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– Typeset by FoilTEX –
Avant-directrices d’une Turbine
Hydraulique
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 1
Z
ṁ = ρv · dS = ρvr 2π r b
ṁ = ρQ = ρvr 2π r b → vr = 8.14m/s
vr 8.14
V = = = 9.4m/s
cosθ 0.866
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 2
Compresseur I
À l’entrée du rotor d’un compresseur la vitesse moyenne
est de C1 = 300m/s. L’aire de la section de passage
est A = 0.08m2. La température et la pression
de l’environnement (stagnation) sont respectivement
T0 = 300K et p0 = 100kP a. La puissance fournie par
le compresseur au fluide est Ẇ = 300M W . Calculez:
Figure 2: Compresseur
• le débit massique
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 3
• la pression de stagnation maximale possible à la
sortie.
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 4
P01 kg
T01 = 300K, P01 = 100kP a → ρ01 = = 1.162 3
RT01 m
m1 = ρ1A1C1
P1
ρ1 =
RT1
C12
T01 = T1 +
2Cp
C12 3002
T1 = T01 − = 300 − = 255.44
2Cp 2 × 1010
Cp 1010
P1 T1 R 255 286.96
= → P1 = 100 = 56.75
P01 T01 300
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 5
P1 56.75 kg
ρ1 = = = 0.774 3
RT1 286.96 × 255 m
kg
ṁ1 = ρ1A1C1 = 0.774 × 0.08 × 300 = 18.75
s
Pression a la sortie
Ẇ
= (h2 − h1) = Cp(T02 − T01)
ṁ
Ẇ
T02 = T01 + = 315.8 K
Cp × ṁ
Cp
T02 R P02
= → P02s = 119.8 kP a
T01 P01
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 6
EULER I
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 7
Ẇ
= (U2C2u − U1C1u) = −U1C1u
ṁ
2πn d 2π10000 1 m
U1 = = = 523.6
60 2 60 2 s
o m
C1u = C1cos 20 = 916
s
Ẇ m2
= −523 × 916 = 479721 2
ṁ s
m2 kg
Ẇ = −479721 2 × 6 = 2.878 M W
s s
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 8
Polytrop I
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 9
Ẇ
= (h02−h01) = (U2 C2u−U1 C1u) = U2 C2u = 0.9U2 ×U2
ṁ
Gaz idéal
Ẇ m2
Cp(T02 − T01) = (h02 − h01) = = 88826 2
ṁ s
Ẇ 88826
T02 = T01 + = 288k + = 375.78
Cpṁ 1012
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 10
T01 + T02 J
T0m = = 331, 89 → Cp = 1007.8
2 kg K
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 11
Polytrop II On considère un compresseur axial à N
étages avec un rendement polytropique global ηp =
0.9. Les conditions de stagnation à l’entrée sont
p01 = 1atm, T01 = 300K et le rapport de pression
rp = 10.
• Considérez Cp = cte
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 12
a)
γ − 1 0.4
T02s P02 γ
= = (10) 1.4 = 1.931
T01 P01
γ − 1 0.4
T02 P02 ηpγ
= = (10) 0.9 × 1.4 = 2.077
T01 P01
(579.2 − 300)
ηs = = 0.86
(623.1 − 300)
b)
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 13
γ − 1 0.4
T0M s P0M γ
= = (5) 1.4 = 1.584
T01 P01
T0M s = 475
γ − 1 0.4
T0M P0M ηpγ
= = (5) 0.9 × 1.4 = 1.667
T01 P01
T0M = 500
(475 − 300)
ηs = = 0.876
(500 − 300)
Entre l’étage M et le 10 on a:
γ − 1 0.4
T02s P02 γ
= = (2) 1.4 = 1.22
T0M P0M
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 14
T02s = 609
(609 − 500)
ηs = = 0.886
(623.1 − 500)
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 15
Polytrop III Un compresseur, à N étages, a un rapport
de pression par étage rp. Chaque étage a un rendement
total-à-total ηe.
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 16
γ−1
0 1
T0,k+1
„ «
∆T0s = T0,k+1 −T0,k = T0,k − 1 = T0,k @rp γ − 1A
B C
T0,k
∆T0s
∆T0r =
ηp
γ−1
r
p γ − 1
∆T0r = T0,k
ηp
| {z }
A
Tk+1,0 = Tk,0(1 + A)
Tk+2,0 = Tk+1,0(1 + A)
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 17
TN +1,0,s − T1,0
ηtt =
TN +1,0,r − T1,0
γ−1
N
TN +1,0,s γ
= rp
T1,0
γ−1
N
γ
(rp − 1)T1,0
ηtt =
((1 + A)N − 1)T1,0
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 18
Polytrop IV On a un compresseur axial à 16 étages
et le rapport de pression de chacun des étages est le
même. Le taux de compression du compresseur est
6.3 et le rendement ‘total-total’ de chaque étage est
89.5%. Le gaz peut être considéré comme un gaz idéal
(γ = 1.4).
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 19
1
rp = 6.3 16 = 1.1219
Ti+1, 0
∆Ts = Ti+1, 0 − Ti,0 = Ti,0 −1
Ti,0
γ−1
γ
= Ti,0 rp
− 1
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 20
∆Ts
∆Tr =
ηp
γ−1
γ
rp − 1
= Ti,0
ηp
γ−1 0.4
γ
rp − 1 1.1219 1.4 − 1
A= = = 0.03733
ηp 0.895
Ti+1, 0 = Ti,0(A + 1)
Ti+2, 0 = Ti,1(A + 1)
Ti+2, 0 = Ti,0(A + 1)2
···
TN +1,0 = Ti,0(A + 1)N
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 21
γ−1 0.4
N
γ
(rp − 1)T1,0 (6.3) 1.4 − 1
ηtt = = = 0.8675
((1 + A)N − 1) 16
((1.03733) − 1)
b)
De l’équation:
" (γ−1)/γ #
po2
−1
po1
ηis = " (γ−1)/η γ #
pol
po2
−1
po1
on obtient:
γ−1 ln rpN
ηp = γ−1
γ γ N
rp − 1 + ηtt
ln
ηtt
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 22
0.4 ln 6.3
ηp = 0.4
! = 0.8967
1.4 6.3 1.4 − 1 + 0.8675
ln
0.8675
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 23
Pour une turbine axiale, on a les donnés suivants:
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 24
Compresseur Axial
Estimer
(2)
• la vitesse axiale
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 25
T01 = 293K, P01 = 0.1M P a A1 = π(0.3392−0.2712) ṁ1 =
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 26
We = ψU 2 = (0.393 × (313)2) × 5
We = 192 5095J/kg
Ẇ = ṁWe = 3.657M W
φ
R = (tanβ1 + tanβ2)
2
ψ = φ(tanβ1 − tanβ2)
C1x 132.7
φ= = = 0.424
U 313
2R + ψ 2 × 0.5 + 0.393
tanβ1 = = = 1.63
2φ 2 × 0.424
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 27
β1 = 58.67
2R − ψ 2 × 0.5 − 0.393
tanβ2 = = = 0.715
2φ 2 × 0.424
β2 = 35.58
α1 = β2 = 35.58
" (γ−1)/γ #
po2
−1
po1
ηs = " (γ−1)/η γ # (3)
pol
po2
−1
po1
Hypothèse rp = 5− >
(5)(0.4)/1.4 − 1
ηtt = (0.4)/0.9×1.4
= 0.875 (4)
(5) −1
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 28
W = Cp(T02 − T01)− > T02 = 484.7
T02s − T01
ηtt = (5)
T02 − T01
T02s = 460.12
(γ)/γ−1 1.4/0.4
P02 T02 460
= = = 4.84
P01 T01 293
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 29
Turbine axiale
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 30
Cp∆T 1148 × 145
ψ= 2
= 2
= 1.44
U 340
1
tanα3 = tanβ3 −
φ
1
tanβ3 = tan10 + = 0.1763 + 1.25
0.8
β3 = 54.57
1
tanβ3 = (0.5φ + 2R)
2φ
−>R
1
tanβ2 = (0.5φ − 2R)
2φ
− > β2
1
tanα2 = tanβ2 +
φ
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 31
− > α2
272
C2x = C2cosα2 = − > C2 = = 519m/s
cos58.23
C22
T2 = T02 −
2Cp
(519)2
T2 = 1100K − = 982.7 K
2 × 1148
γ/γ−1
P02 T02
= = 1.57
P2 T2
P2 = 2.548
Cx
C1 = C3 = = 276.4 m/s
cos10
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 32
C12 (276.4)2
T1 = T01 − = 1100 − −
2Cp 2 × 1148
T1 = 1067.8 K
γ/γ−1
P1 T1
= = 1.57
P01 T01
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 33
P1 = 3.54 bar
p1
ρ1 = = 1.155 kg/m3
R T1
ṁ 20
A1 = =
ρ1C1m 1.115 × 272
A1 = 0.00637m2
C32 (276.4)2
T3 = T03 − = 955 −
2Cp 2 × 1148
T3 = 922.8
γ/γ−1
P3 T3
=
P03 T03
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 34
P3 = 1.856 bar
P3 100 × 1.856
ρ3 = =
R × T3 0.287 × 922
ρ3 = 0.702 kg/m3
ṁ 20
A3 = =
ρ1C1x 0.702 × 272
A3 = 0.1047m2
P2 100 × 2..5478
ρ2 = =
R × T2 0.287 × 982.7
ρ2 = 0.9 kg/m3
ṁ 20
A2 = =
ρ2C2x 0.702 × 272
A2 = 0.0817m2
Um = 2πrmn
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 35
Um h
A = 2πrmh =
n
A nA
h= =
Um/n Um
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 36
Compresseur axial
1)L’angle entre la vitese absolue et la vitesse relative
à l’entrée d’un compresseur axial est de 60o et la
température totale est T01 = 540oR. Considérer que
la vitesse absolue à l’entrée est axiale.
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 37
Compresseur Centrifuge I
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 38
U Cm
C
C
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 39
C
W U
2 2
A1 = π(rext − rint )
Hypothèse: ρ1 = ρ01
p01
ρ1 =
RT01
105 kg
= = 1.21 3
287 × 288 m
kg
ρ1 = 1.21 m3
Eq. Continuité
ṁ 8
C1x = C1 = =
ρ1A1m 1.21 × 0.0574
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 41
m
C1 = 115.18.4 s
C12 (115.18)2
T1 = T01 − = 288 − − = 281.4 K
2Cp 2 × 1005
T1 = 281.4 K
γ/γ−1
P1 T1
=
P01 T01
1.4/0.4
5 281.4
P1 = 10 92.2 kP a
288
P1 = 92.2 kP a
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 42
Correction de ρ1
p1
ρ1 =
R T1
92.2 103
=
287 × 281.4
kg
ρ1 = 1.14 m3
ṁ 8
C1x = C1 = =
ρ1A1m 1.141 × 0.0574
m
C1 = 122.25 s
C12 (115.18)2
T1 = T01 − = 288 −
2Cp 2 × 1005
T1 = 280.57 K
3.5
280.57
P1 = 105
288
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 43
P1 = 91.25 kP a
2πrin 2π × 0.065i16200
Ui = =
60 60
m
= 110.3
s
U1 110.3
tanβ1 = =
C1 122.25
→ β1 = 42.05o
2πrextn 2π × 0.15 × 16200
Us = =
60 60
m
= 254.5
s
Ui 254.5
tanβs = =
C1 122.5
→ βs = 64.34o
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 44
W
Mr =
a
p √
a1 = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 280.6
a1 = 335.8 m
s
q p
2
W1 = C12 + U1 = 122.52 + 254.52
W1 = 282.3 m
s
282.3
Mr =
335.8
Mr = 0.841
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 45
Compresseur Centrifuge II
Pour le compresseur illustr sur la figure on a les
donnes suivantes
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 46
Compresseur Centrifuge II
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 47
Calculer
a) le diamètre du rotor
b) P2, T2 et ρ2
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 48
Compresseur Centrifuge II
Cp∆T0 Cp(T03 − T01)
ψ= 2
= (9)
σsU σsU 2
T03s
η(T03 − T01) = T01 −1
T01
T01 T03s
(T03 − T01) = −1
η T01
γ−1
T01 P03 γ
(T03 − T01) = − 1
η P01
288 0.4
(T03 − T01) = (3.8 1.4 − 1) = 163.3K
0.82
ψσsU 2
(T03 − T01) = 163.3K =
Cp
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 49
r
163.3 × 1005 m
U2 = = 414.5
1.04 × 0.92 s
πnD2
U2 =
60
U2 × 60 414.15 × 60
D2 = = = 0.659 m
π×n π × 12000
Rotor 1-2
γ/(γ−1)
P02 ηsr (T02 − T01)
= 1+
P01 T01
γ/(γ−1)
P02 0.91 × 163.3
= 1+
P01 288
P02
= 4.29
P01
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 50
T02 = T03 = T01 + (T03 − T01) = 288 + 163.3
T02 = 451.3 K
√
C2 = a2 = γRT2
C22
T2 = T02 −
2Cp
T2 = 376.1 K + P2 → ρ2
γ−1
T2 P2 γ
=
T02 P02
γ
γ−1 3.5
P2 T2 376.1
= = = 0.582
P02 T02 451.3
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 51
P2 P2 P02
=
P01 P02 P01
= 0.528 × 4.29
= 2.266
P2 = 2.266 × 101.3 = 229.58 kP a
p2
ρ2 =
R T2
229.6 103
=
287 × 376.1
kg
ρ2 = 2.127 m3
2
m
C22 = a2 = γRT2 = 1.4 × 287 × 376.1 = 151117 2
s
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 52
m
C2u = 381 s
m
C2m = 77.17 s
ṁ 8
A2 = =
ρ2C2m 2.127 × 77.17
A2 = 0.0487 m2
FINALEMENT!
A2 0.0487
b= =
πD2 π0.659
b2 = 0.0235m
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 53
Compresseur Centrifuge III
Cp = 1000J/kg K ṁ = 3kg/s
P03/P01 = 2 ηs = 0.75
R = 287J/kgK γ = 1.4
P01 = 101.3 kP a T01 = 288K
(10)
Calculer
∆T0(1−3) isentropique
∆T0(1−3) reélle
Le travail isentropique
Le travail reél
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 54
Figure 6: Compresseur Centrifuge
T03s
η(T03 − T01) = T01 −1
T01
T01 T03s
(T03 − T01) = −1
η T01
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 55
γ−1
T01 P03 γ
(T03 − T01) = − 1
η P01
288 0.4
∆Tre = (T03 − T01) = (2 1.4 − 1) = 84.1K
0.75
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 56
Rotor 1-2
nR
Wpl = [∆Tre]
n−1
n
n−1
P03 T03r
=2=
P01 T01
n = 1.586
Wpl = 65.45 kJ
kg
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 57
Compresseur Centrifuge IV
Calculer
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 58
c) C2, T2, P2, ρ2
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 59
Compresseur Centrifuge IV
2
γ/(γ−1)
P02 ηψσs U )
= 1+
P01 CpT01
" 2 #γ/(γ−1)
p02 U2 C2m
= 1 + ση(γ − 1) 1− tanβ2
p01 a01 U2
" «2 #1.4/(0.4)
400 U2
„
= 1 + 0.9 × 0.82 × 0.4 (1 − 0.3 × tan 0)
100 0.4 × 287 × 293
m U2 440.2 rad
U2 = 440.2 → ω = = = 1518
s r2 0.29 s
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 60
γ − 1 0.4
T02s P02 γ
= = (4) 1.4 = 1.486
T01 P01
q
2 + C2
C2 = C2m 2u
C2m
C2m = U2 = 440.3 × 0.3 = 132.1
U2
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 61
p
C2 = 132.12 + 396.22 = 417.6
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 62
Pompe centrifuge
N = 6 r2 = 23 cm r1 = 9 cm
Q = 0.102m3/s e1(% aubes)1 = 0.1 n = 1000 rpm
β2a = 65o e2(% aubes)2 = 0.05
φ2 = 0.1 c1m ≃ c2m
(12)
b) Calculer l’angle β1
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 63
c) Calculer la tête théorique
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 64
Pompe centrifuge
c2m m
φ2 = → c2m = 0.1 × 24.09 = 2.409
U2 s
Q2 0.102
Q2 = c2mA2 → A2 = = = 0.0424m2
c2m 2.409
A2 0.0424
b2 = = = 0.0309 m
1.3729 1.3729
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 65
A1 = 2πr1b1(1 − e1) = 2π × 0.23 × 0.090b1 = 0.509b1
A1 = A2 = 0.0424m2
A1 0.0424
b1 = = = 0.0832 m
0.509 0.509
r1 9 m
U1 = U2 = 24.09 = 9.43
r2 23 s
c1m 2.409
tanβ1 = = → β1 = 14.33o
U1 9.43
Tête théorique:
(π/Z)cosβ2a
σs = 1 − Stodola
1 − (C2m/U2)tanβ2a
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 66
(π/6)cos65
σs = 1 − = 0.718
1 − (0.1)tan65
(α1 = 0)
J
We = ψU22 = 0.564 × 24.09 = 327
kg
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 67
Similitude 1
La hauteur de charge H, le rendement η et la
caractéristique du système hydraulique Hs associé à
une pompe sont donnés par les équations:
H = 20 + 0.8333Q − 0.1667Q2
η = + 29.643Q − 3.2143Q2
Hs = 10 + 2.116Q2
(13)
La vitesse de rotation de la pompe est de 1800 rpm,
la charge est donnée en mètres, le débit est exprimé
en l/s et le rendement en %.
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 68
b): L’intersection de la courbe caractéristique de la
pompe et celle du système hydraulique donnent un
débit et une charge de:
et le débit démandé:
et
Hb = 10 + 2.116Q2b = 41.88 l
Q Q gH gH
φ= = ,ψ = =
D 3N a D 3N b N 2D2 a N 2D2 b
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 69
Puisque D=cte, alors
Q Q H H
= , =
N a N b N2 a N2 b
Q Q
=
N b N a
d’où:
Qb 3.882
Nb = Na = 1800 = 2540.3 rpm
Qa 2.7507
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 70
aussi, a partir de
H H
=
Q2 a Q2 b
on a :
1/2 1/2
Hb 41.88
Nb = Na = 1800 = 2540.3 rpm
Ha 21.0316
η = 29.643Qa−3.2143Qa.2 = 29.643(2.7507)−3.2143(2.7507)
Finalement ,
QbHbρg
Ẇ = = 2788W
η
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 71
150
100
ψ−η
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
φ
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 72
Similitude 2
Un ventilateur opère à 800rpm ayant un débit d’air de
425m3/min. Il produit une augmentation de pression
statique de 7.6 cm d’H2O et une variation de pression
totale de 10 cm d’H2O . Le rendement total-à-total
est de 75%. Les propriétés de l’air à l’entrée sont:
T01 = 20oC et P01 = 1 bar.
Q Q
φ= =
D 3N 1 D 3N 2
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 73
alors 3
D2 N2
Q2 = Q1
D1 N1
3
1 1000
Q2 = 425 = 66.4m3/min
2 800
∆P0 ∆P0
ψ= =
ρN 2D 2 2 ρN 2D 2 1
2 2 2
ρ2 D2 N2 1 1 1000
∆P02 = ∆P01 = 10
ρ1 D1 N1 1 2 800
2
2
∆(P + ρV /2) (∆P + ρV /2)
=
ρN 2D 2 2 ρN 2D 2 1
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 74
2
2
∆P ∆(V /2) ∆P ∆(V /2)
+ = +
ρN 2D 2 2 N 2D2 2 ρN 2D 2 1 N 2D2 1
2
2
∆(V /2) ∆(V /2)
Mais = Pourquoi?
N 2D2 2 N 2D2 1
2 2 2
ρ2 D2 N2 1 1 1000
∆P 2 = ∆P 1 = 7.6
ρ1 D1 N1 1 2 800
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 75
Similitude 3
• Le débit massique
• La puissance requise
• Le vitessse angulaire
√
ṁ RT10
= 0.04, η = 0.81
P01D 2
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 76
3.4
P20
hc=0.72
P10 0.76
3.0
0.70
0.78
0.60
2.6
0.80
0.50
2.2
1.2
0.81
1.1
1.8 1.0
0.9
1.4 0.8
u
0.7
gRT10
1.0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
m RT10
P10 D 2
a) Le débit massique
b) La puissance
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 77
γ−1/γ
p02
T02s = T01 = 20.4/1.4293 = 357K
p01
Le rendement
ṁγR
Ẇ = (T02 − T01)
γ−1
= 2.21×(1.4/0.4)×(8314/28.97)(372−293) = 175kW
c) La vitesse angulaire
DN
√ = 0.85
2 γRT10
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 78
p √
DN = 0.85×2 γRT01 = 0.85×2 1.4R × 293 = 584m/s
! !
1/4 1/4
DWe DWe
Ds = = = 4.7
Q1/2 (ṁ/ρ)1/2
1/2
N (ṁ/ρ)
Ns = 3/4
We
" (γ−1)/γ #
γRT01 p02
We = −1
γ−1 p01
Ns = 0.534
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 79
Similitude 4
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 80
W
35
n s3
33
34
32
P11 =
31
H 3/ 2 D 2
0
0.75
50
29
28
0.70
32
27
0.65
26
25
0.60 24
0.55 90%
x=20
0.50
16
0.45 %
89
0.45 12
88%
0.40 87%
8 86%
85%
0.30 84%
0.25
15 30 45 ND
N 11 =
H 1/ 2
ND
η = 0.9, N̄s = 30 1/2
= 40
H
Alors, d’après:
20 000 × 103
Q= = 7.64 m3/s
0.9 × 300 × 9.81 × 1000
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 82
4Q
d= = 0.356 m
πV
Finalement, à partir du coefficient:
ND
= 40
H 1/2
on trouve
40 × H 1/2 40 × 3001/2
D= = = 3.57m
N 227
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 83
Similitude 5
Une turbine Francis opère avec une charge de 60 m
avec un debit de 30m3 /s. Estimez les rpm et le
dimètre de la roue si le rendement est η = 88%.
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 84
ns = 260 (carte), ρg = γ = 1000kg/m3
N Ẇ 1/2
ns =
H 5/4
nsH 5/4
N=
Ẇ (HP )1/2
p
πDN/60 = 2gH
√
2gH
D=
πN/60
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 85
Similitude 6
Estimez le diamètre et la vitesse de rotation d’un
ventilateur faisant circuler 4.8m3/s d’air (ρ =
1.21kg/m3 et avec un ∆P = 500 P a. Considérez
Ns = 5.
N Q1/2
Ns =
(∆P/ρ)3/4
(∆P/ρ)3/4
N = Ns = 250 rad → 2387 rpm
Q1/2
D(∆P/ρ)1/4
Ds =
Q1/2
Ds = 2.84Ns−0.476 = 1.32
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 86
Turboréacté
Un turboréacteur opère au sol (ua = 0) avec de l’air
à capacité calorifique constante Les données sont
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 87
Calculez
• Le rendement du turboréacté
5 6
7
C T TP
2 3 4
Ch. comb.
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 88
Sortie du compresseur: ➂
p03
rp = = 10
p02
Température reélle
γ−1
T03s p03 γ
= → T03s = 556.04 K
T02 p02
T03s − T02
ηc = → T03 = 603.3
T03 − T02
Chambre de combustion
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 89
Bilan enthalpique
ma ma
h3 + hc + Lhv = 1+ h4
mf mf
1 ma Lhv
=α= = − 1 = 71.36
f mf cp(T04 − T03)
Turbine
w̄T = w̄c
αcp(T03 − T02)
= (α+1)cp(T04−T05)ηmt → T05 = 876.2K
ηmc
T04 − T05
ηT = = 0.9 → T05s = 836.7K
T04 − T05s
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 90
γ−1
T04 p03 γ
= → p05 = 0.287 M P a
T05s p05
γ−1
T05 p05 γ
= → T7s = 648.3 K
T7s p7
T05 − T7
ηT y = = 0.95 → T7 = 652.8 K
T05 − T7s
u27
= Cp(T05 − T7) → u7 = 665 m/s
2
α × u27/2
ηth = = ηth = 0.36
Lhv
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 91
Poussée
3600 kgcb/heure
T SF C = = 0.0736
α × u7 N
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 92
Turboréacté
Un turboréacteur opère avec de l’air standard (la
capacité calorifique est variable). Les données sont
Calculez
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 93
• Le travail, utile, la chaleur ajoutée et le rendement
du cycle. Considérez que la pression demeure
constante lors de la combustion et que la pression à
la sortie est p6 = p2 = 101.3kP a(14.7 psia)).
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 94
Entrée du compresseur: ➁ À partir de la table
(T, h, pr ) pour T2 = 519R on trouve:
Sortie du compresseur: ➂
pr3 p3
= rp = = 12
pr2 p2
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 95
w̄cs = h3 −h2 = w̄cs = 3721 BT U/lbmol T. idéal
w̄cs 3721
w̄cr = = = w̄cr = 4277 BT U/lbmol T. réel
ηc 0.87
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 96
Entrée de la turbine de génération ➃
w̄T gr
w̄T gs = = 4805 BT U/lbmol
ηT g
=
h5r = h4 − w̄T gr 15108 − 4277
= h5r = 10831BT U/lbmol
T able → T5r = 1996 R , pr5r = 173.3,
=
h5s = h4 − w̄T gs 15108 − 4805
= h5s = 10303BT U/lbmol
T able → , pr4r = 151.3,
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 97
pr5 p5 pr5s 151.3
= → p5 = p4 = 176.4
pr4 p4 pr4 451
→ p5 = 59.2 psia
pr6s p6 p6 14.7
= → pr6s = pr5r = 173.3 = 43.03
pr5 p5 p5 59.2
→ h6s = 6172.5 BT U/lbmol
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 98
Efficacité thermique
Efficacité thermique
w̄T pr 4147
ηth = = = ηth = 0.3768
qch 11005
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 99
Turboréacté +
• La poussée et le rendement.
Le rendement de la tuyère est ηt = 100%, la vitesse
à l’entrée ve = 0 et q = 11005BT U/mol.
u26s
= h5r −h6s = (10831−6172.5) = 4658 BT U/lbmol
2
2828 × 1
Fp = = F = 88.2lbf
32.2
Efficacité
Rendement
2
(V5c /2(1 + f )
ηth = = 0.423
32.2 × 778 × qch/Mair
114.23
= f /A = 0.0661
28.96 × 59.67
On connaı̂t
• f = 0.0215
• ṁa = 1 lb/s,
w̄cr + BP R × w̄f r
wtg =
1+f
r
2 × 32.2 × 778(h2r − h5s)
u5s =
r Mair
2 × 32.2 × 778(206 − 121.6)
=
28.96
avec BP R = 2
Également.......
BP R ∗ u5sf + (1 + f ) ∗ u5sc
Fp =
32.2
• Le rapport de compression rc = 8
• T4 − T6 = T4 − T2
Calculez
• l’efficacité thermique
1 2 3 4
B
5
6
2500
1786
3
1429
T [K]
5 T05= T04
1071 4
2
714
6 T02= T06
0
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
s [kJ/kg-K]
p2 = p1 × rp = 0.8 M P a
p4 = p1 = 0.1M P a
γ
γ−1
T3 p3
=
T4 p4
→ T4 = 827.6 K
Q = Cp(T3 − T5)
Calculez
• Le travail net
• L’efficacité thermique
• La consommation spécifique
C1 C2 T1 T2
1 2 2a 2b 3 4 5
Figure 9: Turbomoteur
√
p= p1p2 = 351 kP a
Sortie du compresseur: ➂
p2
pr2 = pr1 = 4.176 = pr2 = 4.176
p1
h2 − h1
w̄c1r = = w̄cs = 4107 kJ/kmol
ηc
T2b = 428 K
Turbine de génération T1 ➃
→ p4 = 504.3 kP a
Turbine T2
pr5s p5 p6 101.3
= → pr5s = pr5r = 208 = 41.8
pr4−r p4 p5 504.3
→ h5s = 14160 kJ/kmol
Efficacité thermique
Efficacité thermique
w̄T pr 11343
ηth = = = ηth = 0.361
qch 31245
3600 3600
SF C = = = 0.233 kJ/kW h
ηLHV 0.361 × 42798kJ/kg
• Le travail net
• l’efficacité thermique
• La consommation spécifique
Pression idéale: ➁
√
p= p1p2 = 351 kP a
Sortie du compresseur: ➂
étapes...
wtgr
wT gs = = 11163 kJ/kmol
ηt
pr5
p4 = p3 = p4 = 408 kP a
pr3
wc = 9935kJ/kmol
pr5 = 450.9
p6
pr6 = pr5 = 111.9 = pr5 = 111.9
p5
Efficacité thermique
w̄T pr 12243
ηth = = = ηth = 0.345
qch 35532
3600 3600
SF C = = = 0.2438 kJ/kW h
ηLHV 0.345 × 42798kJ/kg
• Le rapport de compression rc = 8
Calculez
• La pusiisance nette
1 2 3 4
B
5
6
Sortie du compresseur: ➂
p2 = p1 × rc = p2 = 8 bar
p2
pr2 = pr1 = 7.9838 = pr2 = 7.9838
p1
h2s − h1
wcr = = w̄cs = 261.47 kJ/kmol
ηc
Turbine T
p4
pr4 = pr3
P3
p4 = p = 1 bar
Ẇ = ṁ × wtr = 4066kW
6.0
Rapport de compression p02/p01
5.5
ge
5.0
pa
m
po
%
de
4.5 92
h=
ge
Lin
4.0
3.5
0% 0% %
h=
9
0% 7 60 N
8 h= h= = 100% d
h= q
90%
3.0 h=
2.5
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
Debit massique corrigé, m pq01/d01 (lb/s)
Tamb = 390 R
pr1 = 0.449
(600)2 × (28.096)
h01 = −1070.8+ = −862.5 Btu/lb−mol
2 × 32.2 × 778
alors
p0r1 = 0.5767
pr01 0.5767
p01 = p1 = 3.323 = 4.256
pr1 0.4440
r
p 420
θ0 = = 0.9
519
4.256
δ0 = = 0.29
14.7
puisque √
θ0
ṁ =1
δ0
(1) × (0.290)
ṁ = = 0.322 kg/s
0.9
– Typeset by FoilTEX – 130
tant donn. qu’il s’agit d’une pousse spcifique, la pousse
est de
Fp = 0.322 × 83.4 = 26.9lb
Nsol Naltitude
√ =√
θsol θaltitude
r
θaltitude 0.9
Naltitude = Nsol = Nsol
θsol 1
Naltitude = 0.9Nsol
T01
ou encore avec θ01 =
Tstd
γ−1/γ !
∆hc p02
= CpTstd −1
θ01 p01
∆hc 1
Le travail rel est donne par
θ01 ηc
γ−1/γ !
p02
wc = CpT01 −1
p01
et
γ−1/γ !
wc p02
= CpTstd −1
θ01 p01
T03
ou encore avec θ03 =
Tstd
γ−1/γ !
∆ht p03
= CpTstd 1−
θ03 p04
∆htc
Le travail rel est donne par ηt
θ03
p02
= 5.0
p01
√
m θ01
= 50 lb/s
δ01
T03 = 2160 R
ηt = 0.92
Ligne d’opération à
l’état stationnaire
5.5
T03
ge
= 4.16
5.0 T01
pa
m
= 382
.
po
% = 3.47
de
4.5 92
h=
ge
L in
4.0
3.5 8 0%
h=
0% 70%
3.0 h =9 h=
6 0%
H=
2.5
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
×·
wcr 80.75
wst = = = 87.77Btu/lb
ηt 0.92
T03 2160
θ03 = = = 4.16
519 519
−(γ)/γ−1
p03 wst
= 1−
p04 cp × θ03 × Tstd
−(1.4)/0.4
p03 87.77
= 1− = 1.91
p04 0.24 × 4.16 × 519
5.5
ge
5.0
pa
m
po
2%
de
4.5 9
h=
ge
L in
4.0
3.5
90% 70% 60
% N
h= 80
%
h= h= = 100% d
0% h= q
3.0 h =9
2.5
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
Debit massique corrigé, m pq01/d01 (lb/s)