N° d'ordre 02 ISAL 0037 Année 2002

THESE
Présentée devant

L’INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES DE LYON

Pour obtenir
LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR
FORMATION DOCTORALE : Génie Civil: Sols, Matériaux, Structures, Physique du Bâtiment
ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES POUR L’INGENIEUR DE LYON :
Mécanique, Energétique, Génie Civil, Acoustique (MEGA) –ECL – INSA – UCBL-ENTPE

PAR

Abalo P'KLA
Ingénieur génie civil de Lomé - Togo

CARACTERISATION EN COMPRESSION SIMPLE

DES BLOCS DE TERRE COMPRIMEE (BTC) : APPLICATION AUX
MACONNERIES "BTC-MORTIER DE TERRE"

Soutenue le 3 juillet 2002 devant la commission d'Examen :

Normando P. BARBOSA Rapporteur

Hervé DI BENEDETTO Directeur de thèse
Pierre FORAY Rapporteur
Ali MESBAH
Jean Claude MOREL Tuteur
Myriam OLIVIER
Jean Marie REYNOUARD Président
Vincent RIGASSI

Cette thèse a été préparée au Laboratoire Géomatériaux du Département Génie Civil et Bâtiment de
l'Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat (ENTPE)
A ma famille
A celle qui accepte être la bonne épouse et mère
A tous tes enfants et à ceux qui leur ressemblent

« Seul l'innocent est capable de percevoir la nature en toute

vérité. Car au commencement était la simplicité avec l'enfant
qui entre dans la connaissance par intuition. Puis vinrent la
complication et la complexité avec l'adulte qui, dans la
douleur du raisonnement, enfante la science. La souffrance
naît ainsi avec l'adulte qui doit, pour s'en délivrer, tendre la
main à l'Esprit de l'Enfant par qui l'univers est créé. Le salut de
la science véritable se trouve uniquement dans la voie du
renoncement »
Un fils spirituel d'Abba Isaac le syrien
(Abba Isaac, moine du Vlleme siècle)
 je dis un énorme MERCI

A Hervé Di BENEDETTO pour avoir accepté de diriger cette thèse.

A Jean Claude MOREL et Ali MESBAH. mes tuteurs, pour leur disponibilité illimitée et pour
m'avoir offert un cadre intellectuel idéal de travail.
Au président du Jury, Jean Marie REYNOUARD.
A Normande BARBOSA et Pierre FORAY pour leur contribution à la qualité de ce travail en
tant que rapporteurs.
A Vincent RIGASSI et Myriam OLIVIER pour m'avoir apporté leurs expériences aussi bien
pratiques que théoriques et pour leurs remarques qui m'ont été indispensables à la finalisation
de ce document.
A Alain MARCOM pour son assistance technique à l'élaboration de mes échantillons d'essai et
à leur qualité.
A Odile ROQUE pour ses conseils et son assistance technique dans la mise au point de mon
dispositif expérimental.
A Mme Hélène GEOFFROY pour son soutien saris mesure.
A Mr et Mme EBEZOU et à., leurs enfants, à Eloani AGOU, Alassane OURO MEDELL, Ali
TCHATAGBA et Aliassim BONFOH pour le cadre familial qu'ils m'ont offert.
Au grand frère Antoine AMAI pour toute son attention à mon égard.
Aux membres de mon équipe ENDJ, à notre CONSPI, le P. Jacques DECOLLONG.E et à notre
COUAC, Mr et Mme REYDELLET.
Aux frères et sœurs Togolais (Aa wakili gna..... !!!) et Africains de Lyon, de toute la France qui
m'ont soutenu par leurs sages conseils.
A mes amis de Lomé et du Togo tout entier.
Aux amis du laboratoire LGM pour leur convivialité.
Au personnel du laboratoire LGM pour leur assistance.
A la frangine Berthe DONGMO et à Givanildo AZEREDO pour m'avoir aidé à corriger cette
thèse.
A F iras ATASSI pour ses encouragements.
A Francette PIGNARD.
Je voudrais particulièrement que NAPALA Odile daigne reconnaître sa bienveillante main dans
ce travail et que Mr et Mme BAWA (Olivier et Titi) puissent se réjouir de leur constante
assistance.
Résumé
Les maçonneries en BTC (Blocs de Terre Comprimée) permettent de construire des habitats individuels à un
faible coût environnemental (et économique pour les pays du sud) car on utilise des matériaux locaux. De plus
cette démarche a un impact socioéconomique positif puisqu'elle favorise le travail humain direct de construction
contrairement à la filière actuelle basée sur l'industrialisation de la production du matériau. L'architecture utilisée
est adaptée au matériau qui ne doit travailler qu'en compression.
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans un contexte de formalisation du comportement en compression des maçonneries en
BTC. Nous avons pour cela effectué une étude de comportement des maçonneries en BTC sous compression
simple verticale. Le BTC est la composante principale de la maçonnerie. Ainsi une analyse de son comportement
en compression simple est faite. Les différentes procédures d'essais de compression utilisées jusqu'à maintenant
sur BTC sont présentées et critiquées. Nous arrivons à la conclusion que l'essai sur demis blocs maçonnés (l'un
au dessus de l'autre) est pertinent. Il est aussi démontré que l'essai de flexion en trois points peut donner la
résistance en compression de BTC avec une précision de l'ordre de 20%. La seconde composante de la
maçonnerie est le mortier de terre (à plus de 88% en poids sec de terre) stabilisé au ciment. La littérature
n'apporte que peu d'information sur ces mortiers à forte teneur d'argile (entre 5 et 20% d'argile). Nous faisons un
bilan des procédures d'essais appropriés à ces types de mortier. Il en ressort l'impossibilité d'utiliser le
maniabilimètre AFNOR, la possibilité d'utiliser le cône d'Abrams et la nécessité d'appréhender le comportement
d'interface BTC-mortier. Enfin des échantillons de maçonnerie de formulations différentes, d'environ 1m2 de
surface et des triplets de BTC maçonnés avec du mortier de terre sont testés en compression simple. Une
différence de 38% au maximum des résistances en compression entre ces 2 types d'échantillons a été observée.
Par ailleurs, l'application de la formule de l'Eurocode 6 (EC6) relative aux maçonneries conventionnelles
conduit, d'une manière générale, à la sous estimation de la résistance en compression des maçonneries BTC
par rapport aux valeurs expérimentales. Les rapports entre la résistance à la rupture calculée par la formule EC6
et la valeur expérimentale varient entre 44 et 72%.

Abstract
Compressed earth blocks (CEB) masonry make it possible to build individual houses at a low environmental
(and economic for poor countries) cost because of the use of local materials. Moreover, this step has a positive
social and economic impact since it supports the direct human work of construction, contrary to the current type
of construction based on the industrialization of the material production.
Architecture used in CEB construction is adapted to a material which should support only compression stress.
This thesis is a contribution to the formalization of CEB masonries buildings design which concerns, until now,
only the code of practice. Only masonry behaviour under vertical compression load is analysed.
As a preliminary, the CEB which constitute the principal component of masonry were studied. The various
compression tests used for CEB were presented and criticized. Compression test on two half built blocks
remains relevant. It was shown that three points bending test can also give compressive strength of CEB.
The second component of masonry is earth mortar stabilized with cement. There exists very little information
on these mortars with strong clay content (between 5 and 20 % and more). An overview of mortar tests able to
be used for earth mortar is made and lead to some propositions for future studies. Finally, two types masonry
samples were tested under vertical compression load ; 1m2 masonry and three blocks bpnded samples. The
Euroeode 6 formula for masonry compressive strength assessment is used and the results compared with our.
experimental data.
 FOLIO ADMINISTRATIF

THESE SOUTENUE DEVANT L'INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES DE LYON

NOM : P'KLA DATE de SOUTENANCE : 03 Juillet 2002

(avec précision du nom de jeune fille, le cas échéant)

Prénoms : Abalo

TITRE : Caractérisation en compression simple des blocs de terre comprimée (BTEC) : Application aux maçonnerie « BTC –
Mortier de terre »

NATURE : Doctorat Numéro d'ordre : 02 ISAL 0037

Formation doctorale : Génie Civil: Sols, Matériaux, Structures, Physique du Bâtiment

Cote B.I.U. - Lyon : T 50/210/19 / et bis CLASSE :

RESUME :

Les maçonneries en BTC (Blocs de Terre Comprimée) permettent de construire des habitats individuels à un faible coût
environnemental (et économique pour les pays du sud) car on utilisa des matériaux locaux. De plus cette démarche a un
impact socioéconomique positif puisqu'elle favorise le travail humain direct de construction contrairement à la filière actuelle
basée sur l'industrialisation de la production du matériau. L'architecture utilisée est adaptée au matériau qui ne doit travailler
qu'en compression.
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de formulation du comportement en compression des maçonneries en BTC. Nous avaons
pour cela effectué une étude de comportement des maçonneries en BTC sous compression simple verticale.
Le BTC est la composante principale de la maçonnerie. Ainsi une analyse de son comportement en compression simple est
faite. Les différentes procédures d'essais de compression utilisées jusqu'à maintenant sur BTC sont présentées et critiquées.
Nous arrivons à la conclusion que l'essai sue demis blocs maçonnés (l'un au dessus de l'autre) est pertinent. Il est aussi
démontré que l'essai de flexion en trois points peut donner la résistance en compression de BTC avec une précision de l'ordre
de 20%.
La seconde composante de la maçonnerie est le mortier de terre (à plus de 88% en poids sec de terre) stabilisé au ciment. La
littérature n'apporte que peu d'information sur ces types de mortier. Il en ressort l'impossibilité d'utiliser le maniabilimètre
AFNOR, la possibilité d'utiliser le cône d'Abrams et la nécessité d'appréhender le comportement d'interface BTC-mortier.
Enfin des échantillons de maçonnerie de formulations différentes, d'environ 1m2 de surface et des triplets de BTC maçonnés
avec du mortier de terre sont testés en compression simple. Une différence de 38% au maximum des résistances en
compression entre ces 2 types d'échantillons a été observée. Par ailleurs, l'application de la formule de l'Eurocode 6 (EC6)
relative aux maçonneries conventionnelles conduit, d'une manière générale, à la sous estimation de la résistance en
compression des maçonneries BTC par rapport aux valeurs expérimentales. Les rapports entre la résistance à la rupture
calculée par la formule EC6 et la valeur expérimentale varient entre 44 et 72%.

MOTS-CLES : Blocs de terre comprimée (BTC), compression simple, fissuration, mortier de terre, flexion, stabilisation,
rupture, homogénéisation, modélisation, essai à l'échelle 1, essai in situ, maçonnerie, terre crue.

Laboratoire (s) de recherches : Laboratoire Géomatériaux du Département Génie Civil et Bâtiment URA 1652 de l'Ecole
Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat (ENTPE)

Directeurs de thèse: Messieurs Hervé DI BENEDETTO

Jean Claude MOREL

Président de jury : Monsieur le Professeur Bernard BAROUX

Composition du jury :
Jean Marie REYNOUARD, Pierre FORAY, Normando P. BARBOSA, Ali MESBAH, Myriam OLIVIER, Vincent
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ý ghiãC ø ý õ ;wCdAc ý ù A 7 A # ; ø~ù A ù 7:9 ø ;wCž= ø ; ù 7DC ý-7:;w?†;^C 
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i A<C ö 9  ý ö iÝli
j ö A,= ø ; ù 7 w A<C+7Æý ù}ö ==@ý
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A+7 * ù·7:9 ö ú 7:; øùsk
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A # ; øù ( a »ö $ k õøœ  ?†;wû
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^ t ›yhw t d ƒZYm•ZY

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wf\
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¿Ft _`d … ^`d_bwwf\xe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ t… dxe0w … wf\Sc t \P^Äc } b¹ t ‚aigš_wfdÕyšghwfdÕyhaKe t yhw s wf\K^4™ …»t _w·w sL… yhw t dÕ\gš‚w t d
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„ aid z  t g z ai\ z y´³ ~Kà … ai^`~S² z w{PdSwLy t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w¹·y t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\ýw z ^ z d-4 z¾t6sLs wf\P^ } yhwf‚ } w … aid_l{KdSwDy t
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c t \ z yhw z ›ghwfyšyhw z4Y¿ wj^`gš_ t \K^‚ t cai\SeuÆfe tizbz wf_>Æ|wf\ s  s wk^bw sL…Sz {KdSw|yhw z ›ghwfyšyhw z4Y

¿ w z ˆŠ o z dgš‚wf\K^†d\ … _baKe0w zz d z cwl t ›_`ghe t ^`ghai\™2c } ef_`gš^|wf\c } ^ t gšy …»t _x ‘ yšg “6ži– ™2{PdgF‚ t c } ^bwf_ s gš\Swf_
yhwfd_ z {Pd t yšgš^ }0z ™P\Sai^ t6sLs wf\K^Éy´³ ~Sa s ai€ } \ } gš^ } cwy t cwf\ z gš^ }z ²0eb~Sw Y ¢ t \ z y tls aHc } yšg zt ^`ghai\‰cwy t ÇS€<d_bw
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… g z ^bai\ s ai›gšyhw>È‚ t gš\P^bwf_`‚wf\gš_ … dg z {PdSwyhw z \Sai_ sut yhw z Å z wfyhai\ Ècw zÉz w0ef^`ghai\ z cw|y t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZY  • Å e>È
x hl
z aiyšyšghefgš^ } w z wf\‰e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\\Sw z ai\P^ …»tiz yhw zps  s w z {KdSw†e0wfyšyhw zz aiyšyšghefgš^ } w z wf\‰e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\yhai_ z c8³ d\
w zbzt gHcwe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhw Å cwp\Sai_ sut yhw œ È Y>¿ w zF… _bw zbz w z cw t ›_`ghe t ^`ghai\ÓcwˆŠ o yhw zF… yšd z _ } e0wf\K^bw z
c } šy gš‚H_bwf\P^d\Qcaid›yhwle0a sL…»t fe ^ t €w<™2e0wl{Kdg … fw _ s wf^†c8³Àai›^bwf\gš_†cw z ›yhaKe z… šy d z S
~ a s ai€²f\Sw z ™ t ‚w0eld\Sw
cwf\ z gš^ }Õz ²0eb~SwÕ^`_b² z d\g¶ai_ s w Yτ aid z Ñwf_bai\ z y´³ ~Pà … ai^`~S² z wx{KdSwlyhw z ˆŠ o z ai\P^~Sa s ai€²f\Sw z wf^wf\ … yšd z
g z ai^`_ba … w z yhai_ z {Kd³ gšy zŽz ai\K^e0a sL…»t ef^ }0z…»t _ŽcwfdZ‡ … g z ^bai\ zŽs ai›gšyhw z  ‘ yšg “6ži–]Y

^bwf_`_bw Š tizz gš\ Š t6sD} w ¿ d›2wf_bai\

Å ^bwf\Swfd_wf\ t _`€<gšyhw  È >¥H™m‹ q  Ì

C2% < 2µm
¿ g s gš^bwlcw|yšgh{KdghcZgš^ } Å  È ƒ<Ì q<Ì \Sai\ s wŸ
z d_ }
[]\Scw·‰cw … y tiz ^`ghefgš^ } Å  È “ ƒ  \Sai\ s wŸ
z d_ }
—ˆŽÚÁ‚ t yhwfd_cwj›yhwfd®^bai^ t yhw <™ ž X ™X \Sai\ s wŸ
z d_ }
™ t ef^`gš‚Hgš^ } cw|y´³ t _`€<gšyhw • ƒ ¥ \Sai\ s wŸ
Acb
z d_ }
o a sL…»t ef^ t €wxc } yšgš‚H_ }|…»t _Žy tӅ _bw zbz wk¹ÓˆŠ o ¢|aid›yhw<™  ai\Sa™ ܆ÃZcZ_ t dyšgh{PdSw
sut \PdSwfy sut \KdSwfy

/   ƒZYm• þ i ö 9 ö úd7  91;wC17:;¨ü+ý|A1CÌ  ø 7ÄAúba ù ;¨ü+ý\A<C  A1CÔ7ÄA19<9A<CÔý-7:;D?¹;wC  A1C  öù C ù@ø CA<C<C ö ;wCun V BS
100Acb = C2%

¿ w z ˆŠ o ÆfŠ t6sD} wÆ›ghwf\x{KdSw s aigš\ z ~Sa s ai€²f\Sw z;… wfd‚wf\K^;e0w … wf\Sc t \P^ f^`_bwd^`gšyšg zb}0z ™N¹ … y t ^ z wfdyhw s wf\K^ Y
‹ ž  
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¢ t \ z e0wÉe tiz ™gšy»w z ^² dScZghefghwfdZ‡Lcw … _bwf\ScZ_bwwf\ue0a sL… ^bwÉyhwŽ€<_ t cZghwf\P^cwy t cwf\ z gš^ }Žz ²0e~Swwf\ue~Saig z g zbzt \K^
cw … a z wf_Žy t-_ ai\Swly tӅ yšd z cwf\ z wkcZdQˆŠ o wf\®› tiz>Y@o wf^`^bw t \ t yšÃ z wkcwjy´³Àw18wf^cwj€<_ t cZghwf\K^cwlcwf\ z gš^ }
wzÉ
^ y t _`€w s wf\K^†e0a sLs wf\P^ } wÕc t \ z hy w z `^ _ t ‚ t dZ‡‰cwL º‘’+Ì<XN–]Y

ªlRSG?:P9Gp7EPJLEPó5»3N14Ju/;5»3iUVRS9Fï 7RS/;JuG?EPJDò=?EKGG?EPJDEP1uGTEQ1>=?3NRS/21

n \ } ef_`gš‚ t \K^ly´³ } {Kdgšyšgš›_bwÁcw z ai_be0w zxz d_ cZdV\SaHwfdSc­ˆ|™ai\(ai›^`ghwf\K^ ™w18ai_`^l\Sai_ sut ypc t \ z y t
Y NAB
›ghwfyšyhw r

P Å ƒZYmX È
NAB sinθ − =0
2
¿Ft € } a sD} ^`_`ghwxcZd®ˆŠ o cai\\Sw 1 ™»ai\®ai›^`ghwf\P^ t yhai_ z>r
sinθ = q 2
1+ L 2
4e

s
P L2 Å ƒZYmƒ È
NAB = 1+
2 4e2
n \ } ef_`gš‚ t \P^Õy´³ } {Kdgšyšgš›_bwucw z Ñai_be0w z cZdV\SaHwfdSc­Œ z d_ ™ai\­ai›^`ghwf\P^ ™w18ai_`^k\Sai_ sut yc t \ z yhw
X NAC
^`gš_ t \P^ r

Å ƒZY ž È
−NAC − cosθNAB = 0

−P −P L Å ƒZY ‹È
NAC = cosθ =
2sinθ 4e

ªlRSG?:P9Gp7EQG?Rº36¬PJ>=?J014RS/;:EQPVGTRº:P5@UV«36EPJ4J>=?52/

‘ \ t6…… wfyšyhw y t e0ai\P^`_ t gš\P^bwxcw_`d … ^`d_bwjwf\®e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\‰gš\ScZgš_bw0ef^bwkai›^bwf\KdSwjc t \ z yhw z ›ghwfyšyhw z…»t _
σcif
y´³Àw zbzt gcwjÒ»w·Hghai\Q{Kdgw z ^Žcai\\ } w z g sL… yhw s wf\P^ …»t _y t ai_ s dyhw z dgš‚ t \P^bw r

s
−NAB max −NAB −P L2 Å ƒZYmq È
σcif = = = 1+
SAB SAB 2hl 4e2
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d',&# ¸Äå pH
É IH+äF=d',&#Æ&é;!k'&ÓÄJH ‹<‹

ꉬ14EK36U(=/FRZ1>=?5@/V7;E „ aid zt ‚ai\ z c } ÇS\g e0a sLs w } ^ t \K^y t ~ t d^bwfd_cw z ›ghwfyšyhw z ™6ÇS€<d_bw ƒZY  • Å e>È Y
h h
o wf^`^bwL~ t d^bwfd_k‚ t _`ghwLwf\ºÑai\Sef^`ghai\­cwÓy t € } a sD} ^`_`ghwucZdº›yhaHe Y ¢ t \ z d\Sw … _bw s gh²f_bw t6…… _ba4‡Hg sut ^`ghai\™
\Said z e0ai\ z hg c } _bai\ z {PdSw ‚ t `_ ghw … b_ a … ai_`^`ghai\\Swfyšyhw s wf\P^x¹ e …»t _ z g sL… yhwxe0ai\ z hg c } _ t ^`ghai\±€ } a D
s } ^`_`gh{KdSw Y
h L
‘ \ … a zw a w z ^Ld\Sw·~ t d^bwfd_ucw·_ }  } _bwf\Se0w<™ … _ba … _bw t d sut ^ } _`g t dö^bwf_`_bw‰e0a sL…»t ef^ }
h = ho Le ho
z ^ t ^`gh{KdSw s wf\P^ Å ˆŠ o È Y ¢ t \ z y tz dgš^bw<™F\Said z yšg s gš^bai\ z y´³ t6…… wfyšy t ^`ghai\”ÆÎ^bwf_`_bwÆue0a sLs w } ^ t \P^Ód\ z aiy
t _`€<gšyhwfdZ‡ Å cwu‹‰¹ X<Ì c8³ t _`€<gšyhw>È|e0a sL…»t ef^ }u… dg zkzb} e~ } ™ } ‚wf\P^`dSwfyšyhw s wf\K^ z ^ t ›gšyšg zb}ut dVefg s wf\P^Õc t \ z
d\Sw … _ba … ai_`^`ghai\V\SwLc }f…»tizbzt \K^ …»tizl• wf\ … aighc zjz w0e<™Ï^ t ›yhw t d ƒZYm•ZY8„ aid zjs ai\P^`_bai\ z c t \ z y t·z dgš^bw
{KdSw z w s ›yhwkgš\Sc }f… wf\Sc t \K^cw|y t ÆÎ^bwf_`_bwÆke0ai\ z ghc } _ } w Y
ho
¿ ³ } K{ d t ^`ghai\ Å ƒZYmq Ècwf‚Hghwf\P^ r

s
−P L L2 Å ƒZY ¥<È
σcif = 1+
2ho el 4e2

ªlRSG?:P9Gp7EQG?Rº36¬PJ>=?J014RS/;:EQPVGTRË1436R:<1>=?5@/ í 7;¬P14EP3iU­=/;RZ1>=T52/¸7EG?RVå;RS914EH9F3Á79ô1>=?3NRS/21

¢|w s  s wk{Kd³Àwf\Qe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\™Sai\ai›^`ghwf\P^y t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wl¹Õy t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\®gš\ScZgš_bw0ef^bw …»t _ÉÒ»w·Zghai\ Y
σtif

−NAC max −NAC PL Å ƒZYm• È

σtif = = =
SAC SAC 4elht
t ‚w0e ™»y t ~ t d^bwfd_jcZd^`gš_ t \K^4™2ÇS€<d_bw ƒZY  • Å e>È Yo wf^`^bwx~ t d^bwfd_j‚ t _`ghw } € t yhw s wf\P^kwf\Ñai\Sef^`ghai\Ëcwxy t
ht
€ } a sD} ^`_`ghwlcZd‰›yhaHe Y

O ÷«5»1>åFMKJ4EkO@¬P5@U­¬143i=?I9FEkJN9F3 ¢ t \ z d\Sw … _bw s gh²f_bw t6…… _ba0‡Zg sut ^`ghai\™6ai\ z d …… a z w{KdSw ‚ t _`ghw
ht ht
… _ba … ai_`^`ghai\\Swfyšyhw s wf\P^u¹ …»t _ z g sL… yhwue0ai\ z ghc } _ t ^`ghai\ € } a sD} ^`_`gh{PdSw Yđ \ … a z w a w z^
e ht = h∗ e h∗
d\SwŽe0ai\ z ^ t \K^bwcw_ }  } _bwf\Se0w zt \ z cZg s wf\ z ghai\™ … _ba … _bw t d sut ^ } _`g t dËÆÎ^bwf_`_bwÆÉe0a sL…»t ef^ }z ^ t ^`gh{PdSw s wf\K^
Å ˆŠ o È YS„ aid z  t g z ai\ z yhw zÉs  s w z yšg s gš^ t ^`ghai\ z {PdSw … _ } e } cw sLs wf\P^ Y

¿ ³ } {Kd t ^`ghai\ Å ƒZYm• Ècwf‚Hghwf\P^ r

PL Å ƒZYm“ È
σtif =
4e2 lh∗
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k!0Ð;‚%àp·Ñ'  ‰ #†  ' ! "ôk 

O ÷«5»1>åFMKJ4E·UV¬P:PRS/;=?I9;EuJ>9;3 „ aid z ‚wf_`_bai\ z…»t _py tjz dgš^bw†{PdSwÉy´³ ~Kà … ai^`~S² z w … _ } e } cwf\P^bw|cai\\Sw
ht
cwɛÏai\ z _ }0z dyš^ t ^ zt ‚w0eŽyhw z cai\\ } w z cai\P^p\Said z cZg z`… a z ai\ z4YPo w … wf\Sc t \P^e0wf^`^bwÉ~Pà … ai^`~S² z wÑai_`^bw s ²f\Sw
¹ÓcwfdZ‡‰gš\Se0ai~ } b_ wf\Se0w z4r

Ÿ y´³ }f…»t g zbz wfd_cZd®^`gš_ t \P^w z ^Ž€<_ t \Scw Å cwky´³Àai_bcZ_bwlcwky tÓs aigš^`g } cwjy t ~ t d^bwfd_†cZdQˆŠ o Ȏe0wk{Pdg;w z ^wf\
e0ai\P^`_ t cZghef^`ghai\ t ‚w0ekyhw z ~Pà … ai^`~S² z w z € } a sD} ^`_`gh{KdSw z cZd®^`_bwfgšyšyšg Y

Ÿ´… aid_ld\ s  s w ˜ ™;yhwL_ t6…… ai_`^ σc \³Àw z ^ …»tiz e0ai\ z ^ t \P^ sut g z c }f… wf\Sc­cwLy t € } a sD} ^`_`ghw Yo wf_`^bw z wf\
σt
yšg s gš^ t \P^|yhwxca sut gš\Swxc8³ t6…… yšghe t ^`ghai\ºcZd s aHc²fyhwÕai\ t _`_`gš‚wÓ¹Lyšg s gš^bwf_|e0wf^`^bwk‚ t _`g t ^`ghai\ YÏo w … wf\Sc t \P^|gšy
w z ^y } €<gš^`g s w|cw t gš_bw†y´³ ~Pà … ai^`~S² z w|{KdSw σc \Swc }f… wf\Sc …»tiz cw†y t € } a sD} ^`_`ghw<™ sut g z d\gh{KdSw s wf\P^Žcwy t
σt
^bwf_`_bwke0ai\ z ghc } _ } w Y ai\ … a z w t yhai_ z4r

σc Å ƒZY  Ì È
= −k
σt

‘ \V\Sai^bwf_ t {PdSwDe0wf^`^bwD~Pà … ai^`~S² z wuw z ^ z aid‚wf\K^ld^`gšyšg zb} w … aid_lcw z _ t g z ai\ zk… _ t ^`gh{KdSw z ™ sut g z ¹·\Sai^`_bw
e0ai\\ t g zbzt \Se0wgšy<\³ à tɅ»tiz c8³ } ^`dScw z… _ } efg z w z {PdgiÑaid_`\g zbz wf\K^Fy t ‚ t yhwfd_Fcw/ … aid_8yhw z ˆŠ oY À܆ŒÌ “<qN–
cai\\Swkcw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z ‚ t _`g t \P^†wf\P^`_bw q wf^k ƒZY

‘ \Qw· … _`g s wjy t ‚ t yhwfd_cw €<_uáie0w t dZ‡ } {Kd t ^`ghai\ z Å ƒZY  Ì ÈΙ Å ƒZYm• ÈΙ Å ƒZY ¥<È r
ht

kho Å ƒZY <>È

ht = q
L2
2 1 + 4e 2

o w z ~Kà … ai^`~S² z w z ‚ai\K^êf^`_bwkcZg z efd^ } w z c t \ z y tLz w0ef^`ghai\ z dgš‚ t \K^bw Y

LKJVš/JVš „sS ‚ XX ßKò ‡ VYTÄPRX € ~SàŒWX X AgSàŒ·T ‚ ^S TWO €

„ aid zÕt yšyhai\ z yšg s gš^bwf_Ó\Sai^`_bw } ^`dScw·¹ e t ‚w0e Yo w z yšg s gš^bw z
0,31 ≤ L ≤ 0,56 45mm ≤ e ≤ 140mm
wf\€<yhai›Ïwf\P^^`_b² z y t _`€w s wf\P^yhw z cZg s wf\ z ghai\ z cw z ˆŠ o {KdSwjy´³Àai\ … wfd^É^`_baid‚wf_ z d_yhw sut _beb~ }<Y
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d',&# ¸Äå pH
É IH+äF=d',&#Æ&é;!k'&ÓÄJH ‹¥

×J4J4RS=?JD«EK36U­E1014RS/21u7EQ7¬14EK36U(=?/;EP3G?EPJuå;RS914EH9F36JL7EPJDò=?EKGG?EPJDEP1L1>=T36RS/21

o a sLs w‰^baid^ …»t _ t6s ²f^`_bw‰gš\K^`_`gš\ z ²0{KdSw t d sut ^ } _`g t d™ ™ Å ~Kà … ai^`~S² z w‰€ } a sD} ^`_`gh{KdSw>ÈÓwf^ Å ~Pà Ÿ
ho h∗ k
… ai^`~S² z w sD} e t \gh{PdSw>ÈÓcaigš‚wf\K^„f^`_bw·c } ^bwf_ s gš\ }0zD…»t _Lcw zÓs w z d_bw z w· …Ï} _`g s wf\P^ t yhw z4YÄ¡ \Sw … _bw s gh²f_bw
sD} ^`~SaHcwke0ai\ z g z ^bwl¹Ów· … _`g s wf_ …»t _y´³ } {Pd t ^`ghai\ z dgš‚ t \K^bwkcZgš_bw0ef^bw s wf\P^|ai›^bwf\PdSwxcw Å ƒZY ¥<È r
ho

s
−P L L2 Å ƒZY  X È
ho = 1+
2elσcif 4e2
„ aid zt ‚ai\ zs w z d_ } ai›^bwf\Kd …»t _py´³Àw zbz¾t g2cwLƾһw·Zghai\ ƒx… aigš\P^ z Æ … aid_Ée~ t efd\·cw zÉX<• ˆŠ o ^bw z ^ }0z ™
P
… _ }0z wf\K^ }0z c t \ z yhw z efgš\S{ … _bw s gh²f_bw z yšgš€<\Sw z cZdÓ^ t ›yhw t d ƒZYm“ ™ie0ai_`_bw z`… ai\Sc t \P^p¹{Kd t ^`_bwpai_ s dy t ^`ghai\ z cw
ÆÎ^bwf_`_bw z Æ|\ t ^`d_bwfyšyhw z ™ t ‚w0ekcwfdZ‡·€ } a sD} ^`_`ghw z Å ˆŠ o ¹ … y t ^ e wf^ z d_Ée~ t \P^ e È Y@„ aid z
L = 0,36 L = 0,56
ai›^bwf\Sai\ zLt gš\ z gpcwfdZ‡­cw s g›yhaHe z4Y‘ \ z d …… a z wu{Kd³ gšy z \Sw z ai\P^Ówf\Sca sLsut € }0z {PdSwÁc t \ z d\Sw _ ai\Sw
^`_b² z yšg s gš^ } w …»t __ t6…… ai_`^ t d‚aiyšd s w^bai^ t y8cwy´³ }f… _baid‚wf^`^bw<™wf\P^`_bwyhw z… aigš\P^ z Œˆôc t \ z y t ›ghwfyšyhw …»t _
w·w sL… yhw YZ‘ \ s w z d_bwwf\ z dgš^bw …»t _d\Áw zbzt g2cw†e0a sL… _bw zz ghai\ z g sL… yhw z d_pyhw z cw s g2›yhaHe z ai›^bwf\Kd z4Y
σc
n \g sL… a z¾t \P^ wf^ t ‚w0ey´³ } {Pd t ^`ghai\ Å ƒZY  X ÈΙKai\·ai›^`ghwf\P^Éwf\ s a4Áwf\\Sw t ‚w0ed\
σc = σcif ho = 22,2mm
} e t _`^Ž^£Ã … wjcwl‹Z™ q6sLs … aid_ X<•Õs w z d_bw z4Y

ꉬ14EK36U(=/FRZ1>=?5@/ 7;E ¡ \Sw t d^`_bw sD} ^`~SaKcw±cw s w z d_bwcw ™ … yšd z… wf_`^`gš\Swf\P^bw<™e0ai\ z g z ^bw˹
ho ho
w· … _`g s wf_4™ z d_Ld\ s  s wQ€<_ t6… ~gh{PdSw<™yhw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z cw‰_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wQ¹Ëy t e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\¸ai›^bwf\PdSw zÁ…»t _
yhw z cwfdZ‡ s w z d_bw z ™gš\ScZgš_bw0ef^bw Å Ò»w·Hghai\ ƒ‰… aigš\P^ z Èkwf^xcZgš_bw0ef^bw Å e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhw>ÈΙÇS€<d_bw
σcif σc
ƒZYmX<ÌZYÉn \Íg sL… a zt \P^Qd\ e0aKw14uefghwf\K^QcZgš_bw0ef^bwfd_QcwàV¹(y t cZ_baigš^bwVcwË_ } €<_bw zbz ghai\ Å ÈΙÉai\
σcif = σc
ai›^`ghwf\P^ ™;‚ t yhwfd_x{KdSwD\Said zՅ _bwf\ScZ_bai\ zՅ»t _ly tz dgš^bwue0a sLs we0ai\ z ^ t \P^bw·cwu_ }  } _bwf\Se0w Y
ho = 23mm
¿ wÕe0aKw14uefghwf\K^jcwxe0ai_`_ } y t ^`ghai\ºcw … aid_\Sai^`_bw s aHc²fyhw<™Ïw z ^ … _baHeb~SwÓcwle0wfyšdgÄai›^bwf\KdËwf\
R2 = 0,967
Ò»w·Zghai\ Å ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<Ì È Y2¿ ³ t ‚ t \P^ t €wucwÕ\Sai^`_bw s aHc²fyhwÓw z ^jcwՍaid_`\gš_jcZgš_bw0ef^bw s wf\P^xd\SwՂ t yhwfd_jcwÓy t
_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wx¹Õy t e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhwjyhai\€<dSw s wf\P^†d^`gšyšg zb} wkwf^Ž_bw0e~Swf_beb~ } wÕwf\ … _ t ^`gh{PdSw Y

ꉬ14EK36U(=/FRZ1>=?5@/Ø7E æÕå2÷«5S1>å;MPJ4EÍO@¬P52UV¬143i=?I9FE „ aid zt ‚ai\ z… _baHe } c } ¹Ëd\Swe t6sL…»t €<\Sw
h∗
c8³Àw zbzt g z cwD^`_ t ef^`ghai\ …»t _kÑwf\Sc t €w t d zbz g t6…… wfy }0z w zbzt g z ›_ }0z gšyšghwf\ z ™ t ÇS\(cw s w z d_bwf_xy t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w
¹­y t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\Ícw z ˆŠ o d^`gšyšg zb}0z ghefg Y ˆpghwf\¼{KdSwQy´³Àw zbz¾t g†›_ }0z gšyšghwf\ z aigš^ t d zbz g†d\
w zbz¾t g†gš\ScZgš_bw0ef^4™gšy
‹ •  
k!0Ð;‚%àp·Ñ'  ‰ #†  ' ! "ôk 

10

Compression strength
9 model
bending/traction model
Strength calculated from "3 points bending test"

7 y = 1,0028x - 0,093
R2 = 0,9674
6

5
(MPa)

1
y = 0,3956x - 0,0042
R2 = 0,9366
0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Compression strength from direct compression test (MPa)


 ƒZYmX<Ì þB! C0C ö ;wC  A ú øõ =@9A<C0C1; øù C<; õ =@?BAqù  D; 9AÈúd7ÄA k ú ø 9<9  ?  C ö ' AÈú¡ú øõ =@9A<C<C<; øù ; ù| ;D9AÈúd7ÄA¡A ù
7 A ; øù3ö 8 öù 7²=\A19 õ
# ;wC  A õ A1C<ý
9ÈA19 = ö 9(?   ö ?†;:7 
ho = 23mm σc = σcif
Y
;‚%GF-% &6')xFö&ӝê!††
d',&# ¸Äå pH
É IH+äF=d',&#Æ&é;!k'&ÓÄJH ‹ “

w z ^Žyhw … yšd z†t6…… _ba … _`g } ™Ï¹L\Sai^`_bwxe0ai\\ t g zbzt \Se0wu ‘¿ [ “ ¥ – ™ … aid_ s w z d_bwf_†e0wf^`^bwl_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w Y [£y … wf_ s wf^
c8³Àai›^bwf\gš_y t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wl¹Õy t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\ …»t _ r
σtieb

2F Å ƒZY  ƒ È
σtieb = 0,9
elπ

t ‚w0e d\¸e0aKw14uefghwf\K^Ácw·Ñai_ s w … wf_ s wf^`^ t \P^c8³ t c t6… ^bwf_ t d … _`g z`s w Å e tiz cZd¸ˆŠ o ÈÕy t Ñai_ s dyhw
0,9
efy tizbz gh{KdSw z d_ŽefÃHyšgš\ScZ_bwD ‘¿ [ “ ¥ –]Y °ýw z ^Éy t Ñai_be0w t6…… yšgh{Kd } wl¹Óy t _`d … ^`d_bw Y


 ƒZYmX  þq! C0C ö ;wC  A 7:9 ö úd7:; øù ; ù| ;D9ÈAúd7ÄAŒA ù%7 A # ; øù A+7 ; ù| ;w9AÈúd7ÄA6= ö 9 A<C<C ö ; $9 C1;w?†;WA ù
σtif σtieb
ö 8 öù 7U=|A19 õ ;^C  A õ A<C<ý
9A19 = ö 9Ô?   ö ?†;:7 
h∗ = 0,54 σtieb = σtif

¿Ft ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX  Å t \ t yhai€<dSw‰cwy t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<Ì wf\ôe0a sL… _bw zz ghai\@ÈΙ … _ }0z wf\P^bw·yhw z _ }0z dyš^ t ^ z cw z w zbzt g z
{Kdg;ai\P^ … wf_ s g z cwxc } ^bwf_ s gš\Swf_ …»t _y´³ } € t yšgš^ } Y2¿ ¹uwf\Se0ai_bw<™2ai\g sL… a z wlyhwxe0aKw14uefghwf\K^
h∗ σtieb = σtif
cZgš_bw0ef^bwfd_†cwÁ … aid_Žy t cZ_baigš^bwlcwk_ } €<_bw zbz ghai\ t ÇS\±c8³Àai›^bwf\gš_y t ‚ t yhwfd_†cw t ‚w0ekyhw z ˆŠ o
h∗ = 0,54
… _ }0z wf\K^ }0z c t \ z yhw z {Pd t ^`_bwkcwf_`\gh²f_bw z yšgš€<\Sw z cZd®^ t ›yhw t d ƒZYm“ZY
 q<Ì  
k!0Ð;‚%àp·Ñ'  ‰ #†  ' ! "ôk 

ꉬ14EK36U(=/FRZ1>=?5@/,7E æå2÷«5S1>å;MPJ4EàUV¬K:RS/=TI9;E ‘ \ c } ^bwf_ s gš\Sw/ …»t _ly t ai_ s dyhw Å ƒZY  Ì ÈΙ
k σc
} ^ t \P^Dai›^bwf\Kd …»t _Ód\ýw zzt gcw·e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhwwf^ …»t _Ód\àw zbzt g›_ }0z gšyšghwf\ Y ÚKd_‰ ž w zbzt g z
σt
\Said z ^`_baid‚ai\ z t ‚w0e†d\ } e t _`^^£Ã … wcwx<™ “ZYP„ ia d 
z … _ } ‚a>Áai\ z cwɍ t gš_bwŽd\Swe t6sL…»t €<\Swc8³Àw zbzt g z
k=7
z d …… y }fs wf\K^ t gš_bw zt ÇS\Qc8³ t 4D\Swf_e0w z _ }0z dyš^ t ^ z4Y

R 1>=G=TJ>RZ1>=T52/¸7EQG?RVUV587¬KG=?J4RZ1>=?5@/öEK/ô143NR:1>=T52/
«;R3u1>=T36RS/214J

„ aid z \³ t ‚ai\ z…»tiz ^`_baid‚ } c t \ z y t yšgš^`^ } _ t ^`d_bw|cwcai\\ } w z w· … yhaigš^ t ›yhw z e0ai\Se0wf_`\ t \P^Éy t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wj¹
y t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\Qcw z ˆŠ o ™wf^Écai\Se …»tiz… d‚ t yšghcwf_Éyhw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z cw wf^Žcw t ‚w0ejc8³ t d^`_bw z
h∗ = 0,54 k=7
ˆŠ oY

˜t _e0ai\K^`_bw<™@ai\ … wfd^e0a sL…»t _bwf_†yhw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z cwk_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wx¹Dy t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\±cZd s aKc²fyhw …»t _^`gš_ t \K^{Kdg
d^`gšyšg z w t ‚w0ejyhw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z e0ai_`_bw z`… ai\Sc t \P^bw z ai›^bwf\PdSw zt ‚w0elyhw z w zbzt g z ›_ }0z gšyšghwf\ z Å ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<X È Y
k=7
o wf^`^bwÇS€<d_bw … _ }0z wf\P^bwŽy t e0ai\Z_bai\P^ t ^`ghai\cZdD_ }0z dyš^ t ^cwy´³ t6…… yšghe t ^`ghai\·cZd s aHc²fyhw t yhai_ z {KdSwÉy t ÇS€<d_bw
ƒZYmX Õcai\\ t gš^yhw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z cwÕe t y t €wÓcw Y2‘ \ºai›^`ghwf\P^|d\SwÕwf_`_bwfd_jcw X<Ì e0wx{Kdg;w z ^ s ghwfdZ‡{KdSw
h∗
yhw z >¥ q cwky t ai_ s dyhwlcw|y tL’ ¢  ŠÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX >È Y

‘ \ … wfd^ …»t _ t gšyšyhwfd_ z e0a sL…»t _bwf_ t \ t yšÃH^`gh{PdSw s wf\K^É\Sai^`_bw s aHc²fyhw t ‚w0eyhw s aHc²fyhw†cw†y tx’ ¢  d^`gšyšg zb}
t ef^`dSwfyšyhw s wf\P^ Å ‚ t y t ›yhw … aid_ L Ȏwf^ t d zbz g t ‚w0ekyhw s aHc²fyhwkcwjy´³Àw zbzt gF›_ }0z gšyšghwf\ Å ‚ t y t ›yhwk{Pd t \Sc
e > 10
^bwf\Sc·‚wf_ zŽÌ ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<ƒ È Y¿ w s aKc²fyhw …»t _É^`gš_ t \K^Žcaigš^8f^`_bw|wf\Se t cZ_ }j…»t _Ée0w z cwfdZ‡ s aHc²fyhw z4Y ¢ t \ z
L
y t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX6ž ai\w· … _`g s wly t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\àÆÎ\Sai_ sut yšg z} wÆ t6…… wfy } wxŠ „ Å σt ÈÉwf\ai\Sef^`ghai\Ëcw
TN = elPrupt
y´³ } y t \Se0w s wf\P^4™ … aid_Äd\Swyhai\€<dSwfd_wf\K^`_bw t6…… dg Y¿ w zÄ} y t \Se0w s wf\K^ z cw|<™ • wf^ X ™ q e0ai_`_bw z Ÿ
L = 250mm
… ai\Scwf\P^ t dZ‡QˆŠ o”z d_eb~ t \P^jwf^|¹ … y t ^_bw z`… w0ef^`gš‚w s wf\K^ YÏ¿ w z cwfdZ‡ s aKc²fyhw zz g sL… yšg¶Ç }0z…»t _†^`gš_ t \K^
Å d^`gšyšg zt \K^ wf^ _bw z`… w0ef^`gš‚w s wf\P^¾È z wu_bwf\Se0ai\P^`_bwf\P^ t d … aigš\K^Õ[|e0ai_`_bw z`… ai\Sc t \P^D¹®d\ } y t \Se0w s wf\K^
k h∗
z wfdgšy L ™ÏÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX6žSY 3 d t \Sc­y´³ } y t \Se0w s wf\P^LcZg s gš\PdSw<™;yhw s aHc²fyhw …»t _x^`gš_ t \P^ t ‚w0e w z ^le0wfyšdg
e seuil k
{Kdg z wj_ t6…… _baHeb~Swxyhw … yšd z cwky´³Àw zbzt gF›_ }0z gšyšghwf\ Y ¢ t \ z y tÏ_ ai\Sw L L ™»y´³ d^`gšyšg zt ^`ghai\±cZd s aKc²fyhw
e < e seuil
e t yhefdy } ¹ …»t _`^`gš_lcwx/Ëw·efyšd^ke0wfyšdg t ‚w0e Y ¢ t \ z y tç_ ai\Sw L L ™8ai\ºd^`gšyšg z w …»t _ke0ai\P^`_bwDyhw
h∗ e > e seuil
s aHc²fyhwke t yhefdy } ¹ …»t _`^`gš_cw Y
h∗
¿Ft ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX ‹ue0ai\ZÇS_ s wÕe0w z ca sut gš\Sw z c8³ d^`gšyšg zt ^`ghai\ºcw wf^ e t _†gšy z cai\\Swf\K^|y t ~ t d^bwfd_|cwky t
k h∗
 ;‚%GF-% &6')xFö&ӝê!††
d',&# ¸Äå pH
É IH+äF=d',&#Æ&é;!k'&ÓÄJH q 


 ƒZYmX<X þÙ! C0C ö ;^C  A 7:9 ö ú 7:; øù ; ù| ;D9AÈúd7ÄAqù¿a%8<= ø 7(a¢d<C AŒ7:;D9 öù 7TS $ W; A1?w?BA k ö ' AÈú Yøù\ù@öù 7
k = 7 σtif
A+7lA<C0C ö ;^Cx; ù| ;D9ÈAÈú 7DCk= ö 9 A<C0C ö ; $9 C<;D?¹;WA ù1øù\ùgöù 7 ngëhi=g9  C A ù 7  C Y öù Cx? A<C„ü+ý ö 7:9A  A19 ù ;+d+9ÈA<C
σtieb
?†;ü ù A<C  ýt7 ö%$ ?BA ö ýQr»jûp»j

›ghwfyšyhwjy tӅ yšd zŽ… wf^`gš^bw Y

3 d t \Scjy´³ } y t \Se0w s wf\K^ t d€ s wf\K^bwyhw s aHc²fyhw …»t _^`gš_ t \K^ z ³ } yhaigš€<\SwpcZd s aKc²fyhwpcwy tɒ ¢  ŠÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX6ž ÈΙ
e0wj{Kdg z gš€<\g¶Ç»wk{KdSw|y´³ d^`gšyšg zt ^`ghai\QcZd s aHc²fyhw …»t _Ž^`gš_ t \K^w z ^Éyšg s gš^ } wÕ¹Ócw zŽ} y t \Se0w s wf\P^ z  t gš›yhw z4Y

R 1>=G=TJ>RZ1>=T52/
7;EË75@//F¬KEPJuEP﫬P3i=UVEH/214RSGTEKJ·EK/
:5@U­«;36EPJ>J>=?5@/ö7;EKJ R /=Tá@EP36J>=T14¬PJÁ7;E˨ÓRS/;O»RHé
G?5»36EU" .0/F7E0#ÕE1D¨ÓRZ1>åV"XW·¨Y#

΂S\
cw±e0a sL… yh²f^bwf_‰y t ‚ t yšghc t ^`ghai\ÍcZd s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç }±…»t _Á›ghwfyšyhw<™gšy|e0ai\P‚Hghwf\P^®cwy´³ d^`gšyšg z wf_ z d_
c8³ t d^`_bw z ^£Ã … w z cwˆŠ oY [£yZ\³Àw·Hg z ^bwe0w … wf\Sc t \P^ …»tiz ™¹†\Sai^`_bwÉe0ai\\ t g zbzt \Se0wÉcwÉcai\\ } w z cZgš_bw0ef^bw s wf\P^
d^`gšyšg zt ›yhw z c t \ z y t yšgš^`^ } _ t ^`d_bw z d_Éyhw z ˆŠ oY
q<X  
k!0Ð;‚%àp·Ñ'  ‰ #†  ' ! "ôk 


 ƒZYmX<ƒ
þ  ø~õ6ö ; ù A1C 
A ' ö ?¹;  :; 7   A<C  ;f  9ÈA ù 7DC õøœ 1d ?BA<C

ê‰5@//;¬PEPJLEP﫬P3i=UVEH/214RSGTEKJD7EUZ\[×^] ¯2B(_ ¿ w zt d^bwfd_ z cwL — n„#“<X6– cai\\Swf\K^†cw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z cw

Ò»w·Zghai\ Å \Said zɅ aid‚ai\ z†t yhai_ z _bw s ai\K^bwf_¹ …»t _Žy t Ñai_ s dyhwxcw|y tL’ ¢  ŠƒZY >ÈÉ{Pd³ gšy z ai\K^w18w0ef^`gš‚w Ÿ
P
s wf\P^†d^`gšyšg zb} w>È Y»ÂËt g z yhw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z cwÁÆÎ_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wÆl¹Óy t e0a sL… _bw zz ghai\cZgš_bw0ef^bwxe0ai_`_bw z`… ai\Sc t \K^bw z Å È
σc
z ai\K^ t d zbz w z ™Pe t _pwfyšyhw z ai\P^ } ^ }Žs w z d_ } w z…»t _cw z w zbz¾t g z Ñai_`^bw s wf\P^?_bwf^`^ }0z wf^pcai\Se†\Sai\~Sa s ai€²f\Sw z
Å }f… _baid‚wf^`^bw z wf\­e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhwDc8³ } y t \Se0w s wf\K^ Ì ™ q<“ È Y‘ \ … wfd^xe0w … wf\Sc t \P^x{Kd t yšgš^ t ^`gš‚w s wf\P^
^`_baid‚wf_d\Swžd z ^`g¶Ç»e t ^`ghai\±cZd s aKc²fyhw … _ }0z wf\P^ } ghefg;wf\e0ai_`_`gš€w t \K^†yhwk?_bwf^`^ t €wl€<_uáie0wx¹Dy´³ t6…… yšghe t ^`ghai\
cwj\Sai^`_bw s aHc²fyhw Y

ŠFaid z hy w z ˆŠ o b^ w z ^ }0zz ai\P^ghcwf\P^`gh{KdSw zt à t \P^Éd\ s  s w } y t \Se0w s wf\K^4™Sai\ … wfd^ … fw \ z wf_{KdSw†y´³Àw1Ïwf^ÉcZd
_bwf^`^ t €w z d_ w z ^xc } ÇS\g …»t _xd\Sw z wfdyhwuyhaig Y;„ aid zÓt ‚ai\ z e t yhefdy } ¹ …»t _`^`gš_Ócw z cai\\ } w z cw
σc σcif
cwÁ — n„,“<X6–]Y@¿Ft e0ai\K^`_ t gš\P^bwLcwl_`d … ^`d_bwÕwf\±e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhwj_bwf^`^ } w … wfd^"f^`_bwle0ai_`_`gš€ } wÓwf\
P
… a zt \P^ ™ } {Kd t ^`ghai\ Å ƒZY ¥<ÈΙwf^Žwf\ z d …… a zt \P^†{PdSw|y´³ t ef^`ghai\QcZd·_bwf^`^ t €w z dgš^Éd\Swjyhaigcw|^£Ã … w
σc = σcif
o aidyha s › r

Fc Å ƒZY  ž È
σc = f +c
S
a w z ^y t ai_be0wÓcwÕ_`d … ^`d_bwLwf\ºe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhwLai›^bwf\KdSw t ‚w0eՍ_bwf^`^ t €wÕwf^ y tÁz w0ef^`ghai\Vcw
Fc S
y´³ }f… _baid‚wf^`^bw<™ wf^ yhw zɅ»t _ t6s ²f^`_bw z cwjy t yhaigFcw|_bwf^`^ t €w Y
f c
‘ \lai›^`ghwf\K^ t yhai_ z y t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<q {PdgPcai\\Swpe0wf^`^bw_bwfy t ^`ghai\Õc8³ } € t yšgš^ }pt ‚w0epyhw z8…»t _ t6s ²f^`_bw z cw o aidyha s ›
cZdÁ?_bwf^`^ t €w r wf^ ™H‚ t yhwfd_ z ai›^bwf\KdSw z… aid_ žP• w zzt g zpz d_ q e0a sL… a z gš^`ghai\ z cw
f = 0,33 c = 0,18M P a
ˆŠ o cZg. } _bwf\P^bw z4Y
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 ƒZYmX6ž þ i øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC ø~ùB A1C õøœ 1d ?BA<CŒA ù 7:9 ö úd7:; øù 
n ? ö 7:9 ö úd7:; øù ù@ø 9 õ6ö ?¹;wC  A  7 öù 7  & ù ;WA6= ö 9

σt el n ö ' AÈú n A+7

TN = P h∗ = 0,54 k = 7 L = 250mm

‘ \
_bw sut _b{PdSw±{PdSwyhw z _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w z ¹ºy t e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\Ícw z ˆŠ o Å e0a sL…»t ef^ }0z·sut \PdSwfyšyhw s wf\K^¾È\Sw
c }f…»tizbz wf\K^ …»tiz e0wl{Kdg;e0ai_`_bw z`… ai\Sc±¹ucw z†}f… _baid‚wf^`^bw zjz¾t ^`d_ } w z c8³Àw t d Y ¢|w z ˆŠ o”z w0e z cw
2,5M P a
s  s wÓe0a sL… a z gš^`ghai\ t d_ t ghwf\K^jcai\Sexd\Swx_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w … yšd z €<_ t \ScwÓc }f… wf\Sc t \K^ … _`gš\Sefg …»t yhw s wf\P^lcwxy t
^bwf\Swfd_wf\Qefg s wf\K^†{Kdg8\³Àw z ^ …»tiz cai\\ } w …»t _Žyhw zt d^bwfd_ z4Y

ê‰5@//;¬PEPJEï«¬K36=U­EK/214RSG?EPJË7E`Z\a â §Vb
b0_ ¿ w z w zbzt g z cwÁe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ cZgš_bw0ef^bwÁcw® Êˌ ¿(Ì<ÌN–
z ai\K^ɍ t gš^ zz d_Žcw zŽ}f… _baid‚wf^`^bw z c8³ } y t \Se0w s wf\P^|cwfdZ‡Ñaig zɅ yšd z €<_ t \ScQ{PdSwL — n„ “<XN– ™ s gš\g s g zt \K^yhw
_bwf^`^ t €w YP‘ \ … wfd^ t yhai_ z d^`gšyšg z wf_ z w z cai\\ } w z w· …Ï} _`g s wf\P^ t yhw z {Pd t \K^`gš^ t ^`gš‚w s wf\P^ t ‚w0ed\Sw … _ } efg z ghai\
_bwfy t ^`gš‚we0w … wf\Sc t \K^4™ … dg z {KdSwy ¹Žwf\Se0ai_bwgšyÃ t ?_bwf^`^ t €w YNn \ld^`gšyšg zt \K^;y tŽs aKc } yšg z¾t ^`ghai\xwf\xe0a sL… _bw zz ghai\
t ‚w0e ™Ï^`_baid‚ } c t \ z y tz w0ef^`ghai\ … _ } e } cwf\P^bw<™ai\Vai›^`ghwf\K^jy t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX ¥ Yo ~ t {PdSw … aigš\P^
ho = 23mm
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 ƒZYmX ‹ þ  ö ý
7ÄA1ý
9  A<C}7:;D9 öù 7DC= ø ý
9}?BA<C õøœ 1d ? A1C C1; õ =@?†; &  C= ö 937:;w9 öù 7 n ö ' Aú
L = 250mm
A+7 9A<CW=\AÈúd7:;('A õ A ù 7
h∗ = 0,54 k=7

w z ^Óy t±s a4Áwf\\SwQcwefgš\S{ w zbzt g z e0ai_`_bw z`… ai\Sc t \P^·¹d\Swai_ s dy t ^`ghai\ …»t _`^`ghefdyšgh²f_bw®cw‰ˆŠ or gšyà t
{Kd t ^`_bwk€ } a sD} ^`_`ghw z Å e t ‚w0e ÈΙ@^`_baig z ^bwf_`_bw z cZg. } _bwf\P^bw z Å ^bwf_`_bw z
0,15 ≤ L ≤ 0,5 45mm ≤ e ≤ 125mm
_bw0e0ai\ z ^`gš^`d } w z†zt ›yhw Ÿ / t aiyšgš\gš^bw>Ȏwf^Ž^`_baig z ^ t dZ‡®cwjefg s wf\P^ Å cw X ™m‹-S‹Lwf^k Ì È Y

¿Ft cZ_baigš^bwcwkÆfe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\FƎcwy t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX ¥|w z ^ … _ t ^`gh{KdSw s wf\P^e0ai\Zai\ScZdSw t ‚w0eÉy t ›g zbz w0ef^`_`ghe0w YP¿ w
e0aHw14uefghwf\P^cw|e0ai_`_ } y t ^`ghai\Qw z ^Écw Ì ™ •<•ZY¿ ³Àw18wf^ÉcZd·?_bwf^`^ t €w|cw z w zbzt g z cw|e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\®cZgš_bw0ef^bw Å È
σc
w z ^ĂHg z gš›yhw z d_Äyhw z… aigš\P^ z Œ
wf^ˆ|™N^baid z yhw z cwfdZ‡Õai\K^d\ } y t \Se0w s wf\P^ … yšd zą wf^`gš^ Å _bw zb… w0ef^`gš‚w s wf\K^ Ì ™Û¥
wf^Ž<™ ƒ c t \ z y´³Àw zzt gScwŽe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yhw>È{PdSwyhw zpt d^`_bw z ˆŠ o c8³ } y t \Se0w s wf\P^ z d …Ï} _`ghwfd_aid } € t y@¹
<™m‹ YZ¿ ³ d^`gšyšg zt ^`ghai\Qc8³ d\ z à z ^b² s wc8³ t \P^`g¶_bwf^`^ t €w t d_ t gš^ zt \ z caid^bw^`_ t \ z y t ^ } ~Sai_`g _ ai\K^ t yhw s wf\P^‚wf_ z
y t € t dSe~SwÓe0w z cwfdZ‡ … aigš\P^ z4Y2¿ wÕe0aKw14uefghwf\K^jcwle0ai_`_ } y t ^`ghai\ t d_ t gš^ t yhai_ z} ^ }x… yšd z… _baHeb~SwÕcwÁ YÏo w z
_ }0z dyš^ t ^ z _bwf\Zai_be0wf\K^y t ‚ t yšghcZgš^ } cZd s aHc²fyhwjcwke0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL… yšg¶Ç }j…»t _Ž›ghwfyšyhw z4Y

ªl5@U­«;R36RS=?J45@/¸Rá2EP:G?RºJ452G91>=?5@/ô¬KG?RJ01>=?I9FE±5»ò;14EK/89;EQ7EPJu:RSG?:P9;G?JDRS9Fïà¬KG?¬KU­EK/214J ! /=?J

„ aid zŽt ‚ai\ z d^`gšyšg zb} y tÓ±} ^`~SaHcwjcw zÉ} y }fs wf\P^ z ÇS\g z Å Ân °Èc t \ z yhw|›d^Žcw|e0a sL…»t _bwf_Žd\Sw s aHc } yšg Ÿ
zt ^`ghai\Qwf\ } y tiz ^`ghefgš^ } yšgš\ }4t gš_bw t ‚w0ej\Sai^`_bw s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç } ›ghwfyšyhw z wf^Ž^`gš_ t \P^ Y
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 ƒZYmX<q þdc 7:;D?†;^C ö 7:; ø~ùq ý õøœ 1d ?BA C<; õ =@?†; &  = ö 9 $ ;WA1?w?BA  A*ú ø~õ =g9ÈA<C<C<; øùåö ' AÈú*?BA<C  øùŠù  A<C*A # =  û
91; õ A ù 7 ö ? A<C  A ) ^2 ! * ~p } 0 n"úba ö ü+ý|A= ø ; ù 7lA1C17"? ö õø Y8 A ùŠù A ç
A r3A<C0C ö ;^C{n n 5 9ÈAd7¨7  A+7
ho = 23mm σc
ú ø 9191;ü  = ö 9 ý ù AÔ? ø ;  A i ø ý‚? øõ”$

ê‰RS/;JxG?RQò=?EKGG?E ¿ wef_`gš^b²f_bw|cw_`d … ^`d_bwcwy t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<• w z ^ai›^bwf\Pd‰wf\Á t g zt \K^py´³ ~Kà … ai^`~S² z wc8³ d\
ef_`gš^b²f_bwŽcw o aidyha s › YP¿ w z cwfdZ‡ … aigš\P^ z {PdgSc } ÇS\g zbz wf\P^y t cZ_baigš^bwcwÉ_`d … ^`d_bw z ai\K^ai›^bwf\Pd z…»t _\Sai^`_bw
s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç } e t yhefdy }… aid_Fd\ՈŠ oºz ³ } ^ t \K^F_ba sL… d … aid_;d\Sw‚ t yhwfd_;cw cw Y6˜ aid_e0wf^`^bw
P 9,5kN
‚ t yhwfd_xcw ™Fai\ z d …… a z wD{Kd³Àai\ t ^`^bwfgš\K^xy t _`d … ^`d_bwuwf\(e0a sL… _bw zz ghai\ wf^l^`_ t ef^`ghai\ z g s dyš^ t \ }fs wf\P^
P
… aid_Lyhw s aHc²fyhwVÆΛghwfyšyhw Ÿ `^ gš_ t \P^>Æ Y¿ w … aigš\P^ ’ ee0ai_`_bw zb… ai\Scô¹±y t `_ d … ^`d_bw‰wf\ôe0a sL… b_ w bz z ghai\ z g sL… yhw
c t \ z yhw z ›ghwfyšyhw z ™FcwÕe0aHai_bcai\\ } w z e t yhefdy } w zlt ‚w0eLyhw s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç }L…»t _j›ghwfyšyhwD¹ …»t _`^`gš_
(σcif ,0)
cw YK¿ w … aigš\P^ ’ ^p^`_ t cZdgš^y t _`d … ^`d_bw|wf\^`_ t ef^`ghai\ z g sL… yhw|c t \ z yhw†^`gš_ t \P^4™Zcw|e0aKai_bcai\\ } w z
P (0,σtif )
e t yhefdy } w z†t ‚w0ekyhw s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç } ™^baid`aid_ zŽ… aid_ Y
P = 9,5kN
¿Ft ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<•ks ai\P^`_bw|{KdSwŽy tk±n °Vcai\\Sw t d zbz g@d\Sw_`d … ^`d_bwwf\Áe0a sL… _bw zz ghai\ z d_y´³ t ‡wŒˆ™Kcai\Se
c t \ z y t-_ ai\Swlcw|y t ›ghwfyšyhw<™ t d … aigš\P^ ’ ™Ze0a sLs wlc t \ z \Sai^`_bw s aHc } yšg zt ^`ghai\ z g sL… yšg¶Ç } w …»t _Ž›ghwfyšyhw Y
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 ƒZYmX ¥ þ2 ö ?†;  ö 7:; øù  ý õøœ 1d ?BAkA ù ú øõ =@9A<C0C1; ø~ù ö ' Aú5?BA<C Y øù\ù  A1C8A # =  91; õ A ù 7 ö ? A<C  A ™) õÄwÄöBèsèv0 n
n 5 9ÈAd7¨7  = ø ý
9 ? A1Cž= ø ; ù 7DC w Ad7KgØnÑúba ö üdý|A8= ø ; ù 75A<C+7Æ? ö„õø Y8 A ùŠù A  Ae&*A<C<C ö ;wC
h = 23mm
o σc

ê‰RS/;JÁG?EË1>=?3NRS/21 ¿Ft ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<“Ds ai\K^`_bwly t cZg z ^`_`gš›d^`ghai\Ëcwly t e0ai\P^`_ t gš\P^bw ai›^bwf\KdSwxyhwlyhai\€
σXX
cZd z wf€ s wf\K^ˆ  c t \ z d\Sw s aKc } yšg z¾t ^`ghai\ ±n °ýwf\ } y tiz ^`ghefgš^ } yšgš\ }4t gš_bw Y

„ aid zDt ‚ai\ z d^`gšyšg z} y t±s aKc } yšg zt ^`ghai\ …»t _Ly t˱n ° … aid_DcwfdZ‡ ^£Ã … w z cw‰e0ai\ScZgš^`ghai\ zÁt dZ‡ yšg s gš^bw z4r
t6…… dg z|z g sL… yhw z wf^ t6…… dg z _bai^`dy }0z>Y2n \ … _ t ^`gh{KdSwÕwf^|cw z d_bef_baigš^gš\ z gš^`d™»gšy z w s ›yhwÕcZg.4uefgšyhwÓcwx_ }4tNŸ
yšg z wf_kcw zlt6…… dg zxz g sL… yhw z cZdˍ t gš^kcwLy t y t _`€wfd_k\Sai\V\KdyšyhwDcwLe0wfdZ‡ Ÿ efg{PdgĂ t € } \ } _bwf_kd\º›yhaHe t €w
…»t __bai^`^bw s wf\P^ z d_Éy tÓz d_  t e0w|~Sai_`g _ ai\K^ t yhwlwf\®e0ai\P^ t ef^ t ‚w0ejyhw|ˆŠ oY [£y z w s ›yhwk{KdSwy´³ t6…… dg_bai^`dy }
z aigš^cai\Se … yšd z… _baKe~Swcw z e0ai\ScZgš^`ghai\ z w· …Ï} _`g s wf\P^ t yhw z4Y ¢ t \ z e0we tiz ™Hy tl±n ° w z ^{Kd t yšgš^ t ^`gš‚w s wf\P^
… _baHeb~SwDcwÓ\Sai^`_bw s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç }<Y8¿ ³ tizb… w0ef^l{Kd t \P^`gš^ t ^`g¶É\³ } ^ t \K^ …»tizlt ›Ïai_bc t ›yhw t ‚w0eLy ts aHc } yšg Ÿ
zt ^`ghai\ …»t _ Ân °ö t d^bwDc8³ d\SwDe0ai\\ t g zbz¾t \Se0w … _ } efg z wDcwÓy t _`~ } aiyhai€<ghwucw z ˆŠ o wf^kcw z e0ai\ScZgš^`ghai\ z
c8³ t6…… dg z Å ‚aigš_|Œ\\Sw·w o È Y [£y;à tu… y tiz ^`g¶Ç»e t ^`ghai\Vcwxy t _ ai\SwÕwf\ºe0ai\P^ t ef^ t ‚w0eÕyhw z eb~ t _`€w z wf^|c t \ z
e0wje tiz yhw z e t yhefdy z ‚ai\P^†c }f… wf\ScZ_bwkcw zŽ…»t _ t6s ²f^`_bw z†} y tiz ^`gh{KdSw z wf^ … y tiz ^`gh{PdSw z cZd sut ^ } _`g t d Y
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 ƒZYmX<• q
þ  ;wC17:91; $

ý 7:; øùB A<Ctú øù 7:9 ö ; ù 7ÄA<C=@91; ù úd;E= ö ? A<C ?BA ? øù   ý¡CdA+ õ A ù 7 w gnÔú ö ?.ú+ý
?  A= ö 9 ? ö

!
æ
@
Aù  ? ö C17:;¨ú+;D7  ?†; ù  ö ;D9ÈA{n n,ú øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC ø~ù ö ' AÈú ù@ø 7:9ÈA õøœ 1d ?BA C<; õ =@?¹; &  c91ýi=g7:ý‚9Aœj
P = 9,5kN

‘ \­e t yhefdyhwÁyhw z ‚ t yhwfd_ z cwLy´³Àw18ai_`^k\Sai_ sut yc t \ z yhwL^`gš_ t \K^4™ ™ …»t _kyhw z cwfdZ‡ s aHc²fyhw zk… aid_ld\
NAC
ˆŠ o ¹†y t _`d … ^`d_bw … aid_ YPn \Ld^`gšyšg zt \P^y´³ } {Pd t ^`ghai\ Å ƒZY ‹ÈcZd s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç } ™<ai\L^`_baid‚w
P = 9,5kN
Y
NAC = −4,2kN
w z ^Žai›^bwf\Kd …»t _Éy tL±n ° …»t _Žgš\P^ } €<_ t ^`ghai\±cw z e0aid_`›Ïw zŽ… _ }0z wf\K^ } w z c t \ z y t ÇS€<d_bw ƒZYmX<“ ™ z d_Éy t
NAC
z w0ef^`ghai\VcZdV^`gš_ t \K^ Å z d_ wf\K^`_bwLyhw zj… aigš\P^ z Üûwf^ Â È YϘ aid_ ™ t ‚w0e t6…… dg z _bai^`dy }0z wf^
ht l P = 9,5kN
t6…… dg zŽz g sL… yhw z ai\^`_baid‚wkyhw z w1Ïai_`^ z \Sai_ sut dZ‡‰c t \ z yhw^`gš_ t \P^4™S_bw z`… w0ef^`gš‚w s wf\K^ wf^
Nar = −5,6kN
™Ïe0w z ‚ t yhwfd_ z wf\Se t cZ_bwf\K^j›ghwf\Ëyhwl_ }0z dyš^ t ^jai›^bwf\Pd …»t _ s aHc²fyhw z g sL… yšg¶Ç }x…»t _|^`gš_ t \K^
Nas = −2,8kN
{Kdgcai\\Sw Y
NAC = −4,2kN
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 ƒZYmX<“ þH ;^C+7:9<; $ -
ý 7:; ø~ùy A ? ö ú øù 7:9 ö ; ù 7ÄA C<ý
9Yg @
nú ö ? ú+ý
?  A*= ö 9Œ? ö m!
æ
@
A ù  ? ö C17:;¨ú+;:7 
σXX
?†; ù  ö ;w9A{n n n,ú øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC øù ö ' AÈú  ;f  9A ù 7DC õøœ 1d ?BA<Cœj
P = 9,5kN L = 250mm

LKJVš/J)E  O € ?S Š TWO € ŽX ò5X\V Š ò5X‹îԍTf¿X Š

¿Ft _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w¹ky t e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\·cw z ˆŠ o w z ^4™K¹ly´³ ~Swfd_bw t ef^`dSwfyšyhw<™Kyhw …»t _ t6s ²f^`_bw sD} e t \gh{KdSw†yhw … yšd z
g sL… ai_`^ t \P^Óc t \ z yhwfd_Õe t _ t ef^ } _`g zt ^`ghai\ Y;¿ ³Àw zbzt gpcwLÒ»w·Hghai\(^`_baig zl… aigš\P^ z d_lˆŠ o t6……»t _ t™˜ ^Óe0a sLs w
… aid‚ t \K^|c } ^bwf_ s gš\Swf_jyhwfd_|_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wÕ¹Áy t e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\ºcw sut \gh²f_bwxgš\ScZgš_bw0ef^bw<™8{KdSwÕe0w z aigš^gš\ z gš^`d
aidwf\Qy t ›2ai_ t ^baigš_bw Y2„ aid z… _ba … a z ai\ z d\SwjÑai_ s dyhwl^`_b² zz g sL… yhwx{Pdg … wf_ s wf^c8³Àai›^bwf\gš_†y t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w
cZdQˆŠ oY@o wf^`^bwkai_ s dyhwlw z ^ɛ tizb} w z d_Žd\Sw t6…… _baHeb~Swxefy tizbz gh{KdSw …»t _›ghwfyšyhw z wf^^`gš_ t \P^ z cZde t yhefdy¹
_`d … ^`d_bwkcw z†z ^`_`dSef^`d_bw z4Y

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s Š Ì6ž<… <™ ƒ Ì ™“ Ì ™q ¥ Ì ™m‹ Ì ™Û¥ ƒ
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õ A ù 7 ö ?BA<CA+7,ú ö ? ú+ý
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? A  AÔ?  ! i
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z s d_bwf^ zps Š Ì<•6… aÁe0wÉ_ t6…… ai_`^
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ftb Å ‹ YmX<ƒ È
fk = σ2R =
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a r

þ fk aid σ2R c }0z gš€<\Swjy t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wkwf\Qe0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\cZd s d_bwf^
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þ ›yhaHe z wf^ s ai_`^`ghwf_ z ai\P^Žg z ai^`_ba … w zŽ} y tiz ^`gh{KdSw z

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¿ w z ‚ t yhwfd_ z ^`~ } ai_`gh{KdSw z Å } {Kd t ^`ghai\(‹ YmX<ƒ È z ai\P^xc t \ z y tsut  ai_`gš^ } cw z e tizlz d …2} _`ghwfd_bw zxt dZ‡±‚ t yhwfd_ z
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Eblocs Emortier ftb σf
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sD’†•  X6… X ‹ Ì<Ì X<Ì<Ìá Ì ™ žPÌ Ÿ Ì ™š žP• X ™Û¥ Ÿ

  @‹ Ym“ þ i øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC øù C  & C<C<ý
9 ö 7:; øùQ A<C õ ý‚9A+7DCA ù
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7 ö ?BA<CA+7žú ö ? ú+ý
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þ z aigš^|c8³ t d^`_bw …»t _`^|yhw zs d_bwf^ zkt ^`^bwfgš€<\Swf\P^ … yšd^i^yhwfd_|_`d … ^`d_bw …»t _jw·Z^bwf\ z ghai\±c t \ z yhw z ›yhaHe z
{KdSw …»t _Ž^`_ t ef^`ghai\ Y

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c t \ z yhw …»t _ t €<_ t6… ~SwՋ YmXZYmƒ cw|y tLz w0ef^`ghai\±‹ YmXZY

˜ aid_pyhw‚wf_e0ai\ z ghc } _ } ™Kyhw z hom z ai\K^pe t yhefdy }0z wf^ai\Ác } cZdgš^pyhw zs aHcZdyhw z cw†e0a sL… _bw zbz ghai\‚wf_`^`ghe t yhw
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Aù  ? ö C17:;¨ú+;:7  A ùë5døù ú 7:; øù A<C õøœ ý
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˜ aid_yhw|— n’²õÄr

þ Å ™ È | Å Ì ™m‹¥H™ Ì ™ žPƒ È Å ^ t dZ‡‰‚aiyšd s gh{KdSwkcw s ai_`^`ghwf_wf^›yhaKejc t \ z y tDz aid z e0wfyšyšdyhwkŒjÈ

αm αb
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βm βb

þ Å ™ È | Å Ì ™ Ì ¥H™ Ì ™ “<ƒ È Å ^ t dZ‡‰‚aiyšd s gh{KdSwkcwkŒ”wf^†ˆ

c t \ z yhw|— n’²õ È
γA γB

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E hom ²vf
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Ebloc Emortier Eexp EVhom
ER1 ²exp σexp σV ER1
cw zÉs d_ z
s Š Ì<Ì6… õ ‹ Ì<Ì õ ‹ Ì •<Ì<Ì õ4X<X<X Ì ™ õfž õ ™q õ ™•
s Š Ì6ž<… õ ‹ Ì<Ì ‹ Ì ƒ<X<Ì ‹ žPq Ì ™X ‹ õ ™ž õ ™m‹
s Š Ì<•6… õ ‹ Ì<Ì õ4Ì<Ì ƒ<Ì<Ì “<ƒ<X Ì ™X Ì ™• X
s Š žP•6… X<Ì<Ì<Ì õ4Ì<Ì ‹ Ì<Ì õ4Ì<Ì ‹ Ì ™õ ‹ õ ™• õ ™q
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sD’†•(õ4X6… X ‹ Ì<Ì X<Ì<Ì þ õ ¥ q<ƒ Ì ™õ ‹ X ™q X ™•

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ù k ö ' AÈú¡ú0A1?D?BA<C ú ö ? ú+ý‚?  A<C*= ö 9"a øõø ù  ;^C ö 7:; øù j A+7 C øù 7x?BA<C õøœ ý
?BA<C  A
N/mm2 Ebloc Emortier
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EVhom
ER1
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'A õ A ù 7 õ6ø û
Eexp ²exp σexp
 ý
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9A A+78? ö ú øù 7:9 ö ; ù 7ÄAçct? ö
91ý =g7:ý
9A  A<C õ ý
9ÈAd7DCŒA+7ÔC øù 7  A<C' ö ?BA1ý‚9<C õø Y8 A ù\ù A<C   ý
;:7ÄA<C  ýR7 ö%$ ?BA ö ý’&%j)&%j4l ø ý
9 ?BA<C õ ý
9ÈA+7DC
õ h$9 z1=‹n õ . 9 1z =¡A+7 õ . z ê }+=|n,ú0AC øù 7  A<CD' ö ? A1ý
9<C; ù| ;¨ú ö 7:;('A<Cžj ö A<C C øù 7,?BA<Cú ø~ù 7:9 ö ; ù 7ÄA1Cc
σV ER1
? ö 91ý =²7:ý‚9A6ú ö ? ú+ý
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ŠF_`g … yhwf^ z Š˜t È Å Â˜t È (Rctriplet ajv)

Rcbloc Rctriplet ajv (Rcbloc )
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ŠF_`g … yhwf^ z Š±˜t È Å Â˜t È (Rctriplet sjv)

Rcbloc Rctriplet sjv (Rcbloc )
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g zbz d z cw z ^`_ t ‚ t dZ‡Õcwˆaid|/ t cZghc t Àˆ ‘¡ Ì(õΖZz d_^`_`g … yhwf^ z wf\ӈŠ o t ‚w0ewf^ zt \ z `aigš\P^‚wf_`^`ghe t yZ_ }4t yšg zb}0z
t ‚w0exyhw zŽs  s w z ^bwf_`_bw z {PdSwj\Said z>Y2‘ \e0ai\ z ^ t ^bw t yhai_ z {PdSw … aid_Žyhw z ^`_`g … yhwf^ z ^ ’Žžõ4X6… {KdSwjyhw z  aigš\K^ z
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`aigš\P^Ž‚wf_`^`ghe t y z ai\P^ … šy d z _ }0z g z ^ t P\ ^ z ™y´³ } e t _`^Ž_bw z ^bw t gš›yhwkwf^Žw z ^Žgš\Z } _`ghwfd_†¹ 4õ ÌY

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1m2
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s d_bwf^Žw z ^4™ …»t _ ztx… yšd z €<_ t \ScwjcZg s wf\ z ghai\™ … yšd z _bw … _ }0z wf\P^ t ^`g¶c8³ d\ s d__ } wfyÏgš\ z gš^`d‰{PdSw†yhw^`_`g … yhwf^
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s d_bwf^ z cw õ cw z d_  t e0w z ai\K^ s aigš\ z _ }0z g z ^ t \P^ z {PdSwyhw z ^`_`g … yhwf^ z… aid_d\Sw s  s wÑai_ s dy t ^`ghai\·cw
m2
›yhaHe z wf^ s ai_`^`ghwf_ YZ¿ w†_ t6…… ai_`^Écw z _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w z l
¹ y t `_ d … ^`d_bw‚ t _`ghw†wf\K^`_bw Ì ™ q<X wf^ õ ™ Ì6ž wf\K^`_bwyhw z cwfdZ‡
^]à … w z c8³ } eb~ t \K^`gšyšyhai\ z cw sutiv ai\\Swf_`ghw Å ^ t ›yhw t dà‹ Yõfž È Y;„}4t \ s aigš\ zl… aid_lyhw z ^`_`g … yhwf^ z ^ ’†•(õ4X Å cai\K^
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1m2
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s d_bwf^ z Å ÇS€<d_bwx‹ Y ž ‹È Y@¿ w z _ t6…… ai_`^ z cwk_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wlwf\K^`_bwkyhw zs d_bwf^ z wf^Žyhw z ^`_`g … yhwf^ z|t ‚ Å t ‚w0e8 aigš\K^
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1M 2


‹ Y ž<ž þ i øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC ø~ùq A„9  C<;wC17 ö~ù ú0A*A ù ú øõ =@9A<C0C1; ø~ù1 A<C7:9<;>=@?BA+78C öù C ø ; ù 7x'A19+7:;:ú ö ?žA+7 ö ' AÈú
 ø ; ù 7'A19+7:;:ú ö ?

comparaison des triplets avec et sans joint corrélation triplet - mur

4.5 4.5
triplets sans joint vertical

4 4 triplets avec joint vertical

triplet sans joint vertical - contrainte en (N/mm²)

3.5 3.5
Résistancedes triplets(N/mm²)

3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
triplet avec joint vertical- contrainte en (N/mm²) Resistance du mur(N/mm²)


@‹ Y ž ‹ þ i øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC øù A ù 7:9A9  C<;wC17 öù ú<A  A<CÔ7:9<;>=@?BA+7DCA+7  A<C õ ý‚9A+7DC
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Š_`g … yhwf^ z
Rcmuret 1m2 Rctriplets Rctriplets Rapport Rapport
(Rcmuret ) Rcmuret
ajv sjv (Rctriplet ajv) (Rctriplets sjv)
^bŠ Ì<Ì6… õ ™q õ ™Û¥ Ÿ Ì ™ “6ž Ÿ
^bŠ Ì6ž<… õ ™ž õ ™ƒ ‹ õ ™q õ ™ Ì6ž Ì ™ •<•
^bŠ Ì<•6… Ì ™• õ ™ X<“ õ ™X Ì ™ q<X Ì ™ q<q
^bŠ žP•6… õ ™• X ™õ ƒ Ì ™• ‹ Ì ™q
^ ’žP•6… õ ™ƒ X X ™õ Ì ™Û¥ X Ì ™ q<X
^ ’†•(õ4X6…  ƒ ™q Æ X ™q ƒ õ ™ ƒ<• õ ™X

  ‹ Yõfž þ i øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC øù A ù 7:9A ? A1Cx9  C1;^C+7 öù ú0A<C A ù ú øõ =@9A<C0C1; øù C1; õ =@?BA  A<C7:9<;>=@?BA+7DC6C ö~ù CØ ø ; ù 7
'A19+7:;¨ú ö ?Ad7 õ ý
9ÈA+7DC
Ç äfËÓÌÊ1ÌÒwËÓäfäÉXØ(ɤ×ÓÑ×ÕÍׅÉXÊGØGäf×äf̍ͣãiË٤̍ÍËÓÑ

b48p bloc B4
r48p2 bloc_r4
4.0 4.0
triplet b48pf triplet r48p1

mur_b48p tendance mur_r48p

3.5 3.5

3.0 3.0

2.5 2.5
contrainte(MPa)

contrainte(MPa)

2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

0.5
0.5

0.0
0.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
déformation vertical(%)
déformation verticale(%)


Z‹ Y žPq þ i øõ = ö 9 ö ;wC øù7 Alú øõ = ø 9+7ÄA õ A ù 7  A õ ý‚9 A ê A+7  A"7:91;E=g? A+7DC  A õ:-1õ A d5 ø 9 õ ý
? ö 7:; øù
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1M 2

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`aigš\P^ z ‚wf_`^`ghe t dZ‡ … wfd‚wf\P^ t  t gš›yšgš_y t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wcw z ^`_`g … yhwf^ z4YK±t g z c8³ d\Sw sut \gh²f_bw€<yhai› t yhwai\ … wfd^
w z `^ g s wf_{KdSwjy t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wkwf\Qe0a sL… b_ w bz z ghai\QcZd®^`_`g … yhwf^ t ‚w0ež`aigš\P^‚wf_`^`ghe t 
y w z ^ … šy d Ž
z … _baHeb~Swlcwke0wfyšyhw
cZd s d_bwf^cw Y
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âîçáëïå¼îð«ã

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²xb =
σxb
−
σzb
ν13 −
σ2
ν12
NP±;WIÀVU
Eb11 Eb22 Eb22
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²zb =
σzb
−
σxb
ν31 −
σ2
ν32
NP±;W v U
Eb22 Eb22 Eb22
³ž45$6RH*# J 54 6  )*#6~45+c@^“
²xm =
1
(σxm − νm σzm − νm σ2 )
NP±;W y U
Em

²zm =
1
(σzm − νm σxm − νm σ2 )
NP±;W Á1U
Em
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b^Û¬†^Ö ±;W v [ ¯;à-”ã"äPïPä…ñ5ã²è,ç”édâVí,ç”é&è,ç:á9ñ†ñCð˜è‘ñCã"ã?à9ç”é\é†çXë.ñCãAëIç\ê3ñVè,óXë*ç:è,çµQ"îeâ‘â5ãçïTè,àXé”äIò5ãøâCïPä…ñ5ãè,çXé

é”æbð-# â‘á”ç”é;è,ç4“XëIñ†áXéŒçï¿ê>ñ5ðïPä…çXð
s +\% $=$=E4C%(@D+,{$+"#~@5!e‹"69#+"'2#L=0@D6˜„‰@D)I9#RQ$H*4b' J 456  )*#6†1H*#2%{Ž,@DHI)I92%{%9$)IB5@D+19#2%¿=E#$B‘#+, ‚  69#L(@DQ$HI)*#2%†“

²xb = ²xm
NP±;W · U

²zb = ²zm
NP±;W › U
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2/1$)IHI)IQ$69#O!$#2%^„…4569'2#2%€% $=$=E4C%9#+1

Fxb + Fxm = 0
NP±;W š U

Fzb + Fzm = 0
NP±;W n U
zÄHY%†’@DŽC)I€!"@D+"%€H*#2%€2/10@D )*45+"%NP±;W š U}#NP±;W n U{!$#T%94 J3J #2%R@DHIŽ‘Q$6 )*/1"#2%†W
s +c%(#t69X„P6(@D+1~FŒHM@-"ŽC$69#T±;W v 45+‡@

σxm = −ασxb
NP±;W m U

σzm = −aσzb
NP±;WIÀ ¾ U
45Ê α = # a = Nþ-"ŽC$69#T±;W v
Sb
Sm
Sb 2
Sm 2

|t#2%€2/10@D )*45+"%NP±;WIÀVUNP±W y UNP±;W · UNP±W › UNP±;W m UNP±;WIÀ ¾ U

σxb =
( Eνb22
13
+ a Eνmm )σzb + ( Eνb22
1
12
−
α
νm
Em )σ2 NP±;WIÀCÀVU
+
45c!$#2%€2/10@D )*45+"%NP±;W v UNP±;W Á1UNP±W · UNP±;W › UNP±W m UNP±;WIÀ ¾ U
Eb11 Em

σxb =
1
( Eb22 + a ν32
Em )σzb + (− Eb22
ν31 ανm
+ νm
Em )σ2 NP±;WIÀ v U
Eb11 + Em
|t#2%€2/10@D )*45+"%NP±;WIÀCÀVUNP±WIÀ v U^45+‡!$2!e$)I†“

σzb = Kzb σ2
NP±;WIÀ y U
±ÈB‘#2'
Kzb =
α

−α a
νm 1

1
νm
A (ν32 + νm ν12 ) + B (1 + ν13 ) − C (ν32 + ν31 ν12 ) + α D (νm
α
+ 1) NP±;WIÀÁ1U
2
A (ν31 νm − 1) + B (−1 + ν31 νm ) + C (ν13 ν31 − 1) + a D (νm − 1)
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45Ê
±;$[L0_L0|45+1€=E45$6R#Xˆb=$69#2%(% )*45+
[ A = Eb22 Em
[ B = Eb11 Em
[ C = Eb11 Eb22
[ 2
D = Em

σxb
=E#$R!$45+"'T%†2'6 )I69#S%(45"%ƒHM@;„…456 J #•“

σxb = Kxb σ2
NP±;WIÀ · U
@2B‘#2'

Kxb =
( Eνb22
13
+ a Eνm
m
1
)R + ( Eνb22
12

α
− νm
Em ) NP±;WIÀ › U
+
³ @D6ƒH*#2%{2/10@D $)*45+"%ONP±;WIÀCÀVUNP±WIÀ v U{45+:45Q$ )*#+"!e6(@;H*#2%^#Xˆe=$69#2%9% )*45+"%ƒ!$#2%^'245+, 6(@D)I+19#2% σ #  σ !"@D+"%
Eb11 Em

H*# J 456  )*#6†W

xm zm

—1)€+"45"%># J # 945+"%7H*#2%>‹1h1=E45 ‹"<2%9#2%>!$#:Q$H*4b'2%3)*%945 6945=E#2%>#7!$#:'245+1 6(@D)I+,9#‡=$HM@D+"#N σ = 0XU ¿@DH*4569%

#
zb

Kzb = 0

Kxb =
( νE12b −
1
νm
Em )
α
NP±;WIÀ š U
+
(@D+1€H*# J b4 !e$H*#S!$#2%€Q$H*4b'2%
Eb Em

Eb
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σij = Eijkl ²kl

NP[tWIÀVU
H*#2%'245+"% (@D+,9#2%xHM@5%  )*/,"#2%•!eŒ9#+"%9#$6 Eijkl
#+ y ™q|N m @D;945(@DH0F~'†@D"%9#^!$#{H‰456  ‹"45 6945=$)*#VU%†2'6 )IB‘#+1†W

hom
E1111 =
hE1122 /E2222 i2 2
− hE1122 /E2222 i + hE1111 i
NP[tW v U
h1/E2222 i

hom
E3333 =
hE3322 /E2222 i2 2
− hE3322 /E2222 i + hE1111 i
NP[tW y U
h1/E2222 i

hom
E2222 = 1/h
1
i
NP[tW Á1U
E2222

hom
E3322 =
hE3322 /E2222 i NP[tW · U
h1/E2222 i

hom
E1122 =
hE1122 /E2222 i NP[tW › U
h1/E2222 i

hom
E1133 =
hE1122 /E2222 ihE3322 /E2222 i hE1122 E2233 i
− + hE1133 i
NP[tW š U
h1/E2222 i E2222

hom
E2323 = 1/h
1
i
NP[tW n U
E2323

hom
E1313 = hE1313 i
NP[tW m U
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hom
E1212 = 1/h
1
i
NP[tWIÀ ¾ U
E1212
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Œ å ÎÁâã ßáãïì ” ÑËêáðEãïì

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'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+§WSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW yCv
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y W š |L45+$+"2#2%¿!$# i T ±~ ¾C¾5o ‘,_{4 J =0@D6(@D)*%945+Z!$#2%•692%9)*% (@D+"'2#2%¿FLHM@t'24 J =$69#2%9%9)*45+7=E45$6•H*#€%945H
z ·‘¸ =E45$6È!e).fg69#+,9#2%žŽ‘24 J  6 )*#2%=0@D6H*#2%È=$6941'22!e$69#2% sj ]ƒ³ s ™ l )IH*# J -"ŽC$69#‘N y W · N…@‘U U
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y W n |L45+$+"2#2%O!$# i T ±L ¾C¾poqi T ±~ m š @ o ‘ s fE#S!$#ŒH‰HM@D+"'2# J #+,% $6tH*#2%t692% )*% (@D+"'2#2%TFZHM@
'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+ J #2% $692#2%3%(@D+"%Œ@D+, ).„P69# (@DŽ‘#\=?45$6Œ!$#2%;=$6945$B‘# 9#2%>!$#Z%(45H¿!$# J>‚J #
!$#+"% )I9c%9<2'(‹"#NP%945H€z ·‘¸di T ±~ ¾C¾Do #7%945H€z(z9z7À ¾‘¸di T ±~ m š @ o 69#2% =E#2' )IB‘# J #+,\!$#
!$#+"% )I9T!$#>ÀC nCy F\ÀC nC· U WSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW y š
y W m Y#2%R!$#eˆ\=?4C%9)I )*45+"%R!$#tQ$H*4b'2%ƒ9#2% 92%cWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW yCm
y WIÀ ¾½k =$ ) J )*%(@D )*45+‡!$#2%RQ$H*41'2%ƒ9#6 69#O]È@5%9% )I+ WOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWÒÁ ¾
y WIÀCÀ®_{45$6 Q?#2%RŽC6(@D+,$H*4 J  6 )*/1"#2%L!$#2%€9#6 69#2%R]È@5%(% )I+&# l 4b'9‹"#2'(‹$)I+0@D69! WSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWÒÁ"À
y WIÀ v —b'9‹" J @‡!e´!e)*% =E4C% )I ).„€#Xˆb=E6 ) J #+,(@DH{!$#7'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+% $6O!$# J )Q$H*4b'2%F:=$HM@D†W|t#2%
6945 $H*#2%ŒQ$)*#+/1"#>+"45+®%9'9‹" J @D )*%(2#2%;45+1Œ+"†@D+ J 45)I+"%;9Z$ )IHI)*%92#2%;=E45$6HI) J )I9#6;HM@
º0#Xˆb)*45+ WSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWÒÁ v
y WIÀ y _{4 J =?456 9# J #+1~#+&'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+‡% ) J =$H*#S!$#2%ƒ[^]R_½]È@5%9% )I+cFÁ ¸ !$#S') J #+1NP]^Á1U{#
l 4b'9‹"#2'9‹$)I+0@D69!&F n‘¸ !$#~') J #+1TN l~n UXWbY#2%{H*#  69#2%t¹'‘¹L#S¹X=¹R!$2%9)IŽC+"#+,ƒ69#2% =E#2' )IB‘#X™
J #+,RH*#2%€Q$H*41'2%ƒ9#2%992%€% $6€'9‹0@D+1L#RF;=$HM@D WSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWÒÁ y
y WIÀÁ l #HM@D )*45+c#+1 69#T692% )*% (@D+"'2#O#+&'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+c!$#2%RQ$H*41'2%ƒ9#2%992%RF;=$HM@DR#R% $6€'(‹0@D+,†W WÒÁ ·
y WIÀ · |~)*%9=?4C% )I ).„^!g#2%9%(@D)•!$#;º0#Xˆe)*45+G#+ 6945)*%t=E45)I+,9%O% $6S[{]R_LWg#=E45)I+,T± #2% t$+´@D=$=$$)
6945 $H*# WSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWÒÁ m
y WIÀ › —b'9‹" J @T!$#^HM@ J 45)I )*€Ž,@D"'9‹"#€!e>[^]R_%945 J )*%9#€FL$+"#{º0#Xˆe)*45+7#+3 6945)*%•=E45)I+,9%$ )IHI)*%9
H*4569%R!$#tHM@ J 4b!$HI)*%(@D )*45+&=0@D6L_{#2%”@D6€!ecÈ_{³¿_LWøY#S=E45)I+,R±#2% ƒ$+c@D=$=$$)Y6945 $H*# WTW ·C¾
y WIÀ š |L#2%(% )I+3!$#¿HM@~Q$)*#HIH*#^#•!eŒ )I6(@D+,% $6HM@ J 45)I )*^Ž,@D"'9‹"#ƒ!e3[^]R_´%(45 J )*%FR$+"#¿º0#Xˆe)*45+
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Na 6(@5' )*45+øU WTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW ·C¾
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!$HI)*%(@D )*45+c=$6945=E4C%92#t)*')Y=0@D6€Q$)*#HIH*#2%~#ƒ )I6(@D+,†W{WTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW · À
y WIÀ m²s %9%(@D){!$#>º0#Xˆe)*45+ y =?45)I+19%†BC@D6 )M@D )*45+!$#ZHM@\„…4569'2# P #+„…45+"' )*45+!e!$=$HM@5'2# J #+,
B‘#6  )*'†@DHø!e3=E45)I+,[–NP!$=$HM@5'2# J #+,^!e3=$)*% 945+>!$#^HM@L=$69#2%9%9#VUÈ=E45$6H*#2%•[^]R_–¹]ž@ J 2#‘¹
FŒ=$HM@D†$(@DQ$H*#†@D y W n # y W m W WTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW ·Cv
y W vC¾²s %9%(@D)*%Œ!$#d'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+8% ) J =$H*#NP!e)I69#2'9#VU'2456 69H*2%>@2B‘#2'\'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+®)I+"!e)I69#2'9#\#+
º0#Xˆb)*45+‡@†h,@D+,~=?#6 J )*%~!$# J #2% $69#6 h = 23mm =0@D6ƒH‰Ž,@DHI)I9 σ = σ WSWTWSWTWSWTW ·Cn
o c cif

y W v À s 9% %(@D)*%S!$#Œ 6(@5' )*45+)I+"!e)I69#2'9#>#+»º0#Xˆe)*45+ σ #t)I+"!e)I69#2'9#3=0@D6S#2%9%(@D)Q$692% )IHI)*#+ σ

@2h,@D+,L=E#6 J )*%€!$# J #2% $69#6 h = 0,54 =0@D6€H‰Ž,@DHI)I9 σ = σ WTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW ·Cm
tif tieb

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tieb tif

y W vCv²s 9% %(@D)*%¿!$#ƒ 6(@5' )*45+7)I+"!e)I69#2'9#ŒNa‹,hb=?45 ‹"<2%(#€ )I6(@D+,–•pQ$)*#HIH*#VU¿@2B‘#2' k = 7 !$45+$+0@D+, σ #

#2%9%(@D)*%{)I+"!e)I69#2'9%^=0@D6ƒ#2%9%(@D)?Q$692% )IHI)*#+:!$45+$+0@D+, σ b[^]R_A=$692%9#+,92%ƒ!"@D+"%^H*#2%^/10@D 69#
tif

!$#6 +$)*<69#2%RHI)IŽC+"#2%€!ec(@DQ$H*#†@D y W m W WTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW › ¾

tieb

y W vCy |L4 J @D)I+"#2%L!$#tBC@DHI)*!e)I9T!$#2%€!e).fg69#+,9% J 4b!$<H*#2%WTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW › À

y W v Á–_{4 J =0@D6(@D)*%945+´!$#2% J 4b!$<H*#2%S#+» 6(@5' )*45+YEHM@Z 6(@5' )*45++"456 J @DHI)*%92#3(@D+1T!$X-"+$)*#Œ=0@D6
TN = σt el
P
"@†B‘#2' h = 0,54  k = 7 # L = 250mm WSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWSWOW › v
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y W vC· Le @D$9#$6>!$#2%Œ )I6(@D+19%Œ=?45$6ŒH*#2% J 4b!$<H*#2%3% ) J =$HI).-02%Œ=0@D6Œ )I6(@D+, L = 250mm @†B‘#2'

∗
h = 0,54
# k = 7 69#2%9=?#2' )IB‘# J #+1TWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWTWSWTWSWTWSWTW › y
y W v › RŠ  )IHI)*%(@D )*45+\!e J 4b!$<H*#R%9) J =$HI).-0R=0@D6¿Q$)*#HIH*#~!$#~'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+:@2B‘#2'€H*#2%{!$45+$+"2#2%^#Xˆb=EX™
6 ) J #+,(@DH*#2%S!$# i rtsjmCvDo 0'(‹0@5/,"#=E45)I+,~#2%9RHM@ J 4Vh‘#+$+"#Œ!$# y #2%(%(@D)*%† h = 23mm 
„P69# 9T#€'2456 6 )IŽ‘T=0@D6ƒ$+"#SH*45)È!$#O_{45$H*4 J Q8WTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW › Á
o

σ c

y W v š r @DHI)*!"@D )*45+!e J 4b!$<H*##+T'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+;@2B‘#2'H*#2%!$45+$+"2#2%#Xˆe=?6 ) J #+1(@DH*#2%!$# i T ±~ ¾C¾Do 

h = 23mm σ
 „P69# 9~=E45$6{H*#2%^=?45)I+19%ƒ±#ƒ[Le'(‹0@5/,"#L=E45)I+,€#2% {HM@ J 4†h‘#+$+"#S!$# ·
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y W vCn |~)*%9 6 )IQ$$ )*45+‡!$#2%R'245+1 6(@D)I+,9#2%~=$6 )I+"')I=0@DH*#2%RH*#TH*45+$Ž7!ec%9#Ž J #+1R±~[t"'†@DH*'$H*2#T=0@D6€HM@
¼ s ÅG#+>HM@5%  )*')I9€HI)I+"†@D)I69#C P = 9,5kN C'24 J =0@D6(@D)*%945+Z@†B‘#2'ƒ+"45 69# J 4b!$<H*#€% ) J =$HI).-0
FŒ6 $=$ $69#CWWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW ›C›
y W vCm |~)*%9 6 )IQ$$ )*45+®!$#ZHM@‡'245+, 6(@D)I+,9# σ %9$6[^¼ž'†@DH*'$H*2#Z=0@D6HM@‡¼ s ŵ#+HM@5%9 )*')I9
HI)I+"†@D)I69#C P = 9,5kN  L = 250mm 0'24 J =0@D6(@D)*%945+»@†B‘#2'T!e).fE69#+19% J 4b!$<H*#2%†WgWSWTWSWOW ›‘š
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9#6 69#T]È@5%9%9)I+ WSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW šm
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Á"W › _{4 J =?456 9# J #+1L#+c'24 J =$69#2%(% )*45+c!$#S'hbHI)I+"!e69#T9#6 69# l 41'(‹"#2'9‹$)I+0@D69!AWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW mÀ
Á"W š _{4 J =0@D6(@D)*%945+‡!$#2%~#2%9%(@D)*%ƒ% $6 J 456  )*#6t@2B‘#2'T#R%”@D+"%^„a69# (@DŽ‘#•“ 9#6 69# l 4b'9‹"#2'(‹$)I+0@D69! WTW mÀ
Á"W n _{45+, 6(@D)I+,9#2%!$#O6 $=$ $69#>F7H‰#2%9%(@D)žQ$692% )IHI)*#+#Xfg#2' ";%9$6L=$6945$B‘# 9#2%T!$# J 456  )*#6TF
Q0@5%9#T!$#2%ƒ9#6 69#2%~]È@5%9% )I+&# l 4b'9‹"#2'9‹$)I+0@D69! WTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW mCy
Á"W m l $=$ $69#R#+d'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+d% ) J =$H*#R% $6¿=$6945$B‘# 9#2%{'hbHI)I+"!e6 )*/1"#2%x#¿H* J #+19%¿!$# J @p™
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· WIÀ ¼‡4b!$#2%¿!$#R6 $=$ $69#2%^!$#2% J @5K245+$+"#6 )*#2%ƒ%945HIHI)*')I92#2%{#+Z'24 J =$69#2%9%9)*45+d!"@D+"%{%945+7=$HM@D+Y“b@‘U
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QøUƒ'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+‡‹"456 )IÆ45+,(@DH*#;=0@D6(@DHIH*<H*#Œ@D&HI)I~!$# J 456  )*#"6 ‘?'VU€_{4 J =$69#2%9%9)*45+‡Q$)M@pˆe)M@DH*#
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· W · s ( @D!$#3'245+1 6(@D)I+,9#d% $6SH*#2%T'24 J =E4C%(@D+,9#2%!$#3HM@ J @5K245+$+"#6 )*# i —reL± n š o Wg )I+"!e)*'2# b
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