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" ψ# $
# # # # " %

& '

• ∈ ( " # )
* * ) %
+$ *
− #. -
= ,
= ,

= ,
/ * 0
• ∈ [ 1# − ] " 2 3 %
/ / / # % )
' σ1

=1↔ = ↔ =,↔
= ↔ = 4 ↔ %%%/ # %%%
• − ≤ ≤ " %
% / ) '
σ = σ 1%

/ # # " 5
' %
+$ " ) = = 1# ,
( =1 =1 5 / " 6 ' =1
( = = − #1 5 # − 1 #
( = = −,# − # 1# ,5 −, # − # 1 # # ,

7 " " + + =8= ,


/ −
7 " " /, + = ,× + = ,

=1 ,
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- )
ω

+ # '% $ "

σ1
5 = + 9,# ↑

σ1
5 = − 9,# ↓
/ # # # % " #
,
$ # ) ,
%

0 7: $

' ψ ## # #
/ψ # # # = / # / #

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, ↑ ↓ /

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> # , # , # # #4 # #4 #
+ = , 4

B '

C ↑ 5 / " "

,
C ↑ ↓ 5 ,
↑ ↓ ↑ 5 ,
,
,
4
0 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ 5 ,
, ,

0 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ 5 ,
, ,,
, , / = − # 1#

> C
: # "
$ %↑ ↑ " ↑ ↓%
$ " / #
% # %

.
↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ 5 ,
, ,, ,

, ,
D
7 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 5 ,
, ,,
E
↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ 5 ,
, ,, 4

8
F ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ 5 ,
, ,,
1
7 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ 5 ,
, ,, .

7 [7 ] 5 ,
I [7 ] ,
5 [7 ] ,
5 4
[7 ] , ,

, , .
, ,

[7 ] ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 5 .
[7 ] , 4
5 D
[7 ] ,

E
[7 ] , .
5 8
]4 ?[ 5 ,1
[ ]4 ,
5 ,
[ ]4 ,

,,
J [ ]4 , ,
5 ,
- [ ]4 , ↑ ↑ ↑

,4 /(
[ ]↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 5 ,
I [ ]4 ,

4
,.
F [ ]4 , .
5 ,D
[ ]4 , D
5 ,E
7 [ ]4 , E

,8 /(
[ ]↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ 5 1
H [ ]4 , 1

1
4

G [ ]4 , 1
4 5 ,
G [ ]4 , 1
4 ,
5 [ ]4 , 1
4
4
[ ]4 , 1
4 4
5 0 [ ]4 , 1
4 5 .
? [ ]4 , 1
4 .

+ + K :

+ : ) :
/ : < %
+ K / $

4
F '

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+$
7 [7 ]
B 7 + [7 ] = ,
, ,, .

,
, ,, ,

+ ,
B , ,,

F [ ]4 , .

+ F ,+ [ ] .
/4

# ? @A @ C %

+$
[7 ] ,
# [7 ] , .

G : "
: %
< '
: %
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%

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