698

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Practice Exercises

75. (a) Perihelion a c ae a(1 c e), Aphelion ea b a a(1 b e)
(b)
Planet
Perihelion
Aphelion
Mercury
0.3075 AU
0.4667 AU
Venus
0.7184 AU
0.7282 AU
Earth
0.9833 AU
1.0167 AU
Mars
1.3817 AU
1.6663 AU
Jupiter
4.9512 AU
5.4548 AU
Saturn
9.0210 AU
10.0570 AU
Uranus
18.2977 AU
20.0623 AU
Neptune
29.8135 AU
30.3065 AU
(0.3871) a1 c 0.2056 b
0.3707
1 b 0.2056 cos )
1 b 0.2056 cos )
0.7233
Venus: r (0.7233) a1 c 0.0068 b 1 b 0.0068 cos )
1 b 0.0068 cos )
a c 0.0167
0.9997
Earth: r 11b10.0167 cos b) 1 b 0.0617 cos )
1.511
Mars: r (1.524) a1 c 0.0934 b 1 b 0.0934 cos )
1 b 0.0934 cos )
5.191
Jupiter: r (5.203) a1 c 0.0484 b 1 b 0.0484 cos )
1 b 0.0484 cos )
9.511
Saturn: r (9.539) a1 c 0.0543 b 1 b 0.0543 cos )
1 b 0.0543 cos )
19.14
Uranus: r (19.18) a1 c 0.0460 b 1 b 0.0460 cos )
1 b 0.0460 cos )
30.06
Neptune: r (30.06) a1 c 0.0082 b 1 b 0.0082 cos )
1 b 0.0082 cos )

76. Mercury: r

CHAPTER 11 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. x

t
#

and y t b 1 2x t y 2x b 1

"
# tan t
and y# "
4
#
#

3. x

and y

"
#

sec t x#

"
4

tan# t

sec# t 4x# tan# t and

2. x t and y 1 c t y 1 c x

4. x c2 cos t and y 2 sin t x# 4 cos# t and

y# 4 sin# t x# b y# 4

4y sec t 4x# b 1 4y# 4y# c 4x# 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

699

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

5. x c cos t and y cos# t y (cx)# x#

6. x 4 cos t and y 9 sin t x# 6 cos# t and

y# 81 sin# t

y
81

1 a 3 and b 4 x 3 cos t and y 4 sin t, 0 t 21

y
16
#

x
9

7. 16x# b 9y# 144

x
16

700

8. x# b y# 4 x c2 cos t and y 2 sin t, 0 t 61

1
3

1 y

3
#

"
xb 4 ;

d y
dx
#

sec

dy
dx t

dy /dt
dx/dt

"
4

3
#

c " y c3x b
#

dy
dx

t3

dy/dt
dx/dt

c t2

c3t
2

d y
dx

dy /dt
dx/dt
w

c 3
#

"3
4

c t2

dy
dx t 2

3 $
4 t

(b) x cos t, y tan t sec t

x
2
1
x

x 3
2

c1

d y
dx t2

x3 2
8

cos t
sec t

3
#

;t

1
3

2 cos3 t

d y
dx t13

1
x2

c1

3
4

"
#

5
4

and

(2)$ 6

c1

11. (a) x 4t2 , y t3 c 1 t

1
3

c 3 (2) c3; t 2 x 1 b
#
#

y1c

3
t

,y"c

"
t

10. x " b

sin

sin t
#

"
#

and y

tan t
sec t

2 cos3 1
3

3
#

#
"

sec t tan t
sec t

1
3

tan

dy/dt
dx/dt

"
#

dy
dx

sec t

#
"

"
#

tan t, y

#
"

"
#

9. x

tan2 t b 1 sec2 t y2

1 c x2
x2

1 c x2
x

12. (a) The line through a1, c2b with slope 3 is y 3x c 5 x t, y 3t c 5, c_  t  _

(b) ax c 1b2 b ay b 2b2 9 x c 1 3 cos t, y b 2 3 sin t x 1 b 3 cos t, y c2 b 3 sin t, 0 t 21
(c) y 4x2 c x x t, y 4t2 c t, c_  t  _

#$

13. y x"# c

dy
dx

x2
4

b
"
#

y2
9

1 x 2 cos t, y 3 sin t, 0 t 21
#

xc"# c " x"# dy

#
dx

"
4

"
" "
x c 2 b x L ' 1 b 4 x c 2 b x dx
1
4

#
" "
"
L '1 4 x b 2 b x dx '1 4 axc"# b x"# b dx '1

"
#

<4 b

2
3

14. x y#$
8

8 c 2 b 2
3
dx
dy

9x b 4
3x

$"
$#

'1

15. y

5
12

2 b
#

14
3

xc"$ dx
dy

2
3

4x

"
#

xc"# b x"# dx

"
#

<2x"# b 2 x$# %
3
"

10
3
dx
L '1 1 b dy dy '1 1 b
#

4
9x

dy

'18 9x#$ b 4 xc"$ dx; <u 9x#$ b 4 du 6yc"$ dy; x 1

40
%!
"
" 2
L 18 '13 u"# du 18 < 3 u$# "$ #"7 <40$# c 13$# 7.634

dx

x 8 u 40d

"
#

$#c

$#

(d) 9x2 b 4y2 36

"
3

x'& c 5 x%&
8

dy
dx

"
#

dy
x"& c " xc"& dx
#

"
4

u 13,

x#& c 2 b xc#&

#
"
"
L '1 1 b " ax#& c 2 b xc#& b dx L '1 4 ax#& b 2 b xc#& b dx ' 4 ax"& b xc"& b dx
4
32

32

32

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Practice Exercises

y$ b

"
y

"
'1 16 y% b
2

"
4

"
#

"
y

"
dy '1 4 y# b

y# c

8
12 c " c 1"# c 1
#

17.

dx
dt

"
y

dx
dy

"
1#

1710
48

$#

5
x'& b 4 x%& "

7
1#

c5 sin t b 5 sin 5t and

"
#

"
16

dx
dy

"
y

16. x

(1260 b 450)

" <5
# 6
285
8

"
#

5
< 6 2' b

y% c

"
#

5
4

"
y

"
dy 1"# y$ c y

315 b
6

"
#

75
4

"
y

dy

#
"

13
12

5 cos t c 5 cos 5t dx b dy
dt
dt

dy
dt

"
#

"
L '1 1 b 16 y% c

"
y

"
dy '1 4 y# b
#

2% c 5 b 5
6
4

"
48

x"& b xc"& dx

"
#

32

'1

ac5 sin t b 5 sin 5tb# b a5 cos t c 5 cos 5tb#

5sin# 5t c #sin t sin 5t b sin# t b cos# t c #cos t cos 5t b cos# 5t &# c #asin t sin 5t b cos t cos 5 tb
5#a" c cos %tb 5% " a" c cos %tb "!sin# #t "!lsin #tl "!sin #t (since ! t 1 )
#
#
Length '!

1 2

18.

dx
dt

1#

"!sin #t dt cc5 cos #td !

3t2 c 12t and

dy
dt

ac&bac"b c ac&ba"b "!

#

3t2 b 12t dx b dy a3t2 c 12tb# b a3t2 b 12tb# 288t# b "8t4

dt
dt

32 ktk16 b t2 Length '! 32 ktk16 b t2 dt 32'! t 16 b t2 dt; u 16 b t2 du 2t dt

"

"

3 2
2

" du t dt; t 0 u 16; t 1 u 17;

#

19.

dx
d)

3 2
2

2 a17b3/2 c 64 2a17b3/2 c 64 8.617.

3

c$ sin ) and

dy
d)

Length '!

$12

20. x t and y

'

t
3

"
17
'167 u du 32 < 2 u3/2 16 32 2 a17b3/2 c 2 a16b3/2
2
3
2
3
3

$ d) $'!

$12

1
d) $ $# c !

c t, c3 t 3

t% b #t# b " dt

c 3

$ cos ) dx b dy ac$ sin )b# b a$ cos )b# $asin# ) b cos# )b $

d)
d)

'

dx
dt

*1
#

2t and

t% b 2t# b " dt

c 3

dy
dt

'

c " Length '

c 3

c 3

at# b "b# dt

a2tb# b at# c "b# dt

'c33 at# b "b dt t3 b t

3

3
c 3

43
and y 2t, 0 t 5

"
2t

"
2

t1

Surface Area '12 21 t# b

1

21 2 c

"
2t
2t

"
2t

2 Surface Area '0

21(2t)t# b 4 dt '4 21u"# du

9

, where u t# b 4 du 2t dt; t 0 u 4, t 5 u 9

and y 4t ,

21 '12 t# b

dy
dt

"
#t

dx
dt

2t c

2t c

dt 21 '

12

"
2t

22. x t# b

761
3

t and

"
2t

and

dy
dt

2
t

2
# b dt 21 ' t# b
1 2
t

2t$ b

3
#

"
2t
#t

b
"

"
#t

"
"
"
b 4 tc$ dt 21 < 2 t% b 3 t c 8 tc# "#
#

3 2
4

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

21 < 2 u$# %
3

dx
dt

t
#

21. x

# dt

701

702

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

23. r cos ) b 1 23 r cos ) cos

3

1
3

c sin ) sin 1
3

r cos ) c #3 r sin ) 23
r cos ) c 3 r sin ) 43 x c 3 y 43
"
#

23
y

3
3

24. r cos ) c

2
#

xc4

31
4

2
#

2
#

r cos ) cos

r cos ) b

yxb1

25. r 2 sec ) r

2
cos )

2
#

31
4

r sin )

b sin ) sin
2
#

31
4

cx b y 1

r cos ) 2 x 2

26. r c2 sec ) r cos ) c2 x c2

27. r c 3 csc ) r sin ) c 3 y c 3

#
#
#

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Practice Exercises

28. r 33 csc ) r sin ) 33 y 33

29. r c4 sin ) r# c4r sin ) x# b y# b 4y 0

x# b (y b 2)# 4; circle with center (! c2) and
radius 2.

30. r 33 sin ) r# 33 r sin )

x# b y# c 33 y 0 x# b y c
circle with center !

3 3
#

and radius

3 3
#

27
4

3 3
#

31. r 22 cos ) r# 22 r cos )

#

x# b y# c 22 x 0 x c 2 b y# 2;
circle with center 2 0 and radius 2

32. r c6 cos ) r# c6r cos ) x# b y# b 6x 0

(x b 3)# b y# 9; circle with center (c3 0) and
radius 3

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

703

704

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

5 #
33. x# b y# b 5y 0 x# b y b #

and a

5
#

25
4

C ! c 5
#

; r# b 5r sin ) 0 r c5 sin )

34. x# b y# c 2y 0 x# b (y c 1)# 1 C (! 1) and

a 1; r# c 2r sin ) 0 r 2 sin )

3 #
35. x# b y# c 3x 0 x c # b y#

and a

3
#

9
4

C 3 !
#

; r# c 3r cos ) 0 r 3 cos )

36. x# b y# b 4x 0 (x b 2)# b y# 4 C (c2 0)

and a 2; r# b 4r cos ) 0 r c4 cos )

37.

38.

39. d

40.

41.

42.

43. k

44.

45.

46.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Practice Exercises

d) '0 (2 c cos ))# d) '0 a4 c 4 cos ) b cos# )b d) '0 4 c 4 cos ) b
1

'0 9 c 4 cos ) b
#
1

cos 2)
#

asin# 3)b d) '0

"
#

sin 2) 1
4
!

d) < 9 ) c 4 sin ) b
2
3

48. A '0

" #
# r

47. A 2'0

1 c cos 6) d)
#

"
4

<) c

9
#

sin 6) !

1
12

49. r 1 b cos 2) and r 1 1 1 b cos 2) 0 cos 2) 2)

1

"
#

1
#

1
4

c(1 b cos 2))# c 1# d d) 2 '0 a1 b 2 cos 2) b cos# 2) c 1b d)

; therefore

A 4'0

d)

1
1$

"
6

1 b cos 2)
#

2'0 2 cos 2) b
4

"
#

cos 4)
#

d) 2 <sin 2) b

"
2

)b

sin 4) 1%
8
!

1
8

2 1 b

b 0 2 b

1
4

50. The circle lies interior to the cardioid. Thus,

[2(1 b sin ))]# d) c 1 (the integral is the area of the cardioid minus the area of the circle)

4 a1 b 2 sin ) b sin# )b d) c 1 '

c sin ); Length '0 (c1 b cos ))# b (c sin ))# d) '0 2 c 2 cos ) d)
2

1
4

dr
d)

dr
2 cos ) c 2 sin ); r# b d) (2 sin ) b 2 cos ))# b (2 cos ) c 2 sin ))#

dr
d)

'0

8 asin# ) b cos# )b 8 L
)
53. r 8 sin$ 3 , 0 )

) #1
d) <c4 cos 2 ! (c4)(c1) c (c4)(1) 8

)
#

8 d) 22 )

1#

22 1 12
#
#

)
)
dr
)
)
)
8 sin# 3 cos 3 ; r# b d) <8 sin$ 3 b <8 sin# 3 cos 3

)
)
64 sin% 3 L '0 64 sin% 3 d) '0
4

)
8 sin# 3 d) '0 8
4

1
#

52. r 2 sin ) b 2 cos ), 0 )

1ccos 23

#
)

'0 4(1 c#cos )) d) '0 2 sin

2

1#

(6 b 8 sin ) c 2 cos 2)) d) c 1 c6) c 8 cos ) c sin 2)d c1# c 1

dr
d)

1c

c31 c (c31)d c 1 51
51. r c1 b cos )

"
#

1c

1c

'

A2'

d)

1%
'0 <4 c 4 cos 23) d) <4) c 6 sin 23) ! 4 1 c 6 sin 1 c 0 1 c 3
4
6
4

(1 b cos 2))c"# (c2 sin 2))

(1 b cos 2)) b sin 2)

1 b cos 2)

c sin 2)
1 b cos 2)

dr #
d)

sin 2)
1 b cos 2)

1 b 2 cos 2) b cos 2) b sin 2)

1bcos 2)

2 d) 2 < 1 c c 1 2 1
#
#

55. x# c4y y c x 4p 4 p 1;
4
#

therefore Focus is (0 c1), Directrix is y 1

y 4p 2 p " ;
#
therefore Focus is ! " ; Directrix is y c "
#
#

56. x# 2y

x
#

2 L'

1c

2 b 2 cos 2)
1 b cos 2)

sin 2)
1 b cos 2)

dr
r# b d) 1 b cos 2) b

"
#

dr
d)

54. r 1 b cos 2)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

705

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

58. y# c 8 x x c y8 4p
3

y
16
#

x
7

c# 16 c 7 9 c 3; e

c 2; e

c
a

2
1

y
3

61. 3x# c y# 3 x# c

60. x# b 2y# 4

1
c
a

59. 16x# b 7y# 112

8
3

therefore Focus is c 2 ! , Directrix is x

3

x
4

c
a

62. 5y# c 4x# 20

y
4
3
# ;

c 2 ; e

3
4

1 c# 1 b 3 4

2; the asymptotes are

c 3, e

c
a

therefore Focus is 3 0 , Directrix is x c 3

4
4

2
3

2
3

y
#
2
#

1 c# 4 c 2 2

1 c# 4 b 5 9

x
5

3
4

4p 3 p

y
3

57. y# 3x x

706

the asymptotes are y

2
5

y 3 x

x
63. x# c12y c 1# y 4p 12 p 3 focus is (! c3), directrix is y 3, vertex is (0 0); therefore new
#

vertex is (2 3), new focus is (2 0), new directrix is y 6, and the new equation is (x c 2)# c12(y c 3)

y
5
5
64. y# 10x 10 x 4p 10 p # focus is # 0 , directrix is x c 5 , vertex is (0 0); therefore new
#
vertex is c " c1 , new focus is (2 c1), new directrix is x c3, and the new equation is (y b 1)# 10 x b "
#
#
#

x
9

y
#5
#

1 a 5 and b 3 c 25 c 9 4 foci are a! 4b , vertices are a! 5b , center is

(0 0); therefore the new center is (c$ c5), new foci are (c3 c1) and (c3 c9), new vertices are (c$ c10) and
(x b 3)
9

(c$ 0), and the new equation is

(y b 5)
#5

65.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Practice Exercises

x
169

y
144
#

66.

707

1 a 13 and b 12 c 169 c 144 5 foci are a 5 0b , vertices are a 13 0b , center

is (0 0); therefore the new center is (5 12), new foci are (10 12) and (0 12), new vertices are (18 12) and

1 a 22 and b 2 c 8 b 2 10 foci are 0 10 , vertices are

x
2

y
8

(y c 12)
144

67.

(x c 5)
169

(c8 12), and the new equation is

0 22 , center is (0 0), and the asymptotes are y 2x; therefore the new center is 2 22, new foci are
2 22 10 , new vertices are 2 42 and (# 0), the new asymptotes are y 2x c 4 b 22 and

y
64
#

x
36

68.

y c 22
8

(x c 2)
#

y c2x b 4 b 22; the new equation is

1 a 6 and b 8 c 36 b 64 10 foci are a 10 0b , vertices are a 6 0b , the center

is (0 0) and the asymptotes are

y
8

x
6

or y 4 x; therefore the new center is (c10 c3), the new foci are
3

(c20 c3) and (0 c3), the new vertices are (c16 c3) and (c4 c3), the new asymptotes are y
c

xb

31
3

and

69. x# c 4x c 4y# 0 x# c 4x b 4 c 4y# 4 (x c 2)# c 4y# 4

(x c 2)
4

; the new equation is

49
3

(y b 3)
64

yc4xc
3

(x b 10)
36

4
3

c y# 1, a hyperbola; a 2 and

b 1 c 1 b 4 5 ; the center is (2 0), the vertices are (! 0) and (4 0); the foci are 2 5 0 and
x c2
#

70. 4x# c y# b 4y 8 4x# c y# b 4y c 4 4 4x# c (y c 2)# 4 x# c

(y c 2)
4

the asymptotes are y

1, a hyperbola; a 1 and

b 2 c 1 b 4 5 ; the center is (! 2), the vertices are (1 2) and (c" 2), the foci are 5 2 and
the asymptotes are y 2x b 2
71. y# c 2y b 16x c49 y# c 2y b 1 c16x c 48 (y c 1)# c16(x b 3), a parabola; the vertex is (c$ 1);
4p 16 p 4 the focus is (c7 1) and the directrix is x 1
72. x# c 2x b 8y c17 x# c 2x b 1 c8y c 16 (x c 1)# c8(y b 2), a parabola; the vertex is (1 c2);
4p 8 p 2 the focus is (1 c4) and the directrix is y 0
73. 9x# b 16y# b 54x c 64y c1 9 ax# b 6xb b 16 ay# c 4yb c1 9 ax# b 6x b 9b b 16 ay# c 4y b 4b 144
#

(x b 3)
16

(y c 2)
9

9(x b 3)# b 16(y c 2)# 144

1, an ellipse; the center is (c3 2); a 4 and b 3

c 16 c 9 7 ; the foci are c$ 7 2 ; the vertices are (1 2) and (c7 2)

74. 25x# b 9y# c 100x b 54y 44 25 ax# c 4xb b 9 ay# b 6yb 44 25 ax# c 4x b 4b b 9 ay# b 6y b 9b 225
(x c 2) b (y b 3) 1, an ellipse; the center is (2 c3); a 5 and b 3 c 25 c 9 4; the foci are
#

25

(2 1) and (2 c7); the vertices are (2 2) and (2 c8)

75. x# b y# c 2x c 2y 0 x# c 2x b 1 b y# c 2y b 1 2 (x c 1)# b (y c 1)# 2, a circle with center (1 1) and
radius 2
76. x# b y# b 4x b 2y 1 x# b 4x b 4 b y# b 2y b 1 6 (x b 2)# b (y b 1)# 6, a circle with center (c2 c1)
and radius 6

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

708

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

77. r

2
1 b cos )

e 1 parabola with vertex at (1 0)

78. r

8
2 b cos )

k 4 k 8; k

a
e

"
#

ellipse;

c ea 8

a

#
"

"
#

#
"

ke 4

4
1 b cos )

c"a
#

a 16 ea " 16 8 ; therefore the center is

3
#
3
3
8 1 ; vertices are () 1) and 8 0
3
3

79. r

6
1 c 2 cos )

e 2 hyperbola; ke 6 2k 6

k 3 vertices are (2 1) and (6 1)

12
3 b sin )
"
3

4
1 b 3 sin )
"

80. r

"
3

; ke 4
#

"
k 4 k 12; a a1 c e# b 4 a 1 c 3

4 a 9 ea " 9 3 ; therefore the

#
3
#
#
1
1
center is 3 3# ; vertices are 3 1 and 6 3#
#
#

81. e 2 and r cos ) 2 x 2 is directrix k 2; the conic is a hyperbola; r

"
3

(2)
1 b sin )

2
2 b sin )

and r sin ) c6 y c6 is directrix k 6; the conic is an ellipse; r

r
85.

ke
1 b e sin )

ke
1 c e sin )

(6) 3
1 c 3 sin )
"

84. e

(4)(1)
1 c cos )

4
1 c cos )

and r sin ) 2 y 2 is directrix k 2; the conic is an ellipse; r

"

"
#

ke
1 c e cos )

#
"

83. e

(2)(2)
1 b # cos )

4
1 b # cos )

82. e 1 and r cos ) c4 x c4 is directrix k 4; the conic is a parabola; r

r

#
"

ke
1 b e cos )

6
3 c sin )

(a) Around the x-axis: 9x# b 4y# 36 y# 9 c 9 x# y 9 c 9 x# and we use the positive root:
4
4
#

V 2 '0 1 9 c 9 x# dx 2 '0 1 9 c 9 x# dx 21 <9x c 3 x$ ! 241

4
4
4
2

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Additional and Advanced Exercises

709

(b) Around the y-axis: 9x# b 4y# 36 x# 4 c 4 y# x 4 c 4 y# and we use the positive root:
9
9
#

V 2 '0 1 4 c 4 y# dy 2'0 1 4 c 4 y# dy 21 <4y c

9
9
9x# c 4y# 36, x 4 y#

87.

91
4

x c 4x
3
$

86.

(a) r

k
1 b e cos )
#

91
4

9x c 36
4
#

< 64 c 16 c 8 c 8
3
3

3
#

91
4

4
27

y$ ! 161

x# c 4 ; V ' 1 3 x# c 4 dx
#
2
4

56 c
3

24
3

31
4

91
4

'24 ax# c 4b dx

(32) 241

r b er cos ) k x# b y# b ex k x# b y# k c ex x# b y#

k c 2kex b e# x# x# c e# x# b y# b 2kex c k# 0 a1 c e# b x# b y# b 2kex c k# 0

(b) e 0 x# b y# c k# 0 x# b y# k# circle;
0  e  1 e#  1 e# c 1  0 B# c 4AC 0# c 4 a1 c e# b (1) 4 ae# c 1b  0 ellipse;
e 1 B# c 4AC 0# c 4(0)(1) 0 parabola;
e 1 e# 1 B# c 4AC 0# c 4 a1 c e# b (1) 4e# c 4 0 hyperbola
88.

Let (r" )" ) be a point on the graph where r" a)" . Let (r# )# ) be on the graph where r# a)# and
)# )" b 21. Then r" and r# lie on the same ray on consecutive turns of the spiral and the distance between
the two points is r# c r" a)# c a)" a()# c )" ) 21a, which is constant.

CHAPTER 11 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. Directrix x 3 and focus (4 0) vertex is 7 !
#
the equation is x c

7
#

y
#

2. x# c 6x c 12y b 9 0 x# c 6x b 9 12y

(xc3)
12

"
#

y vertex is (3 0) and p 3 focus is (3 3) and the

directrix is y c3
3. x# 4y vertex is (! 0) and p 1 focus is (! 1); thus the distance from P(x y) to the vertex is x# b y#
and the distance from P to the focus is x# b (y c 1)# x# b y# 2x# b (y c 1)#
x# b y# 4 cx# b (y c 1)# d x# b y# 4x# b 4y# c 8y b 4 3x# b 3y# c 8y b 4 0, which is a circle
4. Let the segment a b b intersect the y-axis in point A and
intersect the x-axis in point B so that PB b and PA a
(see figure). Draw the horizontal line through P and let it
intersect the y-axis in point C. Let nPBO )
nAPC ). Then sin ) y and cos ) x
b
a
b

y
b

x
a

cos# ) b sin# ) 1.

5. Vertices are a! 2b a 2; e

c
a

0.5

c
#

c 1 foci are a0 1b

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

710

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

6. Let the center of the ellipse be (x 0); directrix x 2, focus (4 0), and e 2 a c c 2 a 2 b c
3
e
e
a 2 (2 b c). Also c ae 2 a a 2 2 b 2 a a 4 b 4 a 5 a 4 a 12 ; x c 2 a
3
3
3
3
3
9
9
3
5
e
3
8
x c 2 12 # 18 x 28 the center is 28 0 ; x c 4 c c 28 c 4 5 so that c# a# c b#
5
5
5
5
5
b

y
80
25

1 or

7. Let the center of the hyperbola be (0 y).

(a) Directrix y c1, focus (0 c7) and e 2 c c a 6
e
b# c# c a# 64 c 16

3
3
y c 4 the center is ! c 4 ; c# a# b b# b# c# c a#

; therefore the equation is

y b 3
4
25
16

x
75

1 or

16 y b 3
4
25

8. The center is (0 0) and c 2 4 a# b b# b# 4 c a# . The equation is

#

144
a4 c a b
#

y
a

49
a

2x
75

"
4

c
#

x
b

75
#

1
#

49
a
#

x
48

c
%

144
b
#

25
16

5
4
5

a
e

625
16

; y c (c1)

c c 6 a 5c c 30. Also, c ae 5a a 5(5a) c 30 24a 30 a

a
e

25
4

y 1 the center is (0 1); c# a# b b#

5y
16

(b) e 5 c c

a
e

c c 6 a 2c c 12. Also c ae 2a

4
c 8; y c (c1) # 2
48; therefore the equation is (yc1)
16
a
e

a 2(2a) c 12 a 4

a
e

25 x c 28
5
144

x c 28
5
144
25

; therefore the equation is

80
25

8
12 c 5
5

1 49 a4 c a b c 144a a a4 c a b 196 c 49a c 144a 4a c a a c 197a# b 196

0 aa c 196b aa# c 1b 0 a 14 or a 1; a 14 b# 4 c (14)#  0 which is impossible; a 1

x
x
c b y ; at (x" y" ) the tangent line is y c y" c b y (x c x" )
a
a
#

a# yy" b b# xx" b# x# b a# y# a# b# b# xx" b a# yy" c a# b# 0

x
; at (x" y" ) the tangent line is y c y" b y (x c x" )
a
#

b x
a y
#

b# xx" c a# yy" b# x# c a# y# a# b# b# xx" c a# yy" c a# b# 0

"

"

"

dy
dx

"

10. b# x# c a# y# a# b#

"

dy
dx

1
"

9. b# x# b a# y# a# b#

x
3

b# 4 c 1 3; therefore the equation is y# c

"

"

11.

12.

13.

14.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

5
4

Chapter 11 Additional and Advanced Exercises

15. a9x# b 4y# c 36b a4x# b 9y# c 16b 0
9x# b 4y# c 36 0 and 4x# b 9y# c 16 0
or 9x# b 4y# c 36 0 and 4x# b 9y# c 16 0

16. a9x# b 4y# c 36b a4x# b 9y# c 16b 0, which is the

complement of the set in Exercise 15

e sin
17. (a) x e2t cos t and y e2t sin t x# b y# e4t cos# t b e4t sin# t e4t . Also y e2t cos tt tan t
x
t tanc" y x# b y# e% tan ayxb is the Cartesian equation. Since r# x# b y# and
x
2t

"c

) tanc" y , the polar equation is r# e4 or r e2 for r 0

x
)

(b) ds# r# d)# b dr# ; r e2) dr 2e2) d)

#
#
ds# r# d)# b 2e2) d) e2) d)# b 4e4) d)#
5e4) d)# ds 5 e2) d) L '0 5 e2) d)
5 e2
2

#1
!

5
#

ae41 c 1b

#
)
)
)
) #
)
)
18. r 2 sin$ 3 dr 2 sin# 3 cos 3 d) ds# r# d)# b dr# <2 sin$ 3 d)# b <2 sin# 3 cos 3 d)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
4 sin' 3 d)# b 4 sin% 3 cos# 3 d)# <4 sin% 3 <sin# 3 b cos# 3 d)# 4 sin% 3 d)#
)
)
ds 2 sin# 3 d). Then L '0 2 sin# 3 d) '0 <1 c cos 23) d) <) c
3

3
2

$1

sin 23) ! 31

19. e 2 and r cos ) 2 x 2 is the directrix k 2; the conic is a hyperbola with r

r

(2)(2)
1 b 2 cos )

ke
1 b e cos )

4
1 b 2 cos )

20. e 1 and r cos ) c4 x c4 is the directrix k 4; the conic is a parabola with r

r

ke
1 b e sin )

2
2 b sin )

and r sin ) c6 y c6 is the directrix k 6; the conic is an ellipse with r

6 3
1 c 3 sin )
"

"
3

2
1 b sin )

"

22. e

4
1 c cos )

and r sin ) 2 y 2 is the directrix k 2; the conic is an ellipse with r

#
"

"
#

#
"

21. e

(4)(1)
1 c cos )

ke
1 c e cos )

ke
1 c e sin )

6
3 c sin )

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

711

712

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

23. Arc PF Arc AF since each is the distance rolled;

nPCF Arc PF Arc PF b(nPCF); ) ArcaAF
b
a
Arc AF a) a) b(nPCF) nPCF b );

nOCB

1
#

c ) and nOCB nPCF c nPCE

a
nPCF c 1 c ! b ) c 1 c ! 1 c )
#
#
#
a
a
b ) c 1 c ! 1 c ) b ) c 1 b !
#
#
#
a
! 1 c ) c b ) ! 1 c a bb ) .
b

Now x OB b BD OB b EP (a b b) cos ) b b cos ! (a b b) cos ) b b cos 1 c a b b )

b
a b b ) b b sin 1 sin a b b ) (a b b) cos ) c b cos a b b ) and
(a b b) cos ) b b cos 1 cos
b
b
b
y PD CB c CE (a b b) sin ) c b sin ! (a b b) sin ) c b sin a b b )
b
(a b b) sin ) c b sin 1 cos a b b ) b b cos 1 sin a b b ) (a b b) sin ) c b sin a b b ) ;
b
b
b
therefore x (a b b) cos ) c b cos a b b ) and y (a b b) sin ) c b sin a b b )
b
b
24. x a(t c sin t)

a(1 c cos t) and let $ 1 dm dA y dx y dx dt

dt

dx
dt

a(1 c cos t) a (1 c cos t) dt a# (1 c cos t)# dt; then A '0 a# (1 c cos t)# dt
1

'02 a1 c 2 cos t b cos# tb dt a# '02 1 c 2 cos t b " b " cos 2t dt a# < 3 t c 2 sin t b sin4 2t #1
#
#
2
!
= " y " a(1 c cos t) M ' dm ' $ dA
#
31a ; x = x a(t c sin t) and y #
y
y
x
#
2
2
2
'0 " a(1 c cos t) a# (1 c cos t)# dt " a$ '0 (1 c cos t)$ dt a# '0 a1 c 3 cos t b 3 cos# t c cos$ tb dt
#
#
1

'02 <1 c 3 cos t b 3 b 3 cos 2t c a1 c sin# tb (cos t) dt a# 5 t c 3 sin t b 3 sin 2t c sin t b sin t #1
2
4
3
#
#
$

51 a
#

. Therefore y

Mx
M

#
#
$ 1

a
#

a#

31 a

5
6

a. Also, My ' dm ' $ dA

x
x

'0 a(t c sin t) a# (1 c cos t)# dt a$ '0 at c 2t cos t b t cos# t c sin t b 2 sin t cos t c sin t cos# tb dt
1

a$ t2 c 2 cos t c 2t sin t b " t# b

4
#

#1
cos t
3 !

31# a$ . Thus

a is the center of mass.

" <# c <" tan " tan (<# c <" )

tan < c tan <

1 b tan < tan <
#

5
6

sin 2t b cos t b sin# t b

1a 1a

t
4

"

31 a
31 a

cos 2t b

"

25.

My
M

$ #

"
8

the curves will be orthogonal when tan " is undefined, or

c"
r
when tan <# tan < g ()) c"
r

6a cos 3) tan <

r
dr
d
)

dr
d)

sin 4
sin 4 cos 4
$

r 2a sin 3)

)
)
sin$ 4 cos 4 tan <

27.

dr
d)

)
r sin% 4

"

r cf ( ) ) g ( ) )

26.

f ( )

2a sin 3)
6a cos 3)

"
3

)
tan 4

tan 3); when )

1
6

, tan <

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

"
3

tan

1
#

<

1
#

(b) r) 1 r )c"

(a)

)
c)

#c
"c

28.

c)

<

1
#

dr
d)

c)c# tan <k

lim tan < c_

)_

from the right as the spiral winds in

around the origin.

29.

tan <"

3 cos )
c3 sin )

"
c cot ) is c 3 at )

1
3

; tan <#

sin )
cos )

tan ) is 3 at )

1
3

; since the product of

these slopes is c1, the tangents are perpendicular

tan <

r
dr
d
)

30.

a(1 c cos ))
a sin )

is 1 at )

1
#

<

713

1
4

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Additional and Advanced Exercises

714

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

NOTES:

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.