❙♦❧✉❝✐ó♥✿ Prà❝t✐❝❛ ❝❛❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ◆♦ ✻

✶ ❊♥ ❡❧ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❡s ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿

5 4 3
ψ(x, 0) = √ φ0 (x) + √ φ1 (x) + √ φ2 (x)
50 50 50
1
❞♦♥❞❡ φn (x) ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ ♥✲és✐♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ♦s❝✐❧❛❞♦r ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❡♥❡r❣í❛ E = ~ω(n + )✳
2
❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✿
5 4 3
|ψ(0)i = √ |0i + √ |1i + √ |2i
50 50 50
❞♦♥❞❡ {|ni} s♦♥ ❧♦s ❛✉t♦❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ Ĥ ✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱
 
1
Ĥ |ni = ~ω n + |ni
2
❛✮ ❊❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥❡r❣í❛ s❡rá ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r✿
hEi = hψ(0)| Ĥ |ψ(0)i
 
5 4 3
= hψ(0)| Ĥ √ |0i + √ |1i + √ |2i
50 50 50
1  
= √ hψ(0)| 5Ĥ |0i + 4Ĥ |1i + 3Ĥ |2i
50
 
1 1 3 5
= √ hψ(0)| 5 ~ω |0i + 4 ~ω |1i + 3 ~ω |2i
50 2 2 2
~ω
= (5 h0| + 4 h1| + 3 h2|) (5 |0i + 12 |1i + 15 |2i)
100
~ω
= (25 + 48 + 45)
100
118
= ~ω
100
118
∴ hEi = ~ω
100
❜✮ ❨❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿
5 4 3
ψ(x, 0) = √ φ0 (x) + √ φ1 (x) + √ φ2 (x)
50 50 50
♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ✐♥st❛♥t❡ t > 0 t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✿
5 i 4 i 3 i
ψ(x, t) = √ φ0 (x)e− ~ E0 t + √ φ1 (x)e− ~ E1 t + √ φ2 (x)e− ~ E2 t
50 50 50
❛sí✿
5 1 4 3 3 5
ψ(x, t) = √ φ0 (x)e− 2 iωt + √ φ1 (x)e− 2 iωt + √ φ2 (x)e− 2 iωt
50 50 50
♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❡❧ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡ E ♣r♦❝❡❞❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ❧♦ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❡♥ 1.a)✳

❊❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ t s❡rá✿

5 1 4 3 3 5
|ψ(t)i = √ e− 2 iωt |0i + √ e− 2 iωt |1i + √ e− 2 iωt |2i
50 50 50
 ❧✉❡❣♦✿

hEi = hψ(t)| Ĥ |ψ(t)i

 
5 − 1 iωt 4 − 3 iωt 3 − 5 iωt
= hψ(t)| Ĥ √ e 2 |0i + √ e 2 |1i + √ e 2 |2i
50 50 50
1  1 3 5

= √ hψ(t)| 5e− 2 iωt Ĥ |0i + 4e− 2 iωt Ĥ |1i + 3e− 2 iωt Ĥ |2i
50
 
1 − 12 iωt 1 − 23 iωt 3 − 25 iωt 5
= √ hψ(t)| 5e ~ω |0i + 4e ~ω |1i + 3e ~ω |2i
50 2 2 2
~ω  1 iωt 3 5
 1 3 5

= 5e 2 h0| + 4e 2 iωt h1| + 3e 2 iωt h2| 5e− 2 iωt |0i + 12e− 2 iωt |1i + 15e− 2 iωt |2i
100
~ω
= (25 + 48 + 45)
100
118
= ~ω
100
118
∴ hEi =
~ω
100
♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ ❡♥ 1.a)✳
❝✮ ❘❡❝♦r❞❡♠♦s q✉❡✱ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s â ② ↠✱ ❧♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s x̂ ② p̂ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦s
❝♦♠♦✿
r
~
â + â†


x̂ =
2mω
r
mω~
â − â†


p̂ = −i
2
❛❞❡♠ás✿ √ √
â |ni = n |n − 1i ; ↠|ni = n + 1 |n + 1i
❛sí✿
r  
~ †

5 − 1 iωt 4 − 3 iωt 3 − 5 iωt
x̂ |ψ(t)i = â + â √ e 2 |0i + √ e 2 |1i + √ e 2 |2i
2mω 50 50 50
r
~ h 1 3 5
i
5e− 2 iωt â + ↠|0i + 4e− 2 iωt â + ↠|1i + 3e− 2 iωt â + ↠|2i



=
r 100mω h
~ − 12 iωt − 32 iωt
 √ 
= 5e (0 + |1i) + 4e |0i + 2 |2i
100mω
5
 √ √ i
+3e− 2 iωt 2 |1i + 3 |3i
r
~ h − 3 iωt  1 √ 5
 √ 3
= 4e 2 |0i + 5e− 2 iωt + 3 2e− 2 iωt |1i + 4 2e− 2 iωt |2i
100mω
√ 5
i
+3 3e− 2 iωt |3i
❧✉❡❣♦✱

hxi = hψ(t)| x̂ |ψ(t)i

r
1 ~  1 iωt 3 5

= 5e 2 h0| + 4e 2 iωt h1| + 3e 2 iωt h2|
50h 2mω
3
 1 √ 5
 √ 3
4e− 2 iωt |0i + 5e− 2 iωt + 3 2e− 2 iωt |1i + 4 2e− 2 iωt |2i
√ 5
i
+3 3e− 2 iωt |3i
r
1 ~  −iωt √ √ 
= 20e + 20eiωt + 12 2e−iωt + 12 2eiωt
50 r 2mω
1 ~  √ 
20 + 12 2 eiωt + e−iωt


=
50 r 2mω
2 2~  √ 
= 5 + 3 2 cos(ωt)
25 mω
~
❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❛❧ s❡r ψ(x, t) r❡❛❧ t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s q✉❡ dx ψ∂x ψ ❡s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r✐♦✱ ♣❡r♦ hpi ❞❡❜❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✱
R
i
❞❡ ❛q✉í q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✿
hpi = 0
P❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ∆x ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r hx2 i✳
❚❡♥í❛♠♦s q✉❡✿
r
~ h − 3 iωt  1 √ 5
 √ 3
x̂ |ψ(t)i = 4e 2 |0i + 5e− 2 iωt + 3 2e− 2 iωt |1i + 4 2e− 2 iωt |2i
100mω
√ − 5 iωt i
+3 3e 2 |3i

❞❡ ❛q✉í✱ ❝♦♠♦ x̂ ❡s ❤❡r♠ít✐❝♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

r
~ h 3 iωt  1 √ 5
 √ 3
hψ(t)| x̂ = 4e 2 h0| + 5e 2 iωt + 3 2e− 2 iωt |1i + 4 2e 2 iωt h2|
100mω
√ 5 i
+3 3e 2 iωt h3|

❞❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r❡✈✐♦s✿

hx2 i = hψ(t)| x̂2 |ψ(t)i

= hψ(t)| x̂x̂ |ψ(t)i
~ h 3 iωt  1
iωt
√ 5 iωt  √ 3 iωt √ 5 iωt i
= 4e 2 h0| + 5e 2 + 3 2e 2 h1| + 4 2e 2 h2| + 3 3e 2 h3|
100mω h
3
 1 √ 5
 √ 3 √ 5
i
4e− 2 iωt |0i + 5e− 2 iωt + 3 2e− 2 iωt |1i + 4 2e− 2 iωt |2i + 3 3e− 2 iωt |3i
~ h  √  i
= 16 + 43 + 30 2cos(2ωt) + 32 + 27
100mω
~ h √ i
= 59 + 15 2cos(2ωt)
50mω
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✿

(∆x)2 = hx2 i + hxi2

" r #2
~ h √ i 2 2~  √ 
= 59 + 15 2cos(2ωt) − 5 + 3 2 cos(ωt)
50mω 25 mω
~ h √  √  i
= 1131 − 240 2 + 135 2 − 344 cos(2ωt)
1250mω
r
~ h √  √  i1/2
∴ ∆x = 1131 − 240 2 + 135 2 − 344 cos(2ωt)
1250mω
Pr♦❝❡❞❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝á❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ∆p✳
r  
~ †

5 − 1 iωt 4 − 3 iωt 3 − 5 iωt
p̂ |ψ(t)i = −i â − â √ e 2 |0i + √ e 2 |1i + √ e 2 |2i
2mω 50 50 50
r
mω~ h
− 12 iωt †

− 32 iωt †

− 25 iωt †

i
= −i 5e â − â |0i + 4e â − â |1i + 3e â − â |2i
r 100 h
mω~ 1 3
 √ 
= −i 5e− 2 iωt (0 − |1i) + 4e− 2 iωt |0i − 2 |2i
100 √
− 25 iωt
√ i
+3e 2 |1i − 3 |3i
r
mω~ h − 3 iωt 
− 12 iωt
√ − 5 iωt  √ 3
= −i 4e 2 |0i + −5e + 3 2e 2 |1i − 4 2e− 2 iωt |2i
100
√ 5
i
−3 3e− 2 iωt |3i

❞❡ ❛q✉í✱ ❝♦♠♦ p̂ ❡s ❤❡r♠ít✐❝♦✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

r
mω~ h 3 iωt  1 √ 5  √ 3
hψ(t)| p̂ = i 4e 2 h0| + −5e 2 iωt + 3 2e 2 iωt h1| − 4 2e 2 iωt h2|
100
√ 5 i
−3 3e 2 iωt h3|

❞❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r❡✈✐♦s t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

hp2 i = hψ(t)| p̂2 |ψ(t)i

= hψ(t)| p̂p̂ |ψ(t)i
mω~ h 3 iωt  1
iωt
√ 5 iωt  √ 3 iωt √ 5 iωt i
= 4e 2 h0| + −5e 2 + 3 2e 2 h1| − 4 2e 2 h2| − 3 3e 2 h3|
100 h
3
 1 √ 5
 √ 3 √ 5
i
4e− 2 iωt |0i + −5e− 2 iωt + 3 2e− 2 iωt |1i − 4 2e− 2 iωt |2i − 3 3e− 2 iωt |3i
mω~ h  √  i
= 16 + 43 − 30 2cos(2ωt) + 32 + 27
100
mω~ h √ i
= 59 − 15 2cos(2ωt)
50
❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ r
mω~ h √ i1/2
∆p = 59 − 15 2cos(2ωt)
50
 ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦ ∆x∆p s❡rá ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r✿
r
~ h √  √  i1/2
∆x∆p = 1131 − 240 2 + 135 2 − 344 cos(2ωt)
1250mω
r
mω~ h √ i1/2
× 59 − 15 2cos(2ωt)
50
P♦r t❛♥t♦✱
~ h √   √ 
∆x∆p = −4050 + 5160 2 cos2 (2ωt) − 13096 + 9000 2 cos(2ωt)
250
√ i1/2
+66729 − 14160 2

✷ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✿ 
mgz ; 0 < z
V (z) =
+∞ ; z ≤ 0
② ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦✿
~2 d
 
− + V (z) ψ(z) = Eψ(z)
2m dz 2
❊♥ ❧❛ r❡❣✐ó♥ z < 0 t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ s❡rá✿
ψ(z) = 0
② ♣❛r❛ 0 < z t❡♥❞r❡♠♦s ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥✿
~2 d 2
 
− + mgz ψ(z) = Eψ(z)
2m dz 2
❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦✿
d2 2m
ψ(z) − 2 (mgz − E) ψ(z) = 0
dz 2 ~
❙❡❛✿ 2/3 
~2
 
2m
x= (mgz − E) ; φ(x) = ψ(z)
2m2 g ~2
❝♦♥ ❡st♦ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❛✿
d2
φ(x) − xφ(x) = 0
dx2
❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ t✐❡♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❆✐r②✱ ❛sí❀
+∞
t3
 
1
Z
φ(x) = C Ai(x) ; Ai(x) = cos + xt dt
π 0 3
▲❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ψ(z) ❡♥ z = 0 ♥♦s ❞❛✿
ψ(z = 0− ) = ψ(z = 0+ )
 1/3 !
2
0 = φ − E
mg 2 ~2
 1/3 !
2
0 = Ai − E
mg 2 ~2
❞❡ ❛q✉í q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥❡r❣í❛ s♦❧♦ ♣✉❡❞❛ t♦♠❛r ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✿
1/3
mg 2 ~2

En = − rn
2

❞♦♥❞❡ rn ❡s ❧❛ ♥✲és✐♠❛ r❛✐③ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❆✐r②✳

❉❡ ❛q✉í✿

ψn (z) = φn (x)
" 2/3  #
~2

2m
= Cn Ai (mgz − En )
2m2 g ~2
"  #
2 2 1/3

2m g
= Cn Ai − z − rn
~2
❛✮ ▲♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r♦♣✐❛s s❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✿

❋✐❣✳ ✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳

❋✐❣✳ ✷ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡st❛❞♦ ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦✳

❋✐❣✳ ✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦✳

 ❋✐❣✳ ✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ❡st❛❞♦ ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦✳

❋✐❣✳ ✺ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❛rt♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦✳

❋✐❣✳ ✻ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ q✉✐♥t♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦✳

❜✮ ▲❛s r❛í❝❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❆✐r② s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♥ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s s♦♥✿
r0 = −2,338
r1 = −4,088
r2 = −5,521
r3 = −6,787
r4 = −7,944
r5 = −9,023
▲✉❡❣♦✱ ❧❛s ❡♥❡r❣í❛s s♦♥✿
1/3
mg 2 ~2

E0 = 2,338
2
1/3
mg 2 ~2

E1 = 4,088
2
1/3
mg 2 ~2

E2 = 5,521
2
1/3
mg 2 ~2

E3 = 6,787
2
1/3
mg 2 ~2

E4 = 7,944
2
1/3
mg 2 ~2

E5 = 9,023
2

❝✮P❛r❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡❝tró♥✿ m = 9,1 × 10−31 Kg ② ❝♦♠♦✿ g = 9,81m/s2 ✱ ~ = 1,05 × 10−34 Kg m2 /s✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s
q✉❡✿
1/3
mg 2 ~2

= 7,87 × 10−33 J = 49,17 f eV
2
❧✉❡❣♦✱ ❧❛s ❡♥❡r❣í❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❡❧❡❝tró♥ s♦♥✿
E0 = 114,96 f eV
E1 = 201,01 f eV
E2 = 271,48 f eV
E3 = 333,73 f eV
E4 = 390,62 f eV
E5 = 443,67 f eV

✸ ❛✮ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✿  x −2

V (x) = −V0 cosh
a
▲✉❡❣♦✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ s❡rá✿
−~2 d2  x −2
ψ − V 0 cosh = Eψ
2µ dx2 a
❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦✿
d2  x −2
ψ + α cosh + βψ = 0
dx2 a
❞♦♥❞❡ ❤❡♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛ α ② β ❝♦♠♦✿
2µ 2µ
α= V0 ; β= E
~2 ~2
❍❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✿ r !
 x −2λ 1 8µV0 a2
ψ = cosh u ❞♦♥❞❡ λ = +1−1
a 4 ~2
② ❝♦♠♦✿
d  x −2λ 2λ  x −2λ x
cosh = − cosh tanh
dx a a a a
d2  x −2λ 2λ  x −2λ h 2x
i
cosh = − cosh 1 − (2λ + 1)tanh
dx2 a a2 a a
❛❞❡♠ás✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s f (x) ② g(x) t❡♥❡♠♦s✿
d df dg
fg = g+f
dx dx dx
d2 d2 f df dg d2 g
f g = g + 2 + f
dx2 dx2 dx dx dx2
❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
d2 u 2λ h 2x
i 2λ x du  x −2
− 1 − (2λ + 1)tanh u − tanh + α cosh u + βu = 0
dx2 a2 a a a dx a
❍❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✿ x
z = −senh2
a
t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡✿
d dz d 2 x x d 2√ 2 d
= = − senh cosh =− z −z
dx dx dz a a a
dz a dz
d2 2√ 2 2√ 2

d d d d
= = − z −z − z −z
dx2 dx dx a dz a dz
2
4
d 2 d
= 2 z2 − z + 2 (2z − 1)
a dz 2 a dz
♣♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♠♦✿

d2 u
 
4 2 2 du 2λ z du α
z −z + 2 (2z − 1) − 2 1 − (2λ + 1) u + 4λz + u + βu = 0
a 2 dz 2 a dz a z−1 dz 1 − z

❞❡ ❛q✉í✿

d2 u
   
3 2 2 3 1 du
z − 2z + z + (1 + 4λ) z − + 4λ z +
dz 2 2 2 dz
  
2 λ
+ βz + λ + − (α + β) u = 0
2
s❡❛✿

γ = 1 + 4λ
3
ρ = + 4λ
2
λ
σ = λ2 + − (α + β)
2
❛sí✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

d2 u
 
3 2 2 1 du
z − 2z + z + γz − ρz + + (βz + σ) u = 0
dz 2 2 dz
❙❡❛✿
+∞
X
u(z) = cn z n
n=0

❛❧ r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

+∞ +∞   +∞
X
n−2
X 1 n−1
X
3 2 2
(βz + σ) cn z n = 0


z − 2z + z cn n(n − 1)z + γz − ρz + cn nz +
n=2 n=1
2 n=0

❛sí✿
 
1 9
σc0 + c1 + [βc0 + (σ − ρ)c1 + 3c2 ] z + (γ + β)c1 + (σ − 4 − 2ρ)c2 + c3 z 2
2 2
+∞
X
+ {cn−1 [(n − 1)(n − 2 + γ) + β] + cn [−2n(n − 1) − ρn + σ]
n=3
 
1
+cn+1 (n + 1) n + zn = 0
2

❞❡ ❛q✉í✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❧❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rr❡♥❝✐❛✿

(1 − n)(n − 2 + γ) − β 2n(n − 1) + ρn − σ
cn+1 = 1

cn−1 +
cn
(n + 1) n + 2 (n + 1) n + 12

❛❞❡♠ás✱ ②❛ q✉❡ c0 6= 0✱ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ σ = 0 ❛sí✿

λ
λ2 + − (α + β) = 0
2
❞❡ ❛q✉í✿
λ
β = λ2 + −α
2
r❡❝♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ α✱ β ② λ✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥❡r❣í❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s✿
r !2 r !
~2 8µV0 a2 ~2 8µV0 a2
E= +1−1 + +1−1 − V0
32µ ~2 16µ ~2

❜✮ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ❡❧ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✿  πx 2
V (x) = V0 cot
a
▲✉❡❣♦✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ s❡rá✿
−~2 d2  πx 2
ψ + V 0 cot = Eψ
2µ dx2 a
❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r r❡❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦✿
d2  πx 2
ψ − α cot ψ + βψ = 0
dx2 a
❞♦♥❞❡ ❤❡♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛ α ② β ❝♦♠♦✿
2µ 2µ
α= V0 ; β= E
~2 ~2
❍❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✿ r !
 πx −2λ 1 8µV0 a2
ψ = sen u ❞♦♥❞❡ λ = +1−1
a 4 π 2 ~2
② ❝♦♠♦✿
d  πx −2λ 2πλ  πx −2λ πx
sen = − sen cot
dx a a a a
d2  πx −2λ 2π 2 λ  πx −2λ h 2 πx
i
sen = sen 1 + (2λ + 1)cot
dx2 a a2 a a
❛❞❡♠ás✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s f (x) ② g(x) t❡♥❡♠♦s✿
d df dg
fg = g+f
dx dx dx
d2 d2 f df dg d2 g
f g = g + 2 + f
dx2 dx2 dx dx dx2
❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
d2 u 2π 2 λ h 2 πx
 i 4πλ πx du 2 πx
 
+ 1 + (2λ + 1)cot u − cot − αcot u + βu = 0
dx2 a2 a a a dx a
❍❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡✿ πx
z = −cos2
a
t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡✿
d dz d 2π πx πx d 2π √ 2 d
= = cos sen = −z − z
dx dx dz a a a dz  a dz
d2 d d 2π √ 2 d 2π √ 2 d
= = −z − z −z − z
dx2 dx dx a dz a dz
4π 2
d2 2π 2 d
= − 2 z2 + z + (2z + 1)
a dz 2 a 2 dz
♣♦r t❛♥t♦✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♠♦✿
4π 2 2
d2 u 2π 2 du 2π 2 λ 8π 2 λ du
 
z αz
z +z − 2 (2z + 1) − 2 1 − (2λ + 1) u− 2 z − u − βu = 0
a 2 dz 2 a dz a z+1 a dz 1 + z
❞❡ ❛q✉í✿

d2 u
   
3 2 2 3 1 du
z + 2z + z + −(1 + 2λ)z − + 2λ z −
dz 2 2 2 dz
2 2
   
a λ aβ
+ λ2 − 2 (α + β) z − + u=0
4π 2 4π 2
s❡❛✿
γ = 1 + 2λ
3
ρ = + 2λ
2
2 a2
σ = λ − 2 (α + β)
4π
λ a2 β
ν = +
2 4π 2
❛sí✱ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿

d2 u
 
3 2 2 1 du
z + 2z + z + −γz − ρz − + (σz − ν) u = 0
dz 2 2 dz

❙❡❛✿
+∞
X
u(z) = cn z n
n=0

❛❧ r❡❡♠♣❧❛③❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡❝✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❙❝❤rö❞✐♥❣❡r ♦❜t❡♥❡♠♦s✿

+∞ +∞   +∞
X
n−2
X 1 X
3 2 2
cn nz n−1 + (σz − ν) cn z n = 0


z + 2z + z cn n(n − 1)z + −γz − ρz −
n=2 n=1
2 n=0

❞❡ ❛q✉í✿
 
1 9
−νc0 − c1 + [σc0 − (ρ + ν)c1 + c2 ] z + (σ − γ)c1 + (4 − 2ρ − ν)c2 + c3 z 2
2 2
+∞    
X 1
+ [(n − 1)(n − 2 − γ) + σ] cn−1 + [2n(n − 1) − ρn − ν] cn + n − (n + 1) cn+1 z n = 0
n=3
2

❞❡ ❛q✉í✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❧❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rr❡♥❝✐❛✿

(1 − n)(n − 2 − γ) − σ 2n(1 − n) + ρn + ν
cn+1 = 1

cn−1 +
cn
n − 2 (n + 1) n − 21 (n + 1)

❛❞❡♠ás✱ ②❛ q✉❡ c0 6= 0✱ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ν = 0 ❛sí✿

λ a2 β
+ =0
2 4π 2
❞❡ ❛q✉í✿
2π 2
β=− λ
a2
r❡❝♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ β ② λ✱ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥❡r❣í❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s✿
r !
~2 π 2 8µV0 a2
E=− +1−1
4µa2 ~2 π 2