Cours 7: Protocoles ARQ/HARQ

Communications sans fil, M2 ISIM 2012-2012

Iryna Andriyanova

Sunday, November 11, 12

 Adaptation du lien sans fil

• Canal sans fil : variation rapides de qualité

• Adaptation du lien
• avant la transmission :
• couche physique et MAC - type de modulation, codage de
canal, puissance émise

• après la transmission :
• protocoles de retransmission de type Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)

Sunday, November 11, 12

 Exemple de HSDPA (3G)

• QPSK pour les canaux bruités et 16-QAM

pour les canaux de bonne qualité

• 14 Mbps pour les canaux de bonne qualité (16-

QAM + code de rendement proche de 1)

• 2.4 Mbps pour les canaux bruités (QPSK +

code de rendement 1/3)

• le contrôle du lien s’effectue jusqu’a 500 fois

par sec

Sunday, November 11, 12

 Hybrid ARQ

ARQ - mécanisme de contrôle ou on utilise les aquittements

(ACK/NACK) et les timeouts pour assurer une transmission
fiable lors d’une transmission peu fiable. Implementation
usuelle : bit(s) CRC

HARQ = ARQ + FEC. C’est une variation d’ARQ où :

✷ le code utilisé est un code plus puissant que CRC
(code de canal = FEC), par exemple un turbo code ou
un code convolutif, d’un certain rendement Rc
✷ les paquets reçus très bruités ne sont pas “oubliés”,
mais gardés et utilisés lors du décodage - on effectue
le “soft combining”
Sunday, November 11, 12
 The standard measure of ARQ protocol efficiency is throughput, defined as the average number of user
level of redundancy of the error correcting code employed in an HARQ scheme has two opposing ef
data bits accepted at the receiving end in the time required for transmission of a single bit. Therefore the

HARQ de type CC (Chase combining)

on the scheme efficiency, namely, with increased redundancy the probability of successful transmis
level of redundancy of the error correcting code employed in an HARQ scheme has two opposing effects
increases but the scheme
on the percentage of user
efficiency, datawith
namely, in the frameredundancy
increased decreases.theUsually, a fixed
probability rate code
of successful which is
transmission
suited to the channel
increases but characteristics
the percentage ofand
user throughput requirements
data in the frame is selected.
decreases. Usually, a fixed rate code which is well
• suited
Retransmission
to with
In applications the channel
fluctuatingdu même
characteristics
channel paquet
andconditions
throughput (codage
requirements
within àofrépétition)
is selected.
a range signal-to-noise ratios (SN
In applications with fluctuating channel conditions within a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs),
such as•mobile and satellite packet
Combinaison data transmission,
de tous les paquets the reçus
so called(diversité
incremental redundancy
et SNR (IR) HA
such as mobile and satellite packet data transmission, the so called incremental redundancy (IR) HARQ
schemes exhibit
cumuléhigher throughput
plus grand) efficiency by adapting their error correcting code redundanc
schemes exhibit higher throughput efficiency by adapting their error correcting code redundancy to
different channel
differentconditions. An IR-HARQ
channel conditions. protocol
An IR-HARQ operates
protocol operatesasasillustrated bythetheexample
illustrated by example in Figure
in Figure 1. At 1
• Décodage du paquet
at the
at thetransmitter
transmitter
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 transmission # 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 transmission # 1
2 2 2 2 2 transmission # 2
2 2 2 2 2 transmission # 2
3 3 3 3 3 transmission # 3
3 3 3 3 3 transmission # 3
4 4 4 4 4 transmission # 4
4 4 4 4 4 transmission #4
1 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 1 at the receiver

1 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 1 at the receiver
Sunday, November 11, 12
 data bits accepted at the receiving end in the time required for transmission of a single bit. Therefore the

HARQ de type IR (Incremental

level of redundancy of the error correcting code employed in an HARQ scheme has two opposing effects
on the scheme efficiency, namely, with increased redundancy the probability of successful transmission

Redundancy)
increases but the percentage of user data in the frame decreases. Usually, a fixed rate code which is well
suited to the channel characteristics and throughput requirements is selected.
In applications with fluctuating channel conditions within a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs),
• Transmission du paquet fraction par fraction, en
such as mobile and satellite packet data transmission, the so called incremental redundancy (IR) HARQ
commençant par la partie “données”
schemes exhibit higher throughput efficiency by adapting their error correcting code redundancy to

• Assemblage
different channel conditions.àAnlaIR-HARQ
réception etoperates
protocol décodage commun
as illustrated by the example in Figure 1. At

at the transmitter

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 transmission # 1

2 2 2 2 2 transmission # 2

3 3 3 3 3 transmission # 3

4 4 4 4 4 transmission # 4

1 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 1 at the receiver

Sunday, November 11, 12

 power ratio that
S1-U S1-U
terminals.

Exemple de LTE (Long Term

urce that is address- E-UTRAN X2-U
the two-dimension-
d a resource block.

Evolution)
ssembles 12 subcar-
X2-C
of 180 kHz. In the eNB eNB
ock has a subframe
a short subframe
annel variations by
Stack de protocole :
g on their current
time, a short hybrid
! Figure 1. Overview of the EPC/LTE architecture.

me of only 8 ms can
Header
umber of resource UE eNB compression
electing a modula-
PDCP PDCP Ciphering
meet the current
scalable transport ARQ
(incl. Seg/Conc.)
ing in a wide range RLC RLC
on, it is possible to Re-ordering

Scheduling
by utilizing multi-
IMO) transmissions HARQ MAC MAC
ven further under
PHY PHY

OCOL STACK
tially provides a bit ! Figure 2. User plane protocol stack.
oding and a cyclic
e link-layer proto-
o upper layers by vides integrity protection to higher layer-control
y, and integrity. In protocols. The radio link control (RLC) sublayer
esponsible for the [5] comprises mainly ARQ functionality and sup-
d scheduling. ports data segmentation and concatenation. The
s for the LTE link- latter two minimize the protocol overhead inde-
required reliability pendent of the data rate, as is explained in more
Protocol (IP) data detail below. Finally, the medium access control
f Sunday,
different services
November 11, 12
(MAC) sublayer [6] provides HARQ and is
 power ratio that
S1-U S1-U
terminals.

Exemple de LTE (Long Term

urce that is address- E-UTRAN X2-U
the two-dimension-
d a resource block.

Evolution)
ssembles 12 subcar-
X2-C
of 180 kHz. In the eNB eNB
ock has a subframe
MEYER LAYOUT 3/25/09 2:18 PM Page 54
a short subframe
annel variations by
Stack de protocole :
g on their current
time, a short hybrid
! Figure 1. Overview of the EPC/LTE architecture.

me of only 8 ms can
Header
umber of resource
The two-layer ARQ UE eNB compression
electing a modula- IP
design achieves low PDCP IP UDP Payload
via S1 or from IPPDCP
TCP Ciphering Payload
meet the current
latency and low
scalable transport ARQ UE’s stack
(incl. Seg/Conc.)
ing in a wideoverhead
range without RLC RLC
on, it is possible to reliability. Re-ordering
PDCP

Scheduling
sacrificing H H
by utilizing multi- Header compression
Most errors are HARQand ciphering MAC PDCP PDCP SDU MAC PDCP
IMO) transmissions PDCP
PDU
ven further under captured and
corrected by the PHY PHY
RLC RLC RLC SDU Segmentation
lightweight HARQ Segmentation
RLC
OCOL STACKprotocol. Only concatenation
Concatenation
RLC RLC SDU
PDU
residual
tially provides a bit ! Figure 2. User plane protocol stack.
HARQ errors
oding and a are cyclic
detected and Multiplexing (padding)
MAC MAC MAC SDU
e link-layerresolved
proto-by the more Multiplexing MAC
o upper layers by vides integrity protection to higher layer-control MAC MAC SDU PDU
expensive (in terms
y, and integrity. In protocols. The radio link control (RLC) sublayer
esponsible forof the latency and
[5] comprisesL1mainly ARQ functionality and sup-
Transport block CRC
d scheduling. overhead) ARQ ports data segmentation
Coding, and concatenation. The
s for the LTEretransmissions.
link- interleaving,
latter two minimize the protocol overhead inde-
modulation
required reliability pendent of the data rate, as is explained in more
Protocol (IP) data detail below. Finally, the medium access control
f Sunday,
different services ! Figure 3.
(MAC) sublayer [6]Illustration
provides of data
HARQ flow through
and isL2 protocol stack.
November 11, 12
 Exemple de LTE : HARQ+ARQ
MEYER LAYOUT 3/25/09 2:18 PM Page 55

RLC SDU
BLER ~10-6

UL ARQ Sliding window ARQ UL ARQ

RLC transmitter receiver

RLC STATUS RLC PDU RLC STATUS

BLER ~10-4-10-3 BLER ~10-4-10-3 as DL HARQ data

MAC DL HARQ UL HARQ Stop and wait HARQ UL HARQ DL HARQ

receiver transmitter receiver transmitter

HARQ ACK/NACK Transport block

error rate=10-4-10-3 BLER e.g.10-1

Uplink L1

Downlink L1

! Figure 4 HARQ and ARQ retransmissions on MAC and RLC layer.

this message. Consequently, errors or loss of the

ARQ feedback can be detected and recovered 2 4
by sending another RLC status. Upon reception eNB
nt, etc.)

of the RLC status message, the ARQ transmitter

ent)
tion
triggers a retransmission of the corresponding

link
tc.)
Sunday, November 11, 12
 Exemple de LTE : perfrormances
MEYER LAYOUT 3/25/09 2:18 PM Page 58

to the 3GPP case 3 scena

100 2×2 MIMO scheme is
UM-3gpp-case3 peak-bit rate for this ca
AM-3gpp-case3
90 The HARQ block error
percent. HARQ failures
80 number of five transm
here) are exceeded or d
70 errors. The residual los
layer is on the order of
60 these errors propagate to
be handled by TCP; wh
CDF

50 they are recovered by the

Figure 6 shows the pe
40 bit rate (OBR), that is,
the file transfer time, of
30 AM and UM radio bear
tribution function (CDF
20 radio bearer using RLC
achieves better performa
10
bearer. Whereas the bes
0
transfers for RLC UM p
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ty suffers significantly fro
Object bit rate [Mbps] ures that trigger the TCP
thereby increase the tr
! Figure 6. Performance samples of consecutive file downloads with RLC AM 50th percentile of the OB
and RLC UM. cent to 15 Mb/s. The ac
Sunday, November 11, 12 file transfer over RLC U