ZCE

De l'esprit à la machine
L'approche Professo-Académique

Séances
Basics

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  Typologie
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◦ Toute instruction se termine par un point-virgule

◦ Sensible à la casse
 Sauf par rapport aux fonctions
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Astuces
◦ Last ;

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  Astuces
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<?php
echo 'This is a test';
?>

<?php echo 'This is a test' ?>

<?php echo 'This is a test';

<?php echo 'This is a test'

  Astuces
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<?php
for($i = 0; $i < 10; $i ++)
echo $i

?>
<?php
for($i = 0; $i < 10; $i ++)
echo $i
<?php
for($i = 0; $i < 10; $i ++)
echo $i ;
  Principe
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◦ Les scripts PHP sont généralement intégrés dans le code d’un

document HTML

◦ L’intégration nécessite l’utilisation de balises

 avec le style xml : <? ligne de code PHP ?>

 Avec le style php: <?php ligne de code PHP ?>

 avec le style JavaScript :

<script language=«php»> ligne de code PHP </script>

 avec le style des ASP : <% ligne de code ASP %>

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  Astuces
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<%="ZZCC" %>
<?="ZZCC"?>

<?="ZZCC” ; ?>

<?="ZZCC” ; echo ’yes’ ;?>

<?="ZZCC” ; echo ’yes’ ?>
  Astuces
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<%="ZZCC" ?>
<? ="ZZCC”%>

<?php="ZZCC” ; %>

<?php echo "ZZCC” ;%>

  Astuce avancé
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<\xf3php echo 'foo'; \x3f>

  Les commentaires
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◦ /* Voici un commentaire! */
◦ // un commentaire sur une ligne
  Astuce
 comment with #
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 <?php
/*
echo 'This is a test'; /* This comment will cause a problem */
*/
?>
 <?php
/* echo 'This a test'; //This oblem */
/*** echo 'This a test'; This oblem */?>
• <?php

/** echo 'This a test'; This oblem */ **/

/** echo 'This a test'; This oblem /* **/

/** echo 'This a test'; This oblem /***/?>

Closures

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  $_GLOBALS
$_COOKIE
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 $_ENV
 $_FILES
 $_GET
 $_POST
 $_REQUEST
 $_SERVER
 $_SESSION
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  PHP est un langage dit « de typage faible et
dynamique ».
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 L’utilisation en lecture d’une variable non

initialisée n’est pas non plus un problème.
Une variable inexistante renverra la valeur
NULL et, selon votre configuration, pourra ne
pas afficher d’erreur. Il vous faut donc faire
attention à l’orthographe de vos variables.
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  string gettype($mavar)
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  is_integer($var) ou is_int($var)
is_double($var)
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 is_string($var)
 is_bool($var)
 is_array($var)
 is_object($var)
 is_resource($var)
 is_null($var)
 is_scalar
basic1.php

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  This is the simplest type.
A boolean expresses a truth value. It can be
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either TRUE or FALSE.

  Astuce
To specify a boolean literal, use the
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keywords TRUE or FALSE. Both are case-

insensitive.
  // this is not necessary...
if ($show_separators == TRUE) {
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echo "<hr>\n";
}

// ...because this can be used with exactly th

e same meaning:
if ($show_separators) {
echo "<hr>\n";
}
  (bool) variable
Var_dump
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
 Astuce
When converting to boolean, the following values are
considered FALSE:
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 the boolean FALSE itself

 the integer 0 (zero)
 the float 0.0 (zero)
 the empty string, and the string "0"
 an array with zero elements
 an object with zero member variables (PHP 4 only)
 the special type NULL (including unset variables)
 SimpleXML objects created from empty tags

Every other value is considered TRUE (including

any resource).
Astuce
 -1?
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Basci2.php

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 astuces
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
<?php
$a = !!array();
$s = !!"testing";
$s = !"";
$s = !"hello";
?>
 astuces
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
<?php
$a = !array();
$a = !array('a');
$s = !"";
$s = !"hello";
?>
 If() else
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 Basic3.php
 An integer is a number of the set ℤ = {..., -2, -
1, 0, 1, 2, ...}.
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 Integers can be specified in decimal (base 10),
hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base 8) or
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binary (base 2) notation, optionally preceded

by a sign (- or +).
 Integers can be specified in decimal (base 10),
hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base 8) or
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binary (base 2) notation, optionally preceded

by a sign (- or +).
 - To use octal notation, precede the number
with a 0 (zero).
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- To use hexadecimal notation precede the

number with 0x.
- To use binary notation precede the number
with 0b .
 <?php
$a = 1234; // decimal number
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$a = -123; // a negative number

$a = 0123; // octal number (equivalent to 83
decimal)
$a = 0x1A; // hexadecimal number (equivale
nt to 26 decimal)
?>
 <?php
$a = 1234; // decimal number
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$a = -123; // a negative number

$a = 0123; // octal number (equivalent to 83
decimal)
$a = 0x1A; // hexadecimal number (equivale
nt to 26 decimal)
?>
 <?php
var_dump(01090);
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?>
 <?php
var_dump(25/7); // float(3.5714285714
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286)
var_dump((int) (25/7)); // int(3)
var_dump(round(25/7)); // float(4)
?>

Astuce
Floor
 - (int) or (integer) casts
- Intval(http://www.php.net/manual/en/functi
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on.intval.php)
 - <?php
$foo = 1 + "10.5"; // $foo is float (11.5)
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$foo = 1 + "-1.3e3"; // $foo is float (-1299)

$foo = 1 + "bob-1.3e3"; // $foo is integer (1)
$foo = 1 + "bob3"; // $foo is integer (1)
$foo = 1 + "10 Small Pigs"; // $foo is integer (11)
$foo = 4 + "10.2 Little Piggies"; // $foo is float (14.2)
$foo = "10.0 pigs " + 1; // $foo is float (11)
$foo = "10.0 pigs " + 1.0; // $foo is float (11)
?>
  Floating point numbers (also known as
"floats", "doubles", or "real numbers")
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  <?php
$a = 1.234;
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$b = 1.2e3;
$c = 7E-10;
?>
  <?php
$foo = "0"; // $foo is string (ASCII 48)
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$foo += 2; // $foo is now an integer (2)

$foo = $foo + 1.3; // $foo is now a float (3.
3)
$foo = 5 + "10 Little Piggies"; // $foo is integ
er (15)
$foo = 5 + "10 Small Pigs"; // $foo is integ
er (15)
?>
  <?php
$a = 'car'; // $a is a string
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$a[0] = 'b'; // $a is still a string

echo $a; // bar
?>
  <?php
$foo = 10; // $foo is an integer
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$bar = (boolean) $foo; // $bar is a boolean

?>
  The casts allowed are:
 (int), (integer) - cast to integer
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 (bool), (boolean) - cast to boolean

 (float), (double), (real) - cast to float
 (string) - cast to string
 (array) - cast to array
 (object) - cast to object
 (unset) - cast to NULL (PHP 5)
 (binary) casting and b prefix forward support
was added in PHP 5.2.1
  settype("12", 'integer')
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  Intval
Doubleval
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 Floatval
 strval
  The special NULL value represents a variable
with no value. NULL is the only possible value
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of type null.
 A variable is considered to be null if:
 it has been assigned the constant NULL.
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 it has not been set to any value yet.

 it has been unset().

 is_null() and unset().
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 Astuce
a = array();
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$a == null
$a === null
is_null($a)
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  $_GLOBALS
$_COOKIE
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 $_ENV
 $_FILES
 $_GET
 $_POST
 $_REQUEST
 $_SERVER
 $_SESSION
  http://www.php.net/manual/en/reserved.vari
ables.php
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 Astuce
$täyte = 'mansikka';
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  <?php
$foo = 'Bob'; // Assign the value 'Bob' to $foo
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$bar = &$foo; // Reference $foo via $bar.

$bar = "My name is $bar"; // Alter $bar...
echo $bar;
echo $foo; // $foo is altered too.
?>
  Astuce
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<?php
$foo = 25;
$bar = &$foo; // This is a valid assignment.
$bar = &(24 * 7); // Invalid; references an unnamed expression.

function test()
{
return 25;
}

$bar = &test(); // Invalid.

?>
Astuce

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  <?php
$a = 1;
$b = 2;
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function Sum()
{
$GLOBALS['b'] = $GLOBALS['a'] + $GLOBALS['b'
];
}
Sum();
echo $b;
?>
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  <?php
define('FOO_BAR','It works!');
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define('FOO_FOO_BAR','It works again!');

// prints 'It works!'
$changing_variable = 'bar';
echo constant('FOO_' . strtoupper($changing_variable));
// prints 'It works again!'
$changing_variable = 'foo_bar';
echo constant('FOO_' . strtoupper($changing_variable));
?>
Scalable only

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defined

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  http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.co
nstants.predefined.php
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  <?php
function foo ()
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{
return 5;
}
?>

 <?php
$first ? $second : $third
?>
Basic4.php

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  <?php
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echo (5 % 3)."\n"; // prints 2

echo (5 % -3)."\n"; // prints 2
echo (-5 % 3)."\n"; // prints -2
echo (-5 % -3)."\n"; // prints -2

?>
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echo (5 % 3)."\n"; // prints 2

echo (5 % -3)."\n"; // prints 2
echo (-5 % 3)."\n"; // prints -2
echo (-5 % -3)."\n"; // prints -2

?>
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$a = ($b = 4) + 5;
 // $a is equal to 9 now, and $b has been set
to 4.

?>
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  Astuce
Bitwise XOR operations on strings
<?php
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echo 12 ^ 9; // Outputs '5'

echo "12" ^ "9"; // Outputs the Backspace character (ascii 8)
// ('1' (ascii 49)) ^ ('9' (ascii 57)) = #8
echo "hallo" ^ "hello"; // Outputs the ascii values #0 #4 #0 #0 #0
// 'a' ^ 'e' = #4
echo 2 ^ "3"; // Outputs 1
// 2 ^ ((int)"3") == 1
echo "2" ^ 3; // Outputs 1
// ((int)"2") ^ 3 == 1
?>
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  <?php
var_dump(0 == "a"); // 0 == 0 -> true
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var_dump("1" == "01"); // 1 == 1 -> true

var_dump("10" == "1e1"); // 10 == 10 -> true
var_dump(100 == "1e2"); // 100 == 100 -> true
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  <?php
$a = 3 * 3 % 5; // (3 * 3) % 5 = 4
// ternary operator associativity differs from C/C++
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$a = true ? 0 : true ? 1 : 2; // (true ? 0 : true) ? 1 : 2 = 2

$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$a = $b += 3; // $a = ($b += 3) -> $a = 5, $b = 5

// mixing ++ and + produces undefined behavior

$a = 1;
echo ++$a + $a++; // may print 4 or 5
?>
  <?php
$a = 1;
echo $a + $a++; // may print either 2 or 3
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$i = 1;
$array[$i] = $i++; // may set either index 1 or 2
?>
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  <?php if ($a == 5): ?>
A is equal to 5
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<?php endif; ?>

  <?php
if ($a == 5):
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echo "a equals 5";

echo "...";
elseif ($a == 6):
echo "a equals 6";
echo "!!!";
else:
echo "a is neither 5 nor 6";
endif;
?>
  <div>
<?php switch($variable):
case 1: ?>
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<div>
Newspage
</div>
<?php break;?>
<?php case 2: ?>
</div>
Forum
<div>
<?php break;?>
<?php endswitch;?>
</div>
  <?php
/* example 1 */
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$i = 1;
while ($i <= 10) {
echo $i++; /* the printed value would be
$i before the increment
(post-increment) */
}
/* example 2 */
$i = 1;
while ($i <= 10):
echo $i;
$i++;
endwhile;
?>
  Break n;
Continue n;
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 Case x: case y : case z

 Case x; and not case x :
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declare

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  Goto
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goto jumpToHere;
echo 'Hello';

jumpToHere:
echo 'World';
Echo vs print

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  Function and variables scopes
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  Astuce
Func($a,$b=$a) n
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 Func($a,$b=5,$b=4,$b=7) y
  Function and variables scopes
//global
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  Dynamic arguments
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  Dynamic arguments
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  Variable function
$a=’func’
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$a($n);
  <?php
$greet = function($name)
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{
printf("Hello %s\r\n", $name);
};

$greet('World');
$greet('PHP');
?>
  <?php
function foo()
{
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function bar()
{
echo "I don't exist until foo() is called.\n";
}
}
/* We can't call bar() yet
since it doesn't exist. */
foo();
/* Now we can call bar(),
foo()'s processing has
made it accessible. */
bar();
?>
  Folder:
◦ Absolute
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◦ Relative
◦ Relative to current
 <?php
namespace ns;
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?>
Astuce
//
<?php

namespace ns;
  Astuce
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<?php
$a=true;
namespace ns;
Astuce

<?php
$a;
namespace ns;
  Astuce : rule
all except declare keyword
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  Astuce : rule
all except declare keyword
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  The performance of the PHP script can be improved drastically.
The execution process of PHP is done in two steps, i.e., first the
PHP code, written in plain-text, is compiled to opcodes and then
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those opcodes are executed.

When you have one PHP script, as long as it is not modified, the
opcodes will always be the same. Hence, in the compilation
phase, each time that script has to be executed. It is a waste of
CPU time. To prevent this redundant compilation, there are
various opcode caching mechanisms.
Once the PHP script has been compiled to opcodes, these
opcodes are kept into the RAM. These are directly used from
memory the next time the script is executed. This prevents the
compilation from being done again and again.