APPENDIX Voltages, Magnetic Fields, and Inductances of Distributed AC Windings in machines are determined by the winding arrangements and general ma- chine geometry. These configurations in turn are dictated by economic use of space and materials in the machine and by suitability for the intended service. In this appendix we supplement the introductory discussion of these considerations in Chapter 4 by analytical treatment of ac voltages and mmf’s in the balanced steady state, Attention is confined to the time-fundamental component of voltages and the space-fundamental component of mmf’s. B oth amplitude and waveform of the generated voltage and armature mmfs B.1 GENERATED VOLTAGES In accordance with Eq. 4.50, the rms generated voltage per phase for a concentrated winding having Nyy wurns per phase is E=V2af Nad (B.1) where f is the frequency and ® the fundamental flux per pole. A more complex and practical winding will have coil sides for each phase dis- tributed in several slots per pole. Equation B.1 can then be used to compute the voltage distribution of individual coils. To determine the voltage of an entire phase ‘group, the voltages of the component coils must be added as phasors. Such addition ‘of fundamental-frequency voltages is the subject of this article.BAA Generated Voltages B.1.1 Distributed Fractional-Pitch Windings A simple example of a distributed winding is illustrated in Fig. B.1 fora three-phase, two-pole machine. This case retains all the features of a more general one with any integral number of phases, poles, and stots per pole per phase. At the same time, a double-layer winding is shown, Double-layer windings usually lead to simpler end connectionsand toa machine which is more economical to manufacture und are found inall machines except some small motors below 10 kW. Generally, one side of a coil, such as a, is placed in the bottom of 2 slot, and the other side, —2s, is placed in the top of another slot, Coil sides such as a; and a) or az and as which are in adjacent slots and associated with the same phase constitute a phase belt. All phase belts are alike when an integral number of slots per pole per phase are used, and for the normal machine the peripheral angle subtended by a phase belt is 60 electrical degrees for & three-phase machine and 90 electrical degrees for a two-phase machine. Individual coils in Fig. B.1 all span a full pole pitch, or 180 electrical degrees; accordingly, the winding is a full-pitch winding. Suppose now that all coil sides in the tops of the slots are shifted one slot counterclockwise, as in Fig. B.2. Any coil, such as 4), —a) then spans only five-sixths of a pole pitch or 3(180) = 150 electrical degrees, and the winding is a fractional-pitch, or chorded, winding. Similar shifting by two. slots yields a 2-pitch winding, and so forth, Phase groupings are now intermingled, for some slots contain coil sides in phases @ and b, a and c, and b and e. Individual phase Figure B.1 Distributed two-pcle, three-phase fulkpiteh armature winding with voltage phasor diagram.ENDIX B Voltages, Magnetic Fields, and Inductances of Distributed AC Windings Figure B.2 Distributed two-pole, three-phase fractional-piteh armature winding with voltage phasor diagram. ‘groups, such as that formed by a1, dz, ds, a on one side and ~@), —a, —a3, —ag on the other, are still displaced by 120 electrical degrees from the groups in other phases so that three-phase voltages are produced. Besides the minor feature of shortening the end connections, fractional-pitch windings can be shown to decrease the harmonic content of both voltage and mmf waves. The end connections between the coil sides are normally in a region of negligible flux density, and hence altering them does not significantly affect the mutual ffux linkages of the winding. Allocation of coil sides in slots is then the factor determining the generated voltages, and only that allocation need be specified in Figs. B.1 and B.2 ‘The only requisite is that all coil sides ina phase be included in the interconnection in such a manner that individual voltages make a positive contribution to the total. The practical consequence is that end comnections can be made according to the dictates of manufacturing simplicity; the theoretical consequence is that when computational advantages result, the coil sides in a phase can be combined in an arbitrary fashion to form equivalent coils. One sucrifice is made in using the distributed and fractional-pitch windings of Figs. B.1 and B.2 compared with a concentrated full-pitch winding: for the same number of turns per phase, the fundamental-frequency generated voltage is lower. The harmonics are, in general, lowered by an appreciably greater factor, however, and the total number of turns which can be accommodated on a fixed iron geometry is increased. The effect of distributing the winding in Fig. B.1 is that the voltages of coils aj and a? are not in phase with those of coils a; and ag. Thus, the voltage ofBA Generated Volteges, coils a} and az can be represented by phasor OX in Fig. B.1, and that of coils a3 and ag by the phasor OY. The time-phase displacement between these two voltages is the same as the electrical angle between adjacent slots, so that OX and OY coincide with the centerlines of adjacent slots. The resultant phasor OZ for phase a is obviously smaller than the arithmetic sum of OX and OY. In addition, the effect of fractional pitch in Fig. B.2 is that a coil links a smaller portion of the total pole flux than if it were a full-pitch coil. The effect can be super ‘imposed on that of distributing the winding by regarding coil sides az and —ay us an ‘equivalent coil with the phasor voltage OW (Fig. B.2), coil sides ay, aq, —a3, and ay as two equivalent coils with the phasor voltage OX (twice the iength of QW), ‘and coil sides a3 and —a as an equivalent coil with phasor voltage OY. The resultant phasor OZ for phase a is obviously smaller than the arithmetic sum of OW, OX, and OY and is also smaller than OZ in Fig. B.I. ‘The combination of these two effects can be included in a winding factor ky to be used as a reduction factor in Eq. B.1. Thus, the generated voltage per phase is E = Vitky f Noa? (B.2) where Nzy is the total turns in series per phase and ky accounts for the departure from the concentrated full-pitch case. For a three-phase machine, Eq. B.2 yields the line-to-line Voltage for a A-connected winding and the line-to-neutral voltage for a ¥-connected winding. As in any balanced Y connection, the line-to-line voltage of the latter winding is ¥/3 times the line-to-neutral voltage, 8.1.2 Breadth and Pitch Factors By separately considering the effects of distributing and of chording the winding, reduction factors can be obtained in generalized form convenient for quantitative analysis. The effect of distributing the winding in n slots per phase belt is to yield m Voltage phasors displaced in phase by the electrical angle y between slots, 7 being ‘equal to 180 electrical degrees divided by the number of slots per pole. Such a group ‘of phasors is shown in Fig, B.3a and, in a more convenient form for addition, again in Fig. B.3b. Bach phasor AB, BC, and CD is the chord of a circle with center at and subtends the angle at the center. The phasor sum AD subtends the angle ny, which, as noted previously, is 60 electrical degrees for the normal, uniformly distributed three-phase machine and 90 electrical degrees for the corresponding two- phase machine. From triangles 0 Aa and O Ad, respectively, Aa AB A= aG@/D ~ Zang ey Ad AD 4) sin(ny/2) — 2sin(ny/2) Equating these two values of OA yields BS)APPENDIX B Volages, Magnetic Fields, end inductances of Distributed AC Windings @ Figure B.3 (2) Coil voltage phasors and (b) phasor sum. Bt the arithmetic sum of the phasors is n(AB). Consequently, the reduction factor arising from distributing the winding is AD _ sin(ny/2) b= TAB sin (v7) (B6) ‘The factor ky is called the breadth factor of the winding. ‘The effect of chording on the coil voltage can be obtained by first determining the flux linkages with the fractional-pitch coil. Since there ate m coils per phase and [Npx total series turns per phase, each coil will have N= Npn/n turns per coil. From Fig. B.4 coil side ~a is only p electrical degrees from side a instead of the full 180°, The flux linkages with the N-turn coil are 2 NOmutr (5) f., sin@ dé en - 2 N Boel (six) {60s (a + ) — coset} Bs) where 1 = axial length of coil side = coil radius poles = number of poles With o replaced by or to indicate rotation at « electrical radians per second, Eq. B.8 becomes 2 A= NBralr (as) [cos (ot + p) — cos ot] 9