Raw data

load deflection 1 deflection 2 actaual 1 actaual 2

0 50.4 50.8 0 0
0.1 50.9 50.7 0.5 -0.1
0.2 51.2 50.5 0.8 -0.3
0 50.5 50.8 0.1 0
-0.2 49.4 51.3 -1 0.5
0 50.1 51.1 -0.3 0.3
0.335 51.8 50.4 1.4 -0.4
0.02 50.3 51 -0.1 0.2
-0.315 48.1 51.8 -2.3 1
0.02 49.5 51.3 -0.9 0.5
0.42 51.9 50.3 1.5 -0.5
0.035 50.1 51 -0.3 0.2
-0.385 47.4 52.2 -3 1.4
0.035 48.7 51.8 -1.7 1
0.515 52.4 50.2 2 -0.6
0.045 51.1 50.7 0.7 -0.1
-0.555 37.2 55.9 -13.2 5.1
0 38.8 55.4 -11.6 4.6
0.585 49.9 51.2 -0.5 0.4
0.015 47.7 52 -2.7 1.2
-0.58 36.6 56.4 -13.8 5.6
0 38.2 55.9 -12.2 5.1
0.7 49.3 51.3 -1.1 0.5
0.015 46 52.5 -4.4 1.7
-0.725 35.1 57 -15.3 6.2
0 36.6 56.6 -13.8 5.8
0.76 68.7 43.3 18.3 -7.5
0.025 56.2 48.7 5.8 -2.1
-0.9 41.3 54.8 -9.1 4
-0.2 45 53.5 -5.4 2.7
0.025 50.6 51.5 0.2 0.7
0.6 67.9 44.2 17.5 -6.6
0.1 57.4 48.7 7 -2.1
-1.09 40.6 55.2 -9.8 4.4
0.055 50.7 51.7 0.3 0.9
0.38 64.2 46 13.8 -4.8
0.05 60.9 47.5 10.5 -3.3
-1.19 40 55.9 -10.4 5.1
0.6 63.1 47 12.7 -3.8
0.065 58.8 49 8.4 -1.8
-1.28 36.5 57.8 -13.9 7
0.175 46.6 54.3 -3.8 3.5
0.11 60.2 48.7 9.8 -2.1
 0.055 58.5 49.5 8.1 -1.3
-1.4 36.6 58.2 -13.8 7.4
0.095 51.7 52.5 1.3 1.7
-1.48 33 59.5 -17.4 8.7
0.12 50.6 52.9 0.2 2.1
-1.58 31.5 60.2 -18.9 9.4
0.115 50.2 53.2 -0.2 2.4
-1.7 30.4 60.6 -20 9.8
-0.105 48.5 53.8 -1.9 3
-1.815 28.6 61.3 -21.8 10.5
-0.095 46.4 54.7 -4 3.9
-1.915 27.5 61.7 -22.9 10.9
-0.09 45.7 54.9 -4.7 4.1
-2 26.4 62 -24 11.2
-0.08 45.2 55 -5.2 4.2
-2.105 25.3 62.4 -25.1 11.6
-2.145 24.2 62.8 -26.2 12
-2.3 22.2 63.5 -28.2 12.7
-2.4 20.8 64 -29.6 13.2
-2.5 18.9 64.6 -31.5 13.8
-2.6 15.3 65.8 -35.1 15
-2.7 10.5 68 -39.9 17.2

Top
1

0.5

0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

-0.5
Load

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

Deflection
 -2

-2.5

-3

Deflection

0.5

0
-10 -5 0 5

-0.5
Load

-1

-1.5

-2
 -2

-2.5

-3

Deflection

Graph 1 Graph 2 1st cycle

0 0 0 0
0.1 0.5 0.1 -0.1 0.15
1
-0.1 -0.5 0 0
0.1
0 0.1 0 0
0.2 0.8 0.2 -0.3
0.05
0 0.1 0 0
2
-0.2 -1 -0.2 0.5
0
0 -0.3 0 0.3 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
0.335 1.4 0.335 -0.4 -0.05
0.02 -0.1 0.02 0.2
3
-0.315 -2.3 -0.315 1 -0.1
0.02 -0.9 0.02 0.5
0.42 1.5 0.42 -0.5 -0.15
0.035 -0.3 0.035 0.2
4
-0.385 -3 -0.385 1.4
0.035 -1.7 0.035 1
0.515 2.5 0.515 -0.6 3rd cycl
0.045 0.7 0.045 -0.1 0.4
5
-0.555 -10.3 -0.555 5.1
0 -8.6 0 4.6 0.3
0.585 3 0.585 0.4 0.2
0.015 -0.2 0.015 1.2 0.1
6
-0.58 -11.3 -0.58 5.6
0 -12.2 0 5.1 0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
0.7 4 0.7 0.5 -0.1
0.015 0.7 0.015 1.7 -0.2
7
-0.725 -15.3 -0.725 6.2
-0.3

-0.4
 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-0.1

7 -0.2

0 -13.8 0 5.8 -0.3

0.76 18.3 0.76 -7.5 -0.4
0.025 5.8 0.025 -2.1
8
-0.76 -18.3
0 -13.8
0.9 19.5
-0.02 11
9
-0.9 -9.1 -0.9 4
0.025 6 0.025 0.7
1.09 20.8 5th
0.1 10 0.1 -2.1
10
-1.09 -19.8 -1.09 4.4
0.055 0.3 0.055 0.9
1.19 21.2
0.38 13.8 0.38 -4.8
11
-1.19 -10.4 -1.19 5.1
0.05 0.2
1.28 22.4 -12 -10 -8 -6
0.065 8.4 0.065 -1.8
12 -1.28 -13.9 -1.28 7
0.175 -3.8 0.175 3.5
0.02 0.3
1.4 23.1
0.11 9.8 0.11 -2.1
13 0.055 8.1 0.055 -1.3
-1.4 -13.8 -1.4 7.4
0.095 1.3 0.095 1.7
1.48 26.7 7th cycle
0.03 7
14
-1.48 -17.4 -1.48 8.7
-0.12 1.6 0.12 2.1
1.58 27.6
0.022 5.8
15
-1.58 -18.9 -1.58 9.4 -20 -15 -10 -
-0.115 0.1 0.115 2.4
1.7 28.3
0.04 8
16
-1.7 -20 -1.7 9.8
-0.105 -1.9 -0.105 3
1.815 29.2
0.05 9 9th c
17
-1.815 -21.8 -1.815 10.5 1
-0.095 -4 -0.095 3.9 0.8
1.915 30.1
0.6
0.045 9
18 0.4
0.2
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
-0.2
 1
0.8
0.6
18 0.4
-1.915 -22.9 -1.915 10.9
-0.09 -4.7 -0.09 4.1 0.2
1.995 31.2 0
0.055 10 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
-0.2
19
-2 -24 -2 11.2 -0.4
-0.08 -5.2 -0.08 4.2
-0.6
2.105 32.8
-0.8
0.035 8
20 -1
-2.105 -25.1 -2.105 11.6
-0.06 -4.9
2.145 33.4

21
0.055 12 11th cycle
-2.145 -26.2 -2.145 12 1.5
-0.03 -2.3
2.3 35.1 1
0.03 8
22 0.5
-2.3 -28.2 -2.3 12.7
-0.025 -1.9 0
2.4 36.2 -15 -10 -5 0
0.042 11 -0.5
23
-2.4 -29.6 -2.4 13.2
-0.02 -1.7 -1
2.5 38.3
-1.5
0.031 10
24
-2.5 -31.5 -2.5 13.8
-0.015 -1.5
2.6 38.9 13th
0.02 9
25 2
-2.6 -35.1 -2.6 15
-0.01 -1.2 1.5
2.7 39.2
1
26 0.024 11
-2.7 -39.9 -2.7 17.2 0.5

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

15th
2
1.5

0.5
 15th
2

1.5

0.5

0
-30 -20 -10 0
-0.5

-1
-1.5

-2

17th
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-30 -20 -10 0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2

19th
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-30 -20 -10 -0.5 0
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

21st
2.5
2
1.5
1
 21st
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-30 -20 -10 -0.5 0
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

23rd
3

0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
-1

-2

-3

25th cycle
3

0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
-1

-2

-3
Backbone graph 1
-2.7
-2.6
-2.5
-2.4
-2.3
-2.145
-2.105
-2
-1.915
-1.815
-1.7
-1.58
-1.48
-1.4
-1.28
-1.19
-1.09
-0.9
-0.385
-0.315
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.335
0.42
0.515
0.585
0.7
0.76
0.9
1.09
 1.19
1.28
1.4
1.48
1.58
1.7
1.815
1.915
1.995
2.105
2.145
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

Load (kg Tonnes)

-20
 Load (kg Ton
-20

Blank
Graph 2 Graph 1
ref.
0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.5
1 1
-0.1 -0.2 0 -0.1 -0.5
0 0 0 0 0.1
0.2 0.3 -0.3 0.2 0.8
0 0 0 0 0.1
2 2
-0.2 -0.5 0.5 -0.2 -1
0 -0.3 0.3 0 -0.3
0.335 0.4 -0.4 0.335 1.4
0.02 -0.2 0.2 0.02 -0.1
3 3 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15
-0.315 -1 1 -0.315 -2.3
0.02 -0.5 0.5 0.02 -0.9
0.42 0.5 -0.5 0.42 1.5
0.035 -0.2 0.2 0.035 -0.3
4 4
-0.385 -1.4 1.4 -0.385 -3
0.035 -1 1 0.035 -1.7
0.515 0.6 -0.6 0.515 2.5
0.045 0.1 -0.1 0.045 0.7
5 5
-0.555 -5.1 5.1 -0.555 -10.3
0 -4.6 4.6 0 -8.6
0.585 -0.4 0.4 0.585 3
0.015 -1.2 1.2 0.015 -0.2
6 6
-0.58 -5.6 5.6 -0.58 -11.3
0 -5.1 5.1 0 -12.2
0.7 -0.5 0.5 0.7 4
0.015 -1.7 1.7 0.015 0.7
7 7
-0.725 -6.2 6.2 -0.725 -15.3
0 -5.8 5.8 0 -13.8
0.76 7.5 -7.5 0.76 18.3
0.025 2.1 -2.1 0.025 5.8
8 8 -1.2 -1 -0.8
8 8 -1.2 -1 -0.8
-0.76 -7.1 -0.76 -18.3
0 -6 0 -13.8
0.9 8.2 0.9 19.5
-0.02 -0.6 -0.02 -7
9 9
-0.9 -4 4 -0.9 -9.1
0.025 -0.7 0.7 0.025 6
1.09 9.2 1.09 20.8
0.1 2.1 -2.1 0.1 10
10 10
-1.09 -4.4 4.4 -1.09 -9.8
0.055 -0.9 0.9 0.055 0.3
1.19 10.4 1.19 21.2
0.38 4.8 -4.8 0.38 13.8
11 11
-1.19 -5.1 5.1 -1.19 -10.4
0.05 -0.9 0.05 0.2
1.28 11.5 1.28 22.4
0.065 1.8 -1.8 0.065 8.4
12 -1.28 -7 7 12 -1.28 -13.9
0.175 -3.5 3.5 0.175 -3.8
0.02 0.2 0.02 0.3 -6 -5
1.4 11.8 1.4 23.1
0.11 2.1 -2.1 0.11 9.8
13 0.055 1.3 -1.3 13 0.055 8.1
-1.4 -7.4 7.4 -1.4 -13.8
0.095 -1.7 1.7 0.095 1.3
1.48 14.3 1.48 26.7
0.03 0.2 0.03 7
14 14
-1.48 -8.7 8.7 -1.48 -17.4
-0.12 -2.1 2.1 -0.12 1.6
1.58 13.4 1.58 27.6
0.022 0.1 0.022 5.8
15 15
-1.58 -9.4 9.4 -1.58 -18.9
-0.115 -2.4 2.4 -0.115 0.1
1.7 13.8 1.7 28.3
0.04 -0.3 0.04 8
16 16
-1.7 -9.8 9.8 -1.7 -20
-0.105 -3 3 -0.105 -1.9
-7 -6 -5
1.815 15.1 1.815 29.2
0.05 4.5 0.05 9
17 17
-1.815 -10.5 10.5 -1.815 -21.8
-0.095 -3.9 3.9 -0.095 -4
1.915 14.6 1.915 30.1
0.045 4.5 0.045 9
18 18
-1.915 -10.9 10.9 -1.915 -22.9
-0.09 -4.1 4.1 -0.09 -4.7
1.995 14.7 1.995 31.2

19 19
 0.055 10 0.055 10
19 19
-2 -11.2 11.2 -2 -24
-0.08 -4.2 4.2 -0.08 -5.2
2.105 15.4 2.105 32.8
0.035 7 0.035 8
20 20
-2.105 -11.6 11.6 -2.105 -25.1
-0.06 -2.8 -0.06 -4.9 -8 -6 -4
2.145 15.4 2.145 33.4
0.055 10.4 0.055 12
21 21
-2.145 -12 12 -2.145 -26.2
-0.03 -1.6 -0.03 -2.3
2.3 16.8 2.3 35.1
0.03 7.2 0.03 8
22 22
-2.3 -12.7 12.7 -2.3 -28.2
-0.025 -1.4 -0.025 -1.9
2.4 17.2 2.4 36.2
0.042 7.8 0.042 11 1
23 23
-2.4 -13.2 13.2 -2.4 -29.6
-0.02 -1.2 -0.02 -1.7
2.5 18.4 2.5 38.3
0.031 6.9 0.031 10 0
24 24
-2.5 -13.8 13.8 -2.5 -31.5
-0.015 -1.1 -0.015 -1.5 -6 -4 -2
2.6 19.1 2.6 38.9 -0
0.02 5.2 0.02 9
25 25
-2.6 -15 15 -2.6 -35.1 -
-0.01 -1.1 -0.01 -1.2
2.7 19.7 2.7 39.2 -1
26 0.024 5.6 26 0.024 11
-2.7 -17.2 17.2 -2.7 -39.9

-10 -5
-15 -10

-15 -10 -5

-15 -10 -5
 -15 -10 -

-15 -10 -

25th cycle

-20 -15 -10

 -20 -15 -10

Backbone curve 2
-2.7 -17.2
-2.6 -15
-2.5 -13.8 SP-75-2 B
-2.4 -13.2
-2.3 -12.7
-2.145 -12
-2.105 -11.6
-2 -11.2
-1.915 -10.9
-1.815 -10.5

Load (kg Tonnes)

-1.7 -9.8
-1.58 -9.4
-1.48 -8.7
-1.4 -7.4 -20
-1.28 -7
-0.725 -6.2
-0.58 -5.6
-0.555 -5.1
-0.385 -1.4
-0.315 -1
-0.2 -0.5
-0.1 -0.2
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.3
0.515 0.6
0.585 0.7
0.7 0.8
0.76 7.5
0.9 8.2
1.09 9.2
1.19 10.4
1.28 11.5
1.4 11.8
1.48 14.3
1.58 13.4
1.7 13.8
1.815 15.1
1.915 14.6
1.995 14.7
2.105 15.4
2.145 15.4
2.3 16.8
2.4 17.2
2.5 18.4
2.6 19.1
2.7 19.7
p
1

0.5

0
-10 0 10 20 30

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

flection
 -2

-2.5

-3

flection

5 10 15 20
 Deflection

2nd cycle
0.15
0.25
0.1 0.2
0.15
0.05 0.1
0.05
0 0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -1.5 -1 -0.5 -0.05 0 0.5
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.1
-0.2
-0.15 -0.25

3rd cycle 4th cycle

0.4 0.5

0.3 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.1 0 1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3 -0.4
-0.4 -0.5
.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.1 0 1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3 -0.4
-0.4 -0.5

5th cycle 6th cycle

0.6 0.8

0.4 0.6

0.4
0.2
0.2
0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 0
-0.2 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

ycle 8th cycle

0.8 1
0.6 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
15 -10 -5 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 -0.2 0 5 10 1
-0.2 0 5 10
-0.4
-0.4 -0.6
-0.6 -0.8
-0.8 -1

9th cycle 10th cycle

1 1.5

0.8
1
0.6
0.4 0.5
0.2
0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 1
-0.2
 1 1.5

0.8
1
0.6
0.4 0.5
0.2
0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 1
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-0.6 -1
-0.8
-1 -1.5

cycle 12th cycle

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

13th cycle
14th cycle
2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.5 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-2
-2

15th cycle
16th cycle
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
 15th cycle
16th cycle
2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5

-2 -2

17th cycle
18th cycle
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1

0.5 0.5
0
0
-30 -20 -10 -0.5 0 10 20
-10 0 10 20 30 40
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -2
-2 -2.5

19th cycle 20th cycle

2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-10 -0.5 0 10 20 30 40 -30 -20 -10 -0.5 0 10 20
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
-2.5 -2.5

21st cycle 22nd cycle

2.5 3
2
2
1.5
1
1
 21st cycle 22nd cycle
2.5 3
2
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
0 0
0 -10 -0.5 0 10 20 30 40 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
-1
-1
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5 -3

23rd cycle 24th cycle

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 3
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

ycle 26th cycle

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 3
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
Backbone graph 1 SP-75-1 Backb
-39.9
3
-35.1
-31.5
-29.6
-28.2
-26.2 2
-25.1
-24
-22.9
-21.8 1
-20
Load (kg tonnes)

-18.9
-17.4
-13.8
0
-13.9 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
-10.4
-9.8
-9.1
-3 -1
-2.3
-1
-0.5
0.5 -2
0.8
1.4
1.5
2.5 -3
3
4 Deflecti
18.3
19.5
20.8
 21.2
22.4
23.1
26.7
27.6
28.3
29.2
30.1
31.2
32.8
33.4
35.1
36.2
38.3
38.9
39.2

1
Load (kg Tonnes)

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

-1
 0
Load (kg Ton -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

-1

-2

-3

Deflection (mm)

1st cycle 2nd cy

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

3rd cycle 4th cy

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -1.5 -1 -0.5
-0.1

-0.2
 0.1

0
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -1.5 -1 -0.5
-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

5th cycle 6th cy

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
-0.2 -6 -5 -4 -3

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

7th cycle 8th cyc

0.8 1
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 -0.2 0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6 -0.8
-0.8 -1

9th cycle 10th c

1 1.5
0.8
1
0.6
0.4
0.5
 9th cycle 10th c
1 1.5
0.8
1
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
-8 -6 -4 -2 -0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -6 -4 -2 0 2
-0.4 -0.5
-0.6
-0.8 -1

-1
-1.5

11th cycle 12th c

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 -10 -5 0
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

13th cycle 14th cy

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
-0.5 -10 -5 0 5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-2
-2
 -1

-1.5

-2

15th cycle 16th cyc

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5

0 0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -15 -10 -5 0
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

-2 -2

17th cycle 18th cycle

2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1

0.5 0.5
0
0
-15 -10 -5 -0.5 0 5
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -2
-2 -2.5

19th cycle 20th cycl

2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-15 -10 -5 -0.5 0 5 10 15 20 -15 -10 -5 -0.5 0 5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
-2.5 -2.5
 -1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
-2.5 -2.5

21st cycle 22nd cyc

2.5 3
2
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
0 0
-15 -10 -5 -0.5 0 5 10 15 20 -15 -10 -5 0
-1
-1
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5 -3

23rd cycle 24th cycl

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

25th cycle 26th cycle

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

SP-75-2 Backbone Curve

3

1
Load (kg Tonnes)

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

-1

-2

-3

Deflection (mm)
le
25
.2
15
.1
05
0
05 0 0.5 1

.1
15
.2
25

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1 0 1 2

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
 -0.1 0 1 2

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5

cycle
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Load (kg tonnes)

0
-4 -2 0 2 4
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6 -50 -40 -30

-0.8

0 5 10 15 20 25

cycle

0 5 10 15 20 25
0 5 10 15 20 25

.5

.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
.5

.5

5 10 15 20 25 30
 10 20 30 40

10 20 30 40

h cycle

10 20 30 40

nd cycle
3

1
nd cycle
3

0
0 10 20 30 40
-1

-2

-3

h cycle

10 20 30 40 50

cycle

0 10 20 30 40 50
SP-75-1 Backbone curve
3

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

-1

-2

-3

Deflection (mm)
 1

0.5

0
-10 -5 0

-0.5
Load

15 20 25 -1

-1.5

-2
 Load
15 20 25 -1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

2nd cycle
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

-0.25

4th cycle
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.1

-0.2
 0.2

0.1

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

6th cycle
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

8th cycle
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

10th cycle
1.5

0.5
 10th cycle
1.5

0.5

0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 l d rl
-0.5 0 0 0
0.1 0.1 0.1
-1 1 0 0 0.2
-0.1 -0.2 0
-1.5 0 0 -0.2
0.2 0.3 0
0 0 0.335
2
-0.2 -0.5 0.02
12th cycle 0 -0.3 -0.315
0.335 0.4 0.02
1.5
0.02 -0.2 0.42
3
1 -0.315 -1 0.035
0.02 -0.5 -0.385
0.5 0.42 0.5 0.035
0.035 -0.2 0.515
0 4
-0.385 -1.4 0.045
0 5 10 15
-0.5
0.035 -1 -0.555
0.515 0.6 0
-1 0.045 0.1 0.585
5
-0.555 -5.1 0.015
-1.5 0 -4.6 -0.58
0.585 -0.4 0
0.015 -1.2 0.7
6
14th cycle -0.58 -5.6 0.015
0 -5.1 -0.725
2 0.7 -0.5 0
1.5 0.015 -1.7 0.76
7
-0.725 -6.2 0.025
1 0 -5.8 -0.9
0.76 7.5 -0.2
0.5
0.025 2.1 0.025
8
0 -0.76 -7.1 0.6
0 5 10 15 20 0 -6 0.1
-0.5
0.9 8.2 -1.09
-1 0.01 -0.6 0.055
9
-0.9 -4 0.38
-1.5 0.025 -0.7 0.05
-2 1.06 9.6 -1.19

10
 -1

-1.5

-2
0.6 6.6 0.6
10 0.1 2.1 0.065
16th cycle -1.09 -4.4 -1.28
2 0.055 -0.9 0.175
1.19 10.4 0.11
1.5
0.38 4.8 0.055
1 11 0.05 3.3 -1.4
0.5 -1.19 -5.1 0.095
-1.48
0
0.6 3.8 0.12
-5 0 5 10 15 20
-0.5 0.065 1.8 -1.58
-1 -1.28 -7 0.115
0.175 -3.5 -1.7
-1.5
0.11 2.1 -0.105
-2 0.055 1.3 -1.815
-1.4 -7.4 -0.095
0.095 -1.7 -1.915
18th cycle -1.48 -8.7 -0.09
2.5
0.12 -2.1 -2
-1.58 -9.4 -0.08
2
0.115 -2.4 -2.105
1.5
-1.7 -9.8 -2.145
1
-0.105 -3 -2.3
0.5
-1.815 -10.5 -2.4
0 -0.095 -3.9 -2.5
-5 -0.5 0 5 10 15 20
-1.915 -10.9 -2.6
-1 -0.09 -4.1 -2.7
-1.5 -2 -11.2
-2 -0.08 -4.2
-2.5 -2.105 -11.6
-2.145 -12
-2.3 -12.7
20th cycle -2.4 -13.2
-2.5 -13.8
2.5 -2.6 -15
2 -2.7 -17.2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-5 -0.5 0 5 10 15 20

-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
 -1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

22nd cycle
3

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20
-1

-2

-3

24th cycle
3

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-1

-2

-3

26th cycle
3

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-1

-2

-3
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-1

-2

-3

15 20 25
 SP-75-1 Hysterisis Curve
3

0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-1

-2

-3

Deflection (mm)
50
 1

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
 -1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

Deflection
 rd
0
-0.1
-0.3
0
0.5
0.3
-0.4
0.2
1
0.5
-0.5
0.2
1.4
1
-0.6
-0.1
5.1
4.6
0.4
1.2
5.6
5.1
0.5
1.7
6.2
5.8
-7.5
-2.1
4
2.7
0.7
-6.6
-2.1
4.4
0.9
-4.8
-3.3
5.1
-3.8
-1.8
7
3.5
-2.1
-1.3
7.4
1.7
8.7
2.1
9.4
2.4
9.8
3
10.5
3.9
10.9
4.1
11.2
4.2
11.6
12
12.7
13.2
13.8
15
17.2
20 30 40 50
 load deflection 1 deflection 2 actaual 1 actaual 2
0 50.1 50 0 0
0.11 50.5 50.6 0.4 0.6
-0.17 49.6 51 -0.5 1
0.03 50 50.9 -0.1 0.9
0.195 50.8 50.6 0.7 0.6
-0.21 49.5 51.2 -0.6 1.2
0 50.2 50.9 0.1 0.9
0.3 51.2 50.5 1.1 0.5
-0.165 49.7 51.1 -0.4 1.1
-0.42 48.6 51.5 -1.5 1.5
0.06 49.8 51.1 -0.3 1.1
0.4 51.2 50.5 1.1 0.5
0.09 49.5 51.1 -0.6 1.1
-0.535 48.1 51.7 -2 1.7
0.05 49.5 51.1 -0.6 1.1
0.5 51.4 50.4 1.3 0.4
0.05 49.9 51 -0.2 1
-0.57 47.9 51.8 -2.2 1.8
0.02 49.5 51.2 -0.6 1.2
0.59 51.5 50.3 1.4 0.3
0.015 49.5 51.1 -0.6 1.1
-0.63 47.5 51.9 -2.6 1.9
0 49.4 51.2 -0.7 1.2
0.74 51.8 50.2 1.7 0.2
0.075 49.6 51.1 -0.5 1.1
-0.725 47 52.1 -3.1 2.1
0.065 49.1 51.3 -1 1.3
0.86 51.9 50.1 1.8 0.1
0.05 49.4 51.1 -0.7 1.1
-0.8 46.4 52.3 -3.7 2.3
0.05 49.1 50.4 -1 0.4
crack
0.9 51.8 50.2 1.7 0.2
sound
0 49.1 51.2 -1 1.2
-0.96 45 52.8 -5.1 2.8
0 49 50.5 -1.1 0.5
1.07 51.9 50.1 1.8 0.1
0.065 48.7 51.4 -1.4 1.4
-1 43.3 53.4 -6.8 3.4
0.06 48.1 50.7 -2 0.7
crushing
1.11 51.5 50.2 1.4 0.2
sound
0.02 48.1 51.5 -2 1.5
1 48.3 51.7 -1.8 1.7
0.07 45.1 52.9 -5 2.9
-1.1 7.9 67.5 -42.2 17.5
 0 32.6 58.1 -17.5 8.1
1.2 40.1 55 -10 5
-0.04 35.3 57 -14.8 7
-1.2 65.9 76.1 15.8 26.1
0.02 21.9 62.2 -28.2 12.2
1.3 35.2 56.8 -14.9 6.8
-0.015 27.7 60 -22.4 10
1.4 37.6 55.7 -12.5 5.7

Graph 1
Cycle Load Deflection 1st
0 0
0.15
0.11 0.4
1
-0.17 -0.5 0.1
0.03 -0.1
0.05
0.195 0.7
0.02 0.1 0
2
-0.21 -0.6 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
0 0.1 -0.05
0.3 1.1 -0.1
-0.165 -0.4
3 -0.15
-0.3 -0.9
0.05 -0.2 -0.2
-0.42 -1.5
0.06 -0.3
4
0.4 1.1 3rd
0.09 -0.6
0.4
0.5 1.3
0.055 -0.4 0.3
5 0.2
-0.57 -2.2
0.05 -0.9 0.1
0.59 1.5 0
0.015 -0.6 -1 -0.5 -0.1 0
6
-0.63 -2.6 -0.2
0.01 -0.9 -0.3
0.74 1.7
-0.4
0.075 -0.5
7
-0.725 -3.1
0.065 -0.3
0.86 1.8
0.05 -0.7
5th c
8
-0.8 -3.7
0.05 -0.2
0.9 1.7
0 -1
9

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0
9
-0.96 -5.1
0 -1.1 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0
1.07 1.8
0.065 -1.4
10
-1 -6.8
0.06 -2
1.1 1.4
0.07 -2
11
-1.1 -42.2
0 -17.5 7th cy
1.2 -10 1.2 -10
-0.04 -14.8 -0.04 -14.8
12
-1.2 -45.8 -1.2 15.8
0.02 -28.2 0.02 -28.2
1.3 -14.9 1.3 -14.9
-0.015 -22.4 -0.015 -22.4
13
-1.3 -46.4
0.02 -29.1
-4 -3 -2 -1
1.4 -12.5 1.4 -12.5
14
0.02 -29.3

1.8
-14.8
-45.8
-28.2 9th cy
2.2
-22.4
-46.4
-29.1
3.1
-29.3

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2

11th c

-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20

 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20

13th c

-50 -45 -40 -35 -30

Backbone curve 1
-1.3 -46.4
-1.2 -45.8
-1.1 -42.2
-1 -6.8
-0.96 -5.1
-0.8 -3.7
-0.725 -3.1
-0.63 -2.6
-0.57 -2.2
-0.42 -1.5
-0.3 -0.9
-0.21 -0.6
-0.17 -0.5
Load (kg Tonnes)

-0.165 -0.4
0.11 0.4
0.195 0.7
0.3 1.1
0.4 1.1 -50 -40
0.5 1.3
0.59 1.5
0.74 1.7
0.86 1.8
0.9 1.7
1.07 1.8
1.1 1.4
1.2 1.8
1.3 2.2
1.4 3.1

Garph 2
Cycle Load Deflection 1st c
0 0 0 0
0.11 -0.6 0.4 0.6
1
-0.17 -1 -0.5 1
0.03 -0.9 -0.1 0.9
0.195 -0.6 0.7 0.6
0.02 -0.7 0.1
2 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0
-0.21 -1.2 -0.6 1.2
0.02 -0.9 0.1 0.9
0.3 -0.5 1.1 0.5
-0.165 -1.1 -0.4 1.1
3
-0.3 -1.3 -0.9
0.05 -0.9 -0.2
-0.42 -1.5 -1.5 1.5
0.06 -1.1 -0.3 1.1
4
0.4 -0.5 1.1 0.5 3rd c
0.09 -1.1 -0.6 1.1
0.5 -0.4 1.3 0.4
0.055 -1 -0.4 1
5
-0.57 -1.8 -2.2 1.8
0.05 -1.2 -0.9 1.2
0.59 -0.3 1.5 0.3
-1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -1 -0.
0.015 -1.1 -0.6 1.1
6
-0.63 -1.9 -2.6 1.9
0.01 -1.2 -0.9 1.2
0.74 -0.2 1.7 0.2
0.075 -1.1 -0.5 1.1
7
-0.725 -2.1 -3.1 2.1
0.065 -1.3 -0.3 1.3
0.86 -0.1 1.8 0.1 5th cy
0.05 -1.1 -0.7 1.1
8
-0.8 -2.3 -3.7 2.3
0.05 -0.4 -0.2 0.4
0.9 -0.2 1.7 0.2
0 -1.2 -1 1.2
9
-2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2
9
-0.96 -2.8 -5.1 2.8
0 -0.5 -1.1 0.5 -2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2
1.07 -0.1 1.8 0.1
0.065 -1.4 -1.4 1.4
10
-1 -3.4 -6.8 3.4
0.06 -0.7 -2 0.7
1.1 -0.2 1.4 0.2
0.07 -1.5 -2 1.5
11
-1.1 -17.5 -42.2 17.5
0 -8.1 -17.5 8.1 7th cy
1.2 -5 1.8 5
-0.04 -7 -14.8 7
12
-1.2 -26.1 -45.8 26.1
0.02 -12.2 -28.2 12.2
1.3 -6.8 2.2 6.8
-0.015 -10 -22.4 10
13
-1.3 -28.6 -46.4
0.02 -13.4 -29.1 -2.5 -2 -1.5
1.4 -5.7 3.1 5.7
14
0.02 -14.2 -29.3

9th cy

-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5

11th cy

-20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10

 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10

13th cy

-30 -25 -20

Backbone curve 2
-1.3 -28.6
-1.2 -26.1 -35 -30
-1.1 -17.5
-1 -3.4
-0.96 -2.8
-0.8 -2.3
-0.725 -2.1
-0.63 -1.9
-0.57 -1.8
Load (kg Tonnes)

-0.42 -1.5
-0.3 -1.3
-0.21 -1.2
-0.17 -1
-0.165 -1.1
0.11 -0.6
0.195 -0.6
0.3 -0.5
0.4 -0.5
0.5 -0.4
0.59 -0.3
0.74 -0.2
0.86 -0.1
0.9 -0.2
1.07 -0.1
1.1 -0.2
1.2 -5
1.3 -6.8
1.4 -5.7
 SP-100-1 Hysteresis Curve
2

1.5

1
Load (kg Tonnes)

0.5

0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Deflection (mm)

SP-100-2 Hysteresis Curve

2

1.5

1
Load (kg Tonnes)

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 2

-0.5

-1

-1.5
 0
0 5 10 15 20 2

Load
-0.5

-1

-1.5

Deflection (mm)

1st cycle 2nd cycle

0.15 0.25
0.2
0.1
0.15
0.05 0.1
0.05
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0
-0.05 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0.05 0 0.2

-0.1 -0.1
-0.15
-0.15 -0.2
-0.2 -0.25

3rd cycle 4th cycle

0.4
0.5
0.3 0.4
0.2 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.1
0
0
-0.5 -0.1 0 0.5 1 1.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 -0.1 0
-0.2 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3
-0.4
-0.4
-0.5

5th cycle 6th cycle

0.6 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
Axis Title 0
0
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5-0.2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.2 -0.4
-0.4 -0.6
 0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
Axis Title 0
0
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5-0.2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.2 -0.4
-0.4 -0.6
-0.8
-0.6
Axis Title
-0.8

7th cycle 8th cycle

1 1
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6 -0.8
-0.8 -1

9th cycle 10th cycle

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -8 -6 -4 -2
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

11th cycle 12th cycle

1.5

0.5

Axis Title
0
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5

Axis Title
0
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
-0.5

-1

-1.5 Axis Title

13th cycle 14th cycle

1.5

0.5

0
45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
-0.5

-1

-1.5 -35 -30 -25 -20

SP-100-1 Backbone curve

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10

 Deflection (mm)

1st cycle 2nd cycle

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
-0.05 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -1 -0.9 -0.8

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

3rd cycle 4th cycle

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
3 -1.2 -1.1 -1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.1-0.4
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4

5th cycle 6th cycle

0.6

0.4

0.2
Axis Title
0
-2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
-0.2

-0.4
 0.4

0.2
Axis Title
0
-2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
Axis Title
-0.8

7th cycle 8th cycle

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

9th cycle 10th cycle

1.5

0.5

0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5
-0.5

-1

-1.5

11th cycle 12th cycle

1.5

0.5

0
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
-30 -25 -20 -15 -1
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5

0
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
-30 -25 -20 -15 -1
-0.5

-1

-1.5

13th cycle 14th cycle

1.5

0.5

0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5
-0.5

-1

-1.5 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9

SP-100-2 Backbone curve

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10

Deflection (mm)
Deflection (mm)
e
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Curve

20 25 30
 20 25 30

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
.4 -0.2 -0.05 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

-0.1
Load (kg, tonnes)

-0.15
-0.2
-0.25

-50 -40
4th cycle
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1 -0.5 -0.1 0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5

6th cycle
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5-0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.4
-0.6
 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5-0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
Axis Title

8th cycle
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

10th cycle
1.5

0.5

0
-4 -2 0 2 4
-0.5

-1

-1.5

12th cycle
1.5

0.5

0
5 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5

0
5 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
-0.5

-1

-1.5
Axis Title

14th cycle
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-25 -20 -15 -10

e
2

1.5

0.5

0
-10 0 10

-0.5

-1
 -0.5

-1

-1.5

2nd cycle
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.05-0.5

-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-0.25

4th cycle -35 -30 -25

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.1-0.4
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5

6th cycle
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2-0.2

-0.4
-0.6
 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2-0.2

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
Axis Title

8th cycle
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

10th cycle
1.5

0.5

0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-0.5

-1

-1.5

12th cycle
1.5

0.5

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
-0.5

-1

-1.5

14th cycle
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5

rve
0
15 -10 -5 0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4
-1.4
 SP-100-1 Hystersis curve
2

1.5

0.5

0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Deflection (mm)
 original
-2.5 -25.8
-2 -22.2
-1 -6.8
-0.96 -5.1
-0.8 -3.7
-0.725 -3.1
-0.63 -2.6
-0.57 -2.2
-0.535 -2
-0.42 -1.5
-0.21 -0.6
Load (kg, tonnes)

-0.17 -0.5
-0.165 -0.4 -30 -25
 Load (kg, tonnes)
-30 -25
0.11 0.4
0.195 0.7
0.3 1.1
0.4 1.1
0.5 1.3
1.2 10
1.3 14.9
1.4 16.5
 SP-100-2 Hystersis curve
2

1.5

0.5

0
30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

-0.5

-1

-1.5
 2

1.5

0.5

0
0 10

-0.5

-1

-1.5
 SP-100-1 Hysteresis curve
2

1.5

0.5
Load (kg, tonnes)

0
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-0.5

-1
 0.5

Load (kg, tonnes) 0

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

Deflection (mm)
 2

1.5

0.5

0
-5 0

-0.5

-1

-1.5
 -1.3 -46.4
-1.2 -45.8
-1.1 -42.2
-1 -6.8
-0.96 -5.1
-0.8 -3.7
-0.725 -3.1
-0.63 -2.6
-0.57 -2.2
-0.42 -1.5
15 20 -0.3 -0.9

Axis Title
15 20
-0.21 -0.6
-0.17 -0.5 Axis Title
-0.165 -0.4
0.11 0.4
0.195 0.7 -50 -40
0.3 1.1
0.4 1.1
0.5 1.3
0.59 1.5
0.74 1.7
0.86 1.8
0.9 1.7
1.07 1.8
1.1 1.4
1.2 10
1.3 14.9
1.4 12.5
 2

1.5

0.5

0
 1

0.5

0
50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20

-0.5

-1

-1.5

Axis Title
10 20
 load deflection 1 deflection 2 actaual 1 actaual 2 notes
0 50.2 50.2 0 0
0.15 50.5 50.1 0.3 -0.1
0 -50.2 -50.2
-0.24 49.6 50.4 -0.6 0.2
0 50.1 50.3 -0.1 0.1
0.23 50.6 50 0.4 -0.2
0.08 50.4 50.1 0.2 -0.1
-0.34 49.4 50.6 -0.8 0.4
0.03 50.1 50.3 -0.1 0.1
0.305 50.9 50.1 0.7 -0.1
0.07 50.4 50.3 0.2 0.1
-0.45 49 51 -1.2 0.8
0.055 50.1 50.6 -0.1 0.4
0.415 51.2 49.9 1 -0.3
0.075 50.5 50.3 0.3 0.1
-0.455 41.1 51 -9.1 0.8
0.025 50.1 50.5 -0.1 0.3
0.533 51.7 49.6 1.5 -0.6
-0.07 50.3 50.4 0.1 0.2
-0.67 48.3 51.3 -1.9 1.1
0.035 50.1 50.4 -0.1 0.2
0.6 52.1 49.3 1.9 -0.9
0 50.6 50.1 0.4 -0.1
-0.64 48.6 51.2 -1.6 1
0.015 50.2 50.3 0 0.1
0.705 52.8 48.9 2.6 -1.3
0.04 51 49.9 0.8 -0.3
-0.755 48.3 51.3 -1.9 1.1
0.02 50.4 50.2 0.2 0
0.82 53.3 48.4 3.1 -1.8
0.075 51.4 49.5 1.2 -0.7
-0.815 48 51.3 -2.2 1.1
0 50.3 50.2 0.1 0
0.92 54 48.1 3.8 -2.1
-0.035 51.4 49.5 1.2 -0.7 sound
-0.935 47.3 51.6 -2.9 1.4 sound
0.065 50 50.4 -0.2 0.2
1.035 54.9 47.7 4.7 -2.5 slipping sound
0.035 52.2 49 2 -1.2
-1.02 46.8 51.8 -3.4 1.6 sound
-0.05 50.1 50.2 -0.1 0
1.105 55.6 47.3 5.4 -2.9
0.04 52.6 48.7 2.4 -1.5
 -1.1 46.1 52.1 -4.1 1.9 uplift
0.015 50.2 50 0 -0.2
1.215 56.7 46.5 6.5 -3.7
-0.05 53.1 48.4 2.9 -1.8
-1.24 45.5 52.2 -4.7 2 uplift
0 50.5 49.6 0.3 -0.6
1.31 58.2 45.4 8 -4.8
0 54.4 47.4 4.2 -2.8
-1.38 45.2 52.2 -5 2
0.035 51.1 49.1 0.9 -1.1
1.455 59.4 44.5 9.2 -5.7
0.025 55.3 46.7 5.1 -3.5 sound
1.395 45.3 51.9 -4.9 1.7
0.03 51.7 48.6 1.5 -1.6
1.51 60.5 43.7 10.3 -6.5
0 56.1 46 5.9 -4.2
-1.49 45.1 51.8 -5.1 1.6
-0.015 52.5 48 2.3 -2.2 big sound
1.6 63.4 42 13.2 -8.2
0.065 59.1 44 8.9 -6.2
-1.6 45.5 51.5 -4.7 1.3 small sound
0 54.9 46.5 4.7 -3.7

not taking load,

1.3 81.9 31.2 31.7 -19
yielding

-0.03 90.3 24.1 40.1 -26.1

-1.705 76.8 31.5 26.6 -18.7
-0.035 88.8 26.6 38.6 -23.6
-2.08 100.2 14.3 50 -35.9 sound
-2.42 57.4 42.4 7.2 -7.8 sound
-2.86 47.5 48.8 -2.7 -1.4
-3 45.6 49.8 -4.6 -0.4
1.35 71.8 36.2 21.6 -14
-3.3 42 51.5 -8.2 1.3
-3.4 40.3 52.4 -9.9 2.2
-3.5 38.1 53.6 -12.1 3.4
-3.64 36.2 54.7 -14 4.5
-3.7 35 55.4 -15.2 5.2
-3.8 33.4 56.2 -16.8 6
-3.9 30.9 57.5 -19.3 7.3
1.8 69.1 37 18.9 -13.2
1.875 77.8 31.2 27.6 -19
-3.65 26.5 59 -23.7 8.8
-3.5 11.8 66.1 -38.4 15.9
1.89 86.4 21.1 36.2 -29.1
 2.16 98 14.3 47.8 -35.9
-2.52 50.3 43.9 0.1 -6.3
-3.5 22.6 81.7 -27.6 31.5
-1.9 25.8 84.5 -24.4 34.3
2.45 97.2 14.1 47 -36.1
2.85 101.8 14 51.6 -36.2
3.15 103 13.4 52.8 -36.8
1.45 40.4 45.5 -9.8 -4.7
-2.06 7.6 67.7 -42.6 17.5

Graph 1
Cycle Load Deflection 1st cycle
0 0
0.2
0.15 0.3
1
0 0 0.15
-0.15 -0.3 0.1
0 -0.1
0.05
0.23 0.4
2
0.08 0.2 0
-0.24 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
-0.05
0.03 -0.1
-0.1
0.305 0.7
3
0.07 0.2 -0.15
-0.34 -0.8 -0.2
-0.45 -1.2
0.055 -0.1
4
0.415 1 3rd cycle
0.075 0.3
0.4
-0.455 -9.1
0.025 -0.1 0.3
5
0.533 1.5 0.2
0.07 0.1 0.1
0.6 1.9
0
-0.035 -0.1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0
6 -0.1
-0.64 -1.6
0 0.4 -0.2
0.015 0 -0.3
0.705 2.6 -0.4
7 0.04 0.8
-0.755 -1.9
0.02 0.2
0.82 3.1 5th cycle
0.075 1.2
8
 5th cycle
8
-0.815 -2.2
0 0.1
0.92 3.8
-0.035 1.2
9
-0.935 -2.9
0.065 -0.2 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
1.035 4.7 -
0.035 2
10
-1.02 -3.4 -
-0.05 -0.1
1.105 5.4 -
0.04 2.4
11
-1.1 -4.1
0.015 0 7th cycle
1.215 6.5
0.8
-0.05 2.9
12 0.6
-1.24 -4.7
0 0.3 0.4
1.31 8 0.2
0 4.2 0
13
-1.38 -5 -3 -2 -1 0
-0.2
0.035 0.9
-0.4
1.405 8.9
0.025 5.1 -0.6
14
-1.395 -4.9 -0.8
0.03 1.5 -1
1.51 10.3
0 5.9
15
-1.49 -5.1
-0.015 2.3
9th cycle
1.6 13.2 1.5
0.065 8.9
16 1
-1.6 -5.7
0 7.2 0.5
1.3 31.7
-0.03 40.1 0
17 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
-1.705 26.6
-0.5
-0.035 38.6
18 -2.42 7.2 -1
19 -2.86 -2.7
-1.5
20 -3 -4.6
21 1.35 21.6
22 -3.3 -8.2
23 -3.4 -9.9 11th cycle
24 -3.5 -12.1
1.5

0.5
 11th cycle
1.5
25 -3.64 -14
26 -3.7 -15.2 1
27 -3.8 -16.8
28 -3.9 -19.3 0.5
29 1.8 18.9
30 1.875 27.6 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2
31 -3.65 -23.7
-0.5
32 -3.5 -38.4
33 1.89 36.2
-1
34 2.16 47.8
35 -2.52 0.1 -1.5
36 -3.5 -27.6
37 -1.9 -24.4
38 2.45 47 13th cycle
39 2.85 51.6
40 3.15 52.8 1.5
41 1.45 -9.8 1
42 -2.06 -42.6
0.5

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

15th cycle
2

1.5
1

0.5

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

17th cycle
1.5

1
 17th cycle
1.5

0.5

0
5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

Hysteresis 1
0 0
0.15 0.3
0 0
-0.15 -0.3
0 -0.1
0.23 0.4
0.08 0.2
-0.24 -0.6
0.03 -0.1
0.305 0.7
0.07 0.2
-0.34 -0.8
-0.45 -1.2
0.055 -0.1
0.415 1
0.075 0.3 -60 -40
0.025 -0.1
0.533 1.5
0.07 0.1
0.6 1.9
-0.035 -0.1
-0.64 -1.6
0 0.4
0.015 0
0.705 2.6
0.04 0.8
-0.755 -1.9
0.02 0.2
0.82 3.1
0.075 1.2
-0.815 -2.2
0 0.1
0.92 3.8
-0.035 1.2
-0.935 -2.9
0.065 -0.2
1.035 4.7
0.035 2
-1.02 -3.4
-0.05 -0.1
1.105 5.4
0.04 2.4
-1.1 -4.1
0.015 0
1.215 6.5
-0.05 2.9
-1.24 -4.7
0 0.3
1.31 8
0 4.2
-1.38 -5
0.035 0.9
1.405 8.9
0.025 5.1
-1.395 -4.9
0.03 1.5
1.51 10.3
0 5.9
-1.49 -5.1
-0.015 2.3
1.6 13.2
0.065 8.9
-1.6 -4.7
0 7.2
1.3 31.7
-0.035 38.6
-2.42 7.2
-3.9 -19.3
1.8 18.9
1.875 27.6
-3.65 -23.7
 -3.5 -38.4
1.89 36.2
2.16 47.8
-2.52 0.1
-3.5 -27.6
-1.9 -24.4
2.45 47
2.85 51.6
3.15 52.8
1.45 -9.8
-2.06 -42.6

Backbone 1
-2.06 -42.8
-3.5 -38.4
-3.9 -12.9
-3.8 -12.8
-3.7 -12.7
-3.64 -12.64
-3.5 -12.5
-3.4 -12.4
-3.3 -12.3
-3 -12
-2.86 -11.86
-2.52 -11.52
-2.42 -11.42
-1.6 -4.7
-1.49 -5.1
-1.395 -4.9
-1.38 -5
Load (kg tonnes)

-1.24 -4.7
-1.1 -4.1
-1.02 -3.4 -60 -40
-0.935 -2.9
-0.815 -2.2
-0.755 -1.9
-0.64 -1.6
-0.45 -1.2
-0.34 -0.8
-0.24 -0.6
-0.15 -0.3
0.15 0.3
0.23 0.4
0.305 0.7
0.415 1

125mm spacing 75 mm spacing

100 mm spacing
0.533 1.5
0.6 1.9
125mm spacing 75 mm spacing
0.705 2.6
0.82 3.1 100 mm spacing
0.92 3.8
1.035 4.7
1.105 5.4
1.215 6.5 SP-12
1.31 8
1.405 8.9
1.51 10.3
1.6 13.2
1.8 18.9
1.875 27.6
1.89 36.2
2.16 47.8
2.45 47
2.85 51.6
3.15 52.8 Load (kg, tonnes)

Graph 2
-60 -40 -20
0 0
0.15 0.1 1st Cycle
1
0 -0.2 0.2
-0.15 -0.1
0.15
0 0.2
0.23 0.1 0.1
2
0.08 -0.4 0.05
-0.24 -0.1
0
0.03 0.1 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0
0.305 -0.1 -0.05
3
0.07 -0.8 -0.1
-0.34 -0.4
-0.15
-0.45 0.3
0.055 -0.1 -0.2
4
0.415 -0.8
0.075 -0.3
-0.455 0.6 3rd cycle
0.025 -0.2
5
0.533 -1.1
0.07 -0.2
0.6 0.9
-0.035 0.1
6
-0.64 -1
0 -0.1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
0.015 1.3
0.705 0.3
7 0.04 -1.1
-0.755 0
0.02 1.8
0.82 0.7
0.075 -1.1
8
-0.815 0 5th cycle
0 2.1
0.92 0.7 0.6
-0.035 -1.4
9 0.4
-0.935 -0.2
0.065 2.5 0.2
1.035 1.2
0.035 -1.6 0
10 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2
-1.02 0
-0.05 2.9 -0.2
1.105 1.5
-0.4
0.04 -1.9
11
-1.1 0.2
-0.6
0.015 3.7
1.215 1.8
-0.05 -2
12
-1.24 0.6 7th cycle
0 4.8 0.8
1.31 2.8 0.6
0 -2
13 0.4
-1.38 1.1
0.035 5.7 0.2
1.405 3.5 0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
0.025 -1.7 -0.2
14
-1.395 1.6 -0.4
0.03 6.5
-0.6
1.51 4.2
-0.8
0 -1.6
15 -1
-1.49 2.2
-0.015 8.2
1.6 6.2

16
0.065 -1.3 9th cycle
-1.6 3.7
1.5
0 19
1.3 26.1
1
-0.03 18.7
17
-1.705 23.6 0.5
-0.035 35.9
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5

-2.42 7.8 0
-2.86 1.4 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-3 0.4 -0.5
1.35 14
-1
-3.3 -1.3
-3.4 -2.2 -1.5
-3.5 -3.4
-3.64 -4.5
-3.7 -5.2
-3.8 -6
-3.9 -7.3
1.8 13.2
1.875 19
-3.65 -8.8
-3.5 -15.9
1.89 29.1
2.16 35.9
-2.52 6.3
-3.5 -31.5
-1.9 -34.3
2.45 36.1
2.85 36.2
3.15 36.8
1.45 4.7
-2.06 -17.5

Axis Title -40 -30 -20 -

 1
4

0
Axis Title -60 -40 -20 0 20
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
Axis Title

2
4

0
Axis Title -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
Axis Title
 -3

-4

-5
Axis Title
 1st cycle 2nd cycle
0.2 0.3
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05

0 0
1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
-0.05
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.15

-0.2 -0.3

3rd cycle 4th cycle

0.4 0.5
0.3 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -1.5 -1 -0.5 -0.1 0 0.5 1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3 -0.4
-0.4 -0.5

5th cycle 6th cycle

0.6 0.8

0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
 5th cycle 6th cycle
0.6 0.8

0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4 -0.6

-0.6 -0.8

7th cycle 8th cycle

0.8 1

0.6 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0 1 2 3
-0.2 -3 -2 -1 -0.2 0 1 2 3
-0.4 -0.4
-0.6 -0.6
-0.8 -0.8
-1 -1

9th cycle 10th cycle

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

11th cycle 12th cycle

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
 11th cycle 12th cycle
1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

13th cycle 14th cycle

2

1.5
1
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-0.5
-1
-1.5

-2

15th cycle 16th cycle

2
1.5

1
0.5

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 -10 -5 0 5 10
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

17th cycle
17th cycle

20 25 30 35 40 45

0
-40 -20 0 20 40

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
-3

-4

-5
 Backbone Curve Comparison
4

0
40 -20 0 20 40

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
Deflection (mm)
75 mm spacing
 -4

-5
Deflection (mm)
75 mm spacing

SP-125-1 Backbone curve

4

0
-20 0 20 40 60
1st Cycle 2nd cycle
-1
0.2 0.3

0.15
-2 0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
-3
0 0
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
-0.05
-4 -0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.15
-5
-0.2 -0.3
Deflection (mm)

3rd cycle 4th cycle

0.4 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1

0 0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.2 0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2 -0.3
-0.3 -0.4
 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1

0 0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.2 0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2 -0.3
-0.3 -0.4

-0.4 -0.5

5th cycle 6th cycle

0.6 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2

0 0
.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6

-0.6 -0.8

7th cycle 8th cycle

1
8
0.8
6
0.6
4
0.4
2
0.2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -1.5 -1 -0.5
2 -0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

4 -0.4
6 -0.6
8 -0.8
-1
1

9th cycle
1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-0.5

-1
 1

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-0.5

-1

-1.5

0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
Axis Title
 20 40 60

itle

0
0 10 20 30 40
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
itle
 -3

-4

-5
itle
 0.2 0.4 0.6

0.5 1 1.5
1 1.5 2 2.5

2 3 4

3 4 5 6
 4 6 8

4 6 8 10

5 10 15
40 60
40 60
 0.1 0.2 0.3

5
4
3
2
1
0
1 0 0.2 0.4

2
3
4
2
1
0
1 0 0.2 0.4

2
3
4
5

5 1 1.5

1.5 2 2.5
 75mm + cycle
Load Exp. Deflection Ansys Deflection
0 0 0
2 0.8 1.25 Comparison: Experimenta
4 1.5 2.5 25
6 3 4.16
8 18.3 4.64
10 20.8 20
14 26.7
16 28.3 10.1
15

Load (Tonnes)
18 30.1
20 32.8 13.9
10

0
0 5 10 15
Deflection (m
Experimental

75mm - cycle
Load Exp. Deflection Ansys Deflection
0 0 0
2 1 0.87
4 3 1.72
12 13.9 6.01
14 17.4 7.2 Comparison: Experime
16 20 9.2 25
18 22.9 10.9
20 25.1 13.2 20
Load (Tonnes)

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Deflection (mm)
arison: Experimental Vs. Analytical

0 0
2 1.25
4 2.5
6 4.16
8 4.64
12 7
16 10.1
20 13.9
10 15 20 25 30 35
Deflection (mm)
Experimental Analytical 75mm + cycle

Load
(kN)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
mparison: Experimental Vs. Analytical 14
16
18
20

Experimental
Analytical

5 10 15 20 25 30
Deflection (mm)
75mm + cycle
Ansys
Deflection
(mm)
0
1.25
2.5
4.16
4.64
6.4
7
8.9
10.1
12.97
13.9
 100mm + cycle
Load Exp. Deflection Ansys Deflection
0 0 0
2 0.7 1.1
4 1.1 2.1 Comparison:
6 1.5 3.7 20
8 1.8 3.8
10 1.8 7.4 18
25
12 10 8.4
16
14 12.5 31.1
20
16 53.4 109 14
18 92.6
12 15
20

Load (Tonnes)
Axis
10Title 10

8
5
6

4 0
0 5 10 15 20 2
2 Axis Title

0
0 20 40

100mm - cycle
Load Exp. Deflection Ansys Deflection
0 0 0
2 0.5 0.6
4 1.5 1.3
6 2.6 1.7
8 3.7 2.8
10 6.8 2.8 25
12 10.2 5.6 Comparison: Experimenta
14 7.6
20 20
16 15.7
18
18 94.2 16 15
20 14
Load (Tonnes)

12
Axis Title
10 10
8
6
5
4
2
0 0
0 10
0 20 5 30 1040 15
50 6020 70 2
Deflection
Axis(mm)
Title
 5
4
2
0 0
0 10
0 20 5 30 1040 15
50 6020 70 2
Deflection
Axis(mm)
Title
 Comparison: Experimental Vs. Analytical

1 5 anl
62 exp
1.7 74.1 exp
Experimental
Analytical
2 12.7 anl

4 87 anl
1 67 exp
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Axis Title

20 40 60 80 100 120
Deflection (mm)
Experimental Analytical

mparison: Experimental Vs. Analytical

Experimental
Analytical

20 5 30 1040 15
50 6020 70 2580 30
90 100
35
Deflection
Axis(mm)
Title
20 5 30 1040 15
50 6020 70 2580 30
90 100
35
Deflection
Axis(mm)
Title
 100mm + cycle
Load Ansys Deflection
(kN) (mm)
0 0
2 1.1
4 2.1
6 3.7
8 3.8
10 7.4
12 8.4
14 31.1
16 109
 125mm + cycle
Load Exp. Deflection Ansys Deflection
0 0 0 Comparison: Experim
2 0.4 1.1 20
4 1 2.1 18
6 1.9 3.73
8 3.1 3.8 16
10 4.7 7.3
14
12 6.5 8.2
14 8.9 27 12

Load (Tonnes)
16 13.2
18 25 10
20 8

0.0786516853933 6

0
0 5 10
Deflec
Experimenta

125mm - cycle
Load Exp. Deflection Ansys Deflection the experimental value of yield load was found to
0 0 0 Ansys value is lower by 8 % than exp values
2 0.6 0.6 the yiled load observed in experimental method w
4 1.2 1.2
6 1.6 1.7
8 2.2 2.8
12 4.7 5.5 25
14 4.9 8.2 Comparison: Experime
16 5.7 18 20
18 16
20 14 15
12
Load (Tonnes)

Axis Title
10 10
8
6
4 5
2
0 0
0 01 25 310 4 15 5 20 6
Deflection
Axis(mm)
Title
omparison: Experimental Vs. Analytical 0 0
2 1.1
4 2.1
6 3.73
10 7.3
12 9.6
14 27

10 15 20 25 30
Deflection (mm)
Experimental Analytical

e of yield load was found to be higher than the load predicted using ansys model
y 8 % than exp values
d in experimental method was found to be greater by 8% than the value predicted by ansys model. The reason for t

mparison: Experimental Vs. Analytical

Experimental
Analytical

25 310 4 15 5 20 6 25 7 308 35
9
Deflection
Axis(mm)
Title
 125mm + cycle
Load Ansys Deflection
(kN) (mm)
0 0
2 1.1
4 2.1
6 3.73
8 3.8
10 7.3
12 8.2
14 27