FACULTY OF ENGINEER!

G
THE UNIVERSITY F CAIRO

o\130RATORY
ng Department

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 FA.CUL TY OF ENGINEERING
THE UNIVERSITY OF Cl\lRO

4th YEAR LA\JO~ATORY

· HEAT ENGINES

1NTRODUCHON :

Chemical energy available in fuels is transformed in!o thermal! eneri;")' in "Heai

Engines". In these engines the thennal energy is used to produce useful work lo
drive cars, airplanes, ships .. etc.; generate electricity and many other useful
functim1s. Engine types, operation, specifications and performance are included
the main courses of thermody11amics throughout the years of study of a mechanical
power engineer. Our main goal in this course is lo provide a practical study of some
of the different types of heat engines by both observation and testing. Accordingly,
different experiments have been chosen to satisfy our goat Three different engines
experiments will be done. These are heat engines classifications, performance iest of
a multicylinder spark ignition engine (SIE) and performance test of a multicylinder
compression ignition engine (CIE). In addition to these engines experiments, two
other useful experiments are designed to understand the combustion process, for the
first experiment, and to study the performance of a multistage compressor, for the
second. The compressor is a commonly used device to deliver compressed gases
which are often required in many industrial applications. So, the experiments will
be:

L HEAT ENGINES CLASSIFICATION:

This will be an introduction to several types of heat engines. Real engines with
different cross-sections m·e available in the heat laboratory vvhere lhe main elements
are dear to study.

A-1
 2. PERFORMANCE TEST OF A IVIULT!CYLINIDER SPARK IGNITION
~ ENGINE (SIE), PETROL:
•.

In this test a four-cylinders four stroke petroi engine is available together

some instruments to measure and calculate the engine performance parameters:
engme power, specific fuel consumption, mean ·effective pressure and volumetric
efficiency.

J. PERFORJ\tiANCE TEST OF A l'VIUL Tl CYLINDER COMPRESSION

IGNITION ENGINE (CIE), DIESEL:

I11 this lest a four-cylinders four stroke diesel e11gine is available together with
some instruments to measure and calculate t!ie ·e11gi11e performance parameters:
. engine power,. specific fuel consumption, mechanical and thennal efficiencies, mean
effective pressure and volumetric efficiency. It is also possible to study the lmv of
energy conservation and calculate· the energy loss rel alive to the Iota! available
energy.

4, CONTINUOUS FLAME TEST:

'in this test it is required to study the combustion process in a quite simple flame.
The· products of the combustion ·will be measrnred in the exhaust to obtain the
products analysis and then calculate the air-to-fr1el ratio.

5. TESTING OF A RECIPROCATING MULTISTAGE COMPRESSOR

The perfonnance of a two-stage reciprocating compressor will be tested where

the intercooler effectiveness, ·the average mass flow rate al a given lank pressure
and an overall energy balance will be measured and calculated.

A-2
 In the Heat engine vou vvill find different
"
testing fadUties for engine testing, In addition, you will find
various n'lodelis and engine sectiol'.11§, Each §tudent should be
acquainted with the models and 11ectlons located in the lab,
After attendlmg the dass submit a technical
report describing the given n1ore than ten lines
for each 11n1e,
 [Cl. JC(\ 11
c,:rpwurrrovnJ, 1L0·. 1
1
'

Heat Engines Classificath:n11

Objective:
To study the functions of the main elements oflhe different types of heat engines

Experimental :

Different types of heat engines are available i11 the heat laboratory. Heat engines
be classified, according to the combustion process, into two main groups:

A. External combustion engines:

In this type of engines the combustion process is mainly outside the container of the
working fluid. Example of these engines is steam power plant

B. Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) :

In this type of engines the combustion process occurs inside !he main element of
engine. This group may be also classified, according to the mechanical motion, into two
subgroups:

l . Reciprocating engines:
Such as: Petrol and Diesel.
2. Rotary engines:
Such as: gas tm·bine.

Some of the above mentioned engines are available in the lab. with cross sections.
addition photos of these engines are given in the next few pages.

Required:

Write the main details of the engines on the photos, such as type, some specifications
(e.g. power), the functions of the main elements ..... etc.

A-3
 ('
C/D{JMi1rrwn
J, (VII <11-. (2)
I

Perfonnance Test of a Multicylinder

Compression Ignition Engine (CIE), Diesel.

Objective:
To calculate the perfr:mnance parameters of a compression ignition engine. These
parameters include ( l) · and brake power ai different speeds; (2) friction power
and mechanical efficiency; specific fuel consumption at different loads; (4) thermal
efficiency; (5) volumetric efficiency; (6) mean effective pressure at different loads; and
(7) :1 cornplele energy b:Jia11ce at a si11glc operating conditions.

Experimental :

Engine specification:

The engine used in present test is four stroke, four cylinders diesei engine.
The foU0Yvi11g are the rn2'"}J1 design 1)2Lra1111eters of tl1e engi11e:
l.931
n1111 80
Stroke 96
·r~o. of cylinders CZ) 4
N 0. of strokes \i1S) . ' 4
'Calori.flc valt1e C. 39000
Fuel density k~g/111.3 850
. ,
M. 1tax11r1tHTl speed ·~1J111 3500
Cooling water
f7ue1 . .. commercial light diesel fuel
87 % C and 13 % H2 by mass.

Available instruments and measuring devices:

Hydraultic Dy;namometer:

It is essentially a torque measuring device which must, by definition, be capable

of providing an adjustable and measuring torque opposing that of the engine. Thus it is
used to in order to simulate the actual running conditions of the
engrne.

l3. Tachometer Strolboscoue :

'
"'[l1e tacl101neter stroboscope are rpm measuring devices, The tachometer is
a n1echa11ical should be in contact directly to the engine shaft. The
:o,iroboscope is an Pe""'''".''' device v1hich provides very short brilliant flashes of light at .
an adj~Jstable flashes are used to illuminate a mark on the rotating
shatt of tl1e en.gi1~~e. measure the rpm, the rotating shaft is illuminated by the
ilashes of th.e z,t a frequency higher than the expected rpm. Now there are
rnore flashes rprn, and the 1nark wiH appear to be rotating slow1y
bac1<wards. ~:'"'he flashes is then reduced gradually until the mark
appears stat1011a1~/. the stroboscope flashes is thus equals the rpm. The
use of t11e stro'boscope cc,opr" son1e sl<1Us. tl1e t1·eq_uer1cy equa]s tvvice th.e rp]n, the
rnark will agai11 case, the mark may be a line on the end of the
rotatir~g s11aft. means that two flashes wiH illuminate the mark per
re\/01uticn1 a[ld ~-r aDDears at both halves of the shaft Another case if the
freque11cy of the mark will again appear to be stationary. ln
tl1is lln.nr.J.natEod once every two revolutions and hence the brightness
freqt1e11cy. Tl1is ina:{ i1ot be q11ite clear to tl1e observer.
and check the mark brightness.

are measure the temperature of the cooling water, inlet

an.d a11d

the engi·ne the znr
rneast1re. So~ a.11 aJr
eng1ne per
rate. Th,e tank 1s
at1nosp]1ere
where it is related to
·1t;:~e·-rnet1cr
is used to calculate the air flow rate At the inlet of
rate is net steady during the cycle This 'Nill be difficult to
a large capacity relative to the rate sucked by the
"'"""',· is llsed to co1npe11sate t11e fl.11ct11atioR1s of tl1e air flow
the engine at one side and the other side is open to the
The pressure drop across the orifice is measured,
rate by t11e follovvi11g relatio1J:
Dh'""",. ·11/'?
''f"I,/ Pallr
• , .&.
\vhc1c A 1·; the ;irl:<l ol'tlic oriCicc, C 0 1s tile discl!:nge coenlcient, about 0.6, and i:\P
1s tilr.c pre:1.•;tm.1 drop across the orifice('"' p11 'l'"" g h).

K JVJetered flask and stop-watch:

These are used lo measu.re the vohnne flow rate, and hence the mass flow rate,
of the h.1el. The fuel flow rate is equal lo the volume consumed times the foe! density
cliv1clecl by the time offoel consumption, measured by a stop watch.

MEASUREMENTS

l·ollow the steps bclm11 and Fill the data table i.n "Data m!d Calculations'' section
1

. ;\djus1 the rnck pos1tion. to the end position.

1
'. Run the engine at no load.
l \Vail ior :1 steady state condit10ns, ;ibuut I "2 1i1rn1
·I. Record the frillowing cL.ita
torque and rpm,
time nf eonsurnplion of 50 ml of fueL
rniet and exit ternperamres of the cooling \vatcr a its flow rate,
the exhaust temperature ;md
the pressure drop across the orifice-meter of air tilnk.
) Change the load and repeat steps 3 and 4. About five points are required Try to
change the load in order to reacl1 certain rpm valnes (say l 000, 1300, 1700 and 2000)
Note: i1 may not be possible to reaeli ali rpm val1.1es required at all rack position
settings
Ci. Change the rack position and repeat steps ") c /\.bout four rack positions are
,;.,- _l.

possible.

'** Another test is required, called torquc~rprn charactenstics of a diesel engine. ln

this test, keep the ad.1ustment of the dynamometer at a certain position, about medium
load, and change the rack position Record the rpm and the torque at each rack position
Only four points are available. It may be possible to add more points by holding the
rack position rigid for a few seconds at certain positions and then record the rpm and
the torque. ·

A-Hl
Calculation Procedures :

The perfonnance parameters listed above are required to be calculated in the present
experiment Those parameters may be calculated as follows

l . Brake power Ps ·
Ps T x ro (l)
2 n: N

2. Indicated power PI and the frictional power, Pf:

L:se wman's line

This is a method to calculate the frictional power and hence the indicated power Plot the torque
versus the foe[ consumption 2t constant rpm. As shown below in Fig. 2.1, the torque to overcome
friction at this rpm can be obtained and hence the frictional power Thus the indicated power is
calculated as follows
P~ =PB + Pf (2)

t I
' I
Constant N (rnm I
Rate of foe! //
' consum<:rl ~/
Torque rn uvercorne
friction
I _,/"
r~
..,._~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--->-

Torque T
2. I Willan's line

3, l\llechanical efficiency, 1'1m:

11m = Ps I P1 (3)
4, Air and fuel flow rates, mA& mf

The mass flow rate of the fuel is calculated as:

m~· = Ptuel Vtuel I time ('t ) ...... ., ( 4)
The mass flow rate of the air is calculated from the above equation of the orifice-
meler Then the air-to-foe] ratio, A/F, is calculated as:

A-U
 AJF = mA I mf (5)

5. Specific fuel consumption; brake (bsfc) and mdicated (isfc)

bsfc = mf I PB (6)
isfc = mf I P1 (7)
6. Mean effective pressure: indicated, imep, and brake, bmep:

The mean eftective pressure is defined as the ratio between the work and the stroke
volume of the engine The indicated mep is based on the indicated work and the brake
one 1s based on the brake work. ·Thus, the following cquat·io11s are used to calculate the·
both indicated and brake mean effective pressmes

imep = [P1 I (N z 2/n 5 )] I [11: 02 (8)

bmep = [PB I (N z 2/n 5 )] I [11: 02 (9)

7. Volumetric efficiency, T]v:

It is defined as the ratio between the actual air consumed and the theoretical air.
So, the following relation may be used to calculate the volumetric efficiency:

T]v = [mA] I [N z (2/ns) (11:/4) (10)

8. Thermal efficiency, T]th ·

The indicated and brake thennal efficiencies are calculated as:

l]thi = P1 I [mt x C.V.] (! 1)

l]thb = Pb I [mt x C.V.] (12)

A-12
Oata and cak11lations

Fill in the following table with the measured parameters in this experiment:

T.
Test Engine Load klme Pressure 'fwi Two Yw~lcr 'f ex I:1ir
No rpm Nm of drop (air) ()c "C l/h "C "C
SO ml mmH20
I fuel
i (sec)
I

I
I
'
I I .

I
I
l- --+-
I

·--r-- i

--+--_L
I

I I
I
.

-+ t- I
I
I

I
I
t-T ' I
1.

_l__ I
I
-+
l~--+---
I
~
' I

~--
i I I
!

W--
I
I'
.
i
I I
I I
I

--r-
'
I
'

I ! I

A-13
Required data:

From the above measured parameters, it is required to calculate the following

data for each nm:

1. NF
2. P1
3. PB
4. bsfc
5. isfc
6. imep
7. bmep
8. Tjm
9. Tjv
10. T]thi
11. T]thb

Tl1e11, plot isf-c) bsfc" iinep, bmep, vol111netric efficie11c~/ a11d i11dicated tl1ermal efficie11cy
versus the rpm of the engine and torque. Plot also torque versus the rpm to get the
torque-rpm characteristics of this engine. Write your comments regarding these results.

A-14
 ota Ca~ibratlon (water)
Flow Rate = (0.15 + 0.()375 * Rota Reading) kg/s

0.8 ~, ---------------

W
tI
.._ f-

~ 0.6 r···· ·- - · , - - , ---

1

t . -~
2 0.4 r··-- - - - - _ +- J>"-- <------------- ---- •

~
""
\U

s0 ~
I

r
'
r
.•
·--
-·.

.•_ef__-+< •
- ..

0. p-~"'~-. ········
- r
u_ t
0 l ' I l l ; ! .-----------L- _L____--"l____L_ _ _ l _ _ _ L - - "

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 '14 16

Rota Reading
 . , ()
R i·r ,1 \ .~ 1·«' 'I'
' .? ~. tV.t !
i ,' l .'
fl ~ I l ' .... c: ;\ J ,! \ . i \.I 1; I\' 1
Vil!.. VJ.OW )(,\ n: (,.,./,,., .. )
(l()[l r----...,.------,-----,-------
I
II
I

~
1100 ...

-·: .
I
400 -

:lll 0 ,.

,_.. --
! ()() r--

2 4 6 8 10 !2 I&
1
r~1J'} ;\ ~1-! 11>fJ:; r: l'• .:· :., (1 i: ·:,

:' : ~ ' ' i ' ' i

b'.l~.:1 --------- -------·- ...... ,. ---------

I
I
I
:56!. 3
f.1
I
i

4?.'I, f, i
.I
,.
,-' (J

.-11
II / ri
I ,.. ..
[ ,.
/
I ,

ltG,; ~'-·----~----""------~·~-'--------------~-------~-
' ,. , ;I

-,
'I' Ji f' 11 ; 'J t 1. ll p ( C~lll .,, ! "v !l~f.~ ti ~i111' 1~:(.

A-16
 /.' . I
u'Xjl?llJJrTlMIA,
'flU9-. (, J/)

Performance Test of a Multicylinder

Spark Ignition Engine (SIE), Petrol.

Objective:
To calculate the performance parameters of a spark ignition petrol engine. These
parameters include: (1) engine power at different speeds; (2) frictional power; (3)
specific fi.iel consumption at different loads; (4) indicated thennal efficiency; (5)
volumetric efficiency; ( 6) mean effective pressure at diff~rent loads; and (7) energy
balance for a single operating condition.

Experimental :

Engine specification:

The egine used in the present test is four stroke, four cylinders petrol engine used in
Nasr l 28 model cars. The following are the main design parameters of the engine:

Capacity litre .. ...... ... .... 1.1163

Bore mm .................................... 80
Stroke mm .................................... 55.5
No. of cylinders (Z) . . ............................. 4
No. of strokes (ns) .............................. 4
Fuel used Benzii1e (super 80)
(Octane C8Hl8)
Lower calorific value C.V. Kj/kg ........................... . 40900
Densily of the fuel kg!m3 740
Maximum power !:-IP 55
Maximum speed rpm 4000
Cooling water
Compression ratio 8.8
Spark advance angle o ........................................ . 280
Firing order l-3-4-2

A-17
i.\.vailabic i11stnumcnts and measuring devices:

A. Hydra11.dic Dyrrnmometer:

It is essentially a torque measuring device be caoabte

of providing an adjustable and measuring torque opposing of the engine Thus it is
used to apply a certain load in order to simulate the actual. running conditions of
engme.

B. Tachomeli:er & Stroboscope :

The tachometer and stroboscope are rpm m,,~,,,,,.,,, de\11ces. tacho1Tieter is

a mechanical device which should be in contact
stroboscope is an electronic device which provides
an adjustable frequency. These flashes are used 011 tb.e rotati11g
shaft of the engine. 1n order to measure the rpm, the .l;)
:_. , ;n·
dd... ... dl, ... vJL·,Y· t11·e
11111~..,at~rr1trjh-
~b -.11 ~

flashes of the stroboscope at a frequency higher exp-ected l\JfJvv there are

more flashes per minute than the rpm, and the rnark ·will appear to be rotating slowly
backwards. The frequency of the flashes is then reduced gradually until the mark
appears stationary. The frequency oflhe stroboscope flashes is equals the rpm. The
use of the stroboscope needs some skills. ff the frequency equals twice the rpm, the
mark wiH again appears stationary. In this case, the mark be a hne on the end of the
rotating shaft. Twice the frequency means that two flashes illuminate the mark per
revolution and it appears stationary at both halves of Another case if the
Jiequency of the flashes is half the rpm, the mark to be stationary In
this case, the mark is illuminated once every two hence the brightness
should be half that at the correct frequency. This may not clear to the observer.
So, it is required to double the frequency and check the brightness.

C. Thermocouples :

Thennocouples are used to measure the temperature COC)ling water~ inlet

and exit, and the exhaust.

D. Air tank and orifice meter:

The air tank with an orifice-meter is used to calculate a1r ffo·V\,r rate. At tl1e i11let of
the engine the air flow rate is not steady during the C~fc1e. Tl-Lis v,rill be difficult to

A-18
measure. So, an air tank with quite a large capacily relative to the rate sucked by the
engine per cycle, at leas! 40 times, is used !o compensate !he llucluatio11s of the air flow
rate. The tank is connected to the engine at one side and the other side is open to the
atmosphere with an orifice-meter. The pressure drop across the orifice is measured,
where it is related to the air flow rate by the following relation:
mair == Pair CD A (2 Ll.Plpair)1
where A is the area of the orifice, CD is the discharge coefficient, about 0.6, and Ll.P
is the pressure drop across the orifice (= Piiquid g

E. l\!Ietered flask and stop-watch:

These are used to measure the volume tlow rate, and hence tile mass flow rate,
of tile fuel. The fuel flow rate is equal to the volume consumed times the fuel density
divided by the time of fuel consumption, measured by a stop watch.

D. Gas analyser :

l'o 1ne{'.tst1re t]1e ex11a11st gases concentration. lJsirig t1·iese a11alys]s the a]r-to-fi1el rat]ci
of the reactants can be obtained and thus the air flow rate can be calculated.

MEASUREMENTS

It is necessarly to check the fuel, cooling water, and lubricating oil levels before starting
the engine. Also it is necessarly to check that the dynamometer at no load position.
Then wann up the engine to the steady state conditions, it may take up to I 0 minutes
depends on the atmospheric temperature. Follow the steps below and fill the table in
"Data and Calculations" section :

A. To measure the engine power and other performance parameters:

1. Adjust the rack position to a certain rpm.
2. Run the engine at no load.
3. Wait for a steady state conditions, about 5 minutes.
4. Measure the fuel consumption
The time of a certain quantity of fuel is measured.
5. Record the torque and the exhaust analysis.
6. Change the load.
7. Repeat steps 3 - 6 about 5-8 times.

A-19
B. Morse test (to measure the indicated and frictional power):

I. Run the engine at a certain load (medium load) and certain rpm (about 3000).
2. Record the torque and rpm. (To get the brake power for all cylinders together)
3. Disconnect the cap le of one of the spark plugs and then reduce the load gradualy to
get the same rpm.
4. Record the the torque and rpm (which should be constant). This is to get the brake
power of the three other cylinders.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 again for each cylinder (i.e. 4 tests should be done).

CALCULATION PROCEDURES:

The perfonnance parameters listed above are required to be calculated in the

present experiment Those pararneters may be calculated as follows:

L Engine power: brake power, PB, indicated power, P!, and the frictional power,
Pf:
.-::_,;;,_:.

A. From the assumption of brake them1al and mechanical efficiencies

The brake thennal efficiency, ljthb, and the mechanical efficiency, Y]m, may be
assumed, based on the data in Fig 3. l, and hence the brake, indicated and frictional
powers may be calculated as follows:
-- . . 160~··_··-··_·~------------- c
0

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Fig. 3 .1

A-20
 PB = T]thb x lmf x C.V.j (l)
where the fuel flow rate
mf7rfxVf/Tf. 0 •• 0 0 0 •• 0 • " 0 •• " ~ • 0 • • • '• •• ,•
(2)
It is also possible to check the brake power using the following relation:
(Note: this is to check the reliability of the dynamometer used in this test)

Ps =T x m (3)
m =2nN
Then, the indicated and frictional powers can be calclllated as:
P1 = Ps I 11m, ... .................... (4)
and
Ps. (5)
B. Use Morse test:

This metho~ is suitable for a!I multicylinder reciprocating eilgines. As explained in the
above section of "experimental", the brake power can be measured for either all cyliders
or three of them · only.· The indicated, brake· and frictional .powers are related to each
other as represented in Eq. 5, This equation can be writen as ·

P1z ~ Psz + Pt ..... .............·..... . " (6)

Pi(z-1) = Ps(z~1) + Pt · " ......................... . (7)

where, PJz and PBz are the total indicated and brake loads for all cylinders z,
respectively, and PI(z-l) and PB(z-1) are those for (z-1) cylinders. At the same rpm the
frictional power is assumed to be constant. So, the indicated power of the disconnected
cylinder j, Pij, may be obtained by subtracting equations 3 and 4 as:

0 0 0 0 0 0 < •• 0 0 - •••••••••••••
(8)
The total indicated power is the sum of all cylinders power, as:

z
P1 = 2:P1j . ...... ................ . •'• (9)
j=1

A-21
2. Mechanical cffidcm::y, T]m:

The mechanical efficiency is calculated from Eq. 4, based on the morse test data.

3. Air and fuel flow rates, mA& mf:

The fuel flow rate is calculated from Eq. 2. From the exhaust analysis, the air-to-fuel
ratio, A/F, is obtained and hence the air flow rate, mA.

4. Specific foe! consumptil:m: , bral1(bsfc) and indicated ~isfc):

The specific fuel consumption is defined as the ratio between the rate of fuel
consumption to the power. Based on the indicated power, it is called indicated specific
fuel consumption, isfc, and the brake specific fuel consumption, bsfc, is based on the
brake power as follows:
isfc (10)
bsfc n' l)
/

5. t\'lean effective pressure, mep:

The mean effective pressure is defined as the ratio between the Viork and the stroke
volume of the engine. The indicated mep, imep, is b.ased on the indicated work and the
brake mep, bmep, is based on the .brake work. Thus, the following equations are used
to calculate the indicated and brake mean effective pressures:

imep = [Pt i z 2/iris)] f [n 02 L/4] (12)

bmep = [PB f z 2/ns)] I [n 02 L/4] (l 3)

6. Volumetric efficiency, Y]v:

It is defined as the ratio between the actual air consumed and the theoretical air. So,
the following relation may be used to calculate the volumetric efficiency:

i]v = [mA x2]/[Nz(2/ns)(n/4)D2 L] ........ (14)

A-22
7. Indicated thermal efficiency, TJ thi :
TJthi = P1 /[mt x C.V.] (15)

Data and calculations

.

Test
No.
Engine
rpm
Load
Nm
Time
of
50 ml
Pressure
drop (air)
mmH20
%0, %CO Ai"
. '
II
fuel
(sec) I
II .
i I
I
I \
I
I
I
'

I I
II l·
I•
I
•
'!
I I I
I I
I
i
I •

I
I
I
I I
i !
I
i
I
I
I I
i I
I I I
I
I I
' II
I
I
'
I
l I

I
I

A-23
Required data:

From the above measured parameters, it is required to calculate the following

data for each nm:

Test PB Pi bsfc isfc imep bmep

No.
11v 11thi
kW kW g/kJ g/kJ % %

I I
:
I
1,

I
I

I I!
'
l I'
I
:
i
I

I
I !
'1
I ..
I:

I I:
l
I
I I
I
. 1i
l I

I--t' I
I
I I

I
\
:
I II
I I
I
I
I I
I

I
'
:
I
! I I

A-24
Morse test data :

In this case it may be possible lo use the assumption of the brake thennal
efficiency to get the brake power and load in order to fill the following table.

P1j = P1z - P1(z-1) =Paz - PB(z-1 )· (8)

I I
Engine Cyiinder Load Brake Ps(z-1) P1j Friction
II
Tjm
rpm Cut-out Power Power
Psz I
I
I
I I I
II
I
I
I
I
I I
I
II
.
i
I
I

.
I ~I
!
I
i
I
1

I I ~
I

I
I
II
I
I
II
l I

II I
I
I
I
I
I

A-25
Results & Comments :

Plot isfc, bsfc, imep, bmep, volumetric efficiency and indicated thennal efficiency
versus the rpm of the engine and the torque. Write your comments regarding these
results.

A-26
 C~'Xfl!ilUJTrl»ffJ /le, . (lj
Continuous Flame Tube Test

Objectives:

To perfonn an overall energy balance at different air-to-fuel ratio for a contineous

fl am e unit (diffusion type).

EXPERIMENT AL:

Continuous combustion unit:

The unit is basicly a diffusion flame surrounded by a jacket of water, as shmvn

m Fig. 5. l. The unit is supplied by two types of fuel systems: gaseous fuel and liquid
foe!. The fuels used in the present experiment are:
· Gaseous fuel: LPG (Liquid Petroleourn Gas)
50 o/o Propane(C3Hg)
50 % Butane (C4HIO), by volume
Liquid fuel : commercial solar fuel

The heat is partially trai1sfered to the water jacket by convection and radiation. The.
rest of the heat is carried away by the exhaust and some are lost to the surrounding. The
unit is provided by thennocouples to measure the air inlet, the exhaust, and the water
inlet and outlet temperatures. These temperatures and the flow rate measurements
should be used to calculate the heat transfered and losses.

The present flowmeters for the water, liquid fuel and air should be calibrated and
tested first. This should be' done as explained in test-1 below. Then, the energy balance
test can be done for different air-to-fuel ratio. The air flow rate is controlled by a throttle
valve. The air is supplied by an air blower (three-stages) which produces a maximum of
l 60 kg/hr. The water flows at minimum rate of 500 gm/ s.

The ignition system is an insulated electrod. The unit usualy starts with gaseous fuel
from cold to wann-up and then changes, while running, to liquid fuel.

A-27
 HOT On

IBlO\'ii'ER

I
AIFI rLCJW )...J.f:A:)l:iif.HEllT, --1-
!-IA~lOHr::TEll

~---- .. "
/

~11) lf~
GflAVITY
TmK
~UEL ILJ
lf iliF
-ICE

FLAME FAil.URE- -
SOLENOID
VALVES
LIQUID
J'
r··-,
GAS
-----
IGIHl ION Ull AR VlOlE1
FUEL COHHI- El
BOX HA ME DH ECTOR
COIHROL Ol - AY

GAS
~==·"·PllESSUll
REGULATOR t
GAS MAINS lllPUl
OR CYUHOEA

Fig.(5'-1) The scllematj~: diagram of cont.inuuus comliusllion unil.

A-28
 Safety precautions:

l. During operation, an ultra violet sensor is used to monitor the flame. In case of flame
shut-down due to miss fire, this sensor provides an electric signal to two solenoid valves
provided on the fuel lines to stop the fuel supply.
2. Also, to prevent overheating, due to shortage of water supply or leakage, a relay at
the outlet water temperature sensor is used to provide a signal to the same fhel solenoid
valves.

Thus the safety is mainly used to stop the fuel supply in case of emergency.

Test-! Calibration:

1. Liquid fuel:

The flow meter of the liquid fuel should be calibrated first. To do this no flame
is required and the amount of foe I provided at a certain valve setting for a certain time,
sav 60 sec, should be measured. This should be done for different valve setting.
~ \ - Fill in
the following table:

Table 5 .1. Calibration of the liquid fuel flow meter:

,,

Amount cm3 i

Time sec I",, I

Reading !
~
ii l
'
2. Water flow:

Similar to the above test, the flow meter of the water should be calibrated. To do this, at
a certain valve setting for a certain time, say 60 sec, the amount of water supplied
shouid be measured. should be done for different valve setting, may be 2-3 times
for each valve setting and use the average. Fill in the following table:

Table 5.2. Calibration of the water flow meter:

IAmount cm3 I I I I I I
A-29
J. Air flow:

It is required to check the reading of the flow-meter in kg/hr using the orifice meter
connected on the line. To do this, measure the hight of the water column in cm and then
calculate the flow rate based on the following data:

Orifice discharge coefficient Cd : ..................... . 0.65

Ortifice dimneter (1mn) ... ...... .................... ... ...... .... 27
Air pressure (bar) ................................................. .
. temperature \iK) ................................................ . 300
Air

Mass flow rate ( mair) =

pair CD A (2 .6.P/pair)1
where, L">P = pwater g h

4. Gaseous Fuel:

The present flow-meter provides correct readings for pure propane, m1d the fuel
used is 50 % propane and 50o/o butane. So, the flow meter has been calibrated for
this foel and the following correction factor may be used:

For a flow rate of 2.2 gm/s setting the correct value is 2.3 gm/s.

Test-2 Energy Balance:

It is required to nm the flame and record all temperatures and flow rates for 2-4 air-to-
fuel ratios and calculate the heat losses and apply foll energy balance calculations.
'

Plot an energy balance diagram for the present set-up provided in Fig. 5. l. Then fill in
the following table.

A-30
Table 5.:'\

m1 mair AJF Tair Texh Twi Two mw

g/s kg/hr oc oc oc oc kg/hr

Then apply full energy balance and fill in the following table:

Table 5.3.

AJF Q Q Q Q Q

!
I
I I

Note: It is possible to check the AJF ratio based on the readings of the flow meters by
analysing a gas sample at the ehaust This may be done, if it is possible, by
measuring the Oxygen and carbon-monoxide concentrations at the exhaust Then
use the reaction equation for equilibrium conditions and calculate the !VF ratio,
where the fuel composition is 50% propane and 50°/o buiane, by volume.
 (:1 • I i.y·1
(./[,f)J{iU!Yf1A!1n.{. l 1.( 11·. . .J
!

Testing of a Reciprocating Multistage Co1npressor

Oh,iedives:

J. To estimate the average mass flow rate al a given lank pressure.

2. To perform an overall energy balance of the compressor i11cll!ding the intercooler

and the tank.

3. To calculate the effectiveness of the intercoolcr.

EXPERIMENTAL :

Compressor specification:

The compressor is two-stage with intercooler and aftercooler, as shown in Fig.

4 ..1 below.

.:o.@
( )

.;
1" L
2
1;"'j\ ~- L0\.1/

?I PRb:.ufri'.!£ p
·-;;;'
I1

'IJ-.I
t w~

Fig 4.1 Schematic diagram of the multistage compressor arrangement

A.-32
 A. Thennocouples :

Them1ocot1ples are used to ,, , ii1tercooler aJ1rJ aftercooler.

B. Pressure gage ·

To measure the tank pressure

Caiculatio11 Procedures :

Based on Fig. 4.1, it is

heat losses from the a11d. th.e
efficiency of the compressz
motor coupling to the compress'.cl

vvhere V and I are the volt, 3

. r
1s a 1:.:.ov\;er Iactor.

Assume

At steady state condition ti''"--~ ,,,

For the L.P. stage

,.-.,-,
WoL + mo C 0,- -

Qot = mo c,J
'

-,~

_· '·,,'f .:_:.
For the H.P. st11ge

(5)

F111r the Interc111111ler

(6)

For the Aftercooler and the pipe line to the tank, the heat losses are

(7)

in lh~ above equations, the mass flow rate is required to calculate heat losses,

The mass flow rnte 1no can be obtained by calibration of the compressor at a different
b;:ick pressure, To do this record the time and tank pressure, for a step of 1 bar, during
filling up the lank, Then plot the time, t, versus the absolute pressure, P, Also, plot the
mass tlow rate versus the pressure, The mass flow rate can be calculated as:

(8)

where ()t is the initerval of time, The mass, either final, mfi1ml, or initial, minitiaL cm>
be obtained from:

m= / (9)

where is the lank volmne m3).

The effeciiveness of the intercooler, :t:I, is defined as:

A-34
The volumetric efficiency, Y]v, of each

Y]v)LP. = l - (Ve I Vs)

.,
vmere,

Assmne 11 = 1.25 rmd (V c / '-c1earance "V01n:ne to

slroke volume).

R§QUIRED TESTS :

Test 1: To obtain the mass flow raie:

this test, nm the compressor ··~-·A"c-

t11e ti1ri,_e and presst1re c\f the
tallk Fill in table 1. Plot the time and rm1ss <JDta1r1ed- 'i1·01n
., . h '
equat101Js cs a.rto.- 9 .
~

\Vrite a comment regarding these two }Jlots, t1,1e rnass flov/ rate c.2J1
obtained.
--------·----
Time
sec I Amp
. ··----·-·---!----
() I
'--------'=------'----i--------------.---- ----------------------------- --------,
-'---------------'\- -·-·--~:..___________________ ,______________

~-------------~----
'---·_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
---------- --------------'-----~=------------------------
---------~_)__! -

! ~-\

'----------------1-----------.-----------------+-------------
'
t __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____,_ _ _ _ --·- •-·-•·-----.·---···-•--c-··-_ _L_________
<)>
,~,

- ------------------1---------------j
"'?'~

'---------------'----------C:-9._____________ _____L, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
 Tc§t 2: Tl! perform a11 e!lergy balance:

In this iest, it is required to calculate the heat losses from the compressor, the
intercooler effectiveness and the volumetric efficiency. These parameters should be
obtai11ed from equations 4-7 and l 0-12 above. These equations are applied only at
§jeady state comlitirnm. So, it is required lo reach a steady state before recording any
data. To do this, nm the compressor while the delivery valve of the tank is partially
opened a11d .wait mitil the pressure in the tank remains constant. Then fill in table 2
below.

r II -.
p 1 Tn I Tz T3 T<1 Ts T<o I
''I I
oc iI 'i oc oc oc
\

I
I
bin
I'- •'C i
-r "t I Amp I
I
I
I
L_ \
II i
'I
I

I
I
-
Table 2.

.-
1-mm !'I Je preVIQUS d·a+'
- .u;c,
::I i-.-.ht~,,s
10-Ulv l and 2, and equations the following results can be
obiaiiied

rate b11r) = gm/sec.

other parameters are listed in the following table:

r· I
- I I
I
I II ("~01pJ: Q0 AP I QllAJ? I Woe EI Y]vl.P Y]vH.P mo
• I
i' kW
k~1~v k\',I kW
kW ~ 'i 1;,-;) ~Yo
I
I I
I

I I

Comments:

A-36
 EXI!ERIMEN.'.Llll

INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION !,EARNING SYSTFM

Experiment Part 1

i) Objective:
The objective of this part of the experime11t is to determine how long it
takes for the refrigeration system to reach its steady state condjtions.

ii) App.aratm~

The main components of the system are:

L Compressor: Semi-hermetic and electrkaHy driven a 3 HP
electric motor (220 volt). A sight glass is added to the front of the
compressor to allow for the observation of oH !eveL

2. C.:mdenseirs: Two water cooled condensers. O!ie of them is tube-in-

tube type while the other is shell-and-tube type.

3.Evaporators: Two air cooled evaporators (forced cooling). The

evaporators can be used either in series or in parallel operation.

4. Defrosters: Two defrosting systems are existing, one for each

evaporator. One of these defrosters is based on the heating while
the other is based on the hot gas heating.

5. Evaporator Fans: Two fans, one for each evaporator. The speed of
each fan can be regu~ated from zero value to 100%.

6. Evaporator Pressure Regulator: An externally adjustable pressure

regulator is located between the evaporator and the compressor.

7. Pressure Gauges: Three pressure gauges are useq in experiment. Two

are installed at the evaporators inlet while the third is used to measure the
condensing pressure.
8. Cooling Tower: II consists of a pump, cooling section. reservoir, and
electrically driven fan.

9. Oil Separator: It is used to separate any droplets be

discharged with the refrigerant and return them back to the compressor.

10. Liquid Receiver: It is used to store refrigerant during the machine

maintenance.

l L Refrigerant: Freon-12 (R-12)

12. Measuring Elements: The machine is fitted following

instruments:
a) Thermocouple to measure the compressor discharge temperature.
b) Thermocouple to measure the compressor temperature.
c) Thermocouple to measure the cooling water temperatme at the
inlet to condenser.
d) Thermocouple to measure the cooling water temperature at the
outlet from the condenser.
e) Flow meter to measure the cooling waler rate.

B-2
 £ XPANS!OIV
-~··-------------·~~--~-~-- ---·-----~~ L.VC

; 'l
I '
I
.._,,., 3:, X r:~)A NS IQ IV
VALVE EVAP012ATO/o2
EVAPORAT'OR.

"'11\!'I ! SVCT'/ON
e:,ssuRFJ:
Iu ,i.,.·
. ri"
:i "
l
f<.f:::t_5Clf.,,..,.ATOR..,. -- . ! 1':
!:"!
I

Ii,
I

l:d
I
\.H

·; ~ I

:::i ; V ' PR.tr:SSU/e,

C!eANKCA.'S!!:
0
~ V REGULATOR
LeT~
~~~-·~-·-·~~~~-~,~===
ll!
4J
~­
CONDE/\i'5£f:._ l_V3_ V4 --
'(
5:
'V'-
•'
Vi;;~~
TU.COE
___,,
11
~~ --·-
<·
,-~~CK VALVES I J+
~ l _·-~_I L~J I --·
' COMPf2E:SSOR,
CL!
li1
~·
v, lj--i-J
/ ~- ---io
--~~·-~~-~~

~
3: /_ V1
CONDE1'!SEf".
:a
/_
•I :SIGHTGLl'.S::O. \
L!G(Ufll fi:.lCEIVIT/!. -O!LSEPAl2A'T0!2.
51-lc~LL . Fl G. 2
r-1 0 W [)I A A AA -----~-~---·-~\ .. . .. ,,
r~_-::_ ______,:_:.__ ___ ~~-~~~-------~- -·--~--~~,--~~"·~--~~----, . ._,.,. .. :,... ,. . , . .
1- If the system is in use, turn off the system and lt LO idle
at least one-half hour.
2- Record all temperature and pressure readings to
3- Open valves V 6 an.d V7.
4- Turn on the cooling tower pump.
5- Turn on the cooling tower fan.
6- Open valves V l • V 2, V 3, and V4.
7- Close valve V 5
"this sets up the syslem for both cvaporntors no

8- Check to see that oil level is in the meddle of the sight glass.
9- Turn the system on through the main at right
hand side corner of the unit.
10- Rotate fan switches to foll clockwise position.
11- Check lo see that the timers are not in the r1~1Frnd
l 2- Check to see that the suction pressure is
and the high pressure gauge is in the range from 95 to l 30
l3- Record all temperature and pressure readings seconds for 5
!11inutes.
l 4- Plot a graph for each gauge showing either !am-,ccr;,JurP or pressure,
according to the component, on the vertical time on the
horizontal one.

B-4
 INDIIS_TlFflAL REFRIGERATION LEARNING SYSTEM

i) Objective:
Tqe objective is the determination of:

1- Rate rejection to the condenser cooling water

2·-

4- th.e system
5- The co.mp1ns1;s1cm index (n)
reJ1ect1on in the compressor

B-5
 i i ) Ap~.:mr.atus.;
The n1ain con1ponents of the systcin arc:

1. O:m11piressoir: Semi-hermetic and electrically driven a 3

\\
electric motor (220 volt). A sight glass is added to front of the
compressor to allow for the observation of oil level.

2. Condensers: Two water cooled condensers. One of them is tube-in-

lnbe type while the other is shell-and-tube type.

3.Evaporntors: Two ai.r cooled evaporators

2-IT CDoling). "The
evaporators can be used either in series or
opera.ti en.

Defrosters: Two defrosting systems are one for each

evaporator. One of these defrosters is based on
heating \vhi]e
the other is based on the hot gas heating.

5. Evaporator Fans: Two fans, one for each evaporator. speed of

each fan can be regulated from zero value to l 00%.

6. Evaporator Pressure Regulator: An externally adjustable pressure

regulator is located between the evaporator and compressor.

7. Pressure Gauges: Three pressure gauges are used in experiment. Two

are installed at the evaporators inlet while the is used i-o measure the
condensing pressure.

8. Cooling Tower: It consists of a pump, cooling

reservoir, and
electrically driven fan.

9. Oil Separator: It is used to separate any droplets of that may be

discharged with the refrigerant and return them back to the compressor.

10. Liquid Receiver: It is used to store refrigerant during machine

maintenance.

l l. Refrigeraint: Freon-12 (R-12)

B-6
12. Mc:1smrh1g F:lemc11ts: The machine is filled with the following
instrnmems:
a) Thermocouple to measure the compressor discharge temperature.
b) Thermocouple lo measure the compressor suction temperature.
c) Thermocouple 10 measure the cooling water temperature at the
inlet to condenser.
d) Thermocouple lo measure the cooling water temperature at the
outlet from the conde11ser.
e) Flow meter to measure the cooling water flow rate.

B-7
 0
fJ,;
0)

ii)
'-<
0, 0 "'
'-'-
~ '
r--
< "-::(
0
{
'
0.
)
~
-<C
(•
>...\~

Lu
C')
--J
,.,
~

=<
Q ">.
''--,
Vl !',

~ l.J VJ '-'..
r,
<{ ) < c-
·~

n .J. ~ ':~)
;:c <f u _,"< ;~
t11 > f- .,.~
·~

'- ii
·.(,
{!)
<
.,
.__,
'"'·'
·,,
~
\/j l\ --
>
(}
cf.

' '
i -l
! v:::· '
.. J
L-,
I
I ~
l I I•
0
I 1--
I11· I <(
I (\!
0
i
I
II Q
,I
i <(
>
I
1:

i
I w
J.,.__....,_£

I 21 3 .LV rA.A
iii)_ pr.!l.ceibus;:_
I- Open valves V6 and V7.
2- Record the flow meter readi11g at the starting.
3- Record the time at starti11g.
4- Turn on the cooling tower pump.
5- Tum on the cooling tower fan.
6- Open valves , Vz, V3 and V4.
7- Close valve
the system for both evaporators in parallel flow"
8- Check to see level is in the meddle of the sight glass.
9- Turn the system on through the main switch at the lower front right
hand side comer the unit
l 0- Rotate fan switches to full clockwise position.
11- Check to see the timern are not in the defrost cycle.
12- Check to see the suction pressure is in the range from 5 to 30 psi,
am! the high pressure gauge is i11 the range from 95 to 130 psi.
13- Allow the to run few five minutes to stabilize.
14- Record the a,ind outlet temperature of the condenser cooling
water.
Record the refrigerant temperature at the compressor suction and
discharge.
l 6- Record the flow meter reading at the end.
1 Record the elapsed time at the end.

B-9
iv) obserY<ifo:ms;

Time :required for V

t- Condenser cooling water In!iet temperature
LCondenser cooling water oufilet temperature ' O(=
--1-----·-+-----!
! Compressor suction tr:mp_e_ra_t_u_·r_e_ _ _+-_ t]l;j
oc
"!
ii
Compressor discharge temperature
i D
Compressor suction press111re gauge :reading 1 Jt }Rj -
I
Compressor discharg1c pressure gauge I PJi;u,.
readin
"

A:S.S..UM£TJ_ON
Assume ihat the condensate leaves the condenser as

B-10
v) Re.suits:

flow rate of cooling water (kg/s) = rn:,, = Y, · Pw

'1:,

Rate of heat rejection the condenser (kV/)= QCOND = cpw. m~. (tw,o - tw.;) =

Refrigerant mass =

R.efrigerntion

,,-._ . " -
Lompress1on 1n.cex

c- .r A
n- l
~R,o __ -/----.----{--:;::fP<;:
I
I
I
Heat rejected cornpressor f
-rn·
- \ XCOND

C.O.P

B- l l
Y.lLll.~1Jl~£""'s111~1J,2esJiipJJ,_m1~­
The main componeuts of the learning lS

available in the laboratDry is illustrated in Fig< ( are summary

tl1ese cornpon.e11ts

variab1c L ]'

g sections:
a- Filterirlg section

b- Heating/Coolir1g section COOSJ1SLS cf evaporator of

the reversible cycle coolling acts as a
condenser 'When the refrigerator

c- Hun1idification section \Vith t"vvo \\/8.t·~r sora1

' -
1
nozzles.

d- Post-b.eating section one set of adjustable

electric resistance.

011e set of thcrroometers/hygrorneters are Lo for

1neasure1nent of the ther1T1al and psychrort1etrlc "''·rcw•·•
points aiong the duct. The cooling and are providec1
\Vith a tank to Qtn11p the condensate or the cxces\
tl1e drainage to a rated container or to a drain.

te1nperature and ht1midity of outlet air, they are P<~v'-" er;d section of the
treatment duct. The duct is therrnal1y insulated frorn

3. Cooling Circuit~ Air cooling is accornplished a .,,1s_por-con_1press1on

cooli.n.g circt1it provided \Vith:

B-i2
 -~-' I
(~rilI

'./----·,/··----------"~-,--------------- ------------
Fi!k1er (~on_tleK1sate E·l!/a.porator
---- . . . - .. I
VVVI - ------- ~---··------r------

~
Air Out!e
Ir~Ret

------
~-~--~·-------------·-~-?=

"'---·
-···-· l ···-··---~ ~
, ,.

'""'""""""""""' ,--·-·1--
I
-~
:•1·

--1-------l---------1------
I
"""'··
,/

.l~ ~:~....
lJ
l
'1 ~~o
I
l:_ ,_
til
L'-JP ·t.. "("-.,
I
! ! 't
f

lf ..1"
c=4 J
,,
I '\i''J''
"'- 'J';:i'1
-,~-> ~
I
J
'
1
I
l
'
'
'

J -'' -- -·----~p<J-=""- '__·_::_ ,_,:;;J

'
1'
I
y .!
I

~ -~-[ ~T1
-+ .• _
'L 1iI. Indlned
Manometer
l
: •
_
XExpansion Valve Plunger

---~~
;--~- "'1

l '
"'"
~- -~;o +
m-'=--=~
+- ..+·
"'

Compressor -->
-~-
----> --r

4
A

-----;-
'L
I

"'-..I
'Water Outlet

-<.----
7=
ll Needle
~

t Water.Inlet
Liquid Outlet 1-,___,

Solenoid Valve
Cooling Circuit ·-----·----~ -
l-Ieating Circ~1it ~-- --·· = ,,~ ·~ 0 - -~ ;.~.,

,,,---;
., ..
 - Cornpressor.
- VI/ ater-Coo!ed condenser.
- Solenoid valves and expansion valves.
- Evaporators coii.
The circuit is illustrated in Fig. (2).
The condenser is fed by water from the mains through a meter.
A branch supplies -water to the spray nozzles into the humidification section.

A band operated valve permits to control water flow rate within the
condenser.

The solenoid (before the expansion valves) c<>.n be separately

and/or simultaneously energized; thus allowing the refrig;:crnnt to flow through
one and/or the other expansion valve.

One of said solenoid valves is further subject lo th1-o on/off control of the
cold detector (thermostat), governing its opening /closing according to the
rating value.

Th.e cooling cycle is reversible lype, according to Fig.(2), by

n1eans of a c]1ange over on the board; thus allowing the condenser to
operate as an evaporator mains water as a heat ::otirce) and the
to operate as a condenser, thus heating the air passing through it.

B-14
 Reserve Bottle of Coolant
l--'------1
I I

!
---?>-
---·- -~:;-..

I
Compressor '-1·---~

~ 'i~ ii
f'· i I
I :

i--~-1~1-.....!-r------~-_,-+--·f-3
..___-_-_-.. ,-, l:
:\,,,
\ !
j

'1

~I' I I ,j
i I ~

Iii
1

r ~1--:::;;;::::-==-==-i-=--_,~~-
I ~ I
_____ ,,_
I

I "'1
i '!-;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - ' I
!.. - - - -~ - - - - .J

FIG.L

B-15
 Qp_ei:-11tio1JLo!Lthe_Cms.ter_Jlf_S_olel!u1id_Y11tv.es
£n;pl!adl!l!g a reyeJrliil!l!g__ylli_'Lfili}

For l!oaling, valve

For heating, are opionec & valvef, (2,4) are closed.

Energizing of

and control board placed in the front of the

of the fan.
Po'Nox-i:eg;uiatingrheostats of the post-heating.
co111pressor.
0
"''''-i'"'c for the two solenoid valves in the cooling
circuit.
Dost-heating nlug-in.
~ ~

so1en1:i!d valve opening to humidification.

for cooling cycle reversal.

Eac1r'l. indication lamp.

induciing the following instrumentation rs also

.system:
S.'VVitches.
pressure gauges of the compressor.
section is provided with lwo soienoic! valves

B,-16
 The evolving capacity is the summation of the recirculation rene\val
rates. Said percentage is fictitious and is merely a reference suppli.ed
diagrams (see graph 3).

In order to survey the air rates, act as follo'vvs:

l. Obtain the ratio of ihe recirculated ' -- '"·-- ;;,s a function
the lever-position index by using
2- Rate of flow of recirculated air is reading the
manometer and using the formuld:

Q= ioo-R;f

where:
Q : volume flow rate (m3ih)
llP : differential pressure (mm
3- Total flow rate =recirculation rate /re.circulation !·atio
4- Renewal How rate =total flow rate -

B-17
 i ~~~~~==:t::=-=:.:
·------·-
:;:. -·--------
:.-: - ~:--=~·--_
=. ::==-===~
":: ::::::.~--:::=:-
-~3-:;:
:.: ::::; :.:.:::.i....::::.:.:::::.:.:
-:;; :.:.=-...::.:..:==.:::;:;::;:
u--::~i~
~<=

.==1'::

-= ---i~
+.............._~-··=
-=:r-·
= ··-:......r
:_-_::-:: __ .___
~---=

= ·-------·-
:..::=--==-~--=

-~!:::,rn :..:·.===---==:-::
·----------
·------
·······---·-----
·--·:~.-
···----
:;-....:::- -----
----·------
---·----·-·
------
··--·-------
-····-·-·--
·----·---·
~~:~;:;;;~=~
~~--~-~
...
• ~~---'C"00-000,
=··::;::::::::::
-·-------·- .·...:::.:.;:;_.-...::.:::
=::::::;:-;:;;;:::..-.:;:":
=

i' ''': ?El':''.

~~~~ :-- ~
.. E .:;.

--····- ~-­
·--·-·····--·
:.: ::::.: :~::..-:-
__ ,_-....::::..:...::.::.,.-=::
-.......
--- --
· · ·· ·· ·---- --
~-

:""'··----·
.": :-:.:::.: ;:-: :..'":: ::::
:-:---
:....=-:::::t.=::.:::
---

B-18
EXPERIMJEt\J. itl:

To trace; the path and to determine the rate of heating dming a

"Sensible Henl.ing" process.

RECORDED.. MEA£UREMEN1'£:.

Qv - r;·1{·:\.. .,. rate of evolving air = m3 I h

T1 - 'f',_:'.inperalure of air at lhe heating scctllon 1nie1 -·

<!> i ·- Rclali ve air humidity at the heating section =

T2 - Tcillperature of air at the heating section oulict =
<P2 - Ec:Jative air humidity at the heating section =

Record •m the psychrometJ:ic chart the points ( i)

<\) 2 ) as sun·c·/c:J; it will be noted that the segmen1J · 1ing them is somewh~I
horizontal.

l '"LC''
.. ·O rn A.,,., o·
. '""'.LnJ)· -
.N·;.

where:
q,: Heal quantity supplied to each kg of evolving (kJ/kg).
C : Specific heat of dry air at the pressure of 760 mm Hg.
= l .00.\ k.l/kg K.
OR
(2)qs•=(h;~ ht)
where:
h2: Specific enthalpy of air at state (2).
h l: Specific enthalpy of air at state (l ).

(3) ll= pQ,q,

where:
q Total quantity of heal. supplied.
p Air density= l.2 kg/m3 _
 1
1
1110 11!5

------::_:--··::-:-==:::::::::::;-..,:; ~'-':_.-_·

PSYCHROMETI~lC CHARl
NORfVlAL TEMPERJ\TURES
SI METRIC UNrrs
Baron1etri:::: Pressure 101.325 k Pa

SEA LEVEL

\
0:90
Liipynj;•:hl ~;i[,~ui,;1Xnrp0-!;;rtirrn 1fll!;
t;.~.bm;.·_..,,J}k~ Ih-y_ ~\;,. - -&.;.;_:W-o:ef!IJFiJ(l1 ___-'1'.-ili:Wd in tE$?_,._
"f\n. b!lll.
EXI'EIDMEl'{f # 2:

To trace the path and to determine the rate of cooling during:

a- "Sensible Cooling"
b-"Cooling and Dehumidification"

Qv = Flow rate of evolving air

TJ = Temperature of air at the cooling section iniet
cjl 1 = Relative air humidity at the cooling section ·
T2 = Temperature of air at the cooling section outlet =
cjl 2 = Relative air humidity at the cooling section outlet =

Record on the psychrometric chart the points (1) (T1, ~Ji) and (2) <T2,
cjl 2_) as surveyed
and the dew point.

(lJ q= PQvCh2 -hl)

where:
g Total quantity of heat supplied.
p Air density = 1.2 kg/m3.
h2: Specific enthalpy of air at state (2).
h1 Specific enthalpy of air at state (I).

(2) Qwa= PC.\(\ff 4 - \If])

where:
Quantity of water (condensate).
Air density= 1.2 kg/m3.
Specific air humidity at state (2).
Specific air humidity at state (1).

B-21
 f. .]'
... -
1i
~ '~ '.;
I -:'.:.'
!:di rz~; DO
<"
140
-"~-~--· ,::,__.::::,_,.~;,. ;,.~::;;,,

--~-.-:'_":-~ ~ "":":·o~'.:'_,_.,.._._':'7'"""~-.~- - --~~·,-~~ .-,.~·=·-'·'..~- .,..~~:::::.'.o:::.-;-·-o_,,,::?.::--·-=--· :·:·:-:'::::··-·-----~- ---

PS'VCHROMETRJG CHART
NORMAL TEMPERATURES
SI METRIC UNITS
:ll
:;;J i .'5
-T" I
Barometri~ Pressure 101.3-25 kPa <:;j "--;
r-:. '
:/ ............ \
SEA LEVEL
.§:' ..;;.;

~
pOO:Jmic~m;;rr-~±+~~st:t#.+tl~n: Ju;s -N
N
~ .60
a:l'
..""/2
1~ ~ 1\,~1~1~ ~1~ ~ ~ 1~ i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1t1~ G~ t1~ t~t~ ~%~ i~1~1~ ~ ~i-f-~ . ._,
~
.;;j
l!' ~
,,-""'
"! :::: '" j;.j)Jn

"'
::;,;.?: ;r;;·

""~ ~!
"' _,
------~F---"~, ----- --...._ ~~·

~ '· '· '<j:..

"
·o'=
<
5

. r~:

W!1!,1om :rtj_~-·~.?.il'__
·r.vpyri¢i1 flt--Orri:-f.l' .tarpt1r.Jlim1 1.\17S
jJ
~~~~,-~;~~'"'~~-~~~py~ii-1;~ni.liiw. t11~ 1·w·!i:?. ~-~ ·- .. .- -·- ... -=----~ -~w;.S/31. '.'t~.'\';Jg~.,J\-l-HJ1 -:---*rin-ful"11"1J::S;A."
- : r
EXI"E.RIMEl'lTff_J;

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) for a "Heating and

Humidifying" process.

RECOJ.IDED.MEASIJREMENTS:

T1 = Temperature of air at the heating section = 'r

\_,

$1 = Relative air humidity at the heating section = o/o

T2 = Temperature of air at the heating section outlet = "c
$2 = Relative air humidity at the heating section outlet = o/o
T3 = Temperature of air at the humidification section outlet = 'r
~

$3 = Relative air humidity at the humidification section outlet= %

Record on the psychrometric chart the points (!) (Tl· $ 1) , (2) (T2. lfl2)
and (3) (T3, <ji 3 ) joining th.em by a broken line.

C(T3-·T[)
R=---·--
h3- h1
where:
R Thermal factor
C Specific heat of dry air at the pressure of 760 mm Hg.
=l.005 kJ/kg K.
h3: Specific enthalpy of air at state (3).
h l: Specific enthalpy of air at state ( 1).

Locate on the psychrometric chart the straight line corresponding to the

reckoned (R) value. This actually has the same inclination of the line joining
the points (l) and (3); this inclination represents the direction according to
which the transformation evolves.

B-23
 "i"
, I'

',
!!

i
,/I'
!¥ ··: .
(11:

~i
'I
!I
:1'
I

i
I [i,;
l'i
l'
1

.. I I
'I B-24 ,i.J'
OJUECTIYE:.

To draw the processes and determine the rates of cooling and

reheating in a "Cooling - Reheating" combined process.

T1 = Temperature of inlet air = '""

~

¢1 - Relalive humidity of inlet air - 0~i

nr
,_
T2 = Temperature of air at the cooling section -
¢2 = Relative air humidity at the cooling section = %
o~
T".) = Temperature of air at the cooling section outlet = 'L

¢3 = Relative air humidity at the cooling section outlet = '1h

or
T4 - Temperature of air after post-heating = ~

¢4 = Relative air humidity after post-heating -··- 90

Record on the psychrometric chart the points (l) (T1, ¢ 1), (2) (T2, cD2),
(3) (T3, ¢3l and (4) (T4,<\J 4 ). Join (l) with (2). Trace the horizontal line
from (2) up lO cross in (D) (where D is the dew point) on the dew curve
(saturation); follow the dew curve up to point (3);join (3) and (4). The (2)-(D)
segment represents a cooling, the (D)-(3) segrnent represents a
dehumidification and the (3)-(4) segment represents a post-heating. The(!)-
(2) segrnent is due to the fan.

( l) gs2o=C(T2 -TJ:)
where:
Heat quantity subtracted from the cooling coil (id/kg).
Specific heat of dry air at the pressure of 760 mm Hg.
= 1.005 kJ/kg K.
OR
(2) qs2D=t, h =h2 -hn
where:
h2 Specific enthalpy of air at state (2).
ho Specific enthalpy of air at state (D).

B-25
 (3)Qwa= PQv ~\If D3
where:
Quantity of water (dehumidification).
Wt 0
I
- \JJ ~=Difference
i .J of Specific humidity between the states (D)
and (3).
p Air density = 1.2 kg/m 3.

(4) i'}.hu3= -h3

where:
The relevant heat quantity to be subtracted.
Specific enthalpy of air at the dew point (D).
Specific enthalpy of air at state (3).

where:
Total heat quantity to be subtracted.
Specific enthalpy of air at state (2).
Specific enthalpy of air at state (3).

where:
qT23 : Total heat quantity removed from the system.

where:
lJT34

OR

B-26
QB.IECTJYE.;_

To determine the temperature drop and the rate of moisture addition in

"E . -coo1Jng
an vaporat1ve "' l ' · process. I"

JRECOJRDED MEASHR\BMENTS:

'
~

evorv1ng .
air m3 I h
=
= Temperature of air at the humidification section inlet = "c
Relative humidity at the humidification section inlet = %
= Temperature of at the humidification section outlet = oC
= Relative hurnidity at the humidification section outlet = %

Record on the psychrornetric chart the points (1) (TJ, $ 1) and (2) (T2,
¢.•.1 ) as surveyed .

1)

n ·- r
\jrnmt1ty OI water.
f'.' a.ens1ty ,_ gI m3 .
' ·. = .1L. 2k
lfl 2 humidity at state (2).
Specific air humidity at state (1).

B-28
 Ii

\!,,
~.:':.r '
,\i;·: :I::: '~·'-
I
;'
B-29
,, \'
 F:XPERIMENT :/Ll.

COPPUS STEAM TURBINE

DESCRIPJ:ViON

The steam turbine is an impulse, single pressure stage (with a rotor

having two rows of blades), non condensing type. The turbine has the
following specifications:
Model RLA 12L
Rated power 15kW
Rated speed 4000rpm
Inlet steam pressure 10 kp/cm2 g
Inlet steam quality dry and saturated
Exhaust pressure 0.5 kp/cm 2 g

The turbine speed is controlled by an oil relay governor mounted directly

on the end of the turbine shaft, and is connected through a linkage mechanism
to a balanced throttle valve, which regulates the steam supply to the nozzles by
a throttling process. There is a separate over-speed tripping device which
causes a valve in steam line to close in case of excessive speed. The turbine is
equipped, also, with three hand operated valves which may be used to close off
ihe individual nozzles, Closing off one or more of these valves will control
the mass flow rate of steam at part load without any changing in the steam
conditions. A water brake dynamometer provides the load for the turbine. The
foad is controlled by varying the dynamometer water pressure. Figure (1)
shows the instrumentation schematic and Fig. (2) shows the steam state
schematic.

STARTI!'i!G-UP TURBINE

The following procedure is followed:

l- Check the oil level in the bearing housing and the governor.
2- Open all hand valves.
3- Drain all condensate from the low point in the inlet ste&m line, from the low
P.Oint i11 the exhaust steam line and from the safety trip shut off and throttle
valve bodies.
4- Be sure that all valves the exhaust line are open.

B-30
 Inlet Pressure
Orifice Inlet ~emperature
Iiinre Dif:fenmtia1 Chest
Prres11ure P:ireasure Pressure Exhaust
\\ / PresEJure

~~$
II
I 1
1·'.
1' 11
,. i~ !i

I I
: ,i
•~ f
;j
I1
'I

1I .L.--l.____il..l).(i:..
, l . . .' L .

' Orifice
Governor
V'alve
• Turbine
II
' 'i

'I: Instrumentation schematic

t;i

f'
,:j
l
!
1,l
Entropy, s I~

; .
.Fig. 2: steam state Schematic llj
1.~:·1 : :!
'
i
i
B-31 '
1j
5- See that the safety trip lever is latched, and that the safety trip shut off valve
is fully open, by pressing down on the connecting rod end of the operator
lever.
6- Turn governor speed adjusting screw on end of the governor, fully
counterclockwise to the speed decrease position.
7- Open the shut off valve in the inlet steam line gradually, bringing the
speed up slowly until the governor takes control at the low speed setting.
8- Once speed control has been established, open the inlet valve fully and
adjust the speed setting screw on the governor clockwise to bring the
turbine up to the required operating speed of the driven equipment.
9- Once the turbine has reached its rated speed under governor control, check
the safety trip system operation by manually tripping the turbine by pressing
down on the trip lever where the word "TRIP" appears. The turbine should
come to a complete stop Open the safety trip valve and latch the linkage by
pressing down on the connecting rod end of the operator lever.
lO-Check operation of the safety trip system by either overspeed operation or
manual trip. lncrease turbine speed by means of the governor speed
adjusting screw until speed is reached. The turbine should trip within±
2 % of the trip speed setting on the turbine nameplate, and
thereafter the turbine should come to a complete stop. If trip speed cannot
be achieved for any reason, manually trip the turbine by
pressing down on trip lever where the word "TRIP" appears.

TEST PROCEDURE
(Varying load with constant speed and steam conditions)

i .. Set inlet pressure at about 9 kp/cm2 g,

2.- Open ali three hand valves.
Set exhaust pressure at about 0.5 kp/cm 2 g.
4- Set governor speed at 3500 rpm.
5- Adjust dynamometer load until throttle valve is wide open or chest pressure
is equal to about 8 kp/cm2 g.
Adjust load in 5 equal increments down to minimum.
7- Take set of readings at each load increment.
'
8- PJ,OT (a)Load P(kW) against steam mass flow rate ms (kg/h).

(b)Load P(k'\IV) against Specific steam consumption (ms,sp)

(kg/lc\'f

B-32
CALCULATIONS

a-Torque (T)
T=l4.242 x reading N.m
h-Load (P)
P=27t TN I 60,000 kW
where N=speed, rpm.
•
c-!vfass fl\Jw rate of steam( ms)
'
ms=S.42) L'<P. P 2 kg/h
where LIP =orifice preirnure difference, mm water,
P2 =inlet pressure, kp/cm2 g.
ro

d-Specific steam consumption (ms,sp)

© ID

ms,sp=ms IP kg/kWh.

I1Run No. I I
i ·-·--------------+--+----1--~1'·
~p_eed (N),___~IT_Jm_ _ _ _ _ _-+----+-----+-1--+-'----+----j
IInlet pressure {P7 ), kplcm2 g -+----+-,· .',•.

I.·---~-----~~~----+---+---'!-,
Inlet temperature (t? ), °C I 11

----r--~--1
I Nozzle pressure (Po,), kplcm2 g I j 1

Exhaust pressure (P<;), kp/cm2 g · L~_J--1--~~~~\ 1

1 Orifice pressure difference (LIP), I I I

\ mm water
I Torque reading
1
1

+----1----J
_l___J
I _

I
I
Load (P), kW l
Steam mass flow rate '
(ms),
. kg/h
!----'

1 Specific steam consumption

I '
I (ms,sp), kg/kWh I

B-33
 ---~--··~-·

COPPUS TURBINES

PERFORMANCE DATA

~LA/hLVA 12L Maxirnum ewe~ and Steam Rate.

1100RPM I ~oooRrK \ m;Rrg !l[ IOOOR?!'. I

S.R KW, S.R KW 5.R KW'!. S. R KW:,
'
1
:I
:~1-'-'--+~D-'.~o-+--l-01-.-,~-+-·-,-.o-.,-,1--1---,-,-.l-B-l--5-S-.®_9_,_5_0_.l_ID_ ~
1
ll. 9 11 :I Jg. J 1l
U
LG
lll.1
1:J1
Ji.4
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11.l B
tli,J
55.0 10
1s.1 n
11.9 11
G7.9 ~
IU 11 1 &9.1 1,l ~.I .
~2.S 1n I
sa.o 11
i.I
s5.s ':\
'°·'
U 111 l?U IOU i BU l 00.1 o 1U 9 I 11.0 I 68.1 9
U IBI lll llU IUU 6 91.8 l 92.1 l ' 89.2 l BU
----1---~·\ _ _ __

u'0 i 3 .1 &0.3 51.5 11 &5.1 !1 I 1.0 II 31.l II

Ij 35. 1 15
61.i JG SU 11 IU H 46. 5 II o. 9 10 ·I d0' 3 1i
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6.3. l 01 '~ \ti is. 6 IU IJ. SU 15 n .o 11 12. I 18 39.2 2U 1 3&. & 2 t
I :o . l l 2. G fl,-,
0 l . \)
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EU Ii IU 16 51.5 18 i&. 9 10 IU i2 ·._Jj ~ c' i ? ]
u i ! ~. -; ~ g.2 i 2. ~ i~ 53.0 II 56. I 19 S1. 2 2D IU i2 1'I lU 11
1. D ~o, 4 ·:'i \ 1g. i 1j tu 15 GU 11 5G.3 lS 51'.$ 20 :.1 49.9 21
). 5 l JJ J I d:1. . D 10 BS. 5 \2 lU 14 G1 .1 15 62.i 11 IB.6 !8 'I· 55.0 '·"
:LO 1~ s. i g~ . b 1\ Bl. 1 I J )U ll GU II &5.6 \G ;:t &3.1 15
1.\ \ -~ G. g '1 tDil. n lo 9U II 03.1 11 11. 1 I J 1~.2 l~ :j 1.2.7 H
t :is·. B: ! 15.J i IOU 10 93. 1 11 88.J 11 a:.. 711:1 81\.111
'i 51. ~ ·, 'i 1S. ~ 115. 5 9 I 01. o Io 101. I I 0 100.0 10 '.'1' \DU "
!----1-~--'--i~--~--1----~-~-i----~1----1-----~----+-----+-· -----;
SS. 2 1 IU !l '6 .1 14 4 I. I 16 J 1. G I B , 20 'Il
3j_q 3L~ 2i
ii :

\1. $ 105.~ ii SS. g 1~ 10.l 11 44 .I 19 lG.1 ?I JU )J ·_.:_•1 JU I'

\ 0I. b j \ bj. s \6 IU 19 4U 11 <U 11 IU 1b :, JU n
'' . ..~ ilLB" B2. L 1i! ti.I 11 IU 10 11.B 21 n.1 1• 43.0 2S '.'i! iji,Q 2U

2'0 \ H5. G 1! ~1.J: H 11.l 11 52.5 20 15. 1 11 10.S 14 r1 .L 20 ::j ~~ .S 2a

12 l, B 16 ~ j. 4 j j 11.4 16 61. I I! ~o. o 11 55. 0 21 S\.'.li~ :1!1 1\8.S 1S
1·J 1DD·.1 11 BU II 1i.5 11 ·1 OI. I 19 SU li $6,i 22<1: S3.5 ?J
\0c \1 8s. i Il 1U H 1G. I I! 6U 19 ti. I 10 1i1I SU 1! '·
~l.S \B :1\
9U If
IOU ll
!U 15
92' 0 13
·1·._1u
au It
11
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JU IG 14:.g 15 :11.
55.? 19 ·1
73.0 i,") i
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1') :ji
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~QVJi;.rt ,!~ .kSA;'LJ~BLE 1\ l>Hl'UMUK ~·EsERVE OF HI\.

B-34
 Pelton turbine - Impulse type
Objective:
Document the pelton turbine's performan'ce
Reduce data yoµ will collect to a dil!lel'l!sionless groups
Equations used:
hydraulic power input (IL P. I) =p v g H ! kW
where:
v Discharge lit/s
H Total head meter of water
, ll=H
' s +Hd

,H
s
= p 2 • 1.0196 * 10-
1
- b.24
v 2
f
2g = o.os1 * vr
Hs Static head
H0 :Dynamic head
p2 : pressure gauge reading kPa
v f , Flow velocity at gauge

v v /"1000
'VF' =--r =
10. 92*10- 4
g gravitational acceleration
3
p water density kg/m

Turbine power output (p) =(T * w)/10

3
kW

where:
T Torque ,on turbine shaft N,m
w angular velocity of turbine shaft
2 lT N
'
w = ~~-
60

N Shaft rotational speed rpm

Turbine power output

Turbine efficiency (7! 0 ) = !
Hydrau1ic power input

C- ,1
 ----- ------

At the point of maximum efflciency

1 5 4
N N ·vTl _,, H• P • I _,, - 6 /. H
l.J '
s 0

rr d 60 .
Runner tip speed Ratio (v) = - L026 _,,

where:

d : Runner tip diameter = 13.25 cm

C : Velocity Coefficient= 0.95
v
Record the following variables

p = pressure gauge reading

2

N = Speed of rotation
T = Torque
h = point gauge reading

Procedure:

1. Adjust the pump speed until you get a pressure reading on

gauge (P ) according to table.(l).
2

Table. (1) speed range for different values of ( p )

2

(kPa) speed range (r.p.m)

-T No. OF Readings '1
P2 I
I I

80 16_0 910 10 '1

120 260 1400
'1 10
I I
160 355 2000 ~ 10
200 470 2250 10
. _________ J
I
2. Adjust the field voltage· control 6f the dynamometer to
obtain Ten different speeds.
. • . . . i '

3. Calculate the total dynamic head available at the turbine

nozzle , taking ·into account the !turbine and pressure
gauge elevation· relat'ive to each other , the velocity of
the water in. the pipe at the poirlt where the pressure
gauge is attached. '

C-2
 30

4. Calculate the flow rate according to

v "' IJ • IJ 14 ll2 ' 5

where:

v Discharge lit/s
h point gauge reading cm

5. Use the dynamometer to determine torque (N.m).

6. Use the speedometer to determine the rotational speed(N).

7. Obtain another set of readings at this head by adjusting

the field voltage control of the dynamometer

8. For each data point calculate :

- turbine power output

- hydraulic power input
- turbine efficiency
- runner speed Ratio

9. Repeat the . previous steps for different heads at speed

ranges indicated in table.I

Experimental records:

Pz = constant = kPa

H
1
= constant = m of water
~
v1 = constant = lit/s
vF constar~t - m/s
H.P.I ! constant = kW
I

R
I
rpm
N
I
l
T N.m
I I
I
I I I I I

C-3
calculated values:
I I
~
I
l I I
w rad/s I I
I I I I II
I
p kW I~ I
i
I
i Ii
7lo % I i
I
II I I
I
,I I 1' 1' I, i'
I I 1, I I I
v ) I I I
'1 I I I I I

p2 constant = kPa

H constant = m. of water
2

Q2 = constant = lit/s

v F2 constant = m/s

H.P.I 2 constant = kVl

N rpm

T N.m
I I I I
calculated values:

I w rad/s II II !
1,

II
I p kW II __)___
I

II I
I
II
I
I
I II I
l 7)

0
I :,
I,
%
I

I
I I
II
I
I1
I --+---1
I I
I

t-~----~--~--~-~--~!--~I- _~1--~-~-__J I

C-4
 32

Requirements:
:L Plot all data on a 9rlllpb v111rsus(v) as horizontal axis and
efficiency , turbine Pl'*'•r output as vertical axis.

2. Compare the efficiency curves at different heads.

J. Plot a graph showing the turbine power output at the

best efficiency point versus head.

C-5
Velocity Diagrams_:.,

Given data:

Relative velocity ratio ( = ,95

0
Buckets defle~tion angle (8) 165
Pitch circle diameter (Op) = 8. 25 Cm
Jet (or Nozzle) diameter (dJ) = 13 mm
velocity coefficient ( = ~95

Results from experiment:

Total dynamic head (H)

Rotational speed
Discharge ( Q)
Turbine power output (Pf
Turbine efficiency (n )
, 'o

Torque (T)

Specific speed

Equations used:
IT N
Bucket speed (u) = ~~~-
60

Nozzle exit velocity (C ) = c ·I 2 g H

1

Wz
Relative velocity ratio (K)

Degree of reaction (R)

C-6
~-tfl1~·~~-~~--t~~~
Cf>
I I
' I
I!
I I
' I
t !
I1 Ii
\l
1I
!I
II
'i
! I
11
j ~
11
! ~

I! \ -
e.--- --
_J
1,

I\
11

. !, I
trrl I- -
r-·--
'!

'
f 1I

'--·---
f~
r-\_.~

C-7
 Francis Turbine - Reaction type

Objective:

Document the Francis turbine's performance.

Reduce data you will collect to a dimensionless group.

~quations used:

l{ydraulic power input (H.P.I) = p v g H / kW

where:

v = Discharge lit/s
H = Total head seter of \/Vater
H = Hs + Ha
1
Hs = p
2
• 1.0196 * 10- "'" 0.076
2
vf
"' ~
Hct = = 0.051
* VJ
2 g
Hs Static head
Hct Dynamic head
p Pressure gauge readirig· kPa
2

vf Flow velocity at gauge

v 'V x, 1000
vf
: n-4
A 10.92 * ~v

g gravitational acceleration (m/ s 2 ) and

3
p Water density kg/m )

Turbine Power Output (P) = ( T * w ) kW

where:

T 'l'orque on turbine shaft (N. m)

(v angular velocity of turbine shaft
2 TI N
,w=---- rad/s
60
N Shaft rotational speed rpm

Turbine efficiency (T, )

0
=
Hydraulic power input

C-9
 At the point of maximum. efficiency :

•' D.d II I l!iO N

Runner tip speed. Ratio [ ~ ~ 0.0012 *
~ 2 g It ~!{

where:

d : Runner . = 0.1025 cm

You should record the following variables:

speed cit N

Torque T

point gauge reading h

Procedure:

1. Adjust the pump speed until you get a ,pressure reading on

gauge (P ) according to table.(l)
2

Table. ( 1) speed range for different'values of (P )

. 2
I
p2 (kPal ,I Speed range ( rpm N1o. of readings !
-~~~~+--~~~~~~~~--~~~~~-+-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I
80 160 =< 1700 10
·1 280 .. 2600
120
160 400 ~ 3270
10
10
I
I
2 ~ Adjust -the field ~\7c,l'tage cor.1trol of the dynamometer to
obtain ten different speeds.

3, Calculate t]J.e total ferential head available at the

turbine , taking account the elevation of the pressure
gauge. , ~the eie~v~a:c of t:he pool of W:a.ter into which the
turbine draft: t.ube d.isch.arges and :the velocity of the
v.rater tt1e pipe at: t:ll.e point where the pressure gauge is
,21·ttached .

l\fote:
The .area at the point of pressure gauge is

J..0*92

0
 4. Calculate the flow rate according to
2.5
v = 0.014 * h
where:

v Discharge lit/s
h point gauge reading cm

5. Use the dynampmeter to determine torque (N.m).

6. Use the speedometer to determine the rotational speed (N).

7. Obtain another set of readings at s head by adjusting
the field voltage control of the dynamometer.

8. For each data point calculate

Turbine power output ( P)

Hydraulic power input

Turbine efficiency {• Ti 0 )

Runner tip speed coefficient

9. Repeat the previous steps for different heads at speed

ranges indicated in table.(1)

Experimental Records:
p = constant = kPa
2

H constant m of wat:.er
1

v1 constant = lit/s
v fl constant m/s

H.P I constant = kW
l
i I
i
N rpm I!
I
T N.m
I _I
 calculated valuee:

w rad/s II II
11 • '

p Kw I l I
I i I
'l 0 %
I
u
,1
I'
,I ,1 I I
I
I
i1
'1 '1
v
I I i I'

p2 = constarzt = kPa

H
2 - constant. "" m of water

v2 = constant = Lit/s

v f2 = constant = m/s

H.P.I = constant = kW
2

Calculated values:

I w rad/s I ! I I [

lr-i_P_"__ K_:-o---+;:---+-'i----~:!l---rl:---+----+-·---1f-----f-----f-----+---I.
_o__ ·-----+-'·--- 1' 1 1\ ,! 1
1
r~ ·-i--1..--1;~\---,r-1---+----+----4,-1---+----+----+-----11.
1 i'
ii

~' ------~i___ -'---~''- I I I I .

Requirements:

1. Plot all data on a graph versus (v~ as a horizontal axis and

Turbine power output and efficiency as the vertical axis.

2
 40

3. Calculate the specific Spiiled at best efficiency point.

5. Plot a graph showing turbine power output at the best

efficiency point versus head.

Coll111!ents:

C-13
)-11

Velocity Diagrams:

Given data:

0
Stator blade exit angle (a ) = 22.5
1 0
Rotor blade inlet angle (~ )
1 = 45
Rotor inlet diameter (d ) = 8.25 Cm
1
Rotor exit diameter (d ) = 3.75 Cm
2

Equations used:

Blade speed at inlet(U )

1
=

IT.d .N
2
Blade speed at exit (U ) =
2 60

c m2 cm2 rl
'"""'1 ,/ d2 )

Turbine specific work ( w) = Ul cUl

Degree of reaction (R) =

w

rli A••
:: :: :: ..:.

c-15
 CENTitlFUGAL PUMP

OOJECTI VE:

l)ecument lhe performance ch~rac~erislics of centrifugal pumps.

Reduce lhe collected dala lo d!m-,.nsionless groups.

Input power C ?) =: T 'P'-'.· 0 ~ 1 Kw

T Torquemeler reading. N.m

w pump angular s~d. r2i.d/s

2 i1 N
w --
60

j'.,) rot,ati onaI speed. rpm

0
9
- Discharge C Q) ffi'./S

:::::O.Ot637

c ci discharge coe,fficien"l

.6.h. head across ~he orifice plale . m

2
g gr.a .Ji ':...at.icn.a1
0
acceleration. m/s

2
A orifice 2.1ea" m
fl 2
f,0., y_;

<:

D orifice m

D -· 0. 0685
 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ """"" w """'•

ef'~llO~ftm~

l".Rfl ..L.J_Ct, PLA'1T '/\Jf\ H01'0il:'.J tA tr1ffRff'JCA.L PU~Y-3=-~,~

-rh--
·~ - _,,,/~ tr Se.M 40 PVC rww 'ft.flit

If SCH 40 PVC now iVSE

~-~!?SOI 80 PYC 11J)W TUB£

lfLA.N1\ OFT f>LAi"CS

__:=:_ .::t ~~ (CUSFO)(fd'\ 3U?f'UtD)

r~· Yl:i-ff {2: P-LlCL;;)

I
I .

H''.J) ~ ~'"'lfnr. !ltlrr1' 1/ Al,\'¥; ,,~~,,...,,.

:~~~\--·
~~··~· \
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~
gpi~
t:t' ~ 11.Y VALVE

Im ~\ ~
3 l'!Ae!:S

·-i-- lLl
i O.ZD fYt ;lO RP McrroRS -
COuPLlNCS &_ TORQUE H:Ct:tR'~---==J--

5( )
AX!AL 11"WSUPPIX!'.D
C.-USfQMZlt PVlll'

-~- \j ( custoUL:R SU'PPLlED PTPINC

""' ~'o'" '' ~=> -i'; ~

!'! CUD IC J£ETE R T)JD(

IJl'-ftH.:RGROVND i.A.NK Z 5 CUElC ll£'ftP.:3 c5

"~~~._/

CENTRIFUGAL AND AXIAL PUMP TEST FAC!LiTY SCHEMATIC

'' ---------- __)
 p v
- Tot.al sucl..ion }-fead CH
e
) ::::: + z m
p.g 2.g

where:
2
p pressure gauge al suet.ion. N/m

v Velocily in lhe suction pipe.

0

Q
v
A
•
2
A suclion pipe area. m
n 2
= d
s

d pipe diarneler a~ suction m

s

zs el evat.i on ol sucl.l on pressr..Jre Lap

above lhe centerline of Lhe pum..p. m
2
\l
- Tolal discharge Head CHd) = +
d
+ z cl m
p.g 2.g

where:
2
p pressure gauge al deli vary" N/rn
d

v Velocily in deli vary pipe. m/s

cl
0

Q
v =
d
A
d

2
A pipe area al deil vary. m
d

[] 2

• Ad d d
4

2
 -------·--··--··--·· . ·········-------· ------- .............---------··-- ...-- ............

elevalion of discharge pressure Lap

above ~he pump cenLerline. m

- Tol.al He.ad CH t ) = "Hd m

- OulpuL power( Raled waler power R.W P ) = p. Q .. g. H, Kw

R.W.P
- Efficiency Cn ) =
0
p

1. Adjust. Lhe volt.age frequency to gel different. values of pump

speed/.

2. Adjust t.he discharge valve posit.ion t.o get. .five different. .flo'>'
rat.es al each speed.

3. For each point calcula~e

Inpul power CP)

O._rrlpul power CR. W. P)

0

Discharge CQ)

Total 1-!ead CH )
l

:xper i menlal records:

N = ·Co.nslanl = rpm

------r-------;
l t'>l. m I I
I I I J II
I I
!' I'
2
p
0
N/m
I' I
I _J
2
l I
p
d
N/m
I' ''
I 1
I
lih m
l ·1 II I

3
 Calculaled values:

rad/s

I
p Kw l( I
I
I
' I I
I
R. \ll. p Kw
~

't
I I
Ii '
I' I
~
~
I I
r lTI"
%
' ; !
1.
!
'
H
I

m
9
/S
m Ii I
1' I '

Q 1.

Requi r emenls:

1. Plol a graph showing Tolal Head power Raled wa'Le:r

power and Efficiency versus Flow rale di ff'eren'l speeds.

2. On a sepa.rale graph showinq Head versus Flow ra.le Plot lhe

conslant efficiency and const..a.nt. powier lines<

..

4
 PERIPHERAL BLOWER

The .purpose of the test is measuring, under the blower operating

conditions, the follovving quantities:

Flow rate
Efficiency

These quantities icZ!clusively covered by the term

I

"perfonnance". The pressure rise across the blowers is not high

enoug__h to account for compressibility. Therefore, the procedure
"tllSed to measure performance is similar to that of the
pump.

Configurations

The Peripheral Blo\ver basic design is ~utlined in Fig. I.

Impeller a has vanes .b that form channels c; the
impeller is sw.1ounded discharge passage d. Stripper h
extends into the discharge passage "With close clearance to
impeller periphery sepa,."tttes incoming and discharge flovvs e
, respectively discharge nozzle f is the inlet to the
second stage blo\ver vvhich consists of two stages.

channels c is nioved continuously

.,,. "'1

c~11ma.er 0.n"·"'·'" np, bi into discharge passage d by

~"'"n~,~~,u·
~"""';_,i..lJ!.1· g"a11.1 impeller rotation. Since flow is
z;jOiltinlJ.OUS> passage .d enters vvithout cease the
the flat annular area n ( D~ - Df). As a
4
V"ortex is formed in the discharge passage as shown
dasheel affO\A/ m left hand view of Fig.1 , Also, in
i
di,~harge passage d a ~~ptial cirift is caused by tangential
wlooity of air forced ouf"6T channels .c into ilie discharge
pSRge. Hence, the Peripheral~l(lwer 4~pe:Klds for its operation
on that the energy of air flowing tbforigf{:''the impeller channels is
increased by centrifugal forces~ the arr is then carried by the
vortex flow into the discharge passage and into the second stage
discharge nozzle f

Mdhods of measurements Qnd computations

In the process of testing, it is required

meaisure the pressure
· hoods, flow rate, and power input In t'ie f oHowing, the
inlmuments and methods of calculation wiH be discussed.

Since the blower inlet is open lo the atmosphere, the blower

,,~i inlet pressure head (lls) is equal to the barometric pressure
··~ (Ha). The blower total discharge head (7tld) is measured by
plot· tube installed at the blower. exit see Fig.(2). water
column manometer connected to the pitot tube is used to
measure hd. Consequently, the blower total pressure head may
be calculated as follows:

Flow rate ( Q)

The flow rate is measured by a calibrated orifice plate installed

in the 2" discharge pipe. The pressure heads ic"llet and exit
of the orifice plate (h 1, h2) are measured colurrh"1S
manometer. The volume flow rate ( Q ) rnay de:te:mnned by
. thecfollowing expression:

Q=CJ&
where C is the calihn1tion constant, Lili is the manometer reading
u11nm.

The power in_put to the blower is determined by the product

o~ the electric power input to the motor ( kwd ), motor efficiency
( Tld) and mechanical efficiency (Tim)

The motor input po\ver is obtained by measuring both the

electric current ( I ) and voltage ( V ) at the motor terminals.

·where cos ( ij>) is the motor power factor

Motor output povver is calculated as follows:

/kw

Test nroc-:edure
·--~~---------"-·-----
3- Record the ditierent pressure heads, and electric current at
the motor terminals

4- Reduce the flow rate by partially closing the flow regulating

valve and repeat step 3

5- Repeat step 4 for different flow rates

6- Calculate the parameter s required obtain the blov,'er

pcrfonnance

1- Plot variations of total head, power and 'efficiency \Nith flow

rate.

2- Comn1ents on the results

 ~-·\ .
,.·>;·

(1} Bfo\11.Jel' configurations

Fig. (2) Test rig configurations

6-Exit pipe
2- Pipe sta.'1.d Inlet pipe
3- Orifice pressure 8- Blower
Control valve 9- Blower stand
5- Pitot rube hole
5
 OBJECTIVE:

Decumenl lhe gas lurbine cycle al different loads.

Decument lhe gas turbine performance al constanl speed.

Nomencl a lure:

T Compressor inlet temperature.

i

Compressor exit temp.

T
2S Isenlropic Lemp. at. compressor exit_

Compressor inlet pressur~.

p
2 Cornpressor exi l pressv..1re.

T Turbine inlet le1np.

9

Turbine exl l lemp.

T lsentropic Lemp. at turbine exit.

f.~/A Fuel - to - Air Ratio.

C.V Fuel calorific value.

T Torque
N.m
w Angular veloci ly
rrad/s

Test. Rig :

The gas turbine test rig is shown schemnialical.l)' in fig. 1 it..s

main components are :

gas turbine engine.

- cenlr- i fugal blower C for turbine l oadi n.g ) .

1
 belt drive with speed reduction of 1 2.06

- blower cl uLch.

- torque meter

- control syslerr1 console.

pressure Lemperat.ure and air flow measuring inst..rumenls.

Equa t. i o:ns used:

T T
2S t
- Con1pre-ssor Ef f 1 cl enc~;/
T - T
2 '

k-a
p k
2
T
2s
c ) T
i

- Combuslion Chamber Eff"lciency ( D )

cc

( i + F/P..) Cp . T Cp T
g 9 0. 2
Y)
cc
(f'//G c. v

T3 T,
- Turbine Efficiency n -:: )
T
3

k-i
p k
) T

- c . + F /,4.) Cp ( T ~
) J/Kg
g 3 '4 a

- Compressor \\i'ork r
' Cp
~
c T
2
T
i
) J/J(g
o.

2
 - Nel Work Output C
w.,.

- Thermal E!ficiency
w
( net
7) th) =
CP/A) c . ,.v
'l> rake
- N<&-t Power ( p
r.el
) = ( T ,. w ) / 10
-s
Kw

Procedure:

1. Start the engine at No - load.

2. After reaching the full operating speed

to start turbine loading. eT1ga.ge Lhe blower

3. Adjust manual 1 )r
blower inlet lhe posi lion of the but.t.er:fly valve at
consequenlly , lo vary the blower air flow rale
lhe l ur-bi ne 1 oad wi 11 be char)ged.

4. Set lhe pressure dif'ference across lhe blower orifice according

lo the valueslisted in table 1

5. Al each position of the blower

parameters showri i. n table 1 inlet. valve, re-cord

6. For each data point calculate

Cornpre'.ssor Combusti Ol."1 chamber- and lurbi ne

ef f' i ci efnci es·.

- Cycie lhermal efficiency.

- Gas lurJoi ne en.g.i ne out.put~ powe-r.

- Turbinۥ load.

3
Resul ls:

r
LP
'
I
'' II ,I
I
!JP I i i
2 I I
I '.1 ,1 J .I ,I ,I ,I ,I
! 1, I I
II
,I'·
I '1
T
' I !
!
!
I ,I I
I '1
I
'1
I
I
! I 1 1 1,
T '·I ! I ,I
'
,I '1 '1 '1
,I
2 i j 1' 1'

II I 1. II
-1
l
I
I

I,.
T I l
I
,1 ,I I ,.'1 '1
3 l
r,
I
'1
-+-- I
r'
1, II I
'1
T
4 I
l
I ! If 1'
) '1 '1
I ' !'

,I'
I I ll I
p
'
,I '1
,1 I !
I I ,I '1 ,I ,I
l
II
~

!
I
I, I'
p
2 I I
I
' I
I
! ,I
11
I ,I '1 '1
I
'1
I
r, I I l T ' l
i
N '1
i I ! II I II '1
Q! I 1'
"
[ II i
I ,1 ,I 'I ,I ,I :1
I I

T
1, ',I' I I
I
I
'1 '1 'I1 'l1
c Ii I
.1 ll ',1
I I
_"j_________

Cal cul at.ed values:

·~

l
7) c \
I
TJ cc 'I
l
~·
I
I ' '
7)

l[ lh
"' I
··-,·-··
!'! I
I!
r- --··-' I
I I ., I
w 'I ! I
'' I I
ri@ l '
-..--+----.-----+·
I I
p I I
I'
I I' I I I
I
I'
)";@·~
l l i I I

4-
 GAS TURBINE ENGINE
~TM67 OR GEVAUOAN t9
r--------------1 /
i I II LOAD
I I ! COMBUSTOR I
!
COMPRESSOR

. l~JI
I I ,
,.. ~-
I
I
·'
,-- ..
I i' l
II 1--~----'I j_ _ _I
I/
I
I
I
LT-OR_O_U~ v I
I
I
HETH< £ I
t I
I
l
I D ORIFICE
FLOW
!
I
F
$
I
I METER r I I
II

j I
I
[
LOAD
I
I
I
VENTURI
FLOW VENTUR! +I I ADJUSTING I
VALVE
FLOW I
KET ER KETER I
II 000000
DOD
I
000000
I rn m m rn m m
I
!:
II
CONTROL & INSTRUMENTATION
I READ OUT PANEL
I
.GAS TURBINt.
TEST RIG
SCHEMATIC
Requirements:

1. Plot the gas Lurbine cycle CT - S) at, Lhe di.fferent loa.d.s.

2. Plot varialions of the measured pararraet.ers with t..he turbine

load.

3. Plot variations of the calculated parameters ~ilh t..he turbine

load.

5
 Modeling Of Supersonic 14-1ow 0&1
Technovate Water Table

Objedive

To understand and apply the hydraulic analog'/ between supersonic compressible flow
and super-critical shallow water flow.

Theory

I. Flow in open d:ialfmels

The energy equation in a simplified fonn for open cham1ei flow along a stream line
assuming a friction less flow is :

Y2 + Vl 2
)
2g
where y =depth of flow
V = Velocity of flow
g = acceleration of gravity

The sum of the depth of flow (y) and the velocity head (V2/2g) is defined as the
specific energy (E) of the flow.

E = y + v2
2g
By substituting for V=Q/y
where Q=volumetric flow rate per unit width
The specific energy is expressed as a function of the depth alone for co11stant discharge
Q

E=y + -o2
(3)
2gy2

ln9
It is interest, to note how the specific energy vanes depth for a constant
discharge.
for small values ofy, the curve goes to infinity along the E JL'l:is, while for large values
of y the velocity-head term is negligible a.rid the curve approaches the 45° line E = y
asymptotically.
The specific energy has a minimum value below which the given I( cau"l.l1ot occur. The
value of y for minimum E is obtained by setting dE/dy equal to zero,

1 - 2()2 0
gy3,
substituting for Q = V y,

v
(5)

the left side of the equation is recognized as Froude Number (Fr) evaluated at the
critical depth for the three possible conditions :
sub critical Fr < ' Y >Yer
'
critical Fr = l
supercritical Fr > 1' Y <Yer

The speed at which an infinitesimally small wave travels along the free surface is found
to be

c -- ·( gy;\l/2 (6)

where c =local speed of an infinitesimal , long wave length , free surface wave
y = local depth of the water
Fr= V/ C

It is obvious that the Fr is the of the velocity to the velocity of an infinitesimal

free surface wave .

2.Compressible Ph.lid Flow

For as compressible fluid the wave speed is known as :

a= ( K_RT):"'
1r
(7)

~V/here a = Loca! speed of infinitesima1 pressure wave

k = Specific heat ratio ( I Cv)
P-. = gas co:nstai'1t
T =Local temperature
The l\iiach number (fvf) is defined as

'!>.If= \l/ a (8)

\7.Jhere M = 1\1'.ach number

V = Gas velocity
a= Local speed of irrfinitesimal pressure wave

From relations (6) & (8) it can seen that Fr might be considered analogous to M
supercritical m a ou'""Jw channel analogous to supersonic flow .
The relation belween the two types of flow may be obtained using and
energy equations as follows .

Tile Confomity Equation

m = p AV = constant

for the free surface water flow per unit width the differential form will. be

Vcfy + ydV= 0

for compressible gas flow the continuity equaiion in the differential form will be

Vdp+ pdV= 0

using the stagnation conditions to form a dimensionless number analogy can be

expressed as

( y/ys) = ( p/Ps)

Tile Energy Equation :

the energy equation for compressible gas flow can be expressed as •

and for open channel flow

2
©!._ - -Fr dV
y v

using the stagnation conditions to form a dimensionless rn.1mr1er the analogy can be
expressed as

Experimental Set Up

The technovate water table consists of•

l- A water Reservoir
2-APump
3- The water table where the models are placed
4- Front and rear weir adjuster
5- Pointer for level measurement across the table

3
 Set up the Converging /Diverging Nozzle with a throat of 5 inches and diffuser
angle l 0 °

" Tum pump on and open the inlet valve. Establish normal flow.

• Adjust front weir to obtain a reservoir depth of 0. 75 inch .

• Using the probe measure depth of water across the nozzle length .

• Repeat the same procedure for different throat width and diffuser angle .

, , Also repeat the experiment for diffi~rent reservoir depth .

Throat Area A
*

Diverging angle a
,-.------,,..-·-------z-· ····~----

! x y
~--i_n_c_h_e_s__.,.___i_n_c_h_e_s_ __,
(Y/Ys)
2 M

~
l
II
I

'
I II
I
I
l
!
l
I I
I I
i I
I! I
I
l
I'
I II
I
I I
'
I!
I'
I
I
TECHNOUATE.
. . ·~.·1I
9038
. .
'
:·:I
- ~

Compresstble flow testt~g Is typically very expenstve bec1use of

the high eooount of energy ri.equir-eit] to prope1 the fl.ol:f filt t!'ue:
required high speeds., tomproro1Zt!:!£ M5!J'a11y ~iai.ve to he ~a.de iTi
etther gotng t.o ve.ry seall fl·~w fields or one-shot testing such
.m'S shock tubes., To study ]mrge aweas of ,corit'lnuoLis fliti'?i:t~ a~
alternate method ts svaflable~ (DID!prie~siori uaves in gas fiiOt:i':J>
~ re .n n & 1 o g o u s t o s u r f a c e w a v e s 1 n ID p e 11 .'c h bl n ri ,:e 1 1 i q u ~ d f 1 ©it s "' 1 h e
height of $Mrface waves mre .!'.li't~~o:JoK,~S to de11$1tJ 'Jra $l

compressible fluid~ Scient1$tS hi!!.ve ·taken advantage ©1 thi.5.

®nmlogy for several decades now by us g water tables. For the
itody of large f101< •reas lechnovate of.fen tee model 9038 ~•t•r
T•blo bf!th 1thlch quantltatlve surveys H e po5'1b1e uslng the
precision height gauge which is supp1te:ci t>tith the untt.

IDESCR!PT!OW'

The Mater Table mainly cons'lsts of a, $·1ng1e, large [4~ ;;.: is~;
glass plate over whfch a thfn layer of1water is channe1ed. Water
that is stor.ed in a sump tank. fs trahsported by a centr~fugo!
pump to a stainless· steel inlet tan~,. The turbu1ence ·Jn the
!;ii' a t e r ·Ls mi n 1m1 z e d by two d e vi c es ~ a n ·i ?'1 1 .e t f l o ~( d 1 f fuse :r ai n d a
stilling medium~ The wat~r level o.ver the giass. plate is
determined by two full-width kin1fe edke ""'eirs~ or.e each in tht
inlet tank and a s.1milar sta'in1ess: ste.i:l outlet tank. The entire
water table is supported by bl'e1ded stee'l fo.:Jme equ~pped w~th
lockable casters~

lhe w1,2trs which .are n.djustablte 1111ow excess. "1ater to OV'l:l"f1ow

into tanks t.h8t dr&1n into the sump tar.\:.:" Thus the "ttl.ate~ depth
over the glass plate c.!l:n be maint£1ned at 1& constBnt "ir::Jut>
despite any fluctuations in the purmp flo~ ratr.:~ The l;!;'etr height5".
.are adjusted manually .u.sing four §!1crorneter controls which air2
coup1ed to electronic transducers~ so that the information rmay
be displayed on electtrorcic d]gita1 readouts~ The arljus;t§lel1'Jt
accurocy l s • / - 0.001•.

The depth of the ~ater on the glass 91ate ~ay be ~e~sured ~~~h
&n electronic depth gauge that is rnounte:d Dn iil?"i '!-Y cmr•~mge~
The carriage travels on two :;ets of stair.1tss :l?.teei raiis th~t
are 1djustable in height ... The enti:re flo1t field ever the %Jilll!te
is 111uminatied from uriderneath the p1mtili by ct:. tight bo:i:" A
diffuser &t the top of the i1g?:t box ~~ t% f&iriy ttJ~'llforYJ
1i9htfng~ The box is. des.~gned to !i:.e~p 1it&ter &.~m:t fro~ thtE:
•lectrlcol fixtures ln lt.
1 ITECHNO~-W ATER T A_BL_E__9_0_38_,~,
I . ·..
.•-:r
-~:··

I A ca1tral
'"Heh••
I " d 1 t & t 1 r s·
ca11al1

~ • d .t h •
hau101
rar tl10 •u!o el1ctdtal
d• pt h
tho dlglt1l

ga" g e ,
protects personnel and equipment from short ctrcufts~
power,
r11daut1
pu.,p,
A g r ou" d 1 • ul t
••d ••/arr
wa!r luight
l " t e r r M I' t

••d •

I
The ~'ter lz flH1recl •t tile pump Jot•"• lil the 1u•p t•ok
cover is ?r"o11idecl for' the $t.lll;llp to keep debris out~ Dr81!"ls; &lf'~
ilnstm~ied ilit th£
]il':l1et tJUld' outlet tillnk$, pump a.FJd su!li'lp t&Mlk<e> lo
e n $ ur 12 t h ill t th e 'P 1 .@ t e 9 1 ~ s 1 i s f r ~ e o ! v ~ b r a t .i c 11 ~ i s o 1 .\l t o r s <B r ~
~~st&liedl ~t t~,e ?Uizp outlf::t pipe coflnect1or-l pump mourit1f2g ~r.id
the :feet of thr; £uppo;r"t1ng stuucture. ' ,,

Th e IZ' & t ir; E" t &b1f i1 h & "'l 1 b e c on s tr u c t € d f r o·rri c o r r o s i on re s 'l s t a 11 t

materia1s lrihereye, there :s ¥-.ater contact and shall be supported
by a we~ded bste21 framework -cbn lockable caster.SQ It sha11 hlllve:
( l } & s ~ ng1e 4 : X 8 ' · t r .;. n ~ p a r e n t g1 a s s p1at e ; ( 2 ) $ t ·a 1 n 1 e s $
stee1 inlet End outlet tanks equipped with overfloi.t .s.r:ct]ons;
{3} fu1'l-w~dth~ mdjwstab1e-hefght knife edge \ieirs upstream af"Jd
doW!n-strea.m; (4) bottom i11uruinJ?tion of the entfre test '$ect~on;
{5] ti'ttter depth gauge; f6} 1ev~!1ng devices;~ {7) pump w1th f]oM
fllter; ~8] dr.alns for the j)Lli'!lp and all tanks; and (9) vibration
1so1ators on the pump and supporting fr~me.,,,,ork;

4 ' x B'
'i:i<t:]r he~ght ~dju:;,ti:i"::ef1t r~nge ~~~~D~~~~,,~~""~~ 0 - l
0
+/-0 .oo l 0

Depth gauge 'runge ~~~~~~~"'"""'~o,,~~···~~·.,~~90 iJ - 1 ~

+/-Cl.001"'

Pump Y1ow rate~"" 25 GP?!

E1ecttrJc<1l pC\;:'2f" ~G'"" 110/220 60 Hz
I'
i~ Approxirna.te over2ll: d~mer;,s;ioris oc··~-"~~.. 11."L "f. 5ihl X JQH
~ ApproAim&te shlpping 'delght "~•o•o····""•''"'" 400 lb.Ii approx~

1
1."'·;··.·

~
ORDERING JNFORf!ATIOM

I -
11'
~
~
.-,,";!

~
~
"
~

'~.
~
'.j
~;
l

'
 l i
I '
'
a '
I I
~ I I
~ I I
I: i I
~I I
~ I I

; -.

11:11 ·
I j~
i !~I
I