5PSTFVS DJO©UJRVF  $JO©UJRVF

 5PSTFVS DJO©UJRVF 0O QFVU EPOD ©DSJSF 

 %©ΘOJUJPO ౉# ‫౉  »ذחأזؠ‬# ‫»ذחأז؟‬

#»
৔৓ Ź ৻# ‫»ذחأ‬

-F UPSTFVS DJO©UJRVF FTU MF UPSTFVS EFT RVBOUJU©T EF NPVWFNFOU EơVO TZTU¨NF NBU©SJFM & EBOT TPO PV
NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3
#» # »
ɒ ͵ ɖ ౉# ‫౉  »ذחأזؠ‬# ‫»ذחأז؟‬ ৔৓ Ź ৸‫ أ‬ȋ ২‫ذחإ‬
ɕ
ɕ ৻# ‫ »ذחأ‬
# »
২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ɕ
ɕ
ɕ
ɕ ɕ
ɕ
ɓ ͵ ɗ
U֥‫ ذחأ‬W  ɕ
ɕ# »
ɕ
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
ɕ
ɕ
ɕ  $BT EV TPMJEF JOE©GPSNBCMF
ɕ
ɔ౉‫ ذחأז؟‬ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ɕ
# » # »
ɘ
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ‫؟‬ 4PJU 4 VO TPMJEF JOE©GPSNBCMF EF NBTTF ৸‫ ڝ‬
# » -ơIZQPUI¨TF EF TPMJEF JOE©GPSNBCMF QFSNFU EơBTTPDJFS MFT QSPQSJ©U©T EV DIBNQ EFT WFDUFVST WJUFTTFT
ƞ ২‫  ذחخ‬7JUFTTF EV QPJOU 1 EV TZTU¨NF NBU©SJFM & EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3 
͵ EơVO TPMJEF BVY QSPQSJ©U©T EV UPSTFVS DJO©UJRVF "JOTJ QPVS 1 FU " EFVY QPJOUT MJ©T BV TPMJEF MB
ƞ ৻# ‫ »ذחأ‬
# »
২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  3©TVMUBOUF DJO©UJRVF PV RVBOUJU© EF NPVWFNFOU EF MơFOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM SFMBUJPO EF DPNQPTJUJPO EFT WJUFTTFT QFSNFU Eơ©DSJSF 
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
& EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU 3  # » # »
২‫خ‬Ş‫  ذחر‬২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬
# » #»
’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ
͵
#» # »
ƞ ౉# ‫ »ذחأז؟‬ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  .PNFOU DJO©UJRVF BV QPJOU " EF MơFOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM & EBOT TPO # »
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
BWFD ’‫  ذחر‬MF WFDUFVS SPUBUJPO EV TPMJEF 4 QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3
NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU 3 1PVS VO TPMJEF 4 MF UPSTFVS DJO©UJRVF Tơ©DSJU 
ɒ ͵ ɖ
B 3©TVMUBOUF DJO©UJRVF ɕ
ɕ ৻# ‫ »ذחر‬
# »
২‫خ‬Ş‫ ذחر‬ȋ E৸ ɕ
ɕ
ɕ
ɕ ɕ
ɕ
ɓ ͵ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬ ɗ
4PJU 0 VO QPJOU MJ© BV S©G©SFOUJFM ִ FU ৙ MF DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF EF MơFOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM ৗ QBS E©ΛOJUJPO U֥‫ ذחر‬W  ɕ
ɕ ɕ
ɕ
# » Ž # » ɕ
ɕ ɕ
৓ৢ Ź ২‫خ‬Ş‫ ذחر‬ȋ E৸ɕ
# » # »
ɔ౉‫ ذחرז؟‬
# » ɘ
EV DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF  ৸‫ أ‬ৡ৙  ‫خ‬Ş‫ أ‬ৡৢ E৸
υ φ υ ͵ φ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬ ‫؟‬
E# » E # »
&O E©SJWBOU QBS SBQQPSU BV UFNQT EBOT 3  ৸‫ أ‬ȋ ৡ৙  ৡৢ E৸  FU MB S©TVMUBOUF DJO©UJRVF 
EU ‫ذ‬
EU ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ‫ذ‬
$PNQUF UFOV EV QSJODJQF EF DPOTFSWBUJPO EF MB NBTTF PO QFVU QFSNVUFS MB E©SJWBUJPO QBS SBQQPSU ͵
# » # »
BV UFNQT FU MơJOU©HSBUJPO TVS MB NBTTF  ৻# ‫ »ذחر‬ ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  ৸‫ ڝ‬ȋ ২‫إ‬Ş‫ذחر‬
‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
υ φ ͵ υ φ
E# » E# » &O GBJTBOU JOUFSWFOJS MF QPJOU " EBOT MB E©UFSNJOBUJPO EV NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF EơVO TPMJEF JOE©GPS
৸‫ أ‬ȋ ৡ৙  ৡৢ E৸
EU ‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫ أ‬EU ‫ذ‬ NBCMF PO PCUJFOU 
0O SFDPOOB®U MB WJUFTTF EV QPJOU ( FU DFMMF EV QPJOU 1 QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3 -B RVBOUJU© EF ͵
NPVWFNFOU TF DBMDVMF EPOD ΛOBMFNFOU DPNNF  #» # »
౉# ‫ »ذחرז؟‬ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫خ‬Ş‫ ذחر‬ȋ E৸
͵ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
͵
# » α# # » # »β
# » # »
৻# ‫ »ذחأ‬ ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  ৸‫ أ‬ȋ ২‫ذחإ‬ »
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬  ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ ȋ E৸
৓ৢ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬
‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
͵ ͵
C $IBOHFNFOU EF QPJOU #» # » # » α # » # »β
 ৓ৢ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ ذחر‬ȋ E৸ ৓ৢ Ź ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ ȋ E৸
‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
ε͵ ζ ͵
#» # » α # » # »β
͵
# »
 ৓ৢ ȋ E৸ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬ ৓ৢ Ź ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ ȋ E৸
#» # » ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
౉# ‫ »ذחأז؟‬ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
͵ ͵ 0O SFDPOOB®U 
#» # » #» #» # »
౉# ‫ »ذחأזؠ‬ ৔ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  ৔৓ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ƞ ͵ EBOT MF QSFNJFS UFSNF MB E©ΛOJUJPO EV DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF ( 
͵‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ͵‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ #» # »
#» # » #» # » ৓ৢ ȋ E৸  ৸‫ ڝ‬৓৙ 
౉# ‫ »ذחأזؠ‬ ৔৓ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
͵ ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ƞ ͵
EBOT MF EFVYJ¨NF UFSNF MơPQ©SBUFVS EơJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF 4 BV QPJOU " BQQMJRV© BV WFDUFVS 
#»
౉# ‫  »ذחأזؠ‬৔৓ Ź
# »
২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ౉# ‫»ذחأז؟‬ # » α # » # »β # »
৓ৢ Ź ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ ȋ E৸  ֫‫ ؟‬৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
'JOBMFNFOU MF NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF EơVO TPMJEF JOE©GPSNBCMF EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU VO
0O SFDPOOB®U MB SFMBUJPO EF DIBOHFNFOU EF QPJOU EơVO UPSTFVS MF DIBNQ EFT NPNFOUT DJO©UJRVFT
SFQ¨SF 3 EFWJFOU
౉# ‫ »ذחأז؟‬FTU ©RVJQSPKFDUJG
# » # » # »
౉# ‫  »ذחرז؟‬৸‫ ڝ‬৓৙ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬ ֫‫ ؟‬৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬

 
 5PSTFVS EZOBNJRVF  $JO©UJRVF

$FUUF SFMBUJPO FTU JNQPSUBOUF NBJT PO TơBUUBDIFSB MơVUJMJTFS EBOT MFT DBT QBSUJDVMJFST TVJWBOUT RVJ  3FMBUJPO FOUSF MB S©TVMUBOUF DJO©UJRVF FU MB S©TVMUBOUF EZOBNJRVF
GBDJMJUFOU MFT DBMDVMT
0O NPOUSF GBDJMFNFOU RVF 
-F QPJOU " FTU DPOGPOEV BWFD MF DFOUSF EƞJOFSUJF ( υ φ υ φ
# » E# » E# » # »
৓‫ ذחأ‬ ৻‫  ذחر‬৸‫أ‬ ২‫  ذחإ‬৸‫ذחإ} أ‬
# » EU EU
౉# ‫ إ֫  »ذחرזإ‬৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ذ‬

" FTU VO QPJOU ΘYF EBOT MF SFQ¨SF 3  3FMBUJPO FOUSF MF NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF FU MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF
# »
౉# ‫ ؟֫  »ذחرז؟‬৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬ 1BS E©ΛOJUJPO MF NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF Tơ©DSJU 

͵
-F NPVWFNFOU EV TPMJEF 4 QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3 FTU VOF USBOTMBUJPO #» # »
౉# ‫ »ذחأז؟‬ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
Ɍ ɏ
# » # »
౉# ‫  »ذחرז؟‬৸‫ ڝ‬৓৙ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬ υ φ
E# » ɍɍ E ͵ # » # » ɐɐ
ɍɍ ɐ
౉ ɍ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬E৸ɐɐɐ
*M FTU TPVWFOU QS©G©SBCMF EF DBMDVMFS MF NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF TPJU BV DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF TPJU FO VO QPJOU " EU ‫ ذ ذחأז؟‬ɍɎ EU ɑ
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
EV TPMJEF 4 ΛYF EBOT MF SFQ¨SF 3 QVJT EơVUJMJTFS MB SFMBUJPO EF DIBOHFNFOU EF QPJOU TJ O©DFTTBJSF QPVS ͵υ φ ‫ذ‬
MF SBNFOFS BV QPJOU Eơ©UVEF E α # » # »β
 ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ذחخ‬ ȋ E৸
EU ‫ذ‬
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
͵υ φ ͵ υ φ
E#» # » #» E# »
 ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ৓ৢ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸
 5PSTFVS EZOBNJRVF EU ‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ EU ‫ذ‬
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
͵υ α φ ͵
E # » # »β # » #» # »
 ৡৢ Ŧ ৡ৓ Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ৓ৢ Ź }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸
 %©ΘOJUJPO EU ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
‫ذ‬
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
͵ α ͵
-F UPSTFVS EZOBNJRVF FTU MF UPSTFVS EFT RVBOUJU©T EơBDD©M©SBUJPO EơVO TZTU¨NF NBU©SJFM & EBOT TPO # » # »β # » #» # »
 ২‫ ذחخ‬Ŧ ২‫ ذח؟‬Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ৓ৢ Ź }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸
NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3  υ φ ͵‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
͵ ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
E# » #» # » # » # »
౉‫ ذחأז؟‬ ৓ৢ Ź }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ Ŧ ২‫ ذח؟‬Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸
ɒ ͵ ɖ EU ‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
ɕ
ɕ # »
৓‫ ذחأ‬ }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ ɕ
# » ɕ ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
ɕ
ɕ ɕ
ɕ
ɓ ͵ ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ɗ
U֦‫ ذחأ‬W  ɕ
ɕ# » ɕ
ɕ ƞ MF QSFNJFS UFSNF SFQS©TFOUF MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF FO "
ɕ
ɕ ɕ
৓ৢ Ź }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸ɕ
# » # »
ɔ఺‫ ذחأז؟‬ ɘ ͵
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ‫؟‬ #» # » # »
৓ৢ Ź }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  ఺‫ ذחأז؟‬
# » ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
ƞ }‫  ذחخ‬BDD©M©SBUJPO EV QPJOU 1 EF MơFOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM & EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU 3 
͵ ƞ MF TFDPOE EFWJFOU
# » # »
ƞ ৓‫ ذחأ‬ }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  S©TVMUBOUF EZOBNJRVF EF MơFOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM & EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU ͵ ͵
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ # » # » # » # » # » # »
QBS SBQQPSU 3 PO NPOUSF BVTTJ RVF ২‫ ذח؟‬Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  ২‫ ذח؟‬Ź ২‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  ৸‫ أ‬ȋ ২‫ ذח؟‬Ź ২‫ذחإ‬
# » # » ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬
৓‫  ذחأ‬৸‫ أ‬ȋ }‫ ذחإ‬
%ơP¹ MB SFMBUJPO DIFSDI©F FOUSF MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF FU MF NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF 
͵
# » #» # » υ φ
ƞ ఺‫ ذחأז؟‬ ৓ৢ Ź }‫ ذחخ‬ȋ E৸  NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF FO " EF MơFOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM & EBOT TPO NPV # » E# » # » # »
‫خ‬Ş‫أ‬ ఺‫ ذחأז؟‬ ౉‫ذחأז؟‬ ৸‫ أ‬ȋ ২‫ ذח؟‬Ź ২‫ذחإ‬
WFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU 3 EU ‫ذ‬

" VO QPJOU H©PN©USJRVF RVFMDPORVF FU ( MF DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF EF DFU FOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM

 $IBOHFNFOU EF QPJOU EF S©EVDUJPO B $BT QBSUJDVMJFST

υ φ
-F DIBNQ EFT NPNFOUT EZOBNJRVFT FTU VO DIBNQ EF UPSTFVS 1PVS DIBOHFS EF QPJOU EF S©EVDUJPO # » E#
ƞ " FTU DPOGPOEV BWFD ( BMPST  ఺‫ ذחأזإ‬ ౉‫ »ذחأזإ‬
PO VUJMJTF EPOD MB SFMBUJPO H©O©SBMF EFT UPSTFVST  EU ‫ذ‬
υ φ
# » E# »
# » # »
఺‫ذחأז؟఺  ذחأזؠ‬
#» # »
৔৓ Ź ৸‫ أ‬ȋ }‫رחإ‬ ƞ " FTU VO QPJOU ΛYF EF 3 BMPST  ఺‫ ذחأז؟‬ ౉‫ ذחأז؟‬
EU ‫ذ‬

 
 ‰OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF  $JO©UJRVF

C %©UFSNJOBUJPO EV NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF  $BT EV TPMJEF JOE©GPSNBCMF

*M FTU FO H©O©SBM QMVT GBDJMF EF E©UFSNJOFS MF NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF RVF MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF MF DIBNQ
EFT WJUFTTFT FTU FO H©O©SBM DPOOV  1PVS DBMDVMFS MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF PO DIPJTJU EF DBMDVMFS FO VO 4PJU VO TPMJEF 4 EF NBTTF N EF DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF ( FO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU VO SFQ¨SF 3 " VO
QPJOU DBSBDU©SJTUJRVF MF DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF ( PV VO QPJOU ΛYF EV SFQ¨SF MF NPNFOU DJO©UJRVF QVJT EF MF QPJOU MJ© BV TPMJEF
E©SJWFS 1PVS PCUFOJS MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF FO VO BVUSF QPJOU PO VUJMJTF MB SFMBUJPO MJBOU MFT NPNFOUT 1PVS VO TPMJEF Mơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF EV TPMJEF EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3 Tơ©DSJU 
EơVO UPSTFVS ͵
 # »ׁ
০‫ ذחر‬ ২ E৸
 ‫خ‬Ş‫خ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬
 $BT EV TPMJEF JOE©GPSNBCMF
# » # » # » #»
0O B ২‫خ‬Ş‫  ذחر‬২‫؟‬Ş‫ ذחر’ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ EơP¹
1PVS VO TPMJEF OPVT BWPOT MB SFMBUJPO EF DPNQPTJUJPO EFT WJUFTTFT EFT QPJOUT EV TPMJEF 
͵ α
# » # »  # » # » # »βׁ
’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ E৸
# » # »
২‫خ‬Ş‫  ذחر‬২‫د‬Ş‫ذחر‬ ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৣৢ ০‫ ذחر‬ ২
 ‫خ‬Ş‫؟ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬
ε͵ ͵ ͵ ζ
-B S©TVMUBOUF EZOBNJRVF Tơ©DSJU   » α # » # »β α # » # »βׁ
২‫؟‬Ş‫ ׁ ذחر‬E৸  ȋ
# » #
# » # »  ২‫؟‬Ş‫ ذחر‬ȋ ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ E৸ ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ E৸
৓‫  ذחر‬৸‫إ} ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬  ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬

FU MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF FO "  # » # »

২‫؟‬Ş‫ ذחر‬FU ’‫ ذחر‬JOE©QFOEBOU EF MB WBSJBCMF EơJOU©HSBUJPO E৸
υ φ
E# » ε ͵ ζ ͵
# » # » # »   α # » # »β α # » # »β
఺‫ ذחرז؟‬ ౉‫ذחرז؟‬ ৸‫ ر‬ȋ ২‫ ذח؟‬Ź ২‫إ‬Ş‫ذחر‬ ০‫ ذחر‬
#
৸ ২
»ׁ # » # »
২‫؟‬Ş‫ ذחر‬ȋ ’‫ ذחر‬Ź
#»
৓ৢ E৸ ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ ȋ ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ E৸
EU ‫ذ‬  ‫؟ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬ 
‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬ ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬

BWFD " QPJOU H©PN©USJRVF 0O SFDPOOB®U MF QSPEVJU NJYUF  #» #» JOWBSJBOU QBS QFSNVUBUJPO DJSDVMBJSF EBOT MF USPJTJ¨NF
ਁȋ ਂ
਀ Ź #»
# »
$FUUF EFSOJ¨SF SFMBUJPO FTU NBOJQVMFS BWFD QS©DBVUJPO FO FΚFU ২‫ ذח؟‬OơFTU QBT UPVKPVST GBDJMF # » # » #» α # » # »β
UFSNF BWFD #» ਁ  ৓ৢ FU ਂ
਀  ’‫ ذחر‬#»  ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ TPJU BMPST 
©WBMVFS QPVS VO QPJOU RVFMDPORVF PO TF MJNJUFSB EPOD DBMDVMFS MF NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF VOJRVFNFOU
͵
FO EFT QPJOUT BWFD EFT QSPQSJ©U©T QBSUJDVMJ¨SFT   # »ׁ # » α# » # »β  α # » α # » # »ββ # »
০‫ ذחر‬ ৸ ২ ৸‫ ر‬ȋ ’‫ ذחر‬ȋ ৓৙ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬ ৓ৢ Ź ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ ȋ ’‫ ذחر‬E৸
ƞ " FTU DPOGPOEV BWFD ( BMPST   ‫؟ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬  ‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬

υ φ 0O SFDPOOB®U MơPQ©SBUFVS EơJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF 4 FO "

# » E# »
఺‫ ذחرזإ‬ ౉‫ ذחرזإ‬ ͵ α
EU ‫ذ‬ # » α # » # »ββ # »
৓ৢ Ź ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৓ৢ E৸  ֫‫ ؟‬৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬
‫خ‬Ş‫ر‬
ƞ " FTU VO QPJOU ΛYF EF 3 BMPST 
υ φ 'JOBMFNFOU MB SFMBUJPO QFSNFUUBOU EF E©UFSNJOFS Mơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF EơVO TPMJEF 
# » E# »
఺‫ ذחرז؟‬ ౉‫ذחرז؟‬
EU ‫ذ‬
 # »ׁ # » α# » # »β # » # »
1VJT PO VUJMJTFSB MB SFMBUJPO EF DIBOHFNFOU EF QPJOU EFT UPSTFVST ০‫ ذחر‬ ৸ ২ ৸‫ ر‬ȋ ’‫ ذחر‬ȋ ৓৙ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬ ’ ȋ ֫ ৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬
 ‫؟ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬  ‫؟ ذחر‬

$FUUF SFMBUJPO FTU BTTF[ EJΝDJMF VUJMJTFS NPOUSPOT RVF EBOT MF DBT EơVO TPMJEF Mơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF
 ‰OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF QFVU BVTTJ TF DBMDVMFS FO S©BMJTBOU MF DPNPNFOU EFT UPSTFVST DJO©NBUJRVF FU DJO©UJRVF


%©ΘOJUJPO ০‫ ذחر‬ Uָ W Ǣ U֥‫ ذחر‬W
  ‫ذחر‬
0O OPUF 
-ơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF ©M©NFOUBJSF EơVO QPJOU 1 BΚFDU© EF MB NBTTF E৸ EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQ
QPSU VO SFQ¨SF 3 FTU EPOO©F QBS 
ƞ 5PSTFVS DJO©NBUJRVF FO " EV TPMJEF 4 EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3
 # »ׁ ν # »ξ
ৰ০‫ ذחخ‬ ২ E৸
 ‫ذחخ‬ ’
Uָ‫ ذחر‬W  # ‫»ذחر‬
২‫؟‬Ş‫؟ ذחر‬
-ơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF EơVO FOTFNCMF NBU©SJFM & FO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU VO SFQ¨SF 3 FTU BMPST 
͵
 ƞ 5PSTFVS DJO©UJRVF EV TPMJEF 4 EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3
২ ׁ E৸
# »
০‫ ذחأ‬
 ‫خ‬Ş‫ذחخ أ‬ ν # »ξ
৸‫ ر‬ȋ ২‫إ‬Ş‫ذחر‬
U֥‫ ذחر‬W 
-ơVOJU© EF Mơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF FTU MF KPVMF #౉ »
‫ذחرז؟‬ ‫؟‬

 
 ‰OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF  $JO©UJRVF

1PVS VO NPVWFNFOU EF USBOTMBUJPO

  # »ׁ  #
 ৸‫ ر‬২‫إ‬Ş‫ׁ ذחر‬
»
০‫ ذחر‬ Uָ W Ǣ U֥ W ০‫ ذחر‬ ৸ ২
 ν ‫ ذחر‬ξ ‫ ذחر‬ν  ‫؟ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬ 
# » »ξ
 ’‫ذחر‬
#
৸‫ ر‬ȋ ২‫إ‬Ş‫ذחر‬
 # » Ǣ
 ২‫؟‬Ş‫؟ ذחر‬ ౉‫ذחرז؟‬
# »
‫؟‬


# » # » 
’ ȋ౉ ৸ ȋ২
# » #
ȋ২
»  $BSBDU©SJTUJRVFT DJO©UJRVFT EƞVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT
 ‫ ذחر‬γ ‫؟ ر  ذחرז؟‬Ş‫إ ذחر‬Ş‫ ذחر‬δ
# » # » # » # »  # » # »
 ’‫ ذחر‬ȋ ৸‫ ڝ‬ȋ ৓৙ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ ؟֫ ذחر‬৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬ ৸ ȋ২ ȋ২ 4PJU & VO FOTFNCMF EF O TPMJEFT ৥‫ ړ‬FO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3
  ‫؟ ر‬Ş‫إ ذחر‬Ş‫ذחر‬
γ δ
# » # » # » # »  # » α# » # » # »β
 ’‫ ذחر‬ȋ ৸‫ ڝ‬ȋ ৓৙ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ ؟֫ ذחر‬৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬ ৸ ȋ২ ȋ ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬ ’‫ ذחر‬Ź ৙৓
  ‫؟ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬
 # # » α# » # »β  # »  5PSTFVS DJO©UJRVF EƞVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT
 ৸‫ ر‬২‫؟‬Ş‫ ׁ ذחر‬৸‫ ر‬ȋ ’‫ ذחر‬ȋ ৓৙ Ź ২‫؟‬Ş‫ذחر‬
» # »
০‫ذחر‬ ’ ȋ ֫ ৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬
  ‫؟ ذחر‬
-F UPSTFVS DJO©UJRVF EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT FTU MB TPNNF FO VO NªNF QPJOU EFT UPSTFVST DJO©
0O SFUSPVWF CJFO MF NªNF S©TVMUBU $FUUF SFMBUJPO FTU TPVWFOU QMVT GBDJMF NFUUSF FO đVWSF RVF MB
UJRVFT EF DIBRVF TPMJEF
SFMBUJPO H©O©SBMF
-ơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF OF E©QFOE EPOD QBT EV QPJOU EF DBMDVM QSPQSJ©U© EV DPNPNFOU JM FTU EPOD ͽ
‫ ژ‬ι κ
QS©G©SBCMF EơBQQMJRVFS DFUUF SFMBUJPO FO EFT QPJOUT QBSUJDVMJFST  U֥‫ ذחأ‬W  ֥‫ذח ࢃر‬
‫׀יړ‬

&O ( DFOUSF EƞJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF -B S©TVMUBOUF DJO©UJRVF EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT FTU MB TPNNF EFT S©TVMUBOUFT DJO©UJRVFT FU MF NP
NFOU DJO©UJRVF FO VO QPJOU " EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT FTU MB TPNNF EFT NPNFOUT DJO©UJRVFT EF
 # »ׁ # » # » DIBRVF TPMJEF FO DF NªNF QPJOU
০‫ ذחر‬ ৸ ২ ’ ȋ ֫ ৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬
 ‫إ ر‬Ş‫ذחر‬  ‫إ ذחر‬
ͽ
‫ژ‬ ͽ
‫ژ‬
BWFD ֫‫ إ‬৥ MB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF 4 FO ( ৻# ‫ »ذחأ‬ ৻# ‫»ذח ࢃر‬ ౉# ‫ »ذחأז؟‬ ౉# ‫»ذח ࢃرז؟‬
‫׀יړ‬ ‫׀יړ‬
1PVS VO NPVWFNFOU EF SPUBUJPO EF DFOUSF $ QPJOU ΛYF EBOT MF NPVWFNFOU EF SPUBUJPO SPUVMF PV
HZSPTDPQF QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3

# » # »  5PSTFVS EZOBNJRVF EƞVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT

০‫ ذחر‬ ’ ȋ ֫ ৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬
 ‫ء ذחر‬
-F UPSTFVS EZOBNJRVF EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT FTU MB TPNNF FO VO NªNF QPJOU EFT UPSTFVST
BWFD ֫‫ ء‬৥ MB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF 4 FO $ EZOBNJRVFT EF DIBRVF TPMJEF

1PVS VO NPVWFNFOU EF SPUBUJPO BVUPVS EƞVO BYF ΘYF ৕ #» ਀  FO $ QPJOU ΛYF EF MơBYF EF SPUBUJPO ͽ
‫ ژ‬ι κ
EV TPMJEF 4 QBS SBQQPSU BV SFQ¨SF 3 U֦‫ ذחأ‬W  ֦‫ذח ࢃر‬
Ɇ ɉ ‫׀יړ‬
ɇɇ ৛‫ ڟ‬Ŧ৘ Ŧৗ ɊɊɊɊ
ɇɇ
0O QPTF ֫‫ ء‬৥  ɇɇŦ৘ ৛‫ ڠ‬Ŧ৖ ɊɊɊɊɊ MB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF 4 FO $ EBOT MB CBTF ֤  -B S©TVMUBOUF EZOBNJRVF EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT FTU MB TPNNF EFT S©TVMUBOUFT EZOBNJRVFT FU MF
Ɉ ɋ NPNFOU EZOBNJRVF FO VO QPJOU " EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT FTU MB TPNNF EFT NPNFOUT EZOBNJRVFT
Ŧৗ Ŧ৖ ৛‫ࠑ ڡ‬#» #» #»
# »
#» FU ’
 ࢏ ߆ ࢐ ߆࢑
EF DIBRVF TPMJEF FO DF NªNF QPJOU
 #»
਀ #»
ਁ ਂ ਀
 ౏ ȋ #»
‫ذחر‬ ‫ڟ‬

# » ͽ# » # » ͽ#
‫ژ‬ ‫ژ‬
»
# » # » ৓‫ ذחأ‬ ৓‫ذח ࢃر‬ ఺‫ ذחأז؟‬ ఺‫ذח ࢃرז؟‬
০‫ ذחر‬ ’ ȋ ֫ ৥ ȋ ’‫ذחر‬
 ‫ء ذחر‬ ɉ
‫׀יړ‬ ‫׀יړ‬
Ɇ Ɇ ɉ
 ɇɇ ৛‫ ڟ‬Ŧ৘ Ŧৗ ɊɊɊɊ ɇɇ౏‫ ڟ‬ɊɊɊɊ
ɇɇ ɇɇ ɊɊ
 ౏‫ڟ‬  ȋ ɇɇŦ৘ ৛‫ ڠ‬Ŧ৖ ɊɊɊɊɊ ɇɇ ɊɊɊ
 Ɉ ɋ Ɉ ɋ
Ŧৗ Ŧ৖ ৛‫ࠑ ڡ‬#» #» #» ‰OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF EƞVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT
 ࢏ ߆ ࢐ ߆࢑ 
-ơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT FTU MB TPNNF EFT ©OFSHJFT DJO©UJRVFT
EơP¹
ͽ
‫ژ‬
 ০‫ ذחأ‬ ০‫ذח ࢃر‬
০‫ ذחر‬ ৛ ȋ ౏ׁ
 ‫ڟ ڟ‬ ‫׀יړ‬

 
 $BSBDU©SJTUJRVFT DJO©UJRVFT EơVO FOTFNCMF EF TPMJEFT  $JO©UJRVF

&O E©DPNQPTBOU TVS DIBRVF TPMJEF 

 'FVJMMF EF USBWBVY EJSJH©T OpC
 ͽι
‫ژ‬ κ ι κ
০‫ذחأ‬  ָ Ǣ ֥‫ذח ࢃر‬ &YFSDJDF   $JO©UJRVF EơVO USBJO ©QJDZDMP®EBM
 ‫ذח ࢃر ׀יړ‬
BEBQU© EV DPODPVST *$/"  $PSSJH© QBHF 
‫ ژ‬ν # » ξ ν # »ξ
 ͽ ’‫ذח ࢃر‬ ৸‫ ړ‬২‫ ࢃإ‬Ş‫ذח ࢃر‬
০‫ذחأ‬  # » Ǣ
 ২‫ ࢃ؟‬Ş‫؟ ذח ࢃر‬ ౉# ‫؟ »ذח ࢃرז ࢃ؟‬ " 3©EVDUFVS .6-5*1-&9
‫׀יړ‬ ࢃ ࢃ
-B ΛHVSF B NPOUSF MF S©EVDUFVS ©QJDZDMP¯EBM .VMUJQMFY PCTFSW© BYJBMFNFOU FU MB ΛHVSFC
3FNBSRVF  -ơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF OF E©QFOEBOU QBT EV QPJOU EF DBMDVM EV DPNPNFOU DIBRVF DPNPNFOU QS©TFOUF MF TDI©NB DJO©NBUJRVF EF DF S©EVDUFVS EPOU VO TFVM TBUFMMJUF FTU NPE©MJT©
QFVU ªUSF DBMDVM© FO VO QPJOU QBSUJDVMJFS DBSBDU©SJTUJRVF EV NPVWFNFOU DPOTJE©S© -F QMBO©UBJSF ৢ‫ ׀‬FTU MJ© MơBSCSF NPUFVS  MF QPSUFTBUFMMJUFT ৢ‫ ر‬FTU MJ© MơBSCSF EF TPSUJF  MF QMBO©UBJSF
ৢׁ FTU MJ© BV DPSQT DPOTJE©S© ΛYF EBOT MF SFQ¨SF HBMJM©FO

B WVF BYJBMF EV S©EVDUFVS ©QJDZDMP¯EBM C 4DI©NB DJO©NBUJRVF D $SPRVJT EV QPSUF TBUFMMJUFT

'ɂɀɎɋȾ  Ɲ S©EVDUFVS ©QJDZDMP¯EBM .6-5*1-&9

-F UBCMFBV DJEFTTPVT S©DBQJUVMF MFT DBSBDU©SJTUJRVFT EFT DPNQPTBOUT

3PUPS .PUFVS 4BUFMMJUF ৥ 1MBO©UBJSF ৢׁ 1PSUF TBUFMMJUFT  ৢ‫ر‬
ৢ‫׀‬
.PNFOU EơJOFSUJF ৛‫   ׀خ‬c  ‫ׅע‬ ৛‫   ر‬c  ‫ ׇע‬ΛYF ৛‫   رخ‬c  ‫ׅע‬

QBS SBQQPSU MơBYF BV QPJOU $

ׁ
EF SPUBUJPO LHN
.BTTF LH য়‫   ڝ‬c  ‫ׂע‬
/PNCSF EF EFOUT ৬‫  ׀خ‬ ৬‫  ڝ‬ ৬‫  ׁخ‬
7JUFTTF EF SPUBUJPO ౏‫׀خ౏  ׁخח׀خ‬ WPJS MF RVFT ౏‫ ׁخ‬ ౏‫رخ౏  ׁخחرخ‬
UJPOOBJSF

0O QPVSSB VUJMJTFS MFT E©TJHOBUJPOT TVJWBOUFT QPVS MFT E©NBSDIFT EF DBMDVM NBJT QBT EBOT MơFYQSFT
TJPO ΛOBMF EFT S©TVMUBUT  ৤‫ ׀خ‬MF SBZPO QSJNJUJG EF MB SPVF ৢ‫ ׀‬৤‫ ׁخ‬MF SBZPO QSJNJUJG EF MB SPVF ৢׁ ৤‫ڝ‬
MF SBZPO QSJNJUJG EV TBUFMMJUF
0O SBQQFMMF RVF MFT OPNCSFT EF EFOUT ৬ EFT QJHOPOT TPOU FO SFMBUJPO BWFD MFVST SBZPOT QSJNJUJGT ৤
SFTQFDUJGT QBS MB SFMBUJPO   ȋ ৤  ৸ ȋ ৬  N ©UBOU MF NPEVMF EF MB EFOUVSF  ৸   NN
1PVS BMM©HFS MFT OPUBUJPOT MFT WJUFTTFT EF SPUBUJPO ౏‫ ׁخח׀خ‬FU ౏‫ ׁخחرخ‬TPOU OPU©FT SFTQFDUJWFNFOU ౏‫׀خ‬
FU ౏‫ رخ‬
0O TơJOU©SFTTF UPVU EơBCPSE VO TBUFMMJUF FU TPO NPVWFNFOU
2 ‰DSJSF MB SFMBUJPO EF SPVMFNFOU TBOT HMJTTFNFOU FO ৛ׁ FU NPOUSFS RVF MơFYQSFTTJPO EF MB WJUFTTF EF
SPUBUJPO EV TBUFMMJUF QBS SBQQPSU ৢׁ ౏‫ ׁخחر‬FO GPODUJPO EF ౏‫ رخ‬FU EFT OPNCSFT EF EFOUT Tơ©DSJU 

৬‫ر‬ ৬‫׀خ‬
౏‫  ׁخחر‬Ŧ ౏‫رخ‬
৬‫ر‬

 
 'FVJMMF EF USBWBVY EJSJH©T OpC  $JO©UJRVF

2 %POOFS MơFYQSFTTJPO EF Mơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF ৗ৯৥ ৢ EV TBUFMMJUF 4 EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS  -F QPJOU ৙‫ ׀‬FTU TPO DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF 0O OPUF ֫‫  ްإ‬MB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF  DBMDVM©F FO ৙‫ ׀‬
SBQQPSU ৢׁ FO GPODUJPO EF ౏‫ رخ‬EFT OPNCSFT EF EFOUT FU EFT BVUSFT EPOO©FT VUJMFT EV QSPCM¨NF
Ɇ ɉ
2 %POOFS MB GPSNF EF MB NBUSJDF EV QPSUF TBUFMMJUF ɇɇ ৓‫ ׀‬Ŧ৘‫ ׀‬Ŧৗ‫ ׀‬ɊɊɊɊ
ɇ
֫‫   ްإ‬ɇɇɇŦ৘‫ ׀‬৔‫ ׀‬Ŧ৖‫ ׀‬ɊɊɊɊɊ
# »
0O TơJOU©SFTTF NBJOUFOBOU MB MPJ EơFOUS©FTPSUJF EV USBJO ©QJDZDMP¯EBM FU ৡ‫ ׀‬৙‫  ׀‬ì‫ ׀‬ȋ ਅ#»‫׀‬
౏ ౏ Ɉ ɋ
2 &YQSJNFS MF SBQQPSU EF USBOTNJTTJPO ঢ়ׁ  ‫ رخ  ڐړڞڜڙڝ‬FO GPODUJPO EFT OPNCSFT EF EFOUT ৬‫ ׀خ‬FU Ŧৗ‫ ׀‬Ŧ৖‫ ׀‬৕‫ࠕ ׀‬#»ް #» #»
࢒ް ߆ ࢓ް ߆ ࢔ް 
౏‫ڐڜڞژڐ‬ ౏‫׀خ‬
৬‫ ׁخ‬
-ơBYF I©MJDF  DPOTUJUV© EF MơBSCSF NPUFVS FU EF MơI©MJDF $FU FOTFNCMF  FTU FO MJBJTPO QJWPU EơBYF
/PUB  MB E©NBSDIF QPVSSB ªUSF DPOEVJUF FO DPNCJOBOU MFT SFMBUJPOT EF SPVMFNFOU TBOT HMJTTFNFOU
QBS SBQQPSU BV DPSQT  
FO ৛‫ ׀‬FU ৛ׁ PV CJFO FO ©DSJWBOU MB SFMBUJPO EF 8JMMJT
-ơBYF I©MJDF  FTU DPOTJE©S© DPNNF ©UBOU EF TZN©USJF BYJBMF EơBYF ৙ׁ ਅ#»‫  ׀‬FU EF NBTTF ৸ׁ   LH
0O OPNNF Œ MơFOTFNCMF DPOTUJUV© EFT TPMJEFT TVJWBOUT  \ MF SPUPS NPUFVS MFT USPJT TBUFMMJUFT MF QPSUF
TBUFMMJUF 14 BWFD MơI©MJDF ^  -F QPJOU ৙ׁ FTU TPO DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF 0O OPUF ֫‫  ޱإ‬MB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF EV TPMJEF  DBMDVM©F FO ( 
2B %POOFS MơFYQSFTTJPO EF Mơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF ৗ৯Œ ৢ  Ɇ ɉ
ɇɇ ৓ׁ Ŧ৘ׁ Ŧৗׁ ɊɊɊɊ
2C FO E©EVJSF MơFYQSFTTJPO MJUU©SBMF ৛‫ ׁڟڛڐ‬EF MơJOFSUJF ©RVJWBMFOUF EF Œ FO GPODUJPO EF ౏‫ ׀خ‬EF ঢ়ׁ ɇ
֫‫   ޱإ‬ɇɇɇŦ৘ׁ ৔ׁ Ŧ৖ׁ ɊɊɊɊɊ
# »
FU ৡ‫ ׀‬৙ׁ  ìׁ ȋ ਅ#»‫׀‬
FU EFT OPNCSFT EF EFOUT EFT NPNFOUT EơJOFSUJF ৛‫ ׀خ‬৛‫ ر‬৛‫ رخ‬FU EFT BVUSFT EPOO©FT VUJMFT EV QSPCM¨NF Ɉ ɋ
Ŧৗׁ Ŧ৖ׁ ৕ׁ ࠕ#»‫ ޱ‬#» #»
࢒‫ ޱ࢔ ߆ ޱ࢓ ߆ ޱ‬

&YFSDJDF   $JO©UJRVF %SPOF  .JOFT 

&YUSBJU EF .JOFT .1 
-F TVKFU ©UVEJF VO ESPOF NJOJBUVSF
$PSSJH© QBHF 
# 2VFTUJPO
WPJMVSF UPVSOBOUF ΛHVSF B  2 &O UFOBOU DPNQUF EFT TZN©USJFT TJNQMJΛFS MFT NBUSJDFT EơJOFSUJF ֫‫  ްإ‬FU ֫‫  ޱإ‬EFT TPMJEFT 
FU 
# »
2 0O QPTF ৡ‫ ׀‬৙  ৷‫ إ‬ȋ ਅ#»‫ ׀‬E©UFSNJOFS ৷‫ إ‬DBSBDU©SJTBOU MB QPTJUJPO EV DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF ( EV ESPOF FO
GPODUJPO EFT DBSBDU©SJTUJRVFT DJO©UJRVFT EFT TPMJEFT  FU  
2 &O E©EVJSF MFT NBUSJDFT EơJOFSUJF EFT TPMJEFT  FU  DBMDVM©FT FO ( FO GPODUJPO EFT DBSBDU©SJT
$PSQT UJRVFT DJO©UJRVFT EFT TPMJEFT  FU  

&YFSDJDF   "OUFOOF EF MJBJTPO QBS TBUFMMJUF  ‰UVEF EF MơBYF EơB[JNVU

"EBQU© QBSUJS EV DPODPVST .5 $PSSJH© QBHF 

)©MJDF " %FTDSJQUJPO

(PVWFSOF 'PODUJPO HMPCBMF

-F TZTU¨NF ©UVEJ© FTU VOF TUBUJPO EF SBEJPDPNNVOJDBUJPO RVJ B QPVS GPODUJPO QSJODJQBMF EơBTTVSFS
ৡ‫׀‬ EFT MJBJTPOT CJEJSFDUJPOOFMMFT FOUSF MF S©TFBV UFSSFTUSF EF DPNNVOJDBUJPO FU VO TBUFMMJUF H©PTUBUJPO
਄#»‫׀‬ OBJSF QPVS USBOTG©SFS EFT EPOO©FT EF MơVO MơBVUSF
-FT NPZFOT NJT FO đVWSF QPVS DPOTUJUVFS DFUUF TUBUJPO TF DPNQPTFOU 
ƞ EơVOF BOUFOOF EF UZQF k $BTTFHSBJO { TUSVDUVSF k $BSSPVTFM { ©RVJQ©F EơVO TPVSDF Q©SJTDPQJRVF
ਃ#»‫׀‬
RVBUSF NJSPJST QFSNFUUBOU EơPSJFOUFS Mơ©NFUUFVS S©DFQUFVS WFST MF TBUFMMJUF 
ਅ#»‫׀‬
ƞ Eơ©RVJQFNFOUT ©MFDUSPOJRVFT Eơ©NJTTJPOS©DFQUJPO QFSNFUUBOU EF H©O©SFS FU SFDFWPJS MFT EPO
B %SPOF WPJMVSF UPVSOBOUF C .PE©MJTBUJPO EV ESPOF O©FT 
'ɂɀɎɋȾ  Ɲ %SPOF ƞ Eơ©RVJQFNFOUT EFTUJO©T USBJUFS FU DPOEJUJPOOFS DFT EPOO©FT
5PVT DFT ©RVJQFNFOUT ©MFDUSPOJRVFT BJOTJ RVF MFT BSNPJSFT ©MFDUSJRVFT EF DPNNBOEF FU EF DPOOFYJPO
-PST EF Mơ©UVEF EV NPVWFNFOU OPVT BWPOT CFTPJO EF E©UFSNJOFS MFT DBSBDU©SJTUJRVFT DJO©UJRVFT EF BV S©TFBV TPOU BCSJU©T EBOT MB TUSVDUVSF NB§POO©F TVS MBRVFMMF SFQPTF MơBOUFOOF 7PJS ΛHVSF 
QMVTJFVST TPMJEFT
0O TơJOU©SFTTF QMVT QBSUJDVMJ¨SFNFOU BVY ©M©NFOUT SFQS©TFOU©T DJEFTTPVT # .PUPSJTBUJPO EF MB MJBJTPO k B[JNVU {
0O TơJOU©SFTTF EBOT DFUUF ©UVEF Mơ©RVJMJCSBHF FU MB NPUPSJTBUJPO EF MơBYF EơB[JNVU EPOU MF TDI©NB
" 4DI©NB EPOO©FT OPUBUJPO FU QBSBN©USBHF EV ESPOF DJO©NBUJRVF FTU SFQS©TFOU© TVS MB ΛHVSF  α # »β
1PVS MFT DBMDVMT EF QS©EJNFOTJPOOFNFOU MF ESPOF EPOU MF DFOUSF EơJOFSUJF FTU OPU© ( FTU DPOTUJUV© -B MJBJTPO  FTU HMPCBMFNFOU DPOTJE©S©F DPNNF VO QJWPU EơBYF ৡ ৶ֿ‫ ׀‬
EF EFVY TPMJEFT  FU   -ơ©UVEF FTU S©BMJT©F MPSTRVF MB MJBJTPO  FTU CMPRV©F MơBYF EV k CPM { FTU IPSJ[POUBM QPTJUJPO EJUF
-F DPSQT  ΛHVSF C DPOTUJUV© EV DPSQT FU EFT HPVWFSOFT B C D FU E  0O O©HMJHFSB k IPSJ[PO { WPJS ΛHVSF  
MB NBTTF FU MơJOFSUJF EFT HPVWFSOFT EFWBOU MFT NBTTFT FU JOFSUJFT EFT BVUSFT DPNQPTBOUT EV ESPOF -F 2 &YQSJNFS EBOT DFT DPOEJUJPOT QBS MFVST ©M©NFOUT EF S©EVDUJPO FO VO QPJOU MFT UPSTFVST DJO©NB
DPSQT EV ESPOF FTU DPOTJE©S© DPNNF ©UBOU EF TZN©USJF BYJBMF EơBYF ৙‫ ׀‬ਅ#»‫  ׀‬FU EF NBTTF ৸‫   ׀‬LH UJRVFT EFT NPVWFNFOUT EF  QBS SBQQPSU  FU EF  QBS SBQQPSU   Uָ‫ ֿח׀‬W Uָׁ‫ ֿח‬W

 
 'FVJMMF EF USBWBVY EJSJH©T OpC  $JO©UJRVF

α #» # » #»β
EBOT MB CBTF #ׁ ৴ׁ ৵‫ ׁ׀‬৶ׁ 
-ơBEEJUJPO EFT EFVY NBTTFT . BV TPMJEF  QFS
NFU ©HBMFNFOU EF SFOESF EJBHPOBMF MB NBUSJDF
EơJOFSUJF EF MơFOTFNCMF \. ^
2 &O E©EVJSF MơFYQSFTTJPO EF ৯ FO GPODUJPO EF
ৗ‫ ث‬ৗׁ য় FU ৞
2 &YQSJNFS EBOT MB CBTF #‫ ׀‬QBS TFT ©M©NFOUT
EF S©EVDUJPO FO " MF UPSTFVS DJO©UJRVF EV TPMJEF
 EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU   U֥‫ ֿח׀‬W
2 &YQSJNFS EBOT MB CBTF #‫ ׀‬QBS TFT ©M©NFOUT
EF S©EVDUJPO FO " MF UPSTFVS DJO©UJRVF EV TPMJEF
 EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU   U֥‫ ֿחׁء‬W
2 &YQSJNFS EBOT MB CBTF # QBS TFT ©M©NFOUT
EF S©EVDUJPO FO " MF UPSTFVS EZOBNJRVF EV TZT
U¨NF Œ  U ৕W EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQ
QPSU   U֦‫ ֿחې‬W

&YFSDJDF   .PE¨MF EF SPCPU

"EBQU© EV DPODPVST &/4&" $PSSJH© QBHF 

0O DIFSDIF DBSBDU©SJTFS MFT NPVWFNFOUT EV TZTU¨NF 'ɂɀɎɋȾ SPCPUJT©

QS©TFOU© BWFD TPO QBSBN©USBHF
Ɲ .PE©MJTBUJPO DJO©UJRVF TVS
'ɂɀɎɋȾ  Ɲ "OUFOOF MB ΛHVSF 
-B MJBJTPO FOUSF MB QJ¨DF  FU MF C¢UJ  FTU VOF MJBJTPO I©MJDP¯EBMF EơBYF ৡ‫ ׀‬ਅ#»ֿ  EPOU MF QBT FTU OPU© Q
# »
α # »β FU MFT QBSBN¨USFT EF USBOTMBUJPO FU EF SPUBUJPO TPOU OPU©T ਄  ৡ‫ ׀‬ৡׁ ȋ ਅ#»ֿ FU ష  ਃ#»ֿ ਃ#»‫ ׀‬
-F TPMJEF  EF NBTTF য়‫ ׀‬B QPVS DFOUSF EF HSBWJU© MF QPJOU ৙‫ ׀‬TJUV© TVS ৡ ৶ֿ‫ ׀‬FU B QPVS NBUSJDF -B MJBJTPO FOUSF  FU  FTU VOF QJWPU EơBYF ৡׁ ਃ‫   ׀‬ৡׁ ਃׁ  QBSBN©US©F QBS MơBOHMF స  ਅ#»‫ ׀‬ਅ#»ׁ 
#» #»
Ɇ ɉ
α #» #» # »β ɇɇ ৓‫ ׀‬Ŧ৘‫ ׀‬Ŧৗ‫ ׀‬ɊɊɊɊ -B MJBJTPO FOUSF  FU  FTU VOF QJWPU EơBYF ৡׂ ਄#»ׁ   ৡׂ ਄#»ׂ  QBSBN©US©F QBS MơBOHMF ా  ਃ#»ׁ ਃ#»ׂ 
ɇ
EơJOFSUJF FO " EBOT MB CBTF #‫ ׀‬৴‫ ׀‬৵‫ ׀‬৶ֿ‫   ؟֫  ׀‬ɇɇɇŦ৘‫ ׀‬৔‫ ׀‬Ŧ৖‫ ׀‬ɊɊɊɊɊ # » # »
0O QPTF ৡׁ ৡׂ  ৷ׁ ȋ ਄#»ׁ FU ৡׂ ৡ‫  ׃‬৷ׂ ȋ ਃ#»ׂ 
Ɉ ɋ
Ŧৗ‫ ׀‬Ŧ৖‫ ׀‬৕‫ࠏ ׀‬
α #» # »β #ް α #» # »β
-F TPMJEF  QPTT¨EF EFVY QMBOT EF TZN©USJF NBU©SJFMMF  ৓ ৴‫ ׀‬৶ֿ‫ ׀‬FU ৓ ৵‫ ׀‬৶ֿ‫ ׀‬
2 &O E©EVJSF MB GPSNF MB QMVT TJNQMF EF TB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF ֫‫ ؟‬
# » #»
-F TPMJEF  EF NBTTF য়ׁ B QPVS DFOUSF EF HSBWJU© MF QPJOU ৙ׁ UFM RVF ɉ ৓৙ׁ  Ŧ৭ ȋ ৶ׁ FU B QPVS NBUSJDF
Ɇ
৓ Ŧ৘ Ŧৗ Ɋ
α #» # » #»β ɇɇɇ ׁ ׁ
ɊɊ
ׁɊ
EơJOFSUJF FO " EBOT MB CBTF #ׁ ৴ׁ ৵‫ ׁ׀‬৶ׁ  ֫‫   ؟‬ɇɇɇŦ৘ׁ ৔ׁ Ŧ৖ׁ ɊɊɊɊɊ
Ɉ ɋ
Ŧৗׁ Ŧ৖ׁ ৕ׁ ࠏ
α #» #»β #‫ޱ‬

-F TPMJEF  QPTT¨EF VO QMBO EF TZN©USJF NBU©SJFMMF  ৓ ৴ׁ ৶ׁ 

2 &O E©EVJSF MB GPSNF MB QMVT TJNQMF EF TB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF ֫‫ ؟‬
-F DPOTUSVDUFVS EV TZTU¨NF B BKPVU© BV TPMJEF  EFVY NBTTFT JEFOUJRVFT . EPOU MFT QPTJUJPOT EFT
# » #» #» #» # » #»
DFOUSFT EF HSBWJU© ৙‫ ׀ث‬FU ৙‫ ׁث‬TPOU E©ΛOJFT QBS  ৓৙‫  ׀ث‬Ŧ৞ ȋ ৶ׁ ৮ ȋ ৵‫ ׁ׀‬৯ ȋ ৴ׁ FU ৓৙‫  ׁث‬Ŧ৞ ȋ ৶ׁ Ŧ ৮ ȋ
#» #»
৵‫ ׁ׀‬৯ ȋ ৴ׁ
-ơBEEJUJPO EFT EFVY NBTTFT . BV TPMJEF  QFSNFU EF QMBDFS MF DFOUSF EF HSBWJU© EF MơFOTFNCMF \.
# » #»
^ BVα QPJOUβ ৙ׁ‫ ث‬UFM RVF ৓৙ׁ‫  ث‬Ŧৱ ȋ ৶ׁ  $FUUF QPTJUJPO GBDJMJUF MB NJTF FO QPTJUJPO EJUF k EF TVSWJF {
#»
BYF ৓ ৶ׁ WFSUJDBM FO DBT EF SJTRVF UFNQªUF QBS FYFNQMF 
2 %©UFSNJOFS BMPST MơFYQSFTTJPO EF - FO GPODUJPO EF B F . FU য়ׁ 
-B NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF EF
α #»DIBRVF TPMJEF BEEJUJPOOFM EF NBTTF . Tơ©DSJU FO TPO DFOUSF EF HSBWJU© ৙‫׀ث‬
# » #»β
PV ৙‫ ׁث‬EBOT MB CBTF #ׁ ৴ׁ ৵‫ ׁ׀‬৶ׁ 
Ɇ ɉ
ɇɇɇ ৓‫ث‬ Ŧৗ‫ ث‬ɊɊɊ
ɊɊɊ
֫‫ ࢃࠛإ‬য়  ɇɇɇ ৔‫ث‬ ɊɊɊ
Ɉ ɋ 'ɂɀɎɋȾ  Ɲ 1BSBN©USBHF EV TZTU¨NF SPCPUJT©
Ŧৗ‫ث‬ ৕‫ࢃࠛࠕ ث‬
#‫ޱ‬

2 &O E©EVJSF MB GPSNF EF MB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF ֫‫ ްࠛإ‬য় EFT EFVY NBTTFT BEEJUJPOOFMMFT BV QPJOU " 1PVS UPVUFT MFT RVFTUJPOT TVJWBOUFT WPVT QPVWF[ TPJU

 
 'FVJMMF EF USBWBVY EJSJH©T OpC

ƞ BDDFQUFS MB S©QPOTF QSPQPT©F FU EBOT DF DBTM WPVT QS©DJTF[ MFT ©M©NFOUT RVJ QFSNFUUFOU EơPC
UFOJS MF S©TVMUBU IZQPUI¨TFT UI©PS¨NFT Ʃ TBOT DBMDVMFS 

ƞ JOΛSNFS MB S©QPOTF FU EBOT DF DBTM WPVT EFWF[ E©UFSNJOFS MB CPOOF S©QPOTF

2 -F NPVWFNFOU EV TPMJEF  QBS SBQQPSU BV C¢UJ  QFVU ªUSF SFQS©TFOU© QBS MF UPSTFVS DJO©NBUJRVF
TVJWBOU 
ɒ  #»  #»  #»ɖ
ɕ ɕ
ɓష ȋ ਅ‫ ׀‬స ȋ ਃׁ ా ȋ ਄ׂ ɕ
ɕ ɗ
Uָׂ‫ ֿח‬W  ɕ
ɕ ৻  #» ɕ
ɕ
ɔ ష ਅ‫׀‬ ɘ
ȋె ‫ޱح‬

-B GPSNF EF MơFOTFNCMF  FTU TDI©NBUJT©F TVS MB ΛHVSF  -B NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF BV QPJOU ৡׁ EF DFU
FOTFNCMF FTU OPU©F 
Ɇ ɉ
ɇɇ ৓ Ŧ৘ Ŧৗ ɊɊɊɊ
ɇɇ
֫‫   ޱح‬ɇɇŦ৘ ৔ Ŧ৖ ɊɊɊɊɊ
Ɉ ɋ
Ŧৗ Ŧ৖ ৕ ࠝ#»‫ ޱ‬#» #»
࢒‫ ޱ࢔ ߆ ޱ࢓ ߆ ޱ‬

ৰׁ
-F QPJOU ৡׁ FTU TJUV© MB EJTUBODF B EF MB GBDF HBVDIF MB EJTUBODF EF MB GBDF BWBOU FU MB EJTUBODF

ৰ
EF MB GBDF JOG©SJFVSF


'ɂɀɎɋȾ  Ɲ 'PSNF TDI©NBUJRVF EF MơFOTFNCMF 

2 -B NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF FYQSJN©F FO ৡׁ FO UFOBOU DPNQUF EV QFS§BHF FTU EJBHPOBMF EBOT MB CBTF
ਃ#»ׁ ਄#»ׁ ਅ#»ׁ 
%BOT MB TVJUF PO O©HMJHF MF QFS§BHF FU MB EJTUBODF ৭ 0O TVQQPTF EF QMVT RVF MB EJTUBODF ৰ‫ ׀‬FTU US¨T
HSBOEF EFWBOU ৰׁ FU ৰׂ  ৸ E©TJHOF MB NBTTF EF MB QJ¨DF
2 0O QFVU BMPST FO DPODMVSF RVF MF UFSNF " EF MB NBUSJDF EơJOFSUJF FTU US¨T HSBOE EFWBOU MFT UFSNFT
# FU $
2 -F UPSTFVS DJO©UJRVF EF MB QJ¨DF  EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU  QFVU Tơ©DSJSF BV QPJOU ৡׁ 
ν ξ
৸ ȋ ਅ#»‫׀‬
Uׁ֥‫ ֿח‬W   #»  #»
৓ ȋ స ȋ ਃׁ ৕ ȋ ష ȋ ਅׁ ‫ح‬
‫ޱ‬

2 -ơ©OFSHJF DJO©UJRVF EV TPMJEF  EBOT TPO NPVWFNFOU QBS SBQQPSU  Tơ©DSJU RVFM RVF TPJU MF QPJOU
P¹ PO MB DBMDVMF
       
০ׁ‫ ֿח‬ ȋ ৸ ȋ ਄ׁ ȋ ৓ ȋ సׁ ȋ ৔ ȋ షׁ ȋ TJOׁ స ȋ ৕ ȋ షׁ ȋ DPTׁ స