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MAHistory 97
MAHistory 97
EC – 02
CONTEMPORARY INDIA
(2019 - 2021)
E-Content 02
Unit – II : Topic
A. vkSifuosf'kd ,oa vk/kqfud jaxeap
1
vkSifuosf'kd ,oa vk/kqfud jaxeap
fganh jaxeap & fganh ds ukV~; vkSj jaxeap dh ijaijk Ik;kZIr
le`) jgh gSA fganh jaxeap ds {ks= esa Hkh vk/kqfud jaxpsruk ,oa ubZ
laosnu'khyrk ls ;qDr fu"Bkoku] mRlkgh rFkk dYiuk'khy jaxdfeZ;ksa
dh ,d iwjh ih<+h vR;ar lfØ; FkhA
3
mUuhloha lnh ds mn;dky rd Hkkjrh; thou] n'kZu vkSj dyk ij
ik'pkR; lH;rk dh fdj.ksa viuk jax vkSj izdk'k fc[ksjus yxh FkhaA
ukV~;&ys[ku ds Lrj ij ckny ljdkj] fot; rsna qydj] vk| jaxkpk;Z
fxjh'k dukZM] eksgu jkds'k] /keZohj Hkkjrh; bR;kfn ds d`frRo us
izknsf'kdrk dh lhek,a rksMd
+ j jk"Vªh; Lrj dh yksdfiz;rk izkIr dhA
vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu] va/kk;qx] rqxyd] yqd cSd bu ,sx
a j] datwl
bR;kfn vusd ekSfyd ,oa vuwfnr Js"B ukVdksa dh HkO; ,oa izHkko'kkyh
izLrqfr;ksa us izn'kZuh;rk ,oa mRd`"Vrk ds u, vk;ke mn~?kkfVr fd,A
fnYyh esa vkse f'koiqjh] eksgu egf"kZ] ca- o-] dkjsr] c`teksgu 'kkg]
jkexksiky ctkt vkSj fo'o eksgu cMksyk bR;kfn dh ukV~;&laLFkk
fn'kkarj }kjk izLrqr vk/ks&v/kwjs ,oa bUnzthr] [kkeks'k vnkyr tkjh gS]
rFkk f='kadq] tSls izn'kZu vkt Hkh Lej.kh; gSAa jkftanj ukFk] Vh-ih- tSu
vkSj 'kke vjksM+k bR;kfn ds jpukRed lg;ksx ds LFkkfir ukV~;&laLFkk
vfHk;ku ds ixyk ?kksMk+ ] fxyh fix] ?kklhjke dksroky] iaNh ,sls vkrs
gS]a tkr gh iwNks lk/kw dh rFkk rkezi=] tSlh izLrqfrd;ksa dk Hkh vR;ar
,sfrgkfld egÙo gSA gchc ruohj ds NÙkhlx<+h dykdkjksa ds jaxeaMy
u;k fFk;sVj ds vkxjk cktkj] pj.knkl pksj] feV~Vh dh xkM+h vkSj ns[k
jgs gSa uSu tSls izn'kZuksa us u dsoy ,d ubZ jax&'kSyh dks tUe fn;k]
cfYd jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh izfr"Bk izkIr dhA jk"Vªh;
ukV~; fo|ky; vkSj Jhjke lsaVj ds O;kolkf;d jaxeaMyksa ds vfrfjDr
fnYyh esa mYys[kuh; jaxdeZ djus okyh cgqla[; ukV~;&laLFkkvksa esa ls
iz;ksx ¼,e-ds-jSuk½] veky vYykuk] nhukukFk vxznwr] :fpdk vYdkth
4
QSty ,oa v:.k dqdjstk] ukWu xzqi ¼jfo cklokuh ,oa jes'k eupank½]
laHko ¼nsosUnz jkt½] vadqj] lk{kh ¼d`".kdkar½ vkSj ,DVou ¼,u-ds- 'kekZ½]
vfLerk ¼vjfoan xkSM+½ dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSAa blds vfrfjDr vuqjk/kk
diwj] vukfedk gDlj rFkk f=iqjkjh 'kekZ us viuh vyx igpku cukbZ
gSA Hkuq Hkkjrh ¼mn;iqj½] calh dkSy ¼Hkksiky½] lrh'k vkuUn ¼iVuk½]
mfeZy dqkj Fkify;ky ¼y[kuŽ] lR;ozr flUgk ¼bykgkckn½] lR;ewfrZ
¼dkuiqj½] fxjh'k jLrksxh ¼xksj[kiqj½] ohjsUnz esga nhjÙkk ¼p.Mhx<+½ fnus'k
Bkdqj vkSj ukfnjk tghj cCcj ¼cEcbZ½] cyoar Bkdqj ¼tEew½ ds
vfjfjDr u, fgUnh jaxkUnksyu ds vkjEHk ls vc rd fujUrj lfØ;
jgdj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Lo;a dks izfrikfnr djus okys ofj"B funsZ'kdksa esa
lR;nso nqcs ¼fFk;sVj ;wfuV] cEcbZ½] ,e- ,l- lF;w ¼bIVk cEcbZ½ rFkk
';kekuan tkyku ¼vukfedk vkSj inkfrd] dydÙkk½ vkSj laLFkk ds :Ik
esa e- iz- jaxeaMy vkSj mlds HkwriwoZ funsZ'kd c- o djkr ¼Hkksiky½ dk
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA eksgu jkds'k] 'kadj 'ks"k] losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk]
txnh'ojpUnz ekFkqj] y{ehukjk;.k yky] 'kjn tks'kh vkSj jes'k c['kh
vkfn ys[kdksa us fgUnh ds ekSfyd ukV~;&ys[ku esa dkQh cM+k ;ksxnku
fn;kA ijarq bl {ks= esa lrr lfØ; Hkh"e lkguh] lqjUs nz oekZ] vlxj
otkgr] e`.kky ik.Ms] fxfjjkt fd'kksj] uan fd'kksj vkpk;Z] dqlqe
dqekj] nw/kukFk flag] jkes'oj izse izHkkdj Jksf=;] n;k izdk'k flUgk]
yfyr /kify;kyukx cksMl] vfouk'k pUnz feJ vkSj Lons'k nhid tSls
iqjkuh&ubZ ih<+h ds vusd jpukdkj ekSfyd fganh ukV~;&ys[ku dks
le`) dj jgs gSAa ns'kh&fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ls vuqokfnr ;k :ikarfjr
ukVdksa dk vkf/kiR; fganh jaxeap ij vkjaHk ls gh cuk jgk gSA
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miU;klksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa ds gh ugha] cfYd yach dforkvksa rd ds
vfHkeapuksa us Hkh mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA blh chp cky jaxeap]
uqDdM+ ukVd vkSj dgkfu;ksa ds jaxeap ds {ks= esa Hkh ubZ lfØ;rk
fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSa] tks fu'p; gh mRlkgo)Zd gSaA
lanHkZ& lwph