits of a common planning and a synergistic operation of various
energy carriers (including gases and hydrogen), exploiting their respective capacities and
complementarities in storing and transporting bulk energy.
On-going and new WGs

WG C1.33 investigates interface and allocation issues in multi-party and/or cross-jurisdiction
interconnections: It addresses the origination and design phase of such projects, focusing on the specific
issues arising from the different rules/practices/investors’ policies, to be considered at early stage for the
sake of project success. The work analyses real cases to extract the drivers, rationale and criteria of such
issues, as well as the solutions adopted; it also descibes the business model designed for realising the
interconnection project according to the specific needs, in order to infer useful guidelines for project of high
complexity.
WG C1.35 performed the first globally cooperative feasibility study of a global electricity network, with
wide and supportive contributions from many Members of all continents, on technical and routing options
for continental interconnections, on simplified load flows between zones, and on economic analyses of
connecting the whole globe split into 13 zones. The outcome is that such configuration is technically
possible and economically profitable, and so it is an important option to be considered for the worldwide
decarbonisation. The results are based on widely-shared assumptions and are resilient to several
sensitivity analyses. Barriers for its deployment (financial, socio-political and project implementation) have
also been addressed. The TB is undergoing final approval in SC C1 and the TB will be published in 2019,
but several papers and an Electra article have already been published; a tutorial in the Paris Session 2018
and a webinar in March 2019 have been run, with high attendance and interest.
A follow-up WG to C1.35 is being set-up, WG C1.44 on the global sustainable electricity system,
to analyse more deeply the impact of large and cheaper storage and the effect of demand
response as further elements to be co-optmised together with investments in transmission
and in generation, and to begin addressing the necessary trading rules. •••

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2019 WG C1.40 describes planning coordination between system operators, TSOs and DSOs; framework,
methods, allocation of costs and benefits. Through a detailed survey with more than 30 questions, it
aims at describing the state-of-the-art and best practices of collaboration between TSOs and DSOs. The
survey scrutinizes the aspects, data, and processes where cooperation is needed, and the reasons and
SC C1 modalities why cooperation occurs or not. In the current analysis phase, focus is on extracting useful
insights and guidelines for setting up a structured cooperation process, and calling for institutional rules
to be established on data exchange and process execution.
The SC C6-led JWG C6-C1.33 on multi-energy system interactions in the distribution grid studies the
configurations, impacts and prospects of multi-energy systems that enable enhanced solutions for
intelligent electricity systems, energy storages and demand side management with an increasing share
of DER. The WG reviews technologies and systems that integrate multiple energy carriers: Power-to-Gas
(P2G), including electrolyzers, fuels cells, hydrogen storage, injection into gas networks; Combined Heat
and Power (CHP); Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP); Power-to-Heat (P2H), including electric
boilers, heat pumps, thermal storage; Power-to-Vehicle (P2V); pumped and compressed air storages.
The Technical Brochure will also report on architectures, use cases and tools for multi-energy system
operation, planning and design.
Asset management
Overview
The work in this area addresses emerging issues in asset management related to operational, tactical and
strategic aspects. At present there are 3 WGs at various stages of progress and also a team developing
a CIGRE Green Book on Asset Management.
WG C1.34 addresses practical application of the ISO 55000 series standards to the utility business. It
deals with reviewing key asset management concepts, “translates” ISO 55000 series standards “shall”
statements for the use by electrical utilities, presents results of the survey of 60 utilities across the world
regarding their progress with respect to ISO 55000 certification, and provides 3 examples of IT systems
enabling asset management processes from 3 utilities. The draft TB for this WG is close to completion and
it is expected that the final version would be issued in Q4 of 2019.
WG C1.38 deals with different approaches to evaluating risks using asset management techniques and
presents results of a utilities survey assessing decision making processes to mitigate identified risks. A
draft TB is currently being prepared and the final version is expected to be completed by Q1 of 2019.
WG C1.43 has just started and this WG deals with establishing requirements for asset management
platforms that will allow integration of data/information from different sources, will have capability to
process data using prescribed algorithms, and will generate the desired outputs.
The Green Book on Asset Management is about 50% completed. It is to present all the material related
to past and present asset management methodologies and approaches in order to establish a set of
references to be used going forward in refining existing or developing new asset management techniques
in electric utilities in general. The Green Book is led by editorial team and has a number of contributors,
including from other SCs. The estimated completion date at this point is Q3 of 2020.
Technical Council
As all SC Chairs, SC C1 Chair Konstantin Staschus participates in the CIGRE Technical Council and
contributes to TC projects. His recent especially strong contributions focus on the dissemination of CIGRE
work products in Africa, for which he leads a TC WG based on a Memorandum of Understanding with
the World Bank, where a list of applicable CIGRE products as well as CIGRE experts has been created,
and where preparations for the foundation of a Western African National Council in CIGRE are almost
complete. They also focus on CIGRE’s approach to and role for sustainability (together with the C3 Chair),
and as part of a team preparing the opening sessions of Paris 2020. Under the guidance of Keith Bell

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from C1, the CIGRE policy of Tutorials has not only been updated but applied in the Paris Session and
in Symposia.
2019
Future work
Besides the four new WG decided at the 2018 Paris Session described above (C1.41: Closing the gap
in understanding between stakeholders and electrical energy specialists; JWG C1/C6.42: Planning tools
and methods for systems facing high levels of distributed energy resources; C1.43: Defining a typical
SC C1
set of requirements for Asset Analytics data platforms and tools aimed at supporting Asset Management
decision making processes; JWG C6/C1.33: Multi-energy system interactions in distribution grid; C1.44:
Global sustainable electricity system: Effects of storage, demand response and trading rules), SC C1’s
future work focuses on the September 2019 Symposium in Chengdu, China, and on the the Paris 2020
Session, with the following preferential subjects:
PS 1: POWER SYSTEM RESILIENCE PLANNING

 Evaluating, improving, and measuring power system resilience in system planning, economic
assessment and asset management, given increasing threats from human and natural hazards,
including climate change.
PS 2: ENERGY SECTOR SYNERGIES FOR DECARBONISING EFFICIENTLY

 Planning approaches addressing energy sector synergies across power, gas, transport, heating/
cooling, and new energy carriers, in order to optimise overall decarbonisation efficiency whilst
supporting local development.
 How do these planning approaches include aspects of energy conversion and storage, technical and
economic sector interfaces?
PS 3: DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES IN TRANSMISSION PLANNING
 Tools, techniques, and data used in transmission system planning and investment decisions to
evaluate and enable high levels of renewables, storage, and customer flexibility at all voltage levels.
 Holistic approaches that combine technical assessments, incentives, and reliability impacts on
customers.
Meetings and events 2019-20

 Symposium, ‘Going Offshore - Challenges of The Future Power Grid’ in Aalborg, Denmark, supported
by Study Committees C1, B1, B2, B4, C2, C3, C4 & C6, June 3-6, 2019 (without SC C1 Meeting)
 Symposium, ‘Towards active, sustainable digital networks that are resilient and integrated from UHV
to distribution’ in Chengdu, China supported by Study Committees B3 (leading), C1, B5, C3, C6, and
D2; together with the SC C1 Meeting, September 20-25, 2019
 Paris Session, August 23-28, 2020 

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2019 Power system operation
and control
by Dr. Susana Almeida de Graaff, Chair of SC C2
SC C2 & Vinay Sewdien, Secretary of SC C2
Introduction
The electrical power systems are in the middle of a transition that is significantly increasing the complexity
of system operations. This change is driven by political, regulatory, environmental and technological
background. The goals set in the Paris Climate Change Conference, in December 2015, bring an
enormous challenges to power systems, and consequently, for system operators that need to keep the
lights on with the same level of reliability as we have today.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources the volatility and growing competitiveness of the
free electricity market requires new flexible solutions in the whole chain of the electrical power system.
There is an increasing need for more observability, controllability and flexibility that will be achieved by:
 enhanced and increased coordination among system operators, both Transmission System
Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), with increasing need for information
exchange
 integration of new and diverse market driven solutions
 integration of new technologies for monitoring and control
 development of new procedures, and awareness and decision support tools
 developments for operator training
System perators need to be prepared to cope with a low-carbon power system now and for the future, and
SC C2 is engaged in supporting system operators with this challenging task. In addition, when reflecting on
the abovementioned challenges and looking at the focus of the current activities of SC C2, we recognise
a trend of knowledge integration, where the cooperation and sharing knowledge among CIGRE SCs is
becoming essentially to correctly address the complexity that we are facing.
SC C2 mission and scope

The scope of the SC C2 covers the technical, human resource and institutional aspects and conditions for a
secure and economic system operation of power systems in a way that is in compliance with requirements
for network security, against system disintegration, equipment damages and human injuries, and security
of electricity supply.
Unbiased and high-quality knowledge dissemination to the power systems community by CIGRE Study
Committees is a strong pillar for the development and performance of power systems, especially in the
increasingly integrated environment. This applies not only to current but also to future power systems.
SC C2 therefore needs to understand, use and integrate results from other Study Committees to assure
that technical concepts can be applied in real-time in various contexts and implemented by the System
Operators. An area which is unique for C2 is however the dependence on good performance of human
resources in performing operational planning and real-time system operation. In these respects SC C2
embraces a wide range of competence areas and interfaces to other disciplines.
The mission of SC C2 can be summarised in the following four points:

1. To facilitate and promote knowledge dissemination and worldwide collaboration in the field of system
operation and control, providing adequate conditions for progress of engineering.

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2. To facilitate unbiased technical information exchange, integrating solutions and recommendations
for system operations issues and problems. These first two points are achieved among others by the
publication of Technical Brochures and papers, delivering tutorials, and participating in conferences,
2019
symposia and colloquia.
3. To prepare for the foreseen future challenges by integrating and consolidating available knowledge,
and taking into account the usage of new and proven technologies. For example, the Joint effort
of several Study Committees in establishing Joint Working Groups, where different expertise and
knowledge is combined, as well as in writing multi-disciplinary Reference Papers.
SC C2
4. To engage and encourage Young Members in order to increase their involvement in the SC activities.
By integrating them into Working Groups, a bridge between the young experts and experienced
Members can be built. SC C2 aims to connect, when possible, a Young Member to a mentor from
the same SC and NC. This gives the opportunity to support the Young Member’s development in a
supervised way.
Structure
The SC has 27 regular Members (incl. three experts from distribution) and 17 observer Members (incl.
two experts from distribution). The SC has 10 active Working Groups of which 4 are Joint Working Groups
with other CIGRE SCs and three Advisory Groups. An overview of the structure of SC C2 is given in
Figure 2 - SC C2 Structure.
The Strategic Advisory Group, consisting of the SC Chair, Secretary and other SC C2 experts,
deals with SC strategy and updates the scope of the Technical Directions. The Publication
Advisory Group is responsible for the revision of synopses and papers for CIGRE activities
where SC C2 plays a role. The Tutorial Advisory Group (TAG) coordinates the development,
planning, quality assurance and delivery of tutorials for conferences, symposia, colloquia and
webinars. There are around 170 experts from 35 countries actively involved in SC C2 activities.•••
Figure 2 - SC C2 Structure
Figure 1 - SC C2 Members during the 2018 CIGRE Session in Paris

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Figure 3 - Geographical Distribution of SC C2 Members
2019
SC C2
Figure 3 presents the geographical distribution of SC C2 Members.
Main technical directions

SC C2 has defined three Technical Directions (TD) to address important emerging factors that will
influence and define new requirements on the System Operation performance.
TD 1: Real-time system operation and control

• Wide area control, supervision and increased coordination: integration of regional and national grids
into large control areas
• Operation and control of new technologies and system protection schemes
• Increased power system controllability, observability, flexibility and exchange of information, both at
transmission and distribution level: e.g. voltage control, frequency control
• Interaction between market mechanisms and power system operation, e.g. ancillary services and
congestion management
• Operational real-time security and risk assessment
• Maintaining Security of Supply, Emergency control and restoration procedures and tools
• Information and data exchange in real-time operation
The Working Groups C2.17, C2/C4.37 and C2/B4.38 address topics in this TD 1.
TD 2: System operational planning and performance analysis

• Impact on system operation from new generation mix, storage and changes in electrical load
behaviour
• Close to real-time operation, crucial for a successful and secure real-time operation, performed both
by operational planners and control room operators
• Security assessment in Operational Planning, including coordinated activities
• Assessment of monitoring, control and protection functionalities, including development of new
operational strategies
• Emerging Operational Issues for Transmission and Distribution Interaction
• Impact assessment on integration of new technologies
• Blackout integral analysis, defence plans, resilience schemes and restoration strategy considering
the evolving environment
• Reliability, network security principles and generation and transmission adequacy
• Operational requirements in Grid Codes
• Information and data exchange in the operational planning timeframes

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The Working Groups C2.24, C2.25, C2.26, C2/C5.05 and C2/C4.41 address topics in this TD 2.
TD 3: Control centre infrastructure and human resources for system operation

2019
• Knowledge management and Operator training
• Operator training simulator and other training tools
• Control Centres processes, methods, tools and organisation development
• Tools for decision support and situational awareness
• Integration and exchange of information in system operations and data management
SC C2
• EMS/SCADA systems, specifications and experiences
• WAMS system requirements and their integration within CC
• Control Centre reliability and resilience
• Information, cyber-security and other vulnerability aspects on control centres
The Working Groups C2.39 and C2.40 address topics in TD 3.
However, it is relevant to point out that some of the WGs actually touch upon more than one technical direction.
Working Groups Report

Below a short update of the Working Groups active in 2018-2019 is provided.
WG C2.17 Wide area monitoring systems - Support for control room applications
In line with recent worldwide technical recommendations and international standards there is an urgent
need for real-time tools to support the control room operators in assessing power system stability. Wide
Area Monitoring (WAM) systems have become one of the well-accepted tools for that purpose. For
improving power system observability and increased stability monitoring integrating stand-alone WAM
systems in the control room is required. This WG aims to address, among others, integration issues
between high-resolution WAM systems and slow changing SCADA systems. Another goal is to describe
a minimum standard required for the implementation of identified system functionality needs related
solutions and communication infrastructure rules and constraints. This WG consists of 32 experts from
21 countries and delivered a tutorial during the Aalborg Symposium. The TB was published in Q4-2018.
WG C2.24 Mitigating the risk of fire starts and the consequences of fires near overhead lines for
system operations
The Working Group aims to collate world best practice strategies for: (a) mitigating fire starts from
powerlines, and (b) the consequences of fires near overhead lines. As the first step, the WG developed a
survey to capture this data. This was completed and WG Members are now collecting data from utilities
within their regions. The WG is now focusing on collating the utility data, after which it will commence work
on reporting the results in a Technical Brochure and in Electra. The TB is expected in Q4-2019.
WG C2.25 Operating strategies and preparedness for system operational resilience

The Working Group was approved in June 2018. As a first step, the task to establish a common and correct
understanding of resilience from operational point of view was performed. This was finalized in summer
2019. At the same time an international survey was prepared and is planned to be shared by mid-2019.
As an outcome of the survey and as next steps a list of conditions and the associated operating strategies
and risk preparedness procedures that have been developed to help system operators to systematically
manage and restore disrupted systems to their normal or pre-disturbed state will be prepared. The final
aim of this WG is to identify and provide possibilities to enhance and improve current existing operational
resilience. The TB is expected in Q4-2020.
WG C2.26 Power system restoration accounting for a rapidly changing power system and
generation mix
System restart capability has been traditionally provided by synchronous generators. Given rapid
changes in power systems worldwide, including increased installation of inverter connected generation
and retirement of conventional synchronous generation, numerous challenges have emerged for system
restoration. This Working Group, approved in March 2019, aims to identify and manage emerging risks on
system restoration, investigate opportunities for increased utilisation of new and emerging technologies
during system restoration, and enable system operators and network owners to continue to execute a •••

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successful system restart when required despite the rapidly changing generation mix. The TB is planned
2019 to be published in Q4 2021.
WG C2.39 Operator training in electricity grids at different control levels and for different
participants/actors in the new environment
The group’s work began in August 2018, and since then the WG has prepared reports describing the
SC C2 situation regarding the simulated training of real-time operation teams in 16 different companies through
the 20 participants of the group. After the analysis of this content, the first document that presents these
results and the future challenges for the training activity of these teams will be prepared. The WG has
already defined the future research points. The TB is expected in Q4-2020.
WG C2.40 TSO-DSO co-operation – Control centre tools requirements

The paradigm shift in the configuration of the power system with a high penetration of distributed
renewable generation connected at the DSO level creates a new dimension in TSO-DSO coordination
practices and procedures. The role of this WG, approved in June 2018, is to specify a set of control
centre tools and related IT platforms for both the TSO and DSO to manage and operate this newly
evolved power system. A critical aspect that must be addressed is that the tools must enable a very
high level of cooperation between the TSO and DSO so that they can efficiently address system
issues at different levels. Interoperability between the tools should be developed taking into account
different time-horizons (at least real-time and short-term operational planning) and different services.
The Working Group has 20 experts from 10 different countries and expects to publish its TB in Q3-
2020.
JWG C2/C4.37 Recommendations for systematic framework design of power system stability
control
Past major blackouts and system wide events have highlighted some of the potential limitations of
currently implemented stability controls and designs in helping to prevent system wide stability problems.
Whereas these deficiencies manifest themselves directly in design aspects of control systems, indirectly
they may result from insufficient attention to the systematic design of and coordination among various
control technologies. This JWG develops a systematic framework of power system stability control from
a coordinated and global perspective. The JWG has 19 experts from 14 countries and published its TB
in Q3-2018.
JWG C2/B4.38 Capabilities and requirements definition for Power Electronics based technology
for secure and efficient system operation and control
The JWG started its work in two parallel streams. The first stream’s aim is to identify the operational
challenges that are expected with increasing level of power electronics. The second stream is drafting an
overview of the capabilities of power electronic devices. Currently the JWG is in the process of mapping
the capabilities that are available from the power electronics with the challenges that they can help to
solve. In this, the envisaged cooperation between the system operation experts and the power electronics
technology experts creates a valuable platform for discussions. The TB is planned to be published in Q2-
2020.
JWG C2/C5.05 Development and changes in the business of system operators

This JWG was established in 2000 and has published 8 CIGRE reports and 4 Technical Brochures. The
JWG has 20 experts from 12 countries. The current focus of the JWG is on reliability standards and
market rules. A first Technical Brochure which dealt with the development of reliability standards and
market rules was published in May 2017 (TB 688). A second Technical Brochure based on a survey of
state of the art regarding how reliability standards and market rules are practiced in 11 regions/countries
is ready in draft form. It will be reviewed and finalized in Q3-2019.
JWG C2/C4.41 Impact of high penetration of inverter-based generation on system inertia of

networks
The rapid increase in integration of renewable generation globally has led to concerns around the depletion
of power system inertia, especially where large fleets of renewable generation displaces conventional
synchronous generation. The objective of this JWG is to study the impact of depleting power system
inertia and to advice and formulate philosophies for system operations in order to prepare for the ongoing
energy transition. This JWG has produced two papers to date and has recently conducted a survey

ANNUAL
REPORT
about industry experience on frequency containment reserve and fast frequency response requirements
and minimum inertia levels. The JWG comprises 31 experts from 17 countries. The TB is planned to be
published in Q4-2020.
2019
Tutorials
During the 2018 CIGRE Session in Paris a SC C2 tutorial was delivered on Wednesday 29 August 2018.
The tutorial, titled “System operation emphasising DSO/TSO interaction and co-ordination”, was based
SC C2
on the work conducted under Joint Working Group C2/C6.36. Approximately 260 people attended this
tutorial.
During the Aalborg Symposium, another tutorial was delivered on behalf of SC C2 on Tuesday 4 June
2019. During the tutorial the main results of the work conducted under Working Group C2.17 “Wide area
monitoring systems - Support for control room applications” were presented.
Joint Technical Activities

The SC also participates in other Working Groups that are being led by other SCs. SC C2 is part of
Joint Working Groups C6/C2.34 and D2/C2.48 and has active liaisons in the Working Groups A1.65,
C5.27 and C1/C4.36. Furthermore, SC C2 started a new collaboration with SC C4 and IEEE under JWG
C4/C2.58/IEEE. This Working Group aims at getting insights in available voltage stability assessment
methodologies in the transmission system, both in planning and operational time frames.
Reference Paper
A SC C2 task force, consisting of Members from Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, India, Ireland,
Italy, Netherlands, Serbia, Switzerland and United States, wrote a Reference Paper on power system
restoration. This Reference Paper describes the current practices in power system restoration and operator
training and describes the observed and expected future trends. The way how distributed energy resources
might impact the restoration process is also briefly highlighted. The full paper is published in the CIGRE
Science & Engineering Journal volume 14 (June 2019) with a summary in the June 2019 Electra issue.
Green Books
In the past year, SC C2 contributed to two Green Books.
For the Green Book “FACTS” of SC B4, SC C2 contributed with a chapter on the operational practices
of FACTS devices. Topics such as the operational strategy and operator training are discussed in the
chapter. SC C2 is participating with a chapter for the Green Book on Future Power Systems. In this
chapter, an overview is given of the current state of the art, including implemented processes in the
system operation time frame (capacity calculation, security analysis, coordination, operator training, etc.),
as well as expected operational challenges, trends and solutions to address these challenges.
These Green Books are both expected to be published in 2020.
Publications
The following publications have been made since August 2018 as a result of work carried out by SC C2
Working Groups:
• WG C2.17 “Wide area monitoring systems – Support for control room applications” published
Technical Brochure 750.
• JWG C2/C4.37 “A proposed framework for coordinated power system stability control” published
Technical Brochure 742.
• SC C2 published a Reference Paper titled “Power system restoration – World practices & future
trends” in CIGRE Science & Engineering Journal volume 14 (June 2019) with a summary in the June
2019 Electra issue.
• WG C2.24 and JWG C2/C5.05 are finalizing their Technical Brochures, to be published in
Q4-2019. •••

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REPORT
Conferences and Symposia
2019 During the CIGRE Session 2018 in Paris, SC C2 organized an interesting and active group discussion
meeting, which was attended by approximately 360 people. The poster session, exhibiting 44 SC C2
posters, attracted approximately 475 attendees, which resulted in lively interactions between the paper
authors and the Session delegates.
SC C2 In October 2018, Susana Almeida de Graaff and Enrico Carlini delivered keynote speeches during the
Symposium of Specialists in Operation Planning and Electrical Expansion (SEPOPE) in Brazil.
Lastly, SC C2 participated in the Aalborg Symposium from 4-7 June 2019. The SC was on the Technical
Organizing Committee and chaired four sessions: Assessment and study tools for system operation,
Operation of hybrid and low inertia power systems, Frequency support from power electronics interfaced
devices and support from VSC HVDC for system operation.
Future Activities
WG C2.25 will hold its fourth physical Working Group meeting in Atlanta on Friday 9 August 2019 during
the IEEE PES General Meeting.
Furthermore, the first SC C2 webinar is planned for Thursday 5 September 2019, 12.00 CEST. In this
webinar, the main contents of the Technical Brochure (TB) 742 will be presented. This TB sets forth
a systematic basis for the classification, integration and coordination of stability control from a global
perspective. The proposed framework integrates preventive, event-based, response-based and restorative
controls with online dynamic security assessment to enhance control adaptability and coordination. Its
functional structure, essential techniques and design recommendations are clarified.
This webinar will be presented by Yongjie Fang, former Convener of CIGRE Joint Working Group C2/
C4.37. The webinar is free of charge and interested participants can register here.
Conclusions
Due to the increasing complexity of the power system, and consequently of system operations, in
combination with the strategy of CIGRE to tackle the whole chain, SC C2 has very present in its activities
the preparation of a sustainable, affordable and reliable future. This can be traced back in the scope of our
Working Groups, in welcoming and integrating distribution system operators, in the diversity of SCs that
are cooperating with our activities, and vice-versa, achieving the exchange of complementary knowledge,
facilitating multi-disciplinary discussions, and opening the potential to provide excellent contributions to
the CIGRE community.
SC C2 has and will continue the efforts to create new up-to-date Working Groups, develop papers and
produce tutorials that focus on the knowledge.
The SC C2 Chair would like to acknowledge and thank with gratitude the active participation and support
of all dedicated individuals that contributed to the above mentioned achievements, respectively Secretary,
Convenors, Advisors, and Members. Together we can make a difference. 

ANNUAL
REPORT
Power system environmental 2019
performance
by Henk Sanders, Chairman of SC C3
& Mercedes Vázquez, Secretary of SC C3 SC C3
Introduction and highlights

The SC C3 has made a great effort to improve its presence and activity within Cigre, it has been a busy
period but some relevant work have been done. The highlights of this year are the following:
 SC C3 presented a reference paper about sustainability, which was published in Electra as well as
on the website.
 SC C3 was involved in the opening panel of the Paris 2018 Session. Title was “The future sustainable
power system; organic, disruptive and secure”. However, underneath the main issue was climate
change and how to adapt to this.
 First tutorial of the SC3, about EMF and health, was delivered in Paris Session 2018.
 SC3 has 11 approved Working Groups (two of them, WG C3.19 and WG.20, have been launched in
2018 and WG C3.09A has been re-started).
 One Technical Brochure has been published (TB 748 - WG C3/B1/B2.13 : Environmental issues of
high voltage transmission lines in urban and rural areas).
 We have improved our connection with other Study Committees through the role of the ambassadors
(B1, B2 and B3) and sharing a Join Preferential Subject with B2 in Paris Session 2018 (SC B2
JJPS3).
Strategy and directions

The main mission of SC C3, created in 2002, is to present unbiased positions and produce approaches on
power system environmental performances and impacts and their implications for management, operation
and investment decisions.
The environmental issues related to power system planning and to components and sub-system design
and operation are dealt with inside the specific Study Committees; SC C3 is focused on “system” aspects
and has, therefore, the need to maintain good communication and co-operation with the other SCs.
The SC C3 finished the revision process of its TD in 2015; the main drivers to review the TD were the
need to adapt them to the new tendencies in environmental issues and to respond to new stakeholders’
demands. In 2017, minor adjustments were made.
During 2018, SC3 have been working in the new Strategic Plan. The final version has been approved in the
last SC meeting, in Aalborg (2019). This work has also involved some minor but relevant changes in the
TD, including the word “Sustainability” to define one of them. This new definition of the TD shows the aim
of the SC3 to focus on sustainability aspects and the increasing relevance of the concept within CIGRE.
Workstreams
SC C3 has 29 regular Members (including the Chairman and the Secretary) and 11 observers representing
24 countries.
Now, we have 1 SAG, 9 active Working Groups and 2 Working Groups to start in 2019, divided over our
Technical Directions.

ANNUAL
REPORT
2019
SC C3
Ongoing Working Groups:
C3.AG “EMF and Human Health” - This AG has been created to replace WG C3.01 ”EMF and Health”:
It has the task of following the research developments of the health effects of electric and magnetic fields
and producing original reviews on some of the specific aspects of this issue.
C3.09A “Corridor management” - This WG was disbanded for a few years but TB or articles had not
been published. With the aim to finish the publications, the TOR of the group has been reviewed and a
new version of the Group (C3.09A) has started to work, with some old and new Members. The intention
of the WG is to collect information and compare regulation, procedures, methods and best practices
from different countries that apply to relations with landowners and environmental aspects of corridor
management.
C3.12 “Greenhouse gas emissions inventory and report for transmission system operators” - The
purpose of the WG was to review and recommend harmonized procedures and methods for accounting
and reporting GHG emissions that can be used by TSO’s worldwide. The work of this Group has been
temporary suspended due to a lack of Members. SC3 SAG is now working in the update of the TOR to
relaunch the works with new Convenor and participants.
C3.14 “Impact of environmental liability on transmission and distribution activities” - The aim
of the WG is to create a reference document to enable T&D utilities to understand the possible impact
(practical and financial) of environmental liability and to have a view on best practices regarding prevention,
investigation and remediation of environmental damage. The works are expected to be finished soon.
C3.15 “Best environmental and socio-economic practices for improving public acceptance of high
voltage substations” - The Working Group aims to make an inventory of the best practices, options, and
boundary conditions for the integration of substations in their environment. The resulting Brochure intends
to be an international reference document to be used in the discussion with other stakeholders. It shall
help to identify workable solutions from environmental and socio-economic perspectives and increase
acceptance by local authorities.
C3.16 “Interactions between electrical infrastructure (overhead lines and substations) and wildlife”
- The objective of the Working Group is to gather knowledge and best practices about interactions between
electrical infrastructure and wildlife. The scope is so broad that a new Group has been created: C3.17

ANNUAL
REPORT
“Interactions between wildlife and emerging renewable energy sources and submarine cables”.
WG C3.16 is focused in OHL and substations dealing with all the aspects of the grid lifetime and WG
C3.17 will address renewable projects and associated transmission systems, focusing on operational
2019
aspects, though construction impacts will also be considered.
C3.18 “Eco-friendly approaches in transmission and distribution” - The scope of the work is to
focus on eco-friendly approaches in electricity transmission and distribution that require extra funds. It will
identify the incentives and disincentives for such approaches faced by companies for such approaches,
SC C3
related to regulatory and other drivers as well as good practices in dealing with external influences.
New Working Groups:
C3.19 “Responsible management of the Electric and Magnetic Field issue” - In 2017, the CIGRE
Working Group C3.01 concluded that considering that electric and magnetic fields have been extensively
studied worldwide, a causal relationship with any health outcome is very unlikely. Nevertheless, while the
evidence falls short of establishing any adverse health effects, EMF can be significant influencing factor
for new projects. The subject requires consistent, open and responsible management in order to avoid
serious implications for business. The goal of the Group is to provide accurate, consistent, industry-wide
information for guidance to the electricity distribution and transmission industry to address the EMF issue.
C3.20 “Sustainable development goals in the electric power sector” - Approved in 2018, the general
aim of the WG is to develop recommendations on how the electric power sector should implement SDGs
within their business strategies in order to reach a maximum contribution to the achievement of these
goals.
The aim of the SC C3 is to start new Working Groups every year.
Joint Working Groups:
JWG B1/B2/C3.13 “Environmental issues of high voltage transmission lines for rural and urban
areas” - The work of the Joint Working Group with SC B1 and B2 has already finished and the Technical
Brochure have been published. An article in Electra will be published in 2019 and a tutorial will be finished
before the end of this year.
Publications
In 2017, the publications in Electra have been the following:
 TB 748 (JWG C3/B1/B2) - “Environmental issues of high voltage lines in urban and rural areas”
published in e-cigre in December 2018.
 Reference paper: “Sustainability, at the heart of CIGRE’s work”.
Events
 Paris Session 2018
In 2019:
 Denmark, Aalborg (3-6 June 2019): “Going offshore – challenge of the future power grid”.
Conclusions
SC C3 will continue working to improve and increase its contribution to CIGRE activities, with the aim to
achieve a more sustainable network, taking care of our planet and paying attention to the people. This is
only possible with the voluntary effort of all the Members, Observers and Experts of C3. We are grateful
for all their work. 

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767 GT B2.45
brochure thématique
Les caractéristiques des feux

de végétation et leurs possibles
impacts sur le comportement des
lignes aériennes
Membres
H.F. VOSLOO, Chef de file (ZA), H. HAWES (AU)
Membres Correspondants
A. BRITTEN (ZA), P. FROST (ZA), F. LIRIOS (AU), MICHAEL LEE (AU), R. NEL (ZA),
J. CALITZ (ZA), J. FERNANDES (BR), H. VALENTE (PT)
Réviseurs
H. VALENTE (PT), V. NAIDOO (NO), P. DULHUNTY (AU)
des lignes électriques. Les méthodes de prédiction des

Introduction départs de feux qui menacent le réseau de transport,
Les feux de végétation se produisent sur la Terre et de leur développement, sont particulièrement
depuis des millénaires et vont continuer à se produire. intéressantes pour le lecteur. Ce n’est pas seulement
Dans son livre «World Fire», Steven Pyne dit que la la végétation présente sous les lignes qui constitue le
Terre n’est qu’une planète de feu. D’autres planètes de comburant, mais aussi les conditions météorologiques
l’Univers présentent aussi des éléments de feu : Jupiter particulières qui feront que l’extension et l’intensité du
possède une source de mise à feu avec la foudre, feu vont augmenter d’une manière telle qu’il provoquera
Mars présente des traces d’oxygène gazeux, Titan (la un contournement et des défauts de ligne.
plus grande lune de Saturne) possède un combustible
à base de méthane. Seule la Terre possède les trois
éléments et la Terre seule a les moyens de les combiner
Domaine couvert par la BT
- la vie est présente sur la Terre. La vie marine a rempli Dans la BT on s’intéresse à tous les feux qui se
l’atmosphère d’oxygène et la vie terrestre a doté les produisent sous une ligne aérienne. Dans la plupart
continents de combustibles carbonés. Et la Terre est la des cas la végétation fournit le combustible du feu, et la
seule planète peuplée d’êtres capables de démarrer et gamme des feux peut aller d’un feu de forêt avec des
d’arrêter des feux. flammes hautes (Figure 1), à un feu de cannes à sucre,
et jusqu’ à un feu d’herbes. C’est pourquoi le titre est
Pourquoi les compagnies d’électricité doivent-elles se devenu « feu de végétation », contrairement à « feu de
préoccuper des feux sous leurs lignes est la question forêt », qu’il était à l’origine. On couvre par conséquent
qu’on étudie dans la Brochure Technique (BT). De tous les types de végétation dans la BT.
nombreux coûts sont associés aux feux et à leurs
impacts, sur les lignes aériennes comme sur les Comme on le montre ci-après, le sujet du feu est très
postes. Certains de ces coûts, relatifs au vieillissement large et implique, du fait de tous les aspects des feux et
accéléré des équipements présents dans les postes, de la combustion, l’apport de nombreuses (et nouvelles)
sont également soulignés. disciplines. Les auteurs se sont efforcés de traiter le
sujet aussi complètement que possible. Bien que le
Les feux ont une influence importante sur la capacité document ne prétende pas traiter exhaustivement
de la compagnie d’électricité à assurer le service tous les aspects, le lecteur constatera qu’il présente
à ses clients, et ceci est débattu dans la BT. Ces les sujets de façon à en donner une compréhension
informations sont très importantes pour l’Opérateur de de base, mais qu’il fournit ensuite de nombreuses
Système, et un certain nombre de chapitres traitent de références qu’il pourra consulter et lire pour étendre sa
la surveillance des feux quand ils viennent à proximité connaissance du sujet. •••

WG B2.45
technical brochure 767
Vegetation fire characteristics and
the potential impacts on overhead
line performance
Members
H.F. VOSLOO, Convenor (ZA), H. HAWES (AU)
Corresponding Members
A. BRITTEN (ZA) P. FROST (ZA) F. LIRIOS (AU) MICHAEL LEE (AU) R. NEL (ZA) J.
CALITZ (ZA) J. FERNANDES (BR) H. VALENTE (PT)
Reviewers
H. VALENTE (PT) V. NAIDOO (NO) P. DULHUNTY (AU)
which supplies the fuel for the fire, but also particular
Introduction weather conditions during which the spread and
Vegetation fires have been occurring on Earth for intensity of the fire would be augmented that it will
millennia and will continue to do so. Steven Pyne in cause a flashover and line faults.
his book “World Fire” says that Earth is a uniquely
fire planet. Other planetary bodies in the universe
have elements of fire: Jupiter has an ignition source
Scope of the TB
in lightning, Mars has traces of free oxygen; Titan The TB deals with any fire which occurs under an
(the largest moon of Saturn) has methane based overhead line. In almost all cases vegetation supplies
fuel. Only Earth has all three and only Earth has the fuel for the fire and this can range from blazing
the means to combine them – Earth has life. Marine forest fires to cane fires and down to grass fires. This
life has pumped the atmosphere with oxygen and has led to a change in the title to “vegetation fires”
terrestrial life has stocked the continents with carbon as opposed to forest fires in the original title. This TB
fuels. And Earth is also the only planet with a species therefore includes all types of vegetation.
able to start and stop fires.
As will be demonstrated below, the subject of fire
The question of why electric utilities should be is a wide one, involving many (and new) disciplines
concerned about fires under their lines is addressed in all aspects of fires and combustion. The authors
in the Technical Brochure (TB). There are many attempted to cover the subject as widely as possible.
costs associated with fires and its influence on both Although the document does not pretend to deal
overhead lines and substations. Some of the costs with all aspects comprehensively, the reader will
associated with the accelerated ageing of equipment find that it introduces the subjects to create a
present in the substation is also highlighted. basic understanding but then supplies numerous
references which could be consulted as further
Fires often have a major influence on the utility’s reading on expanding knowledge of the subject.
ability to supply its customers and this is discussed
in the TB. This information is very important to the
System Operator and a number of chapters deal
Description of the TB
with the monitoring of fires as they approach power In Chapter 1 the subject of fire is introduced and
lines. Of particular interest to the reader will be the because the problems associated with fire are
methods of forecasting the onset and spread of fires experienced in many countries around the world
which could threaten the Transmission system. It and have considerable impact on the total electrical
is not only the vegetation present under the lines system, as well as on the supply of electricity to •••

767 GT B2.45
fonction du niveau de tension de la ligne et du courant

Description de la BT de défaut, le court-circuit peut durer entre 0,1 s et
Le chapitre 1 présente le sujet. Comme les problèmes 0,2 s et peut affecter les clients opérant un processus
liés au feu sont rencontrés dans de nombreux pays continu.
dans le monde, et ont un impact considérable tant sur
l’ensemble du système électrique que sur la fourniture L’effet du feu se voit aussi sur la structure, sur les
de l’électricité aux clients, il est devenu nécessaire conducteurs et sur les installations de fibres optiques.
d’étudier ce sujet et de produire une Brochure Ce qui n’apparaît pas toujours est l’effet que ces défauts
Technique rassemblant des contributions venant du peuvent avoir sur les équipements des postes du fait
monde entier. de leur vieillissement prématuré et de la réduction de
leur durée de vie utile. Un exemple de compensation
financière est aussi fourni, dans lequel les exploitants
ont été payés pour arrêter de cultiver des cannes à
sucre dans l’emprise de la ligne.
La sécurité du public, ainsi que celle du personnel

et des pompiers, est toujours une préoccupation
des compagnies d’électricité, et le chapitre 3 est en
conséquence consacré aux risques aux personnes lors
d’un contournement provoqué par le feu. Des exemples
sont donnés dans lesquels des personnes qui étaient
près d’une ligne aérienne ont été tuées lors d’un
contournement provoqué par le feu.
Est-ce la fumée ou est-ce la flamme qui provoque le

Figure 1 – Un tourbillon gigantesque pendant un feu de forêt en contournement est le point discuté dans le chapitre 4.
Afrique du Sud, les pins au premier plan paraissent minuscules
(photo Mauritz Bam)
Le processus de l’amorçage dans l’air pendant un
feu est un sujet qui n’est pas parfaitement compris,
Ce document est le premier dans lequel on prend ne et souvent la contribution de la chimie de la flamme
compte, dans un document unique, des facteurs tels n’a pas été prise en considération dans les études, à
que le feu et les différents paramètres qui décrivent l’exception de quelques cas. De plus les conditions
son comportement, les différents combustibles et leurs atmosphériques qui existaient lors de certaines des
effet sur les feux, et la météorologie et son influence expériences n’ont pas été prises en considération dans
sur le démarrage et le développement des feux. En la plupart des études, comme n’ont pas été prises en
plus de ces aspects qui ont été aujourd’hui étudiés compte les propriétés des combustibles utilisés dans
par des ingénieurs et des physiciens, on porte aussi un certain nombre d’expériences. Dans ce chapitre le
une attention particulière aux différents impacts des lecteur passera en revue l’ensemble des expériences
feux sous les lignes électriques,tant sur l’ensemble du concernant le feu et il se verra présenter l’aspect
réseau électrique que sur ses clients. important que représente la chimie de la flamme
pendant le processus de l’amorçage. Le processus
En conclusion, le document présente un grand intérêt classique de l’amorçage dans un gaz est discuté en
pour les compagnies d’électricité et, plus précisément détail dans le chapitre 16. On y voit que les molécules
les Concepteurs de Lignes Aériennes, le personnel ionisées jouent un rôle fondamental dans le processus
d’Exploitation et de Maintenance en charge de la d’amorçage lorsque qu’un gaz est soumis à un champ
gestion de la végétation, et les opérateurs de Système, électrique.
mais aussi pour les responsables de lutte contre le
feu qui doivent avoir conscience des risques liés aux Dans le chapitre 5 on propose une modélisation de
interventions à proximité d’une ligne aérienne. l’amorçage électrique. L’approche suivie suppose que
l’amorçage dû au feu est partiellement analogue au
Le chapitre 2 s’intéresse aux différents coûts associés processus de l’amorçage dû à la pollution, mais avec
au feu et aux ravages qu’il peut provoquer. On examine des ordres de grandeur des amplitudes des courants et
en premier lieu le coût du feu pour la société et on des tensions beaucoup plus élevés que ceux rencontrés
montre que des sommes stupéfiantes sont dépensées dans les mécanismes d’un amorçage dû à la pollution.
lors d’un feu de forêt.
L’étude qui est résumée dans ce chapitre a été dans
La question de l’interruption de la fourniture est une grande mesure suscitée par la constatation, faite
abordée ensuite. Les feux sous les lignes aériennes au Mexique, qu’en surélevant les conducteurs de
provoquent habituellement des courts-circuits. En différentes lignes aériennes implantées au-dessus •••

WG B2.45
customers, it has become necessary to study this As safety of the public as well of employees or fire
subject and produce a Technical Brocure based on fighters is always a concern to utilities, chapter 3 is
contributions from around the World. devoted to analyse the risks to people during a fire
flashover. Examples are cited where people, close to
and overhead line, were killed during a fire flashover.
The issue of whether it is the smoke or the flame that

causes the flashover is discussed in chapter 4. The
breakdown process of air during a fire is a subject
that is not fully understood and the contribution of the
chemistry in the flame was often not considered in all but
a few studies. Furthermore, the atmospheric conditions
that existed during some fire experiments have also not
been taken into account during most of studies. Finally,
the properties of the fuel which was used was also not
considered in a number of experiments. In this chapter
the reader will be taken through the existing body
of fire experiments and introduced to the important
Figure 1 - A huge fire whirl during a forest fire in South Africa, aspect of chemistry in the flame during the breakdown
which dwarfs the pine trees in the foreground
(photo Mauritz Bam)
process. The classic process of the breakdown of a gas
is discussed comprehensively in chapter 16 It will be
This document will be the first to consider, in one seen that the ionized molecules play a fundamental role
document, factors such as fire and the various in the breakdown process when a gas is subject to an
parameters that describe its behaviour, the various electric field.
fuels and its effect on fires and the weather and it
influence on the onset and behaviour of fires. In In chapter 5 a model is proposed to model the
addition to those subjects that have been studied to electrical flashover. The approach followed here
date by engineers and physicists, attention will also assumes that the fire flashover is partially analogous
be devoted to the various impacts of fires under power to the pollution flashover process; however, the
lines on the whole electrical system and its customers. scale of currents and voltages are much larger
in magnitude than those present in the pollution
Finally, the document is of interest for the utilities, flashover mechanism.
namely Overhead Line designers, Operation and
Maintenace personnel dealing with vegetation The study summarised in this chapter, was to a
management, the system operators, but also for considerable extent prompted by the finding made in
firefighting authorities to be aware of the risk when Mexico that raising the height of the conductors of
working near an overhead line. various 400 kV lines over sugar cane fields, reduced
the occurrence of flashovers substantially.
The focus in chapter 2 turns to the various costs
associated with fire and the devastation it can cause. Vegetation Management Plans to prevent or curb fires
Firstly, the cost of fire to society is examined and it under overhead line network provide the means to
is shown that staggering amounts of money is spent manage wildfire impacts. During the planning stage,
during a devastating forest fire. it is important to understand how fires are ignited
and how wild fires then develop. The prevention of
The subject interruption of supply is discussed next. ignition of fires should be an important first step in the
Fires burning under overhead lines normally cause prevention and the management of fires. In chapter 6
short-circuits. Depending on the voltage of the line the reader is also familiarised with the “anatomy” of a
and the fault current, this may last between 0.1 s fire and introduced to terminology used in conjunction
to 2 s and could affect customers with continuous with fire.
process plant.
Chapter 7 is devoted to the way in which fire responds
The effect of fire is also seen on the structure to various extraneous influences. The manner in
conductors and optical fibre installation. What is not which, and the factors that influence the release of
always apparent is the effect that these faults have heat energy, involves the study of fire behaviour
on substation equipment through premature ageing or which is defined as the release of heat energy during
shortening of duty cycles. An example of the financial combustion as described by fire intensity, rate of
justification is also given where landowners were paid spread of the fire front, flame characteristics and
to stop farming with sugar cane in the right-of-way. other related phenomena. •••

767 GT B2.45
de champs de canne à sucre on diminuait sensiblement danger de feu, discutées précédemment, peuvent être
l’occurrence des amorçages. rapidement détectées par la compagnie d’électricité à
partir des prévisions météorologiques habituelles. On
Les plans de gestion de la végétation, destinés à éviter présente, dans le chapitre 10, une étude qui corrèle
ou limiter les feux sous les réseaux de lignes aériennes, un certain nombre de facteurs, tels que les conditions
permettent de gérer les impacts des feux incontrôlés. météorologiques et les paramètres de végétation, et
Lors de la phase de planification il est important de l’occurrence de contournements induits par des feux.
comprendre comme le feu démarre et comment des Ceci renforce largement la pertinence de l’utilisation de
incendies incontrôlés se développent ensuite. La ces paramètres pour prévoir le risque de conditions de
prévention du démarrage des feux doit être un premier défauts dus aux feux.
pas important dans la prévention et la gestion des feux.
Dans le chapitre 6 le lecteur se familiarisera aussi La science des capteurs avec télétransmission, ou
avec « l’anatomie d’un feu » et se verra présenter la l’observation de la Terre depuis l’espace, ont fait leurs
terminologie associée au feu. premiers pas il y a 60 ans, avec le lancement par
l’ancienne Union Soviétique, le 4 octobre 1957, de
Le chapitre 7 est consacré à exposer comment le feu Sputnik 1, le premier satellite artificiel en orbite autour
répond à diverses influences externes. La manière de de la Terre.
laquelle l’énergie de chaleur est émise, et les facteurs
qui influencent cette émission, demandent une étude Aujourd’hui les satellites sont utilisés pour une variété
du comportement du feu qui porte sur l’émission de besoins, de la navigation, à la prévision du temps, à
de l’énergie de la chaleur, et qu’on peut décrire par la détection en temps réel, aux communications internet
l’intensité du feu, la vitesse d’évolution du front du et radio, et même à la diffusion de la TV. Les systèmes
feu, les caractéristiques des flammes et les autres de détection des feux par satellite, qui fournissent
caractéristiques en rapport. des informations pratiquement en temps réel sont
aujourd’hui à la disposition des opérateurs de systèmes
Le sujet du feu et de la météorologie, et celui du électriques, et aussi des organisations de lutte contre le
feu et du climat, sont traités dans le chapitre 8. Le feu. Ils permettent d’améliorer sensiblement les alertes
climat fait référence aux cycles annuels de conditions sur la situation et on en discute dans le chapitre 11.
météorologiques humides et sèches, alors que la
météorologie se rapporte à des facteurs tels que la Les effets des défauts des lignes électriques induits
température, l’humidité relative et la vitesse du vent par les feux, ainsi que nombre d’aspects en rapport
qui existent avant et pendant le feu. Ces conditions avec ces défauts, ont été discutés dans les chapitres
météorologiques peuvent constituer un outil manuel précédents. Comment éviter ou comment gérer ces
de prévision des conditions météorologiques favorisant feux, est la question qui subsiste. Dans le chapitre  12
un risque élevé de feu. Les similitudes existant entre on débat des diverses approches retenues par les
certaines parties du monde sujettes aux incendies sont compagnies d’électricité dans le monde.
exposées dans ce chapitre.
Le chapitre 14 rassemble les références des sources
Le chapitre 9, examine plus particulièrement les consultées lors de la compilation des chapitres, alors
niveaux de danger de feu. Ces niveaux de danger que le chapitre 15 présente les commentaires reçus
qualifient à la fois les conditions qui traduisent la des contributeurs aux travaux, et aussi un traitement
possibilité qu’un feu démarre et s’étende, et la difficulté mathématique assez complet de l’amorçage électrique
de son extinction. La possibilité qu’un feu se produise dans un gaz et de la conductivité électrique d’une
et s’étende dépend de l’interaction des combustibles flamme. Un exemple de calcul de la distance de
avec un certain nombre d’éléments de météorologie. sécurité par rapport au point de décharge du courant
Plusieurs méthodes ont été mises au point au cours des de défaut dans le sol, est également montré.
40 dernières années, qui combinent des informations
concernant la météorologie et les combustibles pour
calculer un index de danger de feu.
Conclusion
La BT peut être d’intérêt pour un grand nombre
Prédire le démarrage des feux et leur intensité d’acteurs différents du monde du feu, mais aussi pour
est une aide intéressante, tant pour l’opérateur de les étudiants, en leur présentant différents aspects du
système que pour les équipes de maintenance et le feu. Il est espéré que ce document contribuera à réunir
personnel intervenant sur les feux. Les conditions des spécialistes d’un certain nombre de disciplines et
météorologiques qui correspondent à des conditions de les fera travailler ensemble sur le sujet du feu. 

WG B2.45
The subject of fire weather and fire climate is on 4 October 1957, the World’s first earth orbiting
discussed in chapter 8. Fire climate refers to annual artificial satellite.
cycles of wet and dry weather whilst fire weather refers
to factors such as temperature, relative humidity Today, satellites are used for a variety of purposes
and wind speed which exist before and during a from navigation, weather forecasting, real-time
fire. These weather conditions can be a handy tool tracking, radio internet communications and
to predict weather with an elevated fire risk. In this even TV broadcasts. Satellite based fire tracking
chapter, the similarities between a number of fire systems, which supplies near real-time information
prone parts of the world will be shown. is available today to the system operator as well as
fire suppression agencies. This greatly improves the
In chapter 9, the attention is turned to fire danger situational awareness of these organizations and is
ratings. Fire danger ratings describe conditions which discussed in chapter 11.
reflect the potential for a fire to ignite, spread as well as
indicate the difficulty of suppression. The potential for The effects of fire induced faults on power lines as well
the occurrence and development of fires is dependent as numerous aspects pertaining to this, have been
upon the interaction of fuels with a number of weather discussed in the previous chapters. The remaining
elements. Several methods have been developed over question of how to prevent or deal with these fires
the last 40 years to combine information on weather remains. In chapter 12, the various approaches
and fuels in a fire danger index. followed by utilities around the World is discussed.
Predicting the onset and intensity of fires is a Chapter 14 contains the references of sources
valuable tool for the system operator as well as consulted during the compilation of the chapters
for maintenance teams and fire suppression staff. and chapter 15 contains comments received from
The weather systems which point to dangerous fire participants as well as a fairly comprehensive
weather were discussed above and those can readily mathematical treatment of the electrical breakdown
be identified by the utility using standard weather of a gas and the electrical conductivity of a flame.
forecasts. In chapter 10 the reader is introduced to A Calculation example for the safe distance to a
a study which correlated a number of factors such discharge of fault current into the soil is also shown.
as weather and vegetation parameters with the
occurrence of fire induced flashovers. This drastically
enhances the ability to use these parameters to
Conclusion
predict the likelihood of fire flashover conditions. This TB will be usable by a number of different
role-players in the world of fire as well as serve the
The science of remote sensing, or observing the student in different aspects of fire. It is hoped that
Earth from space, started just over 60 years ago with this document also served to bring a number of
the launching of Sputnik 1 by the former Soviet Union disciplines dealing with fire closer together. 
BROCHURE N° 767
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
Disponible sur / Available on:
www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
300 €
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

768 GT B5.24
Spécifications de la réponse
transitoire de la chaîne numérique
d’acquisition requises pour
la fonction de protection
Membres
J. ZAKONJSEK, Chef de file (RU), T. WERNER, Secrétaire (CH), J. BLUMSCHEIN (DE),
J. GALLETERO LOPEZ (ES), H. GRASSET (FR), S. HOLST (SE), L.A. KOJOVIC (US),
P. TANTIN (FR), R. ZHANG (GB)
Membres Correspondants
M. ACHTERKAMP (NL), A. BONETTI (SE), L. GANG (CN), H.J. HERRMANN (DE),
H. MAEHARA (JP), D. MCGINN (CA), B. PALKI (IN), M.A.M. RODRIGUES (BR),
A. SHEVELEV (RU), F. STEINHAUSER (AT), V. TERZIJA (GB)
et parties CCHT des stations de conversion), ni aux

Introduction fonctions de surveillance qui vont être mises en œuvre
L’introduction du Process Bus dans la norme dans les futurs réseaux CCHT.
internationale CEI 61850-9-2, concernant la
communication dans les postes, a rendu possible Les TOR des travaux, proposés par le CE B5 et
l’utilisation de produits différents (tant primaires que approuvés par le Conseil Technique du CIGRE le 12
secondaires), et de fournisseurs différents, pour avril 2008, sont les suivants :
accéder à valeurs numérisées instantanées d’une 1. Etudier la réponse transitoire de différents types de
grandeur mesurée (tension, et ou courant). Celles- transformateurs de mesure non conventionnels (de
ci peuvent ensuite être utilisées et traitées par des courant et aussi de tension) à différents transitoires
algorithmes de protection, de commande et de des réseaux primaires, considérés généralement
surveillance mis en œuvre dans divers IED (Dispositifs comme importants pour un fonctionnement sûr de
Electroniques Intelligents). En régime permanent la différentes fonctions de protection et, également,
précision d’une chaîne de mesure complète est bien pour les mesures de la qualité de fourniture.
définie dans différentes normes, CEI et autres. Par 2. Etudier la réponse transitoire de différents capteurs
contre la définition de la réponse en régime dynamique dont l'utilisation est envisagée dans les MU.
n’existe pas, et ceci représente un risque potentiel de Ceci concerne, entre autres, les transformateurs
ne pas pouvoir disposer des mesures instantanées d'entrée des courants et tensions (de conception
de haute qualité nécessaires pour les fonctions de conventionnelle ou non), les filtres passifs et actifs
protection et de contrôle. utilisés habituellement en amont des convertisseurs
CA/CC, et les convertisseurs eux-mêmes.
Alors que la réponse transitoire des transformateurs 3. Examiner leur adéquation à des propositions
de mesure classiques est très bien connue, et est d'autres usages des technologies nouvelles,
définie dans les normes internationales existantes, il comme des fonctions de protection basées sur la
n’y a pas de norme qui couvre les valeurs numérisées théorie des ondes mobiles, et d'autres similaires.
instantanées de la tension et du courant utilisées dans 4. En regard des résultats obtenus avec la plus faible
les IED. Pour cette raison il est nécessaire de définir précision transitoire d'une chaîne de conversion
les exigences minimales que doit satisfaire la réponse complète, formuler des propositions sur laquelle peut
transitoire d’une chaîne complète de traitement, être utilisée comme une base pour la conception des
comportant des Unités de Concentration (MU) et les algorithmes de protection, contrôle et surveillance,
transformateurs de mesure non conventionnels (NCIT). des IED. Le résultat doit prendre en compte les
réponses bien connues des transformateurs de
Les termes de référence (TOR) des travaux ne portent mesure classiques et doit permettre la comparaison
que sur les réseaux CA. Ils ne couvrent pas les besoins avec la qualité des circuits de mise en forme de
propres ni aux installations CCHT existantes (lignes signaux des dispositifs de protection existants. •••

WG B5.24
Protection requirements
on transient response of digital
acquisition chain
Members
J. ZAKONJSEK, Convenor (RU), T. WERNER, Secretary (CH), J. BLUMSCHEIN (DE),
J. GALLETERO LOPEZ (ES), H. GRASSET (FR), S. HOLST (SE), L. A KOJOVIC (US),
P. TANTIN (FR), R. ZHANG (GB)
Corresponding Members
M. ACHTERKAMP (NL), A. BONETTI (SE), L. GANG (CN), H.J. HERRMANN (DE),
H. MAEHARA (JP), D. MCGINN (CA), B. PALKI (IN), M.A.M. RODRIGUES (BR),
A. SHEVELEV (RU), F. STEINHAUSER (AT), V. TERZIJA (GB)
Introduction The scope of work has been suggested by SC

The introduction of Process Bus within international B5 and approved by CIGRE Technical Council
standard IEC 61850-9-2 for station communication Chairman (2008-12-04) as follows:
makes it possible for use of different products ( both 1. Study the transient response of different types
primary and secondary) from different vendors to of Non-conventional Instrument Transformers
obtain digitized instantaneous values of a measured (current as well as voltage) on different transients
quantity (voltage and or current). These can then be in primary power systems, generally recognized
used for further processing in different protection, as important for dependable operation of
control and monitoring algorithms used in various IEDs. different protection functions as well as for
Static accuracy of a complete measuring chain is well power quality measurement.
defined by different IEC and other standards. However 2. Study the transient response of different
the definition of dynamic response does not exist and transducers intended for potential use in
this presents a potential risk for the availability of Merging Units. This includes between others
high quality digitized instantaneous values required in also current and voltage input transformers (of
protection and control functions. conventional and non conventional design),
passive and active filters used generally before
While the transient response of the conventional A/D converters and the converters themselves.
instrument transformers is quite well known and is 3. Examine also the adequacy of proposals for
defined by the existing international standards there further use in emerging protection technologies
exists no standard for the digitized instantaneous values like protection functions based on travelling
of voltage and current used in IEDs . For this reason, wave theory, and similar.
it is necessary to define the minimum requirements on 4. Propose, assuming results obtained by the
transient response of a complete signal processing minimum required transient accuracy of a
chain, including the Merging Units (MUs) and the Non- complete conversion chain, which can be used
Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCITs). as a basis for design of different protection,
control and monitoring algorithms within IEDs.
The present scope of work is related to AC systems The result should consider also the well-known
only. It does not cover demands from the existing transient response of conventional instrument
HVDC installations (lines and HVDC parts of converting transformers and should make possible
stations) and nor the requirements of protection, control comparisons with performance of signal
and monitoring functions that are going to used in of conditioning circuits within existing protective
future HVDC networks. devices. •••

768 GT B5.24
 Un protocole de communication « maison » est

Généralités relatives à l’ensemble implanté dans une MU adaptée pour le protocole
de la chaîne numérique de la CEI 61850-9-2 et transfert le signal à la
d’acquisition partie « commande » du relais (traitement du
signal numérique, logique et communication, etc.)
La technologie numérique, associée à des capacités
de communication performantes, constitue une On peut ici observer la différence principale qui existe
avancée importante dans le monde des équipements dans la conception de la protection, du contrôle et des
de protection et d’automatisation des postes. La figure fonctionnalités complémentaires, entre les systèmes
1 présente des conceptions possibles d’une chaîne classique et moderne. Dans la conception des IED
numérique complète d’acquisition et d’action, débutant classiques le développeur est responsable de la chaîne
en partie haute par une conception classique des IED complète, des entrées analogiques conventionnelles,
de protection et de contrôle, et se terminant, en partie de l’ensemble du traitement du signal, des algorithmes
basse, avec une MU réalisant seulement une mise en et des opérations logiques. Il lui est possible de
forme des signaux numériques « maison » des NCIT compenser certaines déficiences d’une partie avec une
vers le format de la norme CEI 61850-9-2. Il est aussi modification apportée dans une autre. Ceci est même
possible que les NCIT délivrent eux-mêmes directement possible avec l’introduction des NCIT et des solutions
un signal numérique dans le format de la norme CEI maison, mais cela ne le sera plus avec l’introduction de
61850-9-2. Toutes les étapes intermédiaires sont la norme CEI 68150-9-2. Dans ce dernier cas il faudra
envisageables. Des MU autonomes (SAMU) rendront faire avec trois ensembles complètement distincts, le
possible la connexion d'un quelconque des signaux NCIT, la MU et le Traitement Algorithmique du Signal
spécifiés dans la Figure 1, à son point d'entrée. Numérique. C’est pour cette raison qu’il est de la
plus haute importance de fournir au développeur de
La partie haute de la Figure 1 présente une conception la protection, du contrôle et des autres algorithmes,
générale commune à pratiquement tous les IED de des informations fiables sur les signaux primaires
protection et de contrôle modernes, quelle que soit leur et également sur les caractéristiques de tous les
origine. Les signaux de courant et de tension d'entrée éléments inclus dans la chaîne complète.
issus des transformateurs de mesures classiques (CIT)
sont ajustés au format des mesures électroniques Il est donc très important de normaliser les
et isolés galvaniquement dans les transformateurs caractéristiques des grandeurs échantillonnées.
d'entrée classiques de courant et de tension (en Dans la norme CEI 68150-9-2 ceci est fait pour les
général). Suit ensuite un certain volume de filtrage courants et les tensions en régime permanent (valeurs
analogique (anti-repliement spectral), une conversion statiques), mais pas pour les réponses transitoires. A
analogique/numérique (A/D) et un traitement du signal. l’évidence il faut lors de ces phénomènes transitoires
Ce dernier peut être réalisé dans des processeurs que les algorithmes de la protection fonctionnent de
de signal numérique distincts ou dans le processeur façon fiable, donc à la fois avec une grande sécurité et
principal, qui réalise aussi des fonctions de logiques, une haute sûreté de fonctionnement.
de communications, d'auto-supervision, et qui contrôle
les signaux binaires d'entrée et de sortie.
Décision fondamentale
De ce point de vue la mise en œuvre des NCIT Le Groupe de Travail a décidé, pour faciliter la mise en
introduit une nouvelle fonctionnalité, le traitement œuvre de toutes les conclusions et suggestions à venir,
analogique électronique des informations de base de baser ses travaux futurs sur les caractéristiques de
concernant le courant ou la tension (rayon lumineux, transfert suivantes :
par exemple), qui produit en interne les signaux de  Quand on utilise des NCIT, il faut que les
faible puissance de courant (mA) ou de tension (V). grandeurs échantillonnées de la CEI 61850-9-2
Ces signaux peuvent être utilisés directement par les soient comparées directement aux courants et
équipements de protection et de contrôle spécialement tensions primaires et à leurs transitoires, comme
conçus ((par ex. quand une bobine de Rogowski est référence. Pour les applications de bobine de
utilisée pour la mesure du courant), ou peuvent être Rogowski, les MU doivent fournir à la fois les
encore traités pour donner une autre forme numérique signaux intégrés et non intégrés.
et être transmis aux IED correspondants. A ce point  Quand on utilise des CIT, les échantillons CEI
deux possibilités se présentent à nouveau : 61850-9-2 doivent être comparés directement à
 Un protocole de communication spécifique leurs courants et tensions secondaires et à leurs
(« maison ») peut être utilisé en conjonction transitoires, comme référence.
avec des IED spécialement conçus (mais cette
option n'est pas la préférable dans les conditions Les éléments suivants, et tout spécialement leurs
habituelles). caractéristiques transitoires, ont été étudiés dans le •••

WG B5.24
processing, algorithm and logic execution. It was
General about the complete possible to compensate for some deficiencies in one
digital acquisition chain part with special methods introduced in another part.
This is even possible with introduction of NCITs and
Numerical technology together with excellent proprietary solutions, but will not be possible with
communication possibilities is a great step forward in introduction of IEC 61850-9-2 standard. Here we have
relay protection and substation automation practice. to deal with three completely separated parts: NCIT,
Figure 1 presents different possibilities for a complete MU and Algorithmic Digital Signal Processing. For this
digital acquisition and execution chain, starting at the reason, it is of outmost importance to provide to the
top with conventional protection and control IED design developer of protection, control and other algorithms
and ending with MU performing only adjustment of the reliable information on primary signals as well as
proprietary digital signals from NCITs to IEC 61850-9-2 on the characteristics of all elements included within
standard. It is also possible that NCITs themselves will the complete chain.
provide at their output direct digital signal according to
IEC 61850-9-2. All intermediate stages are possible. It is therefore very important to standardize the sampled
Stand alone merging units (SAMU) will make it possible values characteristics. That is done in the IEC 61850-
to connect any of the signals specified on Figure 1 9-2 standard for steady state currents and voltages but
below to their inputs. not for transient responses. Obviously, during these
transient phenomena that the protection algorithms
The upper part of Figure 1 presents a general must operate reliably, which means with both, high
design common to practically all modern protection security and high dependability.
and control IEDs, regardless of their origin. Input
currents and voltages from CITs are adjusted to
electronic measurement and galvanically separated
Basic decision
in (generally) conventional current and voltage input The Working Group has decided, in order to ease the
transformers. This is then followed by certain amount application of all further conclusions and suggestions
of analog filtering (anti aliasing), AD conversion and to base its further work on the following transfer
signal processing. The later one can be executed in characteristics:
separate digital signal processors or within the main  When the NCITs are used then the IEC 61850-9-
processor, which performs also logical functionality, 2 sampled values should be compared directly to
communication, self supervision and controls the primary voltages and currents and their transients
binary input and output elements. as reference. For Rogowski coil applications,
Merging Units should provide both, integrated and
Implementation of NCITs introduce in this respect new non-integrated signals.
functionality: analog electronic processing of basic  When the CITs are used then the IEC 61850-9-2
information on measured current or voltage (light beam, sampled values should be compared directly to
for example), which provides internally a low power their secondary voltages and currents and their
current (mA) or voltage (V) signal. These signals can transients as reference.
be used directly in specially designed protection and
control devices (e.g. when Rogowski coils are used The following elements and especially their transient
for current measurement) or can be further processed characteristics have been studied in detail in order to
to digital form and sent to corresponding IEDs. Here determine all the necessary requirements on complete
again two possibilities exist: digital acquisition chain and determined also the
 A proprietary digital communication protocol structure of the complete Technical Brochure:
can be used together with specially designed  Primary sources of information, comprising
IEDs (but this option is not preferable in current Conventional and Non Conventional Instrument
practice); transformers (CITs and NCITs);
 A proprietary digital communication protocol is in  Characteristic transients and harmonics in power
merging unit adjusted to IEC 61850-9-2 protocol system;
and transferred to relay execution part (digital  Requirements on applied protection, control and
signal processing, logic and communication, etc). monitoring functionality under different system
emergency events;
Here it is possible to observe the main difference  Detailed analysis of different elements within the
in designing protection, control and additional digital acquisition chain with special concentration
functionality between the conventional one and the on Merging Units (MUs);
modern types. When designing the conventional IED  Basic requirements on testing of different solutions
the developer was responsible for a complete chain, are presented within a separate chapter, where
from conventional analog inputs to complete signal an essential task is to determine the behaviour •••

768 GT B5.24
Figure 1 – Les différentes possibilités d’acquisition numérique et de chaîne d’action
détail, afin de déterminer toutes les exigences requises Il faut ici préciser que l’essentiel des travaux été
de la chaîne complète d’acquisition, et ont défini la accompli au début des années 2011. Ceci signifie que
structure d’ensemble de la Brochure Technique. certains aspects relatifs aux NCIT, à leur utilisation
 Les sources primaires des informations, expérimentale ou à la publication des certaines parties
comprenant les transformateurs de mesure intéressantes de la CEI 61869, ne sont pas prises en
classiques et non classiques (CIT et NCIT) ; compte dans la Brochure.
 Les transitoires et harmoniques caractéristiques
des réseaux électriques ;
 Les demandes de fonctionnalités de protection, de
Recommandations et conclusions
contrôle et de surveillance, liées aux différentes Un certain nombre de recommandations et conclusions
situations d’incident des réseaux ; diverses font l’objet du chapitre 7 de la Brochure
 L’analyse détaillée des différents éléments de Technique. Elles portent sur différents événements
la chaîne d’acquisition numérique, avec une caractéristiques qui surviennent dans les réseaux
attention particulière portée aux MU ; électriques, et sur leur impact sur le fonctionnement
 Les exigences fondamentales en matière d’essais d’une chaîne complète d’acquisition numérique et de
des différentes solutions, qui sont présentées traitement algorithmique.
dans un chapitre séparé, et pour lesquels la tâche
essentielle est de déterminer le comportement Les développeurs d’algorithmes de protection doivent très
des constituants de la chaîne de traitement, et bien connaitre les caractéristiques des signaux (surtout
de tirer de ces résultats des paramètres et des des grandeurs échantillonnées) reçus dans différentes
spécifications ; situations du réseau. On pense ici aux transitoires, aux
 Les recommandations finales sont présentées à harmoniques, aux montées et diminutions des courants,
la fin du document. A ce point une exigence est et aussi des tensions, aux caractéristiques spécifiques
émise à l’adresse des fournisseurs de NCIT, et de et aux limitations intrinsèques des éléments de la chaîne
MU également, qui demande qu’ils fournissent les d’acquisition numérique.
diagrammes de Bode complets de leurs produits,
sous forme mathématique et graphique. Ceci n’a L’influence de la fréquence sur l’amplitude du courant
pas été jusqu’à présent une pratique pour les IED et de la tension mesurée et sur l’angle de phase est une
de protection classiques. information des plus importantes qui est nécessaire. •••

WG B5.24
Figure 1 - Different possibilities of digital acquisition and execution chain
of the components of the signal processing chain Developers of protection algorithms must know very
and to derive parameters and specifications from well about the characteristics of signals (mostly sampled
these results; values) received under different system conditions.
 Final recommendations are presented at the end Here, we have in mind especially different transients,
of the document. Here it is necessary to expose harmonics, increased and decreased currents as well
a requirement on producers of NCITs as well as as voltages, specific characteristics and limitations of
MUs, to present in mathematical and graphical elements within the digital acquisition chain.
form the complete Bode diagrams of their
products, which have so far not been a practice Frequency dependence of measured current and
for conventional protection IEDs. voltage amplitudes and phase angles is one of the
most important information required in this respect.
Here it is necessary to mention also that the greatest The same amplitude and phase angle accuracy
amount of work has been mainly done at early 2011’s. question appears also for their significantly increased
This means, that some aspects related to NCITs, their or decreased values.
experimental use or the publication of relevant parts
of IEC 61869 are not taken into account within this Bode Diagram as one of the most important
Brochure. requirements on complete digital acquisition
scheme
Recommendations and One main benefit of the new sensor technology and
conclusions data acquisition (see also Figure 2) is the wide range
of application. The data can be used for measurement,
A number of different recommendations and control and protection, monitoring and power quality
conclusions is collected in Chapter 7 of the Technical analysis. Therefore the knowledge of frequency
Brochure. They are related to different characteristic response is important and useful for the complete
events in power system as well as their influence on system evaluation.
operation of a complete digital data acquisition and
algorithmic processing chain. The Bode plot is a widespread tool to describe the •••

768 GT B5.24
Figure 2 - Structure possible pour un système non conventionnel
La même question se pose pour la précision de fonction de transfert totale H(s) = H1(s).H2(s)…Hn(s)
l’amplitude et de l’angle de phase, quand leurs valeurs est aussi importante pour l’application. Le signal
augmentent ou diminuent sensiblement. d’entrée dans le domaine de Laplace X(s) est
transformé par toutes les fonctions de transfert pour
Le Diagramme de Bode est la plus importante produire un signal de sortie Y(s). Le signal de transfert
demande concernant le système d’acquisition est donc déterminé par les fonctions de transfert. Si
numérique complet les signaux d’entrée sont des signaux sinusoïdaux
(d’amplitude constante et de fréquence variable) le
Un des intérêts essentiels de la nouvelle technologie signal de sortie peut être amorti ou amplifié et la phase
des capteurs et de l’acquisition des données (voir aussi peut de même être modifiée.
Figure 2) tient à la grande variété des utilisations. Les
données peuvent être utilisées pour la protection et le L’exemple donné dans la Brochure Technique met
contrôle, la surveillance et l’analyse de la qualité de en lumière les avantages du diagramme de Bode. On
fourniture. La connaissance de la réponse en fréquence peut tirer de ce diagramme beaucoup d’informations
est par conséquent importante et utile pour évaluer utiles pour le traitement complémentaire des signaux,
complètement la condition du système électrique. et il rend plus facile l’évaluation de divers systèmes
d’acquisition de données. On peut aussi en déduire des
Le diagramme de Bode est un outil largement utilisé informations, sur des décisions d’interopérabilité ou
pour présenter la fonction de transfert (amplitude et d’aptitude d’échange, et au-delà sur les contremesures
phase) en fonction de la fréquence. Il est par exemple nécessaires au niveau de l’EID (développement ou
utilisé dans des applications de la théorie des signaux amélioration d’algorithme).
et dans l’ingénierie des contrôles automatiques. Le
diagramme de Bode est valide pour des systèmes C’est pour cette raison qu’une des plus importantes
linéaires (par ex. sans saturation), invariants dans le propositions du document est l’exigence de fournir
temps, ce qui peut être admis dans les applications le diagramme de Bode final (amplitude et phase)
qui sont étudiées. Le diagramme de Bode est dans la documentation technique d’un système
habituellement une combinaison d’un diagramme d’acquisition non conventionnel. Ceci s’applique
de Bode de l’amplitude (exprimé en dB de gain) et à toutes les versions et tous les éléments présentés
d’un diagramme de Bode de la phase (la phase est sur la Figure 1, à l’exception des IED classiques. La
la partie imaginaire du logarithme complexe de la meilleure solution consiste à fournir une description
fonction de transfert complexe). Le diagramme de mathématique de la fonction de transfert dans le
Bode est aussi représenté dans un référentiel log- domaine de Laplace ou le domaine Z. Le reste des
fréquence valeurs peut être calculé.
La Figure 2 présente un “système d’acquisition de Le diagramme de Bode devrait être tracé et présenté
données non conventionnel , pour une application de pour les valeurs nominales des courants et des
Process Bus. Au sein du système d’acquisition on trouve tensions. Comme on le suggère dans l’exemple
différents fonctions de sous-transfert, qui peuvent présenté, la plage de fréquence devrait au moins
s’exprimer sous la forme générale H1(s) à Hn(s). La s’étendre de 0,01 Hz à 10 kHz. 

WG B5.24
Figure 2 - Possible structure of a non-conventional system
transfer function (magnitude and phase angle) versus requirement, that the final Bode plot (magnitude
frequency. It is e.g. used in signal theory applications and phase) must be a part of documentation for
and automatic control engineering. The Bode plot a non-conventional data acquisition system. It is
is valid for linear (for example no saturation), time- related to all versions and elements as presented in
invariant system, what can be assumed for our Figure 1 except to classical IEDs. The best solution is
application. The Bode plot is usually a combination of a mathematical description of the transfer function in
a Bode magnitude plot (expressed as dB of gain) and a the Laplace or the z-domain. The rest of values can be
Bode phase plot (the phase is the imaginary part of the calculated.
complex logarithm of the complex transfer function).
The Bode is also plotted on a log-frequency axis. The Bode plot should be drawn and presented for
the rated values of measured currents and voltages.
Figure 2 describes a typical “non-conventional data As suggested within the presented example, the
acquisition system” for a process bus application. In frequency range should be at least between 0.01 Hz
the data acquisition system (sensor, sensor electronic) and 10 kHz. 
operate different sub transfer functions, which can be
described generally by H1(s) to Hn(s). The total transfer
function H(s) = H1(s).H2(s)…Hn(s) is important for the
application. The input signal in the Laplace domain BROCHURE N° 768
X(s) goes through all transfer functions and results in
output signal Y(s). The output signal is determined by
the transfer functions. For different sinusoidal signals
(constant magnitude and variable frequency) the (in English only)
output signal can be damped or amplified as well as
shifted in the phase. Disponible sur / Available on:
The example, which is presented in technical Brochure

shows impressively the benefits of the Bode plot. A lot www.e-cigre.org
of helpful information can be derived from such a plot
for further signal processing. It helps at evaluation of Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
different data acquisition system. Interoperability or
interchange-ability decisions and further, necessary
countermeasure in the IED (algorithm development/ 280 €
improvement) can be derived.
This is also the reason, that one of the most Free download (members)
important suggestions within this document is the

769 GT A1.39
Mesures du facteur de dissipation

diélectrique des barres et
des bobines de stator neuves
Membres
M.G. KRIEG-WEZELENBURG, Chef de file (NL), H. SEDDING, Secrétaire (CA),
H. ADACHI (JP), X. CHEN (NL), T. FUJIWARA (JP), H. HATANO (JP), A.M.H. KRIEG (NL),
J.H. KRIEG (NL), G. LEMESCH (AT), C. MILLET (CA), F. ÖTTL (AT), S. RODRÍQUEZ (ES),
G. SCHMIDT (DE), A. SHAIKH (CA), H. SHIMADA (JP), R. TREMBLAY (CA),
A. VILLARRUBIA (ES), J.R. WEIDNER (DE), P.A. WIEHE (AU), H. ZHU (US)
matière de mesures de DDF, et de leurs résultats

Introduction pour l’isolation des barres et des bobines de stator
Dans le domaine des machines électriques tournantes, préformées des machines tournantes, récemment
la mesure du Facteur de Dissipation Diélectrique fabriquées, avec l’ambition de dégager des bases
(DDF) est utilisée pour évaluer la qualité de fabrication solides pour les discussions futures sur le sujet. Un
de chacune des barres ou bobines des stators et questionnaire a été diffusé au plan international
le comportement diélectrique de l’isolation d’un pour recueillir des informations et des résultats de
enroulement. mesure. Ceux-ci sont examinés et analysés en regard
des facteurs d’influence tels que la technique de
Les limites retenues pour les valeurs de DDF étaient protection («guarding») de la mesure, la répartition
essentiellement tirées, depuis les années 1960, de de contraintes, la tension nominale, la longueur du
normes internes ou de procédures développées noyau, le système d’isolation, et le fabricant (rendu
empiriquement par les constructeurs, les utilisateurs anonyme). Sont examinés également des aspects
et des organisations d’essais indépendantes. comme le basculement négatif des mesures et les
L’Organisme Allemand de Normalisation (VDE) a, enregistrements hors distribution des données.
pour la première fois, publié des valeurs limites dans la
norme nationale VDE 0530 Partie 1, en 1966. Dans une
étape suivante la KEMA a défini des limites qui sont
Description de la BT
devenues des directives largement reconnues. Pour la Après l’introduction, objet du premier chapitre, le
Communauté Européenne la norme EN 50209 et ses deuxième chapitre est consacré à la théorie des
limites sont un des documents généralement utilisés. mesures de DDF. On y présente une définition
La révision de la norme CEI 60894, qui constituait la générale du concept de la DDF et les bases physiques
méthode normalisée de réalisation des mesures de DDF de la DDF. Pour permettre une compréhension plus
(mais sans donner de limites) a abouti à un nouveau approfondie du concept de la DDF, on utilise un
document (CEI 60034-27-3 [1]), dans lequel figurent circuit équivalent représentatif, largement reconnu, du
des limites. Cependant les exigences exprimées dans système d’isolation. Le chapitre se termine par une
cette norme sont jugées trop restrictives par certains, et section traitant de la caractérisation des DDF, c’est-
trop accommodantes par d’autres. à-dire, exprimé autrement, quelles grandeurs sont
utilisées pour évaluer et comparer les mesures portant
Un Groupe de Travail CIGRE a été lancé pour apporter sur les objets testés.
une meilleure compréhension de l’utilisation des
mesures de DDF, en relation avec l’évaluation de l’état Dans le troisième chapitre on présente les principaux
et de la qualité des systèmes d’isolation des machines types des systèmes d’isolation, préformés, à base de
électriques tournantes. mica, utilisés dans les enroulements de stator, depuis
des décennies et encore aujourd’hui. En outre une
courte rétrospective historique du développement
Champ et méthodologie de l’étude des systèmes d’isolation des stators est donnée,
L’objectif de la Brochure Technique est de produire accompagnée d’une description des différents
un état des lieux et une évaluation des pratiques en systèmes d’isolation utilisés de nos jours. •••

WG A1.39
Dielectric dissipation factor
measurements on new stator bars
and coils
Members
M.G. KRIEG-WEZELENBURG, Convenor (NL), H. SEDDING, Secretary (CA),
H. ADACHI (JP), X. CHEN (NL), T. FUJIWARA (JP), H. HATANO (JP), A.M.H. KRIEG (NL),
J.H. KRIEG (NL), G. LEMESCH (AT), C. MILLET (CA), F. ÖTTL (AT), S. RODRÍQUEZ (ES), £G.
SCHMIDT (DE), A. SHAIKH (CA), H. SHIMADA (JP), R. TREMBLAY (CA),
A. VILLARRUBIA (ES), J.R. WEIDNER (DE), P.A. WIEHE (AU), H. ZHU (US)
A questionnaire was internationally distributed to

Introduction collect information and measurement results. The
In the field of rotating electrical machines, the Dielectric measurement results are analysed in relation to
Dissipation Factor (DDF) measurement is used for influence factors like guarding technique, stress
assessing the manufacturing quality of individual stator grading, rated voltage, core length, insulation system
bars/coils and the dielectric behaviour of the electrical and manufacturer (anonymized). Aspects like negative
insulation system of a winding. tip-up and deviating data records are assessed as well.
The limits applied to DDF measurements were largely

based on internal standards or procedures developed
Description of the TB
empirically by manufacturers, end users and After an introduction in the first chapter, the second
independent testing organizations since the 1960s. For chapter is devoted to the theory of DDF measurements.
the first time the German Standardisation Organisation In this chapter a general definition of the concept of
VDE published limits in national standard VDE 0530 DDF and the physical background behind the DDF
Part 1 in 1966. In a next step KEMA employed limits that is introduced. To facilitate a better understanding of
became widely recognized guidelines. In the European the concept DDF a well-established representative
community the EN 50209 standard with limits was equivalent circuit for the insulation system is used. The
one of the generally used documents. The revision chapter closes with a section on the characterization of
of IEC 60894 which provided the standard method to DDF, in other words what quantities are being used to
accomplish DDF measurements (but without limits), assess and compare measurements on the test objects.
has resulted in a new document in which limits are
incorporated (IEC 60034-27-3 [1]). The requirements In the third chapter the main types of form wound,
of this standard are viewed by some as too restrictive mica based, insulation systems used in stator windings
and by others as overly lenient. of rotating electrical machines over decades up till
now are presented. Furthermore, a short historical
To provide a better understanding of the use of DDF perspective on development of stator winding
measurements in relation to the assessment of the insulation systems is given together with a description
condition and quality of stator insulation systems of of the various insulation systems used nowadays.
rotating electrical machines a CIGRE Working Group
was started. Chapter four provides a brief insight in what in the
past was achieved in the field of measured DDF
values. To obtain this kind of information available
Scope and methodology literature was studied without claiming to be complete.
The scope of the Technical Brochure is to provide Nevertheless, this chapter gives a valuable insight in
an inventory/assessment of the practice of DDF what was obtained over the years with respect to DDF
measurements and their results on the insulation measurement results.
of newly manufactured form-wound stator bars and
coils of rotating machines with the aim to provide a The methods to measure DDF and the necessary
sound basis for future discussions on this subject. equipment are described in chapter five. •••

769 GT A1.39
Tableau 1 - Distribution des mesures de en fonction du type de machine et d’EIS
Distribution de toutes les mesures de DDF enregistrées suivant le

Type de machine système d’isolation électrique Total
RR GVPI RH VPI
Génératrice hydraulique 7093 524 9220 16837
Turbogénérateur 262 5 1210 1142 2619
Moteur 338 18 356
Génératrice de court- 43 202 245
circuit
Génératrice à pôles
31 41 72
saillants (non hydro)
Total 7767 64 1734 10564 20129
Dans le chapitre quatre on trouve un aperçu rapide Les réponses aux questions du questionnaire sont
de ce qui a été réalisé dans le passé en matière de résumées et discutées dans le chapitre sept. Après
valeurs mesurées de DDF. Pour collecter ce type une section commune le questionnaire comportait
d’informations la littérature disponible a été analysée, deux sections, l’une destinée aux utilisateurs
mais sans qu'on puisse prétendre avoir été exhaustif. ou propriétaires de machines tournantes, l’autre
Néanmoins ce chapitre donne un aperçu intéressant destinée aux constructeurs. Au total 167 réponses
de ce qui était obtenu, au cours des années passées, ont été reçues, dont 74 venant d’utilisateurs ou de
en matière de résultats de mesures de DDF. propriétaires, 62 de constructeurs, 29 de consultants,
et 2 d’autres origines.
Dans le chapitre cinq on décrit les méthodes de
mesure de DDF et les équipements nécessaires, et on La partie principale de la brochure concerne l’analyse des
discute les méthodes de protection, l’une après l’autre. résultats de mesure de DDE obtenus pour des barres et
Une présentation des retours d’expérience d’essais de des bobines récemment fabriquées, et c’est l’objet du
DDF conclut le chapitre. chapitre huit. Le Groupe de Travail a collecté 119 jeux de
données représentant 20 129 mesures de DDF de barres
Le chapitre six traite de l’interprétation des résultats ou de bobines, et concernant quatre différents types de
de DDF. On y explique quelle approche est préférable système d’isolation électrique (EIS), à imprégnation sous
et on partage certaines expériences de constructeurs vide (VPI), enrichi en résine (RR), hydrostatique enrichi
et d’utilisateurs en matière de résultats de DDF et de en résine(RH), et à imprégnation globale sous vide
leur interprétation. (GVPI), qu'on retrouve dans le Tableau 1. •••
Figure 1 - Répartition des 119 jeux de données par année de fabrication

WG A1.39
Table 1 - Distribution of DDF measurement records according to type of machine and EIS
Distribution of all DDF measurement records per insulation system

Machine type Total
RR GVPI RH VPI
Hydro generator 7093 524 9220 16837
Turbo generator 262 5 1210 1142 2619
Motor 338 18 356
Short circuit generator 43 202 245
Salient pole generator
(not hydro) 31 41 72
Total 7767 64 1734 10564 20129
Successively the different guarding techniques are manufactured bars and coils, which is the topic of
discussed. This chapter ends with a description of DDF chapter eight. The Working Group received 119 datasets
testing experience. containing 20129 DDF bar/coil records concerning four
different types of electrical insulation systems such as
The interpretation of DDF results is addressed in vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI), resin-rich (RR),
chapter six. This chapter explains a preferred approach resin-rich hydrostatic (RH) and global vacuum pressure
and shares some experience of manufacturers and impregnation (GVPI) as shown in table 1.
users on DDF results and their interpretation.
The 119 datasets originate from 19 different
In chapter seven the responses to the questions manufacturers and the new bars and coils were
incorporated in the questionnaire are summarized and produced at 30 sites in 16 countries. Information
discussed. After a common section the questionnaire concerning the datasets, like insulation system, rated
was divided into two sections, one aimed at users/ voltage, core length, guarding method and so on,
owners of rotating machines and the other aimed at were provided by the respondents. The collected DDF
manufacturers. In total 167 responses were received measurement records belong to newly manufactured
from which 74 were provided by owners/users, 62 by bars and coils, varying from a rated voltage of 6 kV
manufacturers, 29 by consultants and two others. up to and including 27 kV, that were produced in the
period 1960 up to 2016 inclusive (Figure 1 - Distribution
The main part of the brochure concerns the analysis of 119 datasets according to year of manufacture). The
of the obtained DDF measurement results of newly core length of the stators ranges from 520 mm up •••
Figure 1 - Distribution of 119 datasets according to year of manufacture

769 GT A1.39
Figure 2 - Exemple de diagramme de probabilité de tanδ 0,2 (distribution normale)
Les 119 jeux de données correspondent à 19 statistiques pour chaque jeu de données (un
constructeurs différents, et concernent des barres et exemple est donné dans la Figure 2 - Exemple de
des bobines produites dans 30 sites de 16 pays. Des diagramme de probabilité de tanδ 0,2 (distribution
informations associées aux jeux de données, telles que normale), présentant des valeurs telles que :
le type du système d’isolation, la tension nominale, la moyenne/médiane, valeurs minimale et maximale,
longueur du noyau, la méthode de protection utilisée écart type, nombre des mesures.
pour les mesures, et autres, ont été fournies par ceux
qui ont répondu. Les mesures de DDF enregistrées qui Dans le chapitre neuf on trouve un résumé les travaux,
ont été collectées portent sur des barres et des bobines suivi des conclusions et des recommandations,
nouvellement fabriquées, sur la période allant de 1960 à respectivement dans les chapitres dix et onze. La
2016 inclus, avec des tensions nominales de 6 kV à 27 Brochure comporte trois annexes, dont une est
kV inclus (Figure 1). La longueur du noyau varie de 520 consacrée à un résumé de tous les enregistrements
mm à 8 700 mm inclus, et la puissance nominale couvre de mesure, avec le diagramme de distribution pour
une plage allant de 450 kW/kVA à 1640 MW/MVA. chacun des jeux de données.
La première partie du chapitre huit traite de la répartition

des enregistrements de mesure en fonction du type
Conclusions et suites principales
de machine, de l’année de fabrication, et du fabricant La Brochure Technique donne les résultats de l’analyse
(rendu anonyme). Elle est présentée et accompagnée approfondie et très exhaustive des informations et des
de premières réflexions et observations. A la suite vient résultats des mesures recueillies pour des barres et des
l’analyse des résultats de DDF recueillis, en regard de bobines de stator préformées récemment fabriquées.
facteurs d’influence tels que la méthode de protection
de la mesure, la répartition des contraintes, la tension L’analyse des réponses au questionnaire a montré,
nominale, la longueur du noyau, le système d’isolation entre autres, que tous les propriétaires de machines
et le fabricant. Des aspects tels que le basculement qui ont répondu spécifient des critères minimaux
négatif et les enregistrements de données hors norme, d’acceptation de DDF, quand ils commandent de
sont également évalués. nouvelles machines ou les remplacent. Plus de 50%
ont précisé qu’ils retenaient des critères plus sévères
Pour pouvoir analyser les informations recueillies, les que ceux qui sont spécifiés dans la norme CEI actuelle.
paramètres statistiques suivants ont été déterminés 16 des 17 constructeurs qui ont répondu ont confirmé
pour les enregistrements de données et pour les jeux que les mesures de DDF étaient pratiquées, et que
de données : des critères internes qui leur étaient propres étaient
 Moyenne des résultats pour 0,2 UN, 0,4 UN, 0, appliqués; plus de la moitié d’entre eux a spécifié que
6UN, 0,8 UN, 1,0 UN, 1,2 UN, 1,4 UN (quand c’est les critères utilisés étaient plus sévères que ceux de
applicable) la norme CEI. Seuls 5 des 13 constructeurs qui ont
 Moyenne des Δtanδ par pas de 0,2 UN fourni une réponse mettent en œuvre un processus
 Etablissement des diagrammes de probabilité statistique de contrôle pour évaluer leur qualité. •••

WG A1.39
Figure 2 - Example of probability plot tanδ 0,2 (normal distribution)
to and including 8700 mm and rated power lies in a collected information and DDF measurement results of
range starting from 450 kW/kVA up to 1640 MW/MVA. newly manufactured form-wound stator bars and coils.
In first part of chapter eight the general distribution of The analysis of the answers to the questionnaire
the measurement records in relation to machine type, amongst others showed that all owner respondents
year of manufacture, and manufacturer (anonymized) specify minimum acceptance DDF criteria when
are shown including a first reflection and some ordering new machines or replacements. More than
observations. Next the results of analysis of the 50% indicated that more stringent criteria are used
collected DDF results in relation to influence factors than specified in the current IEC standard. 16 out of
like guarding technique, stress grading, rated voltage, 17 manufacturers that responded stated that DDF
core length, insulation system and manufacturer are measurements are performed and that own internal
presented. Aspects like negative tip-up and deviating limits are used. More than half of them stated to use
data records are assessed as well. criteria more stringent than those in the IEC standard.
Only five manufacturers (of the 13) that provided a
To be able to analyse the collected information, the response use statistical process control to assess their
following statistical parameters of the data records and quality.
datasets were determined:
 Average of the results at 0,2 UN, 0,4 UN, 0, 6UN, 0,8 The analysis of the collected DDF measurement records
UN, 1,0 UN, 1,2 UN, 1,4 UN (when applicable) has shown that in general the measured DDF levels are
 Average of Δtanδ per step of 0,2 UN clearly lower that the limits given in the IEC standard
 Creation of Statistical Probability Plots of each 60034-27-3. Only 24 measurement records of 20129
dataset (an example is shown in Figure 2 - Example (0,12 % of the total) from 6 datasets surpassed the limit
of probability plot tanδ 0,2 (normal distribution)), of 20x10-3 set for the starting value of DDF recorded
including values like: average/mean, minimum and at 0,2UN. Regarding tip-up Δtanδ0,6-0,2, it is found that
maximum value, standard deviation, number of values over a level of 5x10-3 are very rare (0,7 % of the
measurements measurement with guarding). Even a level of 2,5x10-3
is surpassed in only 18 % of the records concerning
A summary of the work is provided in chapter nine, measurements performed using guarding. Figure 3 -
followed by the conclusions and recommendations in Δtanδ0,2 max of almost 90 sets of bars/coils that were
chapter ten respective eleven. The brochure contains measured with guarding electrodes shows the mean
three appendices. One of them contains a summary of Δtanδ0,2max values of almost 90 datasets that were
all measurement records including the probability plots measured using guarding excluding those sets that
of each data set. have a negative tip-up what might influence the value
of Dtand0,2 max. The standard deviation of the values
Conclusions and main follow-up within the set is expressed by the size of the bubble.
This Technical Brochure provides the results of a The larger the bubble, the larger the standard deviation
thorough and very comprehensive analysis on the is. In Figure 3 - Δtanδ0,2max of almost 90 sets of bars/ •••

769 GT A1.39
Figure 3 - Δtanδ0,2 max pour près de 90% d’ensembles de barres/bobines mesurés

en utilisant des électrodes de garde
L’analyse des enregistrements de mesures de DDF apparaissent occasionnellement. Du point de vue

collectés a montré que les niveaux de DDF mesurés de la physique de telles valeurs ne devraient pas
sont nettement en-dessous des limites données apparaitre dans le système d’isolation. La présence
dans la CEI 60034-27-3. Seulement 24 mesures sur d’un décrochement négatif ne semble pas être
les 20 129 (0,12% du total), appartenant à 6 jeux de spécifique à la conception du système d’isolation, à la
données, ont dépassé la limite de 20.10-3 définie pour plage de tension ou à la méthode de protection, mais
les premières valeurs de DDF, enregistrées à 0,2 UN. elle est probablement causée ou par des irrégularités
Quant au basculement de Δtanδ0,6-0,2, on a observé de production, ou par des problèmes de mesure.
que des valeurs supérieures au niveau 5.10-3 sont très Concernant ces valeurs négatives ce sont surtout deux
rares (0,7 % des mesures avec méthode de protection), fabricants qui sont impliqués ; 60% des enregistrements
et que même le niveau de 2,5.10-3 n’est dépassé présentant ces valeurs négatives (7,4% du nombre
que dans 18% des enregistrements concernant des total d'enregistrements) se retrouvent dans seulement
mesures réalisées avec un dispositif de protection. deux jeux de données issus d'un fabricant et sur des
fabrications produites dans un pays spécifique, à un
Sur la Figure 3 on peut voir les valeurs moyennes de moment particulier. Des niveaux très faibles de valeurs
Δtanδ0,2max pour près de 90 jeux de données, mesurées négatives peuvent s'expliquer par l'effet des tolérances
avec une technique de protection, en excluant les et des imprécisions de l'équipement de mesure. Une
jeux de données qui présentaient un décrochement relation claire entre la présence d'un système de
négatif qui pouvaient influencer la valeur moyenne de protection corona interne et un décrochement négatif
Δtanδ0,2max. L’écart type des valeurs au sein d’un jeu de n’a pas pu être prouvée.
données est exprimé par une bulle, dont la taille est
d’autant plus grande que l’écart type est grand. Le dispositif de protection mis en œuvre dans les
mesures a aussi été examiné en détail. L'efficacité du
Sur la Figure 3 on a fait aussi apparaitre les valeurs dispositif de garde a été démontrée clairement par une
limites spécifiées dans la CEI 60034-27-3 et dans la comparaison directe entre des spécimens qui ont été
KEMA S13/S14 pour donner une idée des niveaux de chacun mesurés avec un dispositif de garde actif (DG),
Δtanδ0,2max trouvés. Le niveau pour 50% de décrochage un dispositif à répartition de contrainte, et sans dispositif
de Δtanδ0,6-0,2 montre comment se situe le critère de garde (N).Les résultats de mesures portant sur
spécifié dans la CEI 60034-27-3 (une augmentation des spécimen comparables (même fabricant, même
de 5. 10-3 sur un intervalle de 0,6UN-0,2UN = 0,4UN), système d'isolation) ont montré que la mesure avec
également répartie sur deux pas de 0,2UN. un dispositif de garde à intervalle (GG) conduit à des
valeurs de DDF inférieures à celles d'un dispositif GS.
L’analyse de l’ensemble des jeux de données Quand on mesure avec un dispositif GS les résultats
montre que des valeurs négatives de discontinuité peuvent être significativement influencés par les •••

technical brochure
WG A1.39
769
Figure 3 - Δtanδ0,2 max of almost 90 sets of bars/coils that were measured with guarding electrodes
coils that were measured with guarding electrodes, insulation system) showed that measuring with
also some of the limit values that are specified in IEC guarding with gap (GG) delivers lower DDF results
60034-27-3 and KEMA S13/S14 are included to give compared to GS. The results when measuring with GS
an idea on the Δtanδ0,2 max levels found. The level for can be significantly influenced by the properties of the
50% tip-up Δtanδ0,6-0,2 is showing the criteria given in stress grading. In general, no clear distinction could be
the IEC 60034-27-3 (a rise of 5x10-3 over an interval found related to the guarding system itself between the
of 0,6UN-0,2UN = 0,4UN) equally spread over two steps three guarding methods DG, GG and GS purely in the
of 0,2UN. values of tanδ0,2, tip-up Δtanδ0,6-0,2 and Δtanδ0,2max. DDF
measurements performed without guarding can result
Analysis of all datasets showed that negative tip-up in a significant increase of the DDF measurement
values occur occasionally. From a physical point of results. However, also datasets are present that show
view negative tip-up values should not occur within low values, well within the criteria of the standard
the insulation system. The presence of a negative 60034-27-3 [1], despite that the measurements were
tip-up seems not specifically related to the system performed without guarding. Figure 4 - ∆tanδ0,6-0,2 of
design, voltage category or guarding method but is EIS VPI distributed according to guarding category
probably caused by either production irregularities shows the Δtanδ0,6-0,2 results of the EIS VPI distributed
or measurement issues. Concerning negative tip-up according to guarding category (U = presence of
mainly two manufacturers are involved. 60 % of the guarding / kind of guarding is unknown).
records with negative tip-up values (7,4 % of the total
number of records) belong to only two datasets from Furthermore, the DDF values are hardly influenced by
one manufacturer produced in a specific country in a the rated voltage or the core length. Finally, a distinct
particular period. Very small levels of negative values difference in DDF values between insulation systems
might be caused by the tolerances in and accuracy of is found as well as significant differences between
the measurement equipment. A clear relation between comparable insulation systems produced by different
the presence of an internal corona protection system manufacturers probably due to differences in electrical
and a negative tip-up could not be proven. insulation system design and process parameters.
The method of guarding the measurements was also Based the performed analysis of 20129 DDF
examined in detail. In a direct comparison between measurement records of newly manufactured stator
specimen from two datasets each measured with driven bars or coils which are part of 119 datasets it is
guard (DG) respective guarding on stress grading recommended to review the acceptance levels in
(GS) and without guarding (N) the effectiveness of 60034-27-3. Ideally, manufacturers should use
guarding is shown very clearly. Measurement results statistical process control. Preferably by using general
on comparable specimens (one manufacturer, one DDF probability plots of the DDF results of all the •••

769 GT A1.39
Figure 4 - Résultats de ∆tanδ0,6-0,2 de l’ EIS VPI en fonction du type de dispositif de garde
Figure 5 - Valeur moyenne et écart type pour l’ensemble des enregistrements de mesures en fonction des EIS
propriétés du répartiteur de contrainte. D'une manière fabricants différents, probablement explicables par des
générale on ne peut pas dégager de différence claire différences dans la conception du système d’isolation
liée au système de protection lui-même, entre les trois et dans les paramètres du processus de fabrication
types DG, GG et GS, spécifiquement pour les valeurs (Figure 5).
de tanδ0,2, tip-up ∆tanδ0,6-0,2 et Δtanδ0,2max. Les mesures
de DDF réalisées sans dispositif de protection peuvent Sur la base de l’analyse réalisée sur les 20 129
donner des résultats de mesures de DDF sensiblement enregistrements de mesures de DDF portant sur des
plus élevées. Mais il existe aussi des jeux de données fabrications neuves de barres et de bobines, qui font
qui présentent des valeurs basses, largement dans les partie des 119 jeux de données, il est recommandé
limites des critères de la norme CEI 60034-27-3, bien de réviser les niveaux d’acceptation de la CEI 60034-
que les mesures aient été réalisées sans dispositif de 27-3. Dans l’idéal les fabricants devraient pratiquer un
protection. contrôle de processus statistique, de préférence en
exploitant les distributions générales de probabilités
Figure 4 - Résultats de ∆tanδ0,6-0,2 de l’ EIS VPI en des résultats de DDF de toutes les bobines ou barres,
fonction du type de dispositif de garde montre les sur une période de temps raisonnable, pour un même
résultats de ∆tanδ0,6-0,2 pour un EIS VPI, en fonction système d’isolation et une même plage de tension
des différents types de protection (U= présence de nominale. Le client et le fabricant devraient se mettre
ortotection, mais type non connu). d’accord à l’avance sur les méthodes des contrôles de
qualité (QC) applicables aux mesures aux résultats
En outre les valeurs de DDF sont à peine influencées de DDF. En comparant l'écart entre la distribution de
par la tension nominale ou la longueur du noyau. probabilité générale des DDF et celle d'un ensemble
Enfin, on peut constater une claire différence dans les spécifique de barres ou de bobines, il sera possible
valeurs de DDF en fonction des systèmes d’isolation, de tirer une information utile pour le QC. Les résultats
ainsi que des différences significatives pour des hors distribution devraient constituer une base de la
système d’isolation comparables produits par des discussion. 

WG A1.39
Figure 4 - ∆tanδ0,6-0,2 of EIS VPI distributed according to guarding category
Figure 5 - Mean value and standard deviation of all measurement records in relation to EIS
measured coils and/or bars over a reasonable time the deviation between the general DDF probability
period for the same electrical insulation system at the plot and the probability plot of a specific coil or bar
given voltage range. The customer and manufacturer set measured can provide useful information for
should agree on QC methods related to the DDF QC. Eventual outliers resulting from this comparison
measurement and the results upfront. Comparing should be a basis for discussion. 
BROCHURE N° 769

(in English only)
www.e-cigre.org
300 €

770 GT B1.48
Technologies d’installation
sans tranchées
MEMBRES
E. BERGIN, Chef de file (IE), décédé le 19 octobre 2018,
S. CHINOSI, Chef de file (IT), à partir du 19 octobre 2018
E. BUTLER, Secrétaire (IE), J. HEDLUND (SW) S. FERNANDEZ (SP), C. BATALLER (SP)
V. NARBY (NO), B. PELSSERS (BE), Y. DOUIMA (FR), R. ATTWELL (UK), L. OPSAHL (NO)
J. WILLIAMS (US), H. KENT (AU)
Introduction Les technologies d’installations sans-tranchés sont

divisées comme suit :
L’utilisation des technologies d’installation sans
tranchées des câbles d’énergie s’est fortement Les forages dirigés
démocratisée durant la dernière décennie afin de Le processus de forage dirigé consiste à forer un trou
permettre les croisements de cours d'eau, de services pilote dans le sol puis à creuser à fond pour ouvrir
souterrains et de zones très encombrées pour lesquels le trou pilote afin d’installer directement les conduits
les permis peuvent être très difficiles à obtenir. (sans tubage) ou de prendre un tube de tubage. Dans
un premier temps, un trou pilote est réalisé permettant
Ces technologies sont relativement complexes et de rejoindre le site de sortie de forage, ensuite une tête
demandent un savoir-faire précis. Les connaissances de forage de plus grand diamètre fore en empruntant
de ces technologies sont parfois très limitées, et leur le même forage dans le sens inverse tout en tirant les
application pose parfois de réelles difficultés. Le WG conduites dans le passage alors crée. On peut alors
B1.48 a préparé une Brochure Technique (TB) dans tirer les câbles dans ces conduits. Le forage dirigé
le but de couvrir l'utilisation des technologies sans peut avoir une conduite par phase ou regrouper trois
tranchées pour l'installation de câbles haute tension. phases dans le même conduit. Le choix dépend des
La Brochure Technique fait principalement référence à contraintes mécaniques d’installation, des contraintes
des règles générales de bonnes pratiques. thermiques et électriques. Les forages dirigés ont des
diamètres allant généralement de 200 à 1800 mm
Quatre technologies d’installation sans tranchées ont selon les besoins de conception et les contraintes
été identifiés, à savoir : géologiques. Des longueurs de forages dirigés de
 Les forages dirigés 2000 m sont réalisables •••
 Les micro-tunnels / les fonçages
 Enfonçage de tube / Auger boring
 La pose mécanisée (trancheuse)
Le choix de la méthode d’installation la plus appropriée

en ce qui concerne les technologies sans tranchées,
chaque tracé de circuit doit être spécifiquement
et individuellement étudié en considérant tous les
facteurs pertinents.
Scope
La Brochure Technique décrit les quatre technologies
d’installations cités précédemment en précisant pour
chacune, leurs limites d’utilisations, leurs spécificités
techniques tout en décrivant les équipements
nécessaires pour leur mise en œuvre.

WG B1.48
Trenchless Technologies
Members
E. BERGIN, Convenor (IE), passed away on October 19th 2018
S. CHINOSI, Convenor (IT), after October 19th 2018
E. BUTLER, Secretary (IE), J. HEDLUND (SW) S. FERNANDEZ (SP), C. BATALLER (SP)
V. NARBY (NO), B. PELSSERS (BE), Y. DOUIMA (FR), R. ATTWELL (UK), L. OPSAHL (NO)
J. WILLIAMS (US), H. KENT (AU)
Introduction Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)

The Horizontal Directional Drilling process consists of
Use of trenchless technologies for the installation of drilling a pilot borehole in the ground and then back
energy cables has become always more frequent in ramming to open the pilot borehole to install directly
the last decade in order to allow for crossing of water the conduits (without casing) or to take casing pipe.
courses, underground services and to cross very Conduits may then be pulled into the pipe and cables
congested areas where the permissions for traffic may then be pulled into these conduits. HDD may have
interruption are very difficult to be obtained. one conduit per phase or all three-phases may be
installed directly in one pipe, depending on length and
These technologies are relatively complex and require pulling tensions. HDD pipes are normally in the range
specific knowledge. The information about them is of 200mm to approximately 1800mm diameter and
sometimes very limited and pose some difficulties in depending on the geology and cable design lengths up
understanding the limits in the application range in to 2000m may be achievable.
using these technologies. The WG B1.48 has prepared
a Technical Brochure (TB) with the aim of covering
the use of trenchless technologies for the installation
of High Voltage cables. The content refers to general
guidance purposes only.
Four trenchless technologies have been identified,

namely:
 Horizontal Directional Drilling
 Microtunnelling / Pipe Jacking
 Pipe ramming and auger boring
 Ploughing
In the process for the choice of the most appropriate

trenchless technology method, each single route must
be specifically and individually designed taking all the
relevant factors into account.
Scope Microtunneling/Pipe-jacking
Microtunneling/Pipe Jacking is a method of installing
The content of the Technical Brochure is to describe pipe utilizing a thrust system with a small tunnel boring
the above four technologies as well as to give some machine to excavate the route for the pipe. The thrust
operational limits, technical data and describing the system is normally powered by hydraulic cylinders.
equipment required to apply it. This system uses concrete, steel, mortar-filled glass
fibre reinforced plastic pipes clay or polymer concrete
The trenchless technologies are divided into: pipes. •••

770 GT B1.48
Micro tunnels ou fonçages taille du tubage). Ces technologies comprennent des

Le micro tunnels ou fonçage, est une méthode marteaux pneumatiques, des outils de perçage, ainsi
d’installation des conduites en utilisant un système de que des outils de forage à la tarière. Les sections de
poussée combiné avec une tête de forage permettant boîtier sont jointes ou enfoncées dans le sol.
de réaliser le trou dans lequel les conduites sont tirés
par la suite. Le système de poussée est actionné par Une fois l’installation terminée, le boîtier est nettoyé et
des cylindres hydrauliques. Ce procédé nécessite les conduits de câbles installés.
l’utilisation d’armatures en béton, en acier, en fibre
de verre remplie de mortier, d’argile, de conduites en Installation mécanisée
polymère renforcée. Cette méthode d’installation des câbles consiste
essentiellement à réaliser une tranchée dans le sol
Les câbles sont installés directement dans le micro et installer simultanément les câbles ou les conduits
tunnel ou installés dans des conduits qui ont été à la profondeur souhaitée. Ce type d’installation est
tiré dans le micro tunnel. Des accès limités pour le principalement utilisé pour des niveaux de tensions
personnel peuvent être prévus, ceci en fonction de allant jusqu’à 150 kV.
la taille du micro-tunnel. Les micro tunnels ont des
Remarque concernant le creusement d’un tunnel
diamètres allant généralement de 150mm à 3000mm,
permettant l’installation des câbles d’énergie. Des Les grands tunnels ne sont pas inclus dans le champ
puits d’entrés et de sortis sont nécessaires des d’application de ce Groupe de travail. Les grands
stations de levage intermédiaires sont généralement tunnels d’un diamètre au-delàs de 3m sont creusés
nécessaires pour augmenter les longueurs de levage en utilisant de grandes machines forage. En fonction
et réduire la charge transmise à la structure de puit. de la géologie, ces tunnels sont réalisés en vaporisant
le béton sur les parois du tunnel creusé ou en plaçant
Enfonçage de tube et Auger boring des blocs de béton l’un après l’autre, comme cela est
Les procédés de pilonnage de tuyaux et de forage à la décrit dans la TBM. Ces tunnels sont très chers et en
tarière sont utilisés pour des traversées relativement raison de leur méthode d’installation, l’avancement
courtes (généralement jusqu’à 100m, en fonction de la est lent. •••

WG B1.48
Remark about Tunnel Boring

The cables are either installed directly in the microtunnel
or installed in conduits which have been pulled into Large tunnels are not included in the scope of this
the microtunnel. Limited access for personnel may be Working Group. Large tunnels may be 3 m or more
permitted, depending on the size of the microtunnel. in diameter and are excavated using large Tunnel
Microtunnels are normally between 150mm and Boring Machines. Depending on the geology these
3000mm in diameter to accommodate transmission tunnels are lined by spraying concrete on the walls
power cables. Intermediate Jacking Stations are of the excavated tunnel or placing concrete liners in
typically required to increase jacking lengths and to place one by one, as the TBM advances. They are
reduce the load transmitted to the shaft structure. very expensive and due to their installation process,
progress is slow.
Pipe ramming and auger boring
Pipe ramming and auger boring processes are used If trenchless technology is being considered for a
for relatively short crossings (typically up to 100m, particular installation, the reader is strongly encouraged
depending on casing size). These technologies include to perform a risk analysis under the headings in each
pneumatic hammers, piercing tools, as well as auger of the following chapters in order to determine the
boring tools. Casing sections are jointed or pushed into most suitable method to be adopted. They should also
the ground. consider cost and programme.
Once the installation is done, the casing is cleaned and The diagram below illustrates the principal pipe laying
the cable conduits installed. techniques:
Ploughing
Description
This method of cable installation basically consists of
pulling a plough through the soil and simultaneously For each of the above said technologies, the paper
installing a cable(s) or conduits at the depth of the describes and details the construction technique, the
plough. This is mainly used for voltages up to 150 kV. equipment/s necessary to perform it, the main •••

770 GT B1.48
Comme les technologies sans tranchée sont technique d’installation la plus adaptée (sans tranchée)
considérées comme des installations non en fonction des besoins ainsi que des contraintes
conventionnelles, le lecteur est fortement encouragé rencontrées sur le terrain : HDD, Microtunnel,
à faire une analyse des risques pour les méthodes Enfonçage de tube ou via trancheuse. Ces dernières
d’installations présentées dans les chapitres suivants viennent en complément des méthodes suivantes :
afin de déterminer la méthode la plus appropriée. Les  Pose en tranchée ouverte ;
couts et les contraintes de planning chantier peuvent  Pose en tubes ;
également être conséquentes.  Installation de câbles sous-marins en fond de mer
ou en tubes ;
Le schéma ci-dessus illustre les principales techniques  Installation en tunnel de grande dimension ou
de pose de sans tranchées. galerie ;
 Installation sur pont.
Description
Tous ces modes de pose sont envisageables, mais
Pour chacune des technologies susmentionnées, le leur choix sera fait après l’analyse des paramètres
document décrit et détaille la technique de construction, risques, couts, impact environnemental, autorisations,
le ou les équipements nécessaires pour la réaliser, les faisabilité technique, délais d’installation, possibilité
principaux matériaux utilisés et leurs caractéristiques, d’extension, moyens d’intervention en cas de défaut.
l’espace requis pour la zone de travail, ainsi que
les caractéristiques techniques de construction. La Pour minimiser les risques, il est essentiel de rassembler
sécurité et les aspects de maintenance et de réparation. le plus d’informations possible avant l’installation.
Une brève discussion sur les facteurs influençant la Néanmoins, cela ne garantit pas que l’installation sera
classification du câble est également mentionnée. réussie. Néanmoins, la demande croissante pour le
développement de projets dans les zones urbaines
Conclusion fait que les techniques sans tranchée sont de plus
en plus un complément essentiel aux techniques
Nous pouvons conclure qu’il n’y a pas de méthode traditionnelles. En conséquence, l’amélioration
d’installation de câbles HT préférentielle. L’objet de continue de l’expérience des technologies sans
cette Brochure Technique est d’orienter le lecteur sur la tranchée les rend de plus en plus fiables. 

WG B1.48
materials used and their characteristics, the space To minimise risk, it is essential that as much information
required for the working area, as well as the safety and as possible is gathered before the chosen installation
the maintenance and repair aspects. takes place. Notwithstanding, this does not guarantee
that the installation will be successful. Nevertheless, the
A brief discussion about the factors influencing cable increasing demand for the development of projects in
rating is also mentioned. urban areas make that the trenchless techniques are
increasingly an essential complement to traditional
Conclusion techniques. As a result, the continuous experience
improvement in trenchless technologies makes them
It is not really possible to draw any conclusion on more and more reliable. 
which is the preferable method of installation for high
voltage cables. This Technical Brochure addresses
the factors to be considered when deciding which BROCHURE N° 770
trenchless technology is best suited to the task; HDD,
Microtunneling, Pipe ramming or Ploughing. In addition
to these installation methods one must also consider:
 Direct lay; (in English only)
 Laying into ducts;
 Submarine lay on or in the sea bed or into ducts in Disponible sur / Available on:
the sea bed;
 Lay in a large tunnel; www.e-cigre.org
 Lay on a bridge.
Each one of these may be possible and the final
decision on which one to adopt for any particular route
will be decided on the basis of risk, cost, programme, 180 €
environmental impact, licencing/permitting, engineering
suitability, operational aspects including availability, Purchase (non-members)
ability to cater for future expansion, reparability and Free download (members)
end of life access/recoverability.

771 GTC D1/A2.47
Progrès dans l’interprétation

de l’Analyse des Gaz Dissous
(AGD)
Membres
M. DUVAL, Chef de file (CA), I. BOCSI, Secrétaire (HU), E. ALZIEU (FR),
O. AMIROUCHE (IT), M. BANOVIC (HR), C. BEAUCHEMIN (CA), S. BHUMIWAT (NZ),
G.J.P. DEBIJL (NL), P. BOMAN (US), J. BUCHACZ (PL), T. BUCHACZ (PL), A. CONSTANT (FR),
A.M. DALE (NO), S. DORIEUX (FR), B. DJURIK (RS), S. EECKOUDT (BE),
A. FIELDSEND-ROXBOROUGH (GB), R. FROETSCHER (DE), M. GRISARU (IL),
A. HADZI-SKERLEV (HR), T. HEIZMANN (CH), P. KUANSATIT (TH), S. LEIVO (FI),
J. LUKIC (RS), M.A. MARTINS (PT), C. MICHELLON (FR), B. NEMETH (HU), A. NUNEZ (US),
A. DEPABLO (ES), A. PEIXOTO (PT), C. PERRIER (FR), N. PERJANIK (US), J. RASCO (US),
S. RYDER (GB), F. SCATIGGIO (IT), R. SCHNEIDER (CH), H.D. SEO (KR),
S. SPREMIC (RS), M. SZEBENI (HU), J. WALKER (FR), J. WANG (CH)
Introduction Description de la Brochure

Cette Brochure Technique est la poursuite des
Technique
travaux portés par la CIGRE TF D1.01/A2.11 et par Cette Brochure Technique décrit :
le WG D1.32 publiés respectivement en 2006 dans
la Brochure Technique 296 et en 2010 dans la  Les différentes catégories et sous-catégories
Brochure Technique 443. Les travaux portaient sur : de défauts détectables avec les méthodes du
Triangle 1, 4 et 5 et du Pentagone 1 et 2 ;
 Les valeurs normales et avant défaillance des  L’apparition de ces défauts dans les
concentrations et taux d’accroissement des gaz transformateurs en utilisant la base de données
dissous dans les transformateurs de puissance d’AGD du WG contenant plus de 330 000 résultats
de différents types et différents âges (valeurs d’analyse ;
introduites dans la CEI 60599) [3] ainsi que  Les défauts mineurs des transformateurs en
les intervalles de temps requis pour les prises service (stray gassing S dans l’huile, décharges
d’échantillon d’huile ; partielles PD de type corona, surchauffe O
 L’identification avec la méthode du Triangle 4 < 250°C, défauts de haute température T3-H pour
du phénomène de stray gassing dans les huiles l’huile seule, défauts d’arcs électriques D1 dans
minérales en service et en laboratoire, ainsi l’huile seule) ;
qu’avec les méthodes du Triangle 3 et du Triangle  Les défauts potentiellement plus dangereux
6 pour les huiles non minérales ; (carbonisation C du papier, arcs électriques
 La formation d’oxydes de carbone dans les dans le papier). Parmi les défauts de type C,
transformateurs ; ceux dans les connecteurs et entre spires sont
 La formation de gaz à partir des décharges respectivement les moins et les plus dangereux.
partielles PD de type corona et de type pointe Un exemple d’un tel défaut détecté par AGD est
D1 ; visible sur la figure 1 ;
 L’utilisation de l’AGD pour les changeurs de prises  Comment les valeurs normales et avant
en charge dont le volume d’huile est indépendant défaillance sont affectées par les différents
ou commun avec la cuve principale grâce à la défauts en utilisant la base de données de l’AGD
méthode du Triangle 2. du WG (valeurs élevées pour les défauts •••

JWG D1/A2.47
Advances in DGA interpretation
Members
M. DUVAL, Convenor (CA), I. BOCSI, Secretary (HU), E. ALZIEU (FR),
O. AMIROUCHE (IT), M. BANOVIC (HR), C. BEAUCHEMIN (CA), S. BHUMIWAT (NZ),
G.J.P. DEBIJL (NL), P. BOMAN (US), J. BUCHACZ (PL), T. BUCHACZ (PL), A. CONSTANT (FR),
A.M. DALE (NO), S. DORIEUX (FR), B. DJURIK (RS), S. EECKOUDT (BE),
A. FIELDSEND-ROXBOROUGH (GB), R. FROETSCHER (DE), M. GRISARU (IL),
A. HADZI-SKERLEV (HR), T. HEIZMANN (CH), P. KUANSATIT (TH), S. LEIVO (FI),
J. LUKIC (RS), M.A. MARTINS (PT), C. MICHELLON (FR), B. NEMETH (HU), A. NUNEZ (US),
A. DEPABLO (ES), A. PEIXOTO (PT), C. PERRIER (FR), N. PERJANIK (US), J. RASCO (US),
S. RYDER (GB), F. SCATIGGIO (IT), R. SCHNEIDER (CH), H.D. SEO (KR),
S. SPREMIC (RS), M. SZEBENI (HU), J. WALKER (FR), J. WANG (CH)
Introduction  the occurrence of these faults in transformers,

using the DGA database of the WG, containing
This Technical Brochure is a continuation of the work more than 330,000 DGA results;
done by CIGRE TF D1.01/ A2.11 and WG D1.32,  the faults of lesser concern in transformers in
published in 2006 in TB 296 and in 2010 in TB 443, service (stray gassing of oil S, partial discharges
respectively, on: of the corona-type PD, overheating O < 250°C,
 the typical and pre-failure gas concentration high temperature faults in oil only T3-H, arcing
values and rates of gas increase observed faults D1 in oil only);
in power transformers of different types and  the faults potentially more dangerous
ages (introduced in IEC 60599) [3] and on the (carbonization of paper C, arcing in paper).
corresponding oil sampling intervals required; Among faults C, those in leads and between turns
 the identification with Triangle 4 of the stray are the least and most dangerous, respectively.
gassing of mineral oils in service and in the An example of such a fault predicted by DGA is
laboratory, and with Triangles 3 and 6 for non- illustrated in Figure 1;
mineral oils;  how typical and pre-failure values are affected
 the formation of carbon oxides in transformers; by these different types of faults, using the DGA
 the formation of gases from partial discharges of database of the WG (values higher for faults of
the corona-type PD and of the sparking-type D1; lesser concern, much lower for faults C between
 the application of DGA to on-load tap-changers turns);
of the compartment-type and in-tank-type, using  how they are affected by the oxygen to nitrogen
Triangles 2. ratio, and by data from on-line gas monitors (ten
times higher);
Description of the Technical  the typical values observed in wind-farm
Brochure transformers and bushings (much higher than in
power transformers);
This Technical Brochure describes:  how to use carbon oxide gases to confirm faults in
paper or in oil;
 the different types and sub-types of faults detectable  the usual and unusual stray gassing of mineral
with Triangles 1, 4, 5 and Pentagons 1,2; and non-mineral oils; •••

771 GTC D1/A2.47
Figure 1 – Exemple de carbonisation locale du papier entre spires, détecté par l’AGD
mineurs et beaucoup plus basses pour les défauts produisent des quantités plus grandes de gaz
C entre spires) ; dans les transformateurs sans affecter les
 Comment elles sont affectées par le ratio conditions d’opération (valeurs typiques normales
d’oxygène sur azote et par les données des et avant défaillance élevées) et sont relativement
analyseurs de gaz en ligne (dix fois plus mineurs pour les transformateurs ;
nombreuses) ;  Les défauts de carbonisation du papier C et les
 Les valeurs typiques observées dans les arcs D1/D2 dans le papier sont potentiellement
transformateurs d’éolienne et les traversées plus dangereux, produisant de faibles quantités
(beaucoup plus élevées que pour les de gaz avant de devenir une vraie menace,
transformateurs de puissance) ; particulièrement les défauts C entre spires. Les
 Comment utiliser les gaz d’oxyde de carbone pour défauts C dans les connecteurs sont légèrement
détecter les défauts dans le papier ou l’huile ; moins risqués ;
 Les cas de stray gassing normaux et anormaux  Les transformateurs de puissance avec de faibles
dans les huiles minérales et non minérales ; ratio d’oxygène sur azote dans l’huile produisent
 L’effet de la présence de plusieurs défauts pour plus de défauts de type basse température (S,
l’identification des défauts ; O, T1) mais ces défauts sont mineurs dans les
 Comment distinguer les changeurs de prises transformateurs.
en charge défaillants de ceux en bon état avec
la méthode du Triangle 2, particulièrement pour Les transformateurs d’éolienne et les traversées
ceux à volume d’huile commun avec la cuve produisent plus d’hydrogène et de défauts S ou PD
principale ; que les transformateurs de puissance. Cependant, ces
 L’évolution normale des gaz dans les changeurs défauts sont de moindre importance :
de prises en charge à volume d’huile commun  Le phénomène de stray gassing produit
avec la cuve principale, en fonction des années, principalement de l’hydrogène pour les huiles
qui est toujours sous investigation ; minérales et silicones et de l’éthane dans les
 L’utilisation des hydrocarbones C3 pour huiles esters ;
l’identification des défauts dans les transformateurs  Les défauts de basse température dans le papier
et les changeurs de prises en charge. ne semblent pas affecter de façon significative le
taux de défaillance des transformateurs ;
Conclusions  Le mélange de défauts peut être détecté en
utilisant des combinaisons entre les méthodes du
Les conclusions principales de cette Brochure Triangle et du Pentagone ;
Technique sont :  Les raisons expliquant l’évolution normale des
 Les défauts de stray gassing S dans l’huile, gaz, au fil des années, dans les changeurs de
les décharges partielles PD de type corona, prises en charge à volume d’huile commun avec
la surchauffe O < 250°C, les défauts hautes la cuve principale au fil des années sont toujours
températures T3-H dans l’huile seule et les sous investigation. 
défauts d’arcs électriques D1 dans l’huile seule

JWG D1/A2.47
Figure 1 - Example of localized carbonization of paper between turns predicted by DGA
 the effect of mixtures of faults on fault identification;  low-temperature faults in paper has not been
 how to distinguish faulty on-load tap-changers observed to significantly affect the failure rate of
from normally operating ones with Triangles 2, transformers;
particularly those of the in-tank-type;  mixtures of faults can be detected by using
 the evolution of normal gas formation in in-tank- combinations of the Triangles and Pentagons;
types with years in service, reasons still under  reasons for the evolution of normal gas formation
investigation; in on-load tap-changers of the in-tank-types with
 the use of C3 hydrocarbons for fault identification years in service are still under investigation. 
in transformers and on-load tap changers.
Conclusions
The main conclusions of this Technical Brochure are:
 Faults stray gassing of oil S, partial discharges BROCHURE N° 771
of the corona-type PD, overheating O < 250°C,
high temperature faults in oil only T3-H and arcing
faults D1 in oil only tend to produce larger amounts (en anglais seulement)
of gases in transformers without affecting their
normal operation (higher typical and pre-failure (in English only)
values) and are of relatively lesser concern in
transformers;
 Faults carbonization of paper C and arcing D1/
D2 in paper are potentially more dangerous
faults, producing lower amounts of gases before
becoming a threat, particularly faults C between
www.e-cigre.org
turns. Faults C in leads are a bit less of a risk;
 Power transformers with low oxygen to nitrogen Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
ratios in oil tend produce more faults of the low-
temperature-type (S, O, T1), but these faults are
of lesser concern in transformers. 150 €
Wind farm transformers and bushings tend to produce

more hydrogen and faults S and PD than power
transformers, but these also are of lesser concern:
 stray gassing of oil produces mostly hydrogen in
mineral and silicone oils, ethane in ester oils;

SAVE THE DATE
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SESSION
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PARIS /
48
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Session 47

Cigre Electra305

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N° 305 - Août / August 2019

*For updated list of events, please visit

CIGRE Events OTHER Events

N° 305 Août | August 2019

>>> Résumés Summaries

RÉSUMÉ - BT 767 - GT B2.45 traitements algorithmiques de signaux numériques

Page Advert - Annonces

Page 2 Meetings of interest

Page 21 CIGRE Symposium 2019 - Chengdu, September 2019

Page 41 RTDS TECHNOLOGIES

Pages 58-59 Electra 2019 - Ad. Rates & Instructions

Page 94 Session 2020 - Save the date

4 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

Dépôt légal : N° 305 Août 2019 84 - 89

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 5

The weird but wonderful

6 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

The delegate therefore has a number of avenues to obtain updated information

I hope to see you at a CIGRE event soon. 

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 7

Energy transition with holistic,

2. Global challenges for integration into power systems of Variable

8 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

Figure 1 - Yearly variability in 2013 of the electricity production

Figure 2 - Seasonal and daily variability of power production

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 9

10 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

3. EU challenges for integration into power systems of Variable

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 11

12 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 13

4. Some few examples of hidden costs or non-economic choices in

 Figure 8 - Evaluation of location of wind capacity

Figure 9 - Development of German transmission systems in 2030 as outlined in 2018

14 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 15

16 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

 A spread communication and information is essential especially to create a consensus and consciousness

Manuscript received on June 1st, 2019 

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 17

Q&A with Yves Zumwald, CEO

18 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 19

Biography Yves Zumwald

20 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

Final Report of the 2019 CIGRE

Z. EMIN, Chair SC C4 and TOC Chair; C.LETH BAK, LOC Chair;

22 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

Student poster session

Key learning points

Study Committee B1:

Study Committee B2:

Study Committee B4:

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 23

Study Committee C1:

Study Committee C2:

Study Committee C3:

24 No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA

Study Committee C4:

Study Committee C6:

No. 305 - August 2019 ELECTRA 25

Detailed session summaries

B1 13: Cable monitoring

B4 3: DC Grids and multi-terminal dc systems