-

-4.

, 11. 12.

n! -n, n~on. no no x=-a-::-b-=c="'d

a..i.Il+ll' aJl...lli.lI.o":'~ nIBJ.bx_=

o~l'bJplI\o"u! 0 nfAJ-ax__- 0

m: kg.V:m', p: kg.m'" , n:mol, V:L. 'C:mol.L·' m:g,V:L, C':g.L·1

• Q,,_,b.lJ1 ~._,)L

- m1

~,..---~~§

~J~~~-~~-~~_~-Il1I~a~~
a..J!L<JI...,..W J,i..J.:o a......o.l.I ~..J.:o L

~pB

u.c.-

u.c. -

.~
m
....

Ic-- n I ~~I -ml

,;,u
V -y
"e.

P=VI'

m:g • M:gmof' • n:moI

V:LVIII:~r"
V,.=22.4L

N N.. 6.023x11f" = <U:iSJ1.:J!"o ~

'_.

'~..Iok.
~

a O"C. 1A1m

In=: I 1
~

.2

J.tI-.).._,..I~

u..w.u~~

Ol~,;.,iN"'~ I..o..I.loc .p1S:1II~~

aA+bB=cC +dD

~.b.HWI

4o.:iUll a........~1 m", <uj~

.. lG~ =-N.
..l~_})

'1

I,o.e pJlll'U~~~

J-l~1S.:U1

V: m', p: Pa. n:mol T: Kelvin K,

R=8.314J.mor'.K-"

j"Wlo,t:i1a ~
wtj\i!J

p~nRT

ii~\ooII~Uil~

G: 5iemens(S). U:YoII(YJ. ~G I: (A) 0: Snl', S:ni,l':m ~jolJl ~WI K_: I!l. ,.... G==K..,. a i.. :Sm"mot'_ml
~I..;cy~

~
0'

-U:'°"l

(t:j'_~~IJ.<:.u.:,;,J.l'=a.,.~

A,>.l)WJI~,J.I

'4liWI

:1
)

I K..,.=S/ll II °~ }.,...[M'l + i.1X1J

ox,/red.

~".!I..
tCmin)
.

n,1
~,

~. ntl O)(,+n,e=,ed, tl:>-.J)IJ~ ~\alI~. ox, I red,~~ "'"~red,f?'.fo ._I;;:\iI.".1I U:dI ~OJ(,~jb

"""loa.u.,,
+

JcUill t.¥~,,)A

red.: n,n + oXz ~)U~

<lbWJ-..JS:.i.

n,red.+n,ox,! . . '• .>»Ii: "t~ tlto". u...ti iop1ii18..,..n6bW.' _,"~:tlJ~J~Il=\.a..,-l~I~I-1 •• UI';'l:..!.J.?-ab..I",,~

nl~=

-._..luJJb..o ,-".

• ."..:--la..._,!I. MnO; IMn" 1- MnO~=

t(min) O~~~------~_. t,,. ~ poll J_.1j&!1
&jlpll ...... J..l <i..WilllI

Mn:'

~f.!' _2 H'~I aJ.o...'_"'~V?;S)..J.:4lI~.3 ';'u j,rs:J':Io'14.I....I". ,..:;....:"l;."..iJ1 - 4 COjH C 0 <i..WL.L..l1 J':'" .

••• zco.; ;:: H.o C

2·MnO~oq)'" Mn';_" +4H.O(t.)

'J~~~~';

~e,.,.I~~. ~l~k~~~'1!?
~~

~~p~l~k~~~'~I..u,.~I'>'==O;:J1

3-MnO.-(oq) + 8H7...J Mn~..,+ 4H,O,,-) 4 -MnO~OqJ+ 8H7.." +5e :0: Mn~ + 4H,O,'-J
.1.>011

2COJlui C.H,0'l'" 2CO>!oJ+2H·''''1 = C,H,04(aq) 2CO.IO)+2H7aq)+26 = C.H,04("1

.

lloq)

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......

J£.~

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.,

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<L..il+i ~ ~ ;..

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I I

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,

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I I

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40

Jo~.:..,.L:i

AH'oq)+B"'I=~oq) BH'~qj J.c\AW

[Al ~1.UJ\~,.e-u~l.I.oiM
pH=pKA~I~W~
,

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1 ,

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o
_.

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u(A):

[Al.q 100

,C

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o~~~~~~

rtlJJoWl..-=1 ('t=100%)} { i"1l,Rl!..J,....t<1 (1<100%) J.<:U!l ~JI'lI. T=O

~

Tr.ruJt iI.,wu ~

J.c1.1.1lII-",,",-..l~.Q~1laI

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'--_-..::L __

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•.JoI.I~I.W,u.~~"""-;J\,.

O..lI.tlh~b~JiJ1.I.>.U.jI'

ull ~+bBfoIII=cCl-Il+dD~1 ~..:.'kWl'~'o"-Ul

~~ oJ_,J l,)"L..t,o <J_,J uOo- ~

J£\&lJI~l

VA

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j

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I 25°C~pH.Jl~

pHI
a...u J1ll ~JoILalI
a.:.jI.IlUJ.~IJ.-:i-.l..;...
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.pH.J\ ...~
'p~1 ~

/J

AH(..,+H201ll=HsOr;'I+~

"","WJI~

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o_,lll ~WI

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Q,
1 "--

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la,ot.o

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~, O!?'J.JOoWlI~~ 2Hl(o)+ 02(e'= 2H.O(ll
2H.OIl])=2H2(O)+OWL.Uyll.,o.JfSlI~~~J~l

Ag,O" +H,O.,=2Ag,':',+2HO, ..
...-

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e' -.
I

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J~

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M~'/M1

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'

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U:;..'JJ'oIIbi!~

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UU_,...1tlJ

U-+n9=M

J~

~_'.Il,.u ....... j1I~ w-llJo.:U.o lII=n6+M'" l;J.llMll A"'A+p6 .:.U_,...;.\U

4H,0=4tr+O.+Ae .UI uLA."lj.;oJ

'

~nx-{

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JA..llI

ci.l j.l1 uu....,pIIOa

JjbJ

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Jt:i..a

pM,j;l+nU:P=nM,.lO)+pMt

, n, '" OfF "'1.1tIF

Zn~+2e'''Zn~ CU(ll)=Cu:O+2.· Q=6t.1 ~.~Jj~~ ~.~Jj~.;JI.,;,U..tJ.!l~I~

~~I

t~JI~~~ i~I~.laooolI ~ .1,t_A5:ll~

e ..11012 = (Vwq • Vm1)

I...=O~Q,. =K
I••

leM.(a) I M"(aq}!

.lJoU1!.t.t""~_:iI~1

I MJ>«aq)IM1(s)CT>

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.:a "",WI ~-~ j4AIl ~lj I;tO+-Q,;tK ";Y.J¢=)l.U~

oJ_;-U ~1,o__,.s.U~_p1ll1_,Al1 _].A lAl_,;,.tI a&......1_"....,..w.

,,)ljlI~lo;.

oJ~I
.1j4Al1

:n.......-

J\;l~:i

'~

oJ'_'::

j40 "jljl <ilb..J

C.
(

I,.~I~~ F=N ..Iel"'9.65x1 O~CmDI" ..::.!U¢':lI VA J,. a..-:J UIbl.I a....lll_,. F ~ ,.,;..~, . , Q = n(e).F = z.x.F ..IjoIoC ~

Q,_

= z.X_.F

.lyo.all ~

o!~~
~lU.

.,.u1_1,&~' ~

~1.1,oJ4S.l1

~~,

..l_g.o.all a.....

'_I_I,

.~J.oIa

.I1IJ,,_"'jSll~'~~ '~I~I

~\~ ~

Znloj=Znl:+2e!o~

J\..._p).l.l~.: 'U'.A..95l
.I,_.J1 ~;Wla,.

~~

Ulloa

JS..l.';" ~

UIlalI".J.W

Cuf~"2e::oCu(.)t~Jl.-_
CU~q}+Zn(S) = CU(II) Znl~ .IJ.U11cr-~~lIjA)1

~ ll,fI6oJI ~ ~ ATP ~". . \fl~ )~I';"I VA ~~..la,I ~J-l ~IHlJ""" ATP-ioADP+ P, ~~I~."... 'J~J"'" ADP+ P1-4ATP t\P-.Jw.iI11~~

(-) ZnIZnZ+ 11 Cu2~1 Cuft ..

~I
4.!J~

~ -w
.I

J_g:.lJI, ~Y..,.sJ1 ~~ ~~a1...,.II

9:i,?~J,..ajAl..o i,?~ J~~
v-

Q,

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9.

9/-

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I.

~.;q..

~rJ.1a:O..:.1

K 9. I. <Jy...J.Ji»l

__,....Qy:o~J,..au,.......~j'
. ••'."'I.:...I:l.

a:.j\.4,> ~ ¥~ i.l.y. J#~~ J-laI1 J.I:\al1I K ojl.9lll,:.,ou,. Q, ~~

.;..)b.-':!'i.....!...o.JI..,.£=..J., _ >.:..... J.:.~I ~

OJ,...

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"'-.

~}I.:;

_.,;...I!I

~e

e:w,.."

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'

2HO(.l+ O2(,,-

a,.JUlI r,jI;:l.i&a ~Ia.. ......,_. "Ui

v
~~~";:,
\ e

.......,
• ..ll...... ~~ ~ ...

H.o • 2Hz + O.

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J.c~~~~~J.,w~l,oJf£l1~ 2HzO'Il)=2HO(g)+Ol(gfWl";l,o~

J..ib.:i.ll~

t
It
~
.-!,..--_

Ag,O,. +H,O,,;;;2Ag,;,,-t2HO: .. Q,=[Ag"]'.(HO

(~~ji)
~.,,' _":'4-- .... ~J.!~ '~~.:iJI.,..w~

ojS.aj ~w:.~
.:,...JI~

w,...,..:~"",.........
4D!r,

J~

9>'...,.s1.dl.:i.l1 J~I

u.- o~.

J,,_!I

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J:J.\0~W\
I

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V" yl\,l.J4£ll~1

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M;' 1M,

~u:.J1

,,~M,

......... L)j,I":'u-:.JI

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.........
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'

/
I

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M"'n6+tr
<!UjJl":'~..fo

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J_,b.I.

-nx-{

Zn~+2e'=zn~l 'n, =
QfF =1. \t/F

t~)~~~

~"".J41l1 J.i.I=..liIJI.:o.o

_ px M'{I): ~+n6 _ . PMIlal+nM,>p =n M.,$I+P M" _I ,

(+ )..w.:.1I_ ~jlI.lJI".wIt.I;>-;~ ~ (')~;.:..\,ooulI j~la,.- ~ ~_,_It [.JI> ~,JI ~ ~ ':'U~IJAll:.. M7----:"'O. +-P-6-=--=-M=-'iS-I---1 .JI~!.'I ~ ..:.1.l.,,_;.S.I)U c.-l1lUl1 JlAi.:t:.'l ~~ ~~

M':IM...J M:"/M, ~u:.u

r--.-----

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~'ljl

8M,

(8)

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.l~Af!I,o~ll~FI1>j.ilh 161."..... ........ 1.¥. u-w _".. jl§lJI"t1Loo..l_..... ~ all

.....

~I

CUi8i=Cu~+2~' ~I~~~ Q= At.I ~ ,,\.c;jju.,..;~ ~.I.o.."j~r,;J1.:.U~~

",,~1.::..1p.;iJ1.).I:.

e 1111112= (V"'" - V..1)

.l,_" ..... WI~·~l,$JJIJj\A
~I

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;:,..I\aII~

• -=-jWlj

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~~!iJ~l»j~JIAlI

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JJIIW1I a..j~1

J,..:; ,. .!uboJl J.f""AIIJ "UtJ oj,l~ """","""I,_,ll.l:l ,;..wo Uu. ~I ,._..,.It [.I.<.II~J ,U-J.h \.a.j..i.......

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1~(-Q,;<oK ~"'fo)'+l ~ I... =O~Q,=K ....4....- J\.i4 .~~ ~ ~~

o_ =z.x..... F

J,_lI~o!~._;Jl~I~t,.~I~Ir"'..\.9-...JIh... ~)I.l' ..1

_~(

..... J_~!i'~J.:.u,....JIAlIO~ ,~JvIa ~ ,WJ "".fi)1 ~1~\J:l

.~I~I

{ '

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~ Zn1ol",Zn!;+2e

J',-+,u~~
f>~ \,)

'A.9.~

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~ a".LioJI ~

U!J.a JS..l. ~

a".I.io.IlJ UUaJ10Pl i

Cu~+2ES" cC~'J tl--....,..._,I c_..c...... l ~,...J1Jp.l.l aI.lla..'

Cuf.:)+

ZJ1(li1

CU(S]

+ ZnJ~
'llb..:.'.II! j.<o ~l

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.l.J4&ll ~

lt
o

l{ i
~
..!I
"

'J],

~:

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5ii

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I

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I,S.,.U 1]~%

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11=67%

J_"..sJ1 UJ.... r._;.,..!I'i ..lJ-lJ-"

a.t.lo j/1.l 1-l......

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r;

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c

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ii

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6 '\7 0
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I

iii :t

it:

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(,)

a::

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ct:

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!O~I ,,)jloWl ~I

Q>K
Q-K

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,= 1f--x,=Xn,,,,

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J.cuu , ~

R.CO,-CH, R.CO---CH -:'INa--HO R·CO,·CH,

-:-:--: "!:"-"'~~~

1=

CH,O'C'-I·OH -J, p.c:o::J

-t." .

C.'-',.O",·
-:-.~ -~-:

1L =1dm'=10.Jm•
1Cin' =1mL=10-lL=10"m'

1tonne=10'kg ~kg=10"g

1kg.dm"=1 g.cm"

1m' =10'dm'=10'L-

riJfoo ()JJ-I @ uu.Ji~J.II•..!! S

J.,d~

uo-o -u~~!ilJlW

11