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2000 - Ou, Shiau, Wang - Three-Dimensional Deformation Behavior of The Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) Excavation Case History
2000 - Ou, Shiau, Wang - Three-Dimensional Deformation Behavior of The Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) Excavation Case History
438
Abstract: The Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) excavation project was constructed using the top-down construction method, in which a diaphragm wall was supported by the concrete floor slab. Previous studies have reported
the deformation and stressstrain behaviors along the main observation section, which was considered to be in the
plane strain condition. This paper examines the three-dimensional movements of the soil and wall through field observations and finite element analyses. The results indicate that the soil outside the excavation zone tends to move toward
the excavation center. Such a tendency increases with excavation depth. The soil settlement near the corner of the excavation is less than that near the center due to the corner effect. The empirical equation proposed by Clough and
ORourke for estimating the ground settlement appears to be adequate for plane strain sections and other non-plane
strain sections. Numerical studies indicate that the wall deformation and ground surface settlement can be reasonably
predicted using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Parametric studies revealed that for this case record zoned
excavation commencing near the final stage of excavation has very little effect on excavation behavior.
Key words: TNEC case history, deep excavation, deformation, three-dimensional finite element method.
Rsum : Le projet dexcavation pour le Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) a t ralis en utilisant la
mthode de construction du haut vers le bas, dans laquelle un mur diaphragme tait support par une dalle de plancher
en bton. Des tudes antrieures ont prsent les comportements dformation et contrainte/dformation le long de la
principale section dobservation, que lon considrait tre dans une condition de dformation plane. Cet article examine
les mouvements tridimensionnels du sol et du mur au moyen dobservations de terrain et danalyses en lments finis.
Les rsultats indiquent que le sol lextrieur de la zone dexcavation a tendance bouger vers le centre de
lexcavation. Une telle tendance saccrot avec la profondeur. Le tassement du sol prs des coins de lexcavation est
moindre que prs du centre cause de leffet de coin. Lquation empirique propose par Clough et ORourke pour
valuer le tassement du terrain semble tre adquate pour les sections en dformation plane de mme que pour dautres
sections qui ne sont pas en dformation plane. Des tudes numriques indiquent que la dformation du mur et le
tassement de la surface du terrain peuvent tre raisonnablement prdits au moyen de lanalyse en lments finis. Des
tudes paramtriques rvlent que pour cette histoire de cas, lexcavation par zone dbutant prs de ltape finale de
lexcavation a une effet trs faible sur le comportement de lexcavation.
Mots cls : histoire de cas du TNEC, excavation profonde, dformation, mthode dlments finis 3D.
[Traduit par la Rdaction]
Ou et al.
448
Introduction
The Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) building
was constructed in 1991. The TNEC is an 18-story building
and has five basement levels. The TNEC excavation was
completed using the top-down construction method, in which
the retaining wall in each excavation stage was supported by
a concrete floor slab. A considerably long period of time
was required between two successive excavation stages because of construction of the concrete floor slab. Roughly one
and half years was spent to complete the basement construction. Construction sequence and conditions were normal and
well documented.
Received April 8, 1998. Accepted October 6, 1999.
C.Y. Ou, B.Y. Shiau, and I.W. Wang. Department of
Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology, P.O. Box 90-130, Taipei, Taiwan,
Republic of China.
Can. Geotech. J. 37: 438448 (2000)
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Fig. 1. Geometry and instrumentation of the Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) excavation project.
Ground conditions
According to the site investigation, the site consists of five
layers of alternating silty clay and silty sand deposits overlying
a thick gravel formation, which is located 46 m below the
ground surface and has a standard penetration resistance (SPT)
N value greater than 100. Figure 2 shows the subsurface
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Fig. 2. Subsurface ground conditions and characteristics of soils. , water content; L , liquid limit; P , plastic limit.
tral zone (area PQSR in Fig. 1) was first excavated and temporary struts, H400 400 13 21 with an average spacing
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Fig. 4. Longitudinal and latitudinal wall deformations at I-1, I-2, and I-3.
is considered to be in the plane strain condition, and sections near the corner, which is in nature three-dimensional,
can be observed.
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Fig. 5. Longitudinal and latitudinal ground deformations at the final stage of excavation.
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Fig. 7. Ground surface settlement at various sections at the last three stages of excavation.
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Fig. 8. Contours (in cm) of the ground surface settlement at the final stage of excavation.
southeast and southwest corners, respectively. To further examine the excavation behavior, the TNEC excavation was
analyzed using the program CUT3D. This program has previously been verified through several other case histories
(Ou et al. 1996a, 1996b; Ou and Shiau 1998).
In the analysis, the soil is simulated by the hyperbolic
model, as proposed by Duncan and Chang (1970), which
considers the nonlinear, inelastic, and strain-dependent behaviors of the soil. For the hyperbolic model, seven parameters are required to fully describe the stressstrain behavior
of the soil. These are cohesion (c), friction angle (), stiffness modulus number for primary loading (K), stiffness
modulus exponent (n), stiffness modulus number for unloadingreloading (Kur), failure ratio (Rf), and Poissons ratio
(t).
Table 1 lists the soil parameters used in the analysis. The
strength parameters (c, ) were obtained directly from laboratory tests. For cohesive soil, the Youngs modulus was estimated on the basis of the plasticity index and
overconsolidation ratio (Chang and Abas 1980; Ou and Lai
1994). The stiffness modulus number for cohesionless soil
was estimated on the basis of the method suggested by Ou
and Lai (1994) as follows:
[1]
K=
2 Pa
V 2s (1 + )
Pa P
where
is the density of the soil;
Pa is the atmospheric pressure;
P is the mean effective stress;
is a reduction factor, equal to 0.5 for most of
excavation cases (Ou and Lai 1994);
Vs is the shear wave velocity = 93.11(N + 1)0.33
(Wu 1990); and
N is the standard penetration resistance.
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Fig. 9. Comparison of observed ground surface settlements with values computed using the method proposed by Clough and ORourke
(1990). d, distance to the southeast corner.
Depth (m)
t (kN/m3)
c (kPa)
()
Rf
Kur
2
4
5
5.68.0
33.637.5
37.546.0
18.93
19.33
19.62
0
0
0
31
31
32
0.6
0.6
0.6
800
1820
800
800
1820
800
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.49
0.49
0.49
t (kN/m3)
18.25
18.15
Su (kPa)
300.3 v
0.36 v
Rf
0.9
0.9
Eui/Su
650
740
Eur/Su
650
740
t
0.48
0.48
f
0.49
0.49
Depth (m)
0.05.6
8.033.0
The retaining wall, struts, and concrete floor slabs are assumed to behave as linearelastic materials. The Youngs
modulus of the diaphragm wall used in the analysis was
12 106 kPa and the Poissons ratio was assumed to be 0.2.
The axial stiffness of the 150 mm thick concrete floor slab
was 1 118 376 kN/(m/m). The axial stiffness of the first
(stage 2) and second (stages 6B and 7) temporary steel
struts, based on the strut spacing and type, was 7482 and
32 148 kN/(m/m), respectively.
For simplicity, a quarter of the site, idealized as a rectangle 105 m 41 m, was modelled. Figure 10 shows the threedimensional finite element mesh used for the analysis, in
which the base is supported with hinges and the vertical
boundary at the symmetric axis is supported with rollers.
The vertical boundary outside the excavation zone is allocated with infinite elements, as suggested by Marques and
Owen (1984), at a distance of 60 m from the wall. This was
necessary to obtain convergent results for wall deflection
and ground surface settlement (Ou and Shiau 1998). The
analysis is performed following the actual excavation sequence, according to Fig. 3 and as described previously.
The observed and computed wall deflections at I-1, I-2,
and I-3 for excavation stages 6A, 6B, and 7 are compared in
Fig. 11. The computed wall deflections at I-2 and I-3 are
close to the observed deflections. The computed wall deflections at I-1 are smaller than those at I-2 and I-3 at all stages
because the distance of I-1 to the nearest corner is less than
that for I-2 and I-3. Figure 11 also shows that the computed
wall deflections at I-1 are smaller than the observed deflections for all stages.
In Fig. 12 the observed ground surface settlements are
compared with computed settlements for the final stage at
various sections, i.e., 0, 6, 18, and 30 m from the southeast
corner. The computed ground surface settlement for each
section is slightly smaller than the observed settlement. The
computed wall deflections at those sections are also displayed in Fig. 12. As this figure shows, the computed wall
deflection generally decreases with an decreasing distance
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Fig. 10. Finite element mesh for the TNEC excavation project.
Fig. 11. Comparison of the observed and computed wall deflections at the last three stages of excavation for I-1, I-2, and I-3.
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Fig. 12. Comparison of the observed and computed ground surface settlements at some representative sections and corresponding computed wall displacements.
Fig. 13. Comparison of wall displacements from analyses of zoned and unzoned excavations.
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excavation causes less wall deflection than unzoned excavation. However, the difference between zoned and unzoned
excavations appears to be insignificant.
Conclusions
The following conclusions can be made on the basis of
the work presented herein:
(1) The soil not in the center of the site has the tendency
to move toward the excavation center. The tendency increases with increasing depth of excavation. Based on the
field observations, the soil in the section 21 m west of the
southeast corner may not be treated as a plane strain condition because a significant amount of latitudinal deflection
was observed. However, the wall in the same section may be
considered as in the plane strain condition due to the insignificant latitudinal deflection that occurred in the plane of
the wall. This may be due to the fact that the wall has much
larger latitudinal stiffness than the soil.
(2) The wall deformation and ground surface settlement in
the plane strain section and in the non-plane strain section
can be reasonably predicted using three-dimensional finite
element analyses commonly used in engineering practice.
Plane strain analysis normally yields conservative results for
the sections affected by the corner. The method of Clough
and ORourke (1990) envelopes the settlement profile within
distances of two times the excavation depth for most of the
sections, i.e., plane strain and non-plane strain sections.
However, the method does not predict settlement at distances
greater than two times the excavation depth.
(3) Zoned excavation, commencing near the final stage,
results in less wall deflection than unzoned excavation, but
the difference appears to be insignificant for the case record
described herein.
References
Bjerrum, L. 1963. Allowable settlement of structures. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Weisbaden, Germany, Vol. 3, pp. 135137.
Chang, C.S., and Abas, M.H.B. 1980. Deformation analysis for
braced excavation in clay. In Proceedings of the Symposium on
Limit Equilibrium, Plasticity and Generalized Stress Strain Applications in Geotechnical Engineering Held in Conjunction
with the 1980 ASCE Annual Convention, Hollywood, Fla.,
pp. 205225.
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