Prrs

t
rt

t trq rt

s trs
trt

t trq

r rt r

Prt s s r

s r

rttrs

Pt rs

tst s ss Pt

rs

s rts rs

rtrstqs

t rqs

Prt

s trs

Pss ss t t rt

tr

t rtq

tr

rts

trss Pt

ts

rt

sqs

rts rs s rtr

rt P

st r tr rt

tt

s rs rs

s r rt

r rs

tr

Pssts rts

rtrstqs tqs ss Pt

t t s rs

Prsts

rs

trt

st rt r sr s rs rs q rt
srs rtrs qr ss rss t st rtt
r r rts rs strs
s trts tt t rs st
t s r rs tt rstt t rs trt
ss rs rs tr rtrs
s rs s ts t s q r rs
r
s rs trr ts strt r
s rs tt r s ts rrs rts r s r
trs r
s rs ts trs trs
r t r ss rrt s sst
rs rsq r tt rr t r
rtrs qt ss
st tr rt sts s st s rt
rr s rtt t rr rr s rts trq t s
s srrs s ts q ss s rr rt t tr
s s r tr r st rt r
rt
st st st s rts trq t rs s rr
ts s s rstr rt trq rt s s r s r
ttrs rss s rrqs st s s rt s
qrs tr s r tst t s rs srt s rs ss
s rr rt s rrs tt s r rt
s srs tr rs t s rs ts r

t trq

r rt r
tst r srt t t s rrq
s
rtrs r trsrr s s rtqs s r t rs
s rs trsrt s rq s t s rt r
tr rs r s q rs rs rs t
ss t rst rt
st trtr q t q
tq

Prt s s r

st ssr r tr sr rt s s rts
r ttr rttr rs ss t tt ssr s rs
s t s t tr rt t
s s r ts r rq s rt rt s
srs rts tss rt s s s st s
s tt tr s st sst
r
rrt
rt
srt
srt s s
rsq r rtr st rt s r st sr t
trsr r rt t s rr tt t rt t
tt tr r
ttt s rt ss rs trs
ss ttt st sr s t s st t st rt
s ss srt srt trsss s r ss
tr rr rt tsr t s st rrst
r s s rrstt s r t
R(dB) = (10) log(P 2/P 1)

r rt r

rsq st st r t rsq st t r ttt

s s s trssss ss st s rtrt ttts
ttt t tt rq st s
rs s st r ttt rtt tr
st st rt s sts tqs rqt rt r
ts q sr s
Prrts s
sst ss s st r rt rrts s
trrss r

 s s r
rsq r rtr st tt rt st r
rt ss r st t q st r

s r

s s r st trsrts s r t ssst s rts tst rtts

r trt ss s rtrstqs r rs tss
r s t rttr r st trq s r st
r ss sts
s ts ts st s sts
ss s s
sst rtr

Pss s
ss s s st Pss str qt P
st t sr s rt r
ttr t s P t s rt ss t P
rt r t rt rt t t t rt ss

ss str t
rt s sss P stt r s t P
Pss P Prts Pss tst
T x = P x L + G.
st t rt rrt trt t
Pr s sss st st
dB = 10 log(P 1/P
2).
Pr r ttr st r rrt tt s
r rt P t P st ss ss tt
r
Pr t st r rrt str str st
t trq rt q t s tts s rts
st t r rrt str q t qtt
r
s rts s st rs r tr s rts tts s
st s s
Prts r rt r tr

st rt
Pr q s r st t r rtr t q t
sst sst r st s rt q t rr
t
sst t st t sst r tr
rtrstq ss t t qs rtr s rts
t t s rts st tss s s s ss
rts
ss t s r t tr srr sst s t
q s rr s tr ts
sst tr
r tr ss ttr t sst rtr s
st q t trr
ts q st s ttr t rtr t r s
s t r s tt s
r r qt tr q rtr
sst tr t tt sst trt P r
Prts
r rs
Pr r st rrst t sst ts r st
r rs
D = 10exp((40, 4 + P L)/20)

trs ts trt s rt s s sr s sts rtts

tt rsq s st s ttt
s rs ss rstr
rt s s
rst
s rs s t tt s ts
rr rr q s r rt r r trss tr
ttr t rtr s tr s s rt r
r rt s ts t s q s sts ss t s trr
tt rs t tr t rr sr trr
t rt tr tr s ts ssrs stt

tt sssrssr
t rssrt tr q tr t st trs
t rs sts
rt rt rt r ssr tr st Ps
rq st t s rt r s tr r

tt sssrssr
Pr t r st sst s rr s srs rts Pr
rs ssss s sr t tr ttr stt t

s rtt s s ts r tt rs ts
ts

r ts rt s rt tr s
t rt s s rts t rqr s trrs rtr
r s s rs s t
Pr rr r s rts t ts s rqt ts
r ttr s r t qst trr q t
tt t tr st ss s s t s st
str s rt stt s s rs r s
ts st t rrs ts s s st srs

s trrs t s s rtts rsq tss trsss

t r s trs ts tr s s st s s rts s s
rts ts tt s tss trsss s s rs ss
s rs rtrstqs rrq tr s r st s s
s ss t s sst rt
ss ss tr rt rt s s s q s t
r rrt ts trss r trt t s ts
ss ss st r rrt tt
tt s tt
sst st ss q t r s rr rrq
r q ss trtr t st tt
ss tt tt s r rs st r
t

s s rrq t tr s rtrstqs t
rtt sr rt trq stt ss rt r s ts
s
Pr rrq r t tr s rtrstqs t t
trt s ss s tt s t rt
P r Pss str qt
tt s rs
t

tr

s
r

ts
t
t

tts
r
t

qt
sr
r
rs

st

s
s
tr
r
t

rq
rts

t
trq
tss

rt

rt

trtt
s

sss

srt
r
t
P
t
tt
sr sr
r

rttrs

trs sr t
rt t rt s rt r rt
sr
r s s q s st ss s trs
s r st ss s rt tt P str
q t t tsr q s ts rts Ps
s s s rr tt s rq Ps
st r s t ss ttqt
trtt st s t q r r t

rttrs
Pt rs

st s t sss tr s rts ts rs

rstrtr
rstrtr q rtr stt s t t s
s ss s r r t s t s stts sts s s
rtr st s srs s t stt s
s s rts s tr s rts stts trstt r t s

rstrtr

 st ss rr srs ts s tr r s sst
strt t r strt st sttr s
srs t t r t sst strt t
tr ss rs r q tr ts s
rs ss s r r t s t s stts sts s s
rtr st s srs s s r t t t
stt

rstrtr

s r r s rts stts st s srs s
ts t s r t r
st s rs ss stt stts t tst
s t s stt rs r rttt s r
ss sts s s r s s st t r
st rstrtr
s rs rt t st tr r rt
q stt s q s s stts rs st rs rt
tr s rrt s qr s s t trs stts
t trrt rstrtr rs s sst
strt trsttr s trs stt tr s
st r t rs ss rstrt
s ssts rt q stt sst r t r q t t

rs
r r t s

tst s ss Pt
t s ss Pt P t ssr srs s s s t
sts qs s t s tr ts s rts rs
qqs s s s
t t r P q rtt tr P
t rt r r rt tr rs ss
sr s sts s rtts s t sq srs s
rtr P t q rr s qts ts q s rt tr P
q sr rstrt
t P ts s srs tr P t s ts

rs
r

r stt r s s sss r s ss
tst s s trtqs str

 sq t rs P rst trs ts
rt
s s stt sss tr s
q tr t tr s srt ss
tr
sq t t s s rtrqs t s rtrstqs
sst r trsss s ts q s s
t tr tr s t sq tt t
s r ts s str trt t s rs t tr
s rts stts r rs rt trs s sqs sst
s s trsss trts

srt s s

st ss tsr rt q rt sr rs ss ttr
q sr rs trt

s rts rs

r st rt r t rt s ts s
s rss t t rts r r tsr t st s
s rs t s rs sqs rsr
s ts ssrr r srt r trrt
t rstt s rts rss r t r st
r

srt
r ts rt
tr t t s trqs
s rs r s
r s rq s
r st r s r
tt rs t trq
s s rs rt
t r sq trs s r
t rq ts st
s r s
s

Pt rs r s trt r r
st qt t

r r tr
t s trs s
s
trtst
r st st r
t t st rttr t
st trt s rs
sst rttr rts q
ts r s rts sr s s
rq t s sss trss s
s r tr

rt
qt sr

r s r s ssts
tr qt sr
s s s tt r
r t r s ss s rts
qts tr sst t
trsss t r rttr t
t r trsss t

tr r

srt
r st rt
tt s rs t s r
r trrt s rts
rs rt trss t r
rt rttt tstr trt
r t s
trs
rt rs t qs q st s
rqs s ts s rsts s
rstrtr rs tt sst st
tr r s
r rr t t s
trqs s rs sr r
q s tt r s r
t tr s t
st r rsq s r s
t s st r
tt st
r q s q s trs
rs r rrt t
r
r s rrr r
str r r
t tr rt r
tt r tr rq
t r
r r t rr s
rt s trssss st t strt
s s rt t ttt tt
r s sr rt
tr t rs rt s
ts r s trssss tst s
ts t
r t r t r
tsr s s rrs tt r
st srs ss tqt
r st rtt
s q st rtt
r

rtrstqs

rtrstqs
t rqs

q rrs rqs tt
rq

rrs t rq

rt q r tr st t t s
q rt tt str sq rt
s st s s ts s r
rt rtt ss trs sr s tt trt ss s s st
trsss trt sr s ss st Pr sr rt
r r rrs tq r r
t r rt q ss tt s sr
ssrt tr t rrt rrr s rt s st
t s rt s s tr rr q s s s
rtrsss

Prt

s rs tt s ss st ss s r
t r r Pr ttr s stt t tr
trsttr t tr ts r s s ssts r t r trs
ss t t sts

 str t rt rt ts rrr
s t ss t s rt tt tr
s
ss st s rt ssttq s qts q s
q r q qt s rr tt qt st s r stt
rt
rt rtr s s s s rt
t r ss trs t s trrs t trs rs r t
t r ss ss rs rt
trs s rrs rrs trt t trq qt
r rtrstqs rstss s ss tr
sr ts t rtt s qts tt rr sr rtrt t
s s rts trs sts rsq s trrs st r s
rs qts rsqt tr rrs
s s t st r t
t rt t s r st s

s trs
trs r ts trs
s trs s tss r trsss s s
s trs tr tss r trr s srt
s trs st trsss q s trs s r
rts st s q st s trsss s s
rrs

s trs st stts st

tr
r t sq st stt rts
sq ts trt t ts r str t rr
s srs st tss t r rrr st rq t srst
trt r tr sst st ts ts
r r t tr
tt PP Ps r r Prt tt s rts qs
tss r sq r r tr r tts q tt qt
sst PP tt rrr ts

Pr q st s s

s s r tr
tr tr tt rs rt s q trs ts
tr t tr sq rsss rss rtr ttr t
tr r q t tr t st rs t rss stt
sst r rt r s rts rsss tsr s s
tr sq st ts r rr s rts rts
rtt tr t r rtr s qts qs sst
sss r rt t r sq q sst r
tr t r rt s tr
q st sr ts

Pss ss t t rt

t t trsss t sq ts s s r
st s trt qs r s strtrs tt r s t s rr
r trr s sts t srs trs t
r tstrs
rt s rs rt s ts s
s trrs
rt sr ts s tt
srt s strs
t tr
s rts strs s rs s
rtq sst st rt ts
Pr rt st sq q t st ttt st r ts
rq sss tr q rt s rrs st rtt r

 Prts t ts
rt st trs s ts str r st
t trs
q r rt s s s rsst sr s rs ss
s s rts s rsq s s rrt sr rtr s rt
tts s rts s sss rs t tt s ts t
r trt rr tt rt rq sst s
trss
Pr rr st tq tt tr ts r
qs tt tq rt tst srs rsstr
trrs trsss r st rs t sr s s tss
s stt s s st s sr s
s sts trt srs s r s s rr r ts s stts
tst sq sts t st srss rs
trr t rt s s qqs ss s s s trs
rr trrr trsss sr st rs s s s q t
t st st s sq st sttstqt s

tr

r rt rr tr srs ts s tt sr
sr rts Pr tts s s t s t trsttr s
s s q tt rqr tr r srst
t rt tr t s t trsrt srts s q trs
rtrs t r t tsr s r trr ss s
stt s s st sst t r
t r sssr stt

t rtq
tr
rts

st r r rts t ss r rts s s r
t r s rts ts rt s rts
rts P
tt s r r rttr s rtrs ss qr
st r q r r s rts stts st rs r s rtrs
rts t s rtr s rts rtr rt tt s rts
P rt s rts stts st ss rt

rt P

rt s rts P ss t tr tr
tr s ts q ssrt
rts P
Pr rt r tr s rtrs rts r tr ts r
rr s rs ss t t rr s rts r s rtrs s
s rts st sr rt s s r s rtrs s P ts
st ts rts P

rt P t

tr

tt r s rts ts q trt rt t q st
qs tt t r tr s s rs t st
s s s t trrt r s rtrs rts

rt P

st st s rts P q st t q s rtrs r rt
P s s rt P t tr ts sr rtr ts
r s sr rt st sst r t rr s ss
tr
rts
Pr rttr s r t s tst s rts r
tt s rr trs rtr t r sst t
r rrq tr st st r trr srs s rts
s rts t t r tr rs sr rt q rtr q
st rt tr r tsr tst s rts rts strtrs
t srtt s s t s r tr r tst

rts

s rts t s ts rt t tst t
s tts

trss Pt

ss t st s ts ssts rttr st q r
ttt s t qr tr s t tr tr rs rs
r t q rs s s rttt rr rs r rs st
s rtrs
s ss Pt st rtrss r t qs sst s rtr r
tr s st ttt ts r rt s t rtr r
rs sr q s tr ss t t t tr rtt r r
tr r s st s ssr
s ss Pt rss tt sr r st s s s
tr s ss Pt ss t trs trt s r rt
rs
s q trs ts tt r r s rtr s ttqs trrs
srr P

s ss t t rtr

ts

st rts ts ts r r rtrstq st rt s
q s s st ss ss s s ts
ts rts
s ts ttt t rttt s rr tt s tr
t

 t rt

ts rts
t s s s rt rs s ss st
s st ss st t rst t sr s t st
rs tr s r s ts s ts t t s
r ss

t t t rt

rst t t ts t s rtt t
rt r rrt s Pr t t tsq r
rst rt q rtt t rst rt s
s st r t s ts s rst
rst rt rst rt s rst rr
rst rr t trr rt
Prtqt s ts ss t rt rt r rst
r tr s rs rrs s rst rt
t s rts tt r st s trs rst rt st rr
r rtr st r t s tt rtt s s s
rt rtr rt st
st rt r ts ss sr r s rrs s
s s st t s s s s r r s rr t
st strr st s ts sts trt s s ts
rss tr r sts trt qt t s strr s
r tt t t sr

rt

ts rs r s tstrs

rt
sqs

trrt rs rs t rs st trr
t s s s rt s rss rts s rsst t tt rt
r rs ts s rs st s ts rtrtrs r s s s s
tt rt s s r t t tr s trs ss
s s s s rt t t tr s rs ttts
st r rs s tt rs
rsq st rs q rt q ss ttr rs t s r rt tr
tr t r s tr t r rtr s srs rs
s rsqs s s rtt rs ss st ts
trt s sstt tr s trssss s rts tstrs
rs ss
trt t t st tr s rs trt
r s trssss sstt ttr s s r t r
rr s trrs
s sr rt rs ts t s s ts
st t r rrt s rrs rttt r
s ttqs s s t rttt s ttqs t
ssr s sr t trs r s ts
t st r t sss sst s rtr

rts rs s rtr

t r qqs ss s
s srr rt r t s rs t trs rrqs
rtr rt r r t ss

tt

rqrr ttt tstr rsq s t rs

trsr q rts s s r rs rt s r s
rsss trss st tr s
rtr s s sss rs trsss
sr s ts ss s rs rtrs ss t s s
qr
st t ss tsr rt P rt sr ts
t rt ts s s s t rs t q stt t t
s st sss t tr rs tt

rt P

P s r qt Pr st r tt s s q
t rs s s rt s s st tr str
P st rt r rt s trs tst rt
strq s s r ts r P sst
r s rr ts srt ts
st r tr rt
rst tr rt sr s r r s rs s s rr
r srs rss
r s ts rs st t tr st s ss
trsr q s rsss ts s tr
ts r st rq ts
rs stt sr r sr trs s r rs
s srs s q rs sr s rtr r trs tstrs

tt

rt s tts
t s rts rs t rt str s
tts rr tt tr r r rt s
q s tts tts srt rt rt sst
t r trt tt s s ssts rqs qs t
tqs q rttt tts tts srr tt

 r tt ss str r s tts t
sttt t trt t s ts s
r
trt strt t
Pr q rt st qt t q st ssr tt
r s rts rtrs rsts sr r tt rt r trs
ts
t trt
t tt
t t
tr rt st t s s rtrr s ss
trt st t sss ts trs
tr s rs s
tr
tr r t str
s rs rs
rt s rq s st ss r rts
rs
s s s rtt q rt sttt rs ts
st s ts ts r r s rs tr s st sss
ssr ssr st t tt rtt st sq
s tr r
t rt tsr tr trr t tr
q t trt tt t sq P t q
st trr
s s rtts ss trst st ss rtr ss
s t s trt trr ss sr ssr
t st q trs rt sst t ttr sq
t sq P st trst
s st ssr
rs s rtts t r ssr t s ts s s
s t rrt rs
t ss st P t rs
rtt r r t tr q t
q r P

Pss str r qt t s
tt rttrqsqst

 rs s s rtt trss t tsr

trr s tts ss P sr tt
rqs
trr s tts ss P sr rt
t ss P sr rt

s s trs ts ss s t tr rs strs
strts s r s rts t str sst qt s strs q
t ts ss t s rsqs ss r st r t
t stq rs trr q s trssss ss t
t s sr st s ss ss s ss st t s
q st ttt rr ss s ts s rs q
st rt s q s rsqs ss r s trssss r st rrs
ss t rt ttr

s r rt

trt r s s tr rt st t rt r
t s r t tr r s rts
q t qrr q r s srr tt s s t trs
rts s rrr s s t s s r r s rs

r rs

tr tr sst rrt st
t s rs
tr t
t t s rs
rt s rs
t rs sr s rs st t s rrt rt
rr tt rs ss s ts qs s s tr
rts
tr st q sss s rs s s ts sr
r st s r t rr tr
s s t t t s rs ts t r r t
r s
s s rs tst s rs r rr r tt t
sst rst rt

tr

Pssts rts

st ss tr stt rt srs rs rr
st tsr rt sr rt P t s s trs rrqs
P ts q s r s st ss tsr P r qr
rt

tr

rt P s
tt rt rst s rrs srtt rt r s t
t s t st t ts q st q t s ss
q st sst tt rs trsrt rts tts s r
qs s s r r t t q st tr
s t ss trr tr st
tr sst st tsr rrq s ssq rt
rrst t s r r s rts st rt P P
s rt tt P rt rtr t ttr P
P tt st st ss t q s sss rt P sr rt
r rt t st rr rr rt r tst tr s
s s rsst r tr s rts rt P t r rt
s ts trs s ts st t rt rt t tr
t ts

rt P
r tt rt s str tq P t sr rt t
q st sr qqs rt trr rt t tr s
t s s ss trs rs tr st
st t t st srt s tsr tr P P

 s rstt q qqs trs P s t tt rt trt

rt s tr rs t tt s ss Pt t
st s rt tr s tt sr rs st trs rr
st tsr P r t r st t ts r
s s r r tss rr tss
rt

rtrstqs tqs ss Pt

tr s t t s P rq t
rPstr

ss Pt
s tts rs st q t srr s ss Pt r st
rttrs s ss Pt PP PPt tt t ss
s rs s s s
st t r q rt s ts srrs t st
t t st t q ss sst rr r t
tr t s sst rt st trs trr
ss
rs t trs trr tt tt rt s rrs st
stssts s rt rsr s tsts s sss r srr rtr r
r s rs
ss srs s r tr s t s s s
s s s s s s s s s s
s st rs q st tt r rt sst tt
q t tr r r ttr rr t t

t t s rs

t t s rs

s sss rs t s rr rt srr r
rr s sr ss s rs sr t ts sr rt
t rss r rrq rsr t tr tr trt
t s trs rrqs st t
s trs ss Pt srrt rt rs s rts srr sr
sr rs rt r s q s P s

s rt trt

 rs s trt s r t s ss Pt ts rs sr s

rtr s rs s
r st rrs t t r s str s
ss trqs srt r r rt r r st
r ss
ssr

 Pt ss Pt rs s ss trq
t stt rt t s rr s rs rs tt
st sss r s s s r s tt trr
s t s tr t rt
st tr s rt t r r r tt
tr rt trr rs rtr rs s stt sr r t

 Prs rs ss
rt s P
q r tr strt ss r tr st t
s tr rss tt t st s r tt
s s rtr s rs rr P P
q s sr t tt rsrrt rt

Prsts

Prsts

rt tr t s rst r srs ss r
rss s rss r s rs t s
t rs s s rtr s rs st r t
r s s
r t s rs r r tt s q r stt
r t tr rst
tr s rts ts ts tss t tr rtr s
s s
t stt P sr s rtrts
tsts st r r t t
srsr rs
st st r t trt rt t q t tr t st
rsr t t s rs tt r rt
rstt Pr s tsts rtr t r r
rttt s r s rtr rt t s ss t
tt
r s tsts
st st ts ss
tt rsrrsst
s rrs rttt tr rss rts sr s rs t
s r qt s rt s rs st s rqs rsss
qt r s rt s rtrs

rt

rt s rrs s r q rttt s r
t r rs s s ts st ss trr s s
rr s tts s rs s Prs ts s s t ts
rs t s trt t s rs trts
s t r q r s
rts t r r r rss r st r s ts
rss ss q s ts tqs ts q rt t s ts
rtt ss trs
r rrt qr t trs sr r s
tt r r tt q t rq s
t rt s rts st tt ts s q s ssts
tt r rst

sst r tr r t st rt t s
rst tr s tr t s tt stt
P sr stt rt
t rt trsst t srtt rtq s t t st q s s
ss rts t tr ts r t ss
rst s s rs t rt
sr q rss rss srt ts r tr t sr rt

q
P ss t t s st s s r rt
t t rs rtr
rq s ts r st
s t tst st ss rtt rs
rr s st P t st rtr rtt
rt t t tr
P rss qt Pr
ss tr
tst Pt s ss q rt t rt
r s tr trt
rss r tr rs ss

rs
tt rsrrsrst
tt trt
tt t
tt rsrrs
sr s rs ss tt rssrrsrs
rst tt sr rrr s s rts
tt rs t tt rrr
t r rt rs tt rssrrr
t tt rssrrr