Ngipj
gipjtr
trh
h5
 In
 I n n m c p ik
ikoo hr l hs c m a j l j t ês e hs
nmlliamrithurs

Nmcprhoer
Nmcp rhoerh
h lh nmot
nm othxth
hxth (p. 5:)
5:)
9. ^hlmo vmus, li cmajljtê ehs phrsmoohls hst hst-hllh
-hllh maljkitmjrhchot ljêh â uo eêplinhchot
kêmkripgjquh =
 Omo, li cmajljtê phut ätrh ljêh â uo ngiokhchot eh pmsth eios li cäch mrkiojsitjmo. Rir hxhcplh, uoh
 prmcmtjmo, uo ngiokhchot eh shrvjnh mu uo eêpirt eh l‚hotrhprjsh smot ehs fmrchs eh cmajljtê.
1. Yuhl hst l‚jotêrät eh chttrh ho plinh ehs aishs e ‚hxplmjtitjmo eios lhs iêrmpmrts hurmpêhos =
Lhs nmcpikojhs iêrjhoohs emjvhot ejspmshr eh phrsmoohls (ht eh citêrjhls) eios lhs iêrmpmrts nir jls
nmostjtuhot lh pmjot eh nmotint ivhn li nljhotçlh
nlj hotçlh ht lh pmjot eh eêpirt ehs phrsmoohls oivjkiots. Lhs jotêräts
smot emon mpêritjmoohls, mrkiojsitjmoohls ht nmcchrnjiux.
>. Yuhllhs phuvhot ätrh lhs ejffjnultês pmur kêrhr lhs nirrjçrhs ehs phrsmoohls eios nhtth strunturh
e‚hotrhprjsh =
Li strunturh e‚hotrhprjsh jcpljquh uoh khstjmo ehs rhssmurn
rhssmurnhs
hs gucijohs â ejstionh, nh quj phut hokhoerhr
ehs ejffjnultês iu ojvhiu eu rhnruthchot, eh li fmrcitjmo, eh l ‚jofmrcitjmo ehs phrsmoohls ht ehs
cmajljtês. Jl hst ejffjnjlh pmur lhs QG e‚hotrhthojr uoh rhlitjmo eh prmxjcjtê ivhn hux 4 jls phuvhot ivmjr
l‚jcprhssjmo e‚ätrh â l‚ênirt ht eêvhlmpphr uo fijalh shotjchot e ‚ippirthoionh iu krmuph.

Nmrrjk
Nmrr jkê
ê eu trivijl
t rivijl â fijrh (p. 82)
82)

J. Iotjnjphr
Iotjnj phr lhs
lhs cmaj ljtês
9. Yuhls smot lhs jotêräts eh nhtth rêuojmo pmur vmtrh cioikhr =
Nhtth rêuojmo luj phrcht eh prhoerh nmooijssionh eh l‚êvmlutjmo eu cirngê ehs hcplmjs eh l‚iêrjho ht
eh nmooiïtrh l‚êvmlutjmo prêvjsjmoohllh ehs hffhntjfs eu krmuph (pir iooêh ht pir ficjllh eh cêtjhrs).
Vmtrh cioikhr pmurri ijosj iotjnjphr lhs ahsmjos ho phrsmoohl ht lhs fijrh nmíonjehr ivhn lhs rhssmurnhs
emot ejspmsh l‚hotrhprjsh. Li prjsh eh nmooijssionh ehs mrjhotitjmos stritêkjquhs
st ritêkjquhs luj joejquh lhs prjmrjtês
ht li ljkoh eh nmoeujth â sujvrh. Hofjo, lh nierh rêklhchotijrh eh smo intjmo hst fmrciljsê pir l‚innmre
e‚hotrhprjsh chotjmooê iu nmurs eh li rêuojmo.
1. Lh nierh rêklhchotijrh hst-jl ippljnialh â tmuths lhs nmcpikojhs iêrjhoohs =
 Omo, jl s‚ikjt e‚uo innmre hotrhprjsh quj nmcpmrth ehs rçklhs oêkmnjêhs iu ojvhiu eu krmuph Ijrnjhl. Nhs
rçklhs smot emon uojquhchot ippljnialhs â nh krmuph.
Ho rhviongh, lh thxth eh lmj êomonê ho eêaut e ‚innmre hst ippljnialh â l‚hoshcalh ehs nmcpikojhs eu
shnthur iêrjho.
>. Jehotjfjhz lhs ejffêrhoths pmssjajljtês eh cmajljtê nghz CMMV ‚.
 „  Cmajljtês
 „   Cmajljtês
 Cmajljtês
Cmajljtês hxthrohs
jothrohs 44 rhnruthchot, eêpirt eh silirjês (eêcjssjmos, ljnhonjhchots).

8
 

•  kêmkripgjquh 4 cutitjmo sujth â rhstrunturitjmo (rheêplmjhchot ehs aishs) 0

•   prmfhssjmoohllh 4 isnhoeioth (prmcmtjmo) mu gmrjzmotilh (rêmrjhotitjmo vhrs lhs cêtjhrs
 pmrthurs).
Lhs cmajljtês smot pirfmjs suajhs, cijs smuvhot ngmjsjhs, nir lh shnthur e ‚intjvjtê hst prmpjnh iux
ngiokhchots kêmkripgjquhs, y nmcprjs pmur lh phrsmoohl iu sml.
5. Yuhls smot lhs hodhux eh li cmajljtê ehs phrsmoohls nghz CMMV‚ =
Hffjninjtê ênmomcjquh Rhrfmrcionh smnjilh Flhxjajljtê / Ikjljtê
L ‚intjvjtêuo
oênhssjth ehidusthchot
l‚hotrhprjsh Li nmonurrhonh
fiut hst fmrth
emon quh CMMV 4 jl
‚ smjt L
eh‚hovjrmoohchot ht l‚intjvjtê
CMMV‚ jcpljquhot uoh trçs
 phrciohot eh shs hffhntjfs ittrintjvh ho thrchs krioeh ieiptiajljtê ht flhxjajljtê
(ngiokhchots eh aishs e‚mppmrtuojtês eh nirrjçrhs ehs phrsmoohls.
e‚hxplmjtitjmo, fluntuitjmo eh  pmur fjeêljshr shs phrsmoohls.
phrsmoohls. L‚mffrh nmcchrnjilh eh
l‚intjvjtê, phrsmoohl oivjkiot). CMMV‚ hst trçs êvmlutjvh
(muvhrturh ht fhrchturh eh
ljkohs).
8. Yuhllhs smot lhs cjssjmos eh Ljli Vhriy eios nh nierh =
9. Iotjnjphr lhs ngiokhchots 4 hffhntuhr ehs prêvjsjmos sur lh cêtjhr e ‚IHN quj hst ho fmrth êvmlutjmo
(rhpêrhr lhs rhssmurnhs ht ahsmjos, iotjnjphr li fhrchturh eh li aish eh Airnhlmoh ht l ‚muvhrturh eh li aish
eh Eualjo).
1. Fivmrjshr l‚ieêquitjmo hotrh ahsmjos ht rhssmurnhs 4 eêthrcjohr lhs chjllhurhs mppmrtuojtês eh
 plinhchot ehs silirjês eios l‚hotrhprjsh (hcplmyhr li amooh phrsmooh iu amo hoermjt).
>.
5. Rrmcmuvmjr
Innmcpikohr li cmajljtê 4 pmrthrhtâ êviluhr
lh ngiokhchot li nmooijssionh eu (joejnithurs
smo intjmo plus krioe omcarh lhs mppmrtuojtês
4 sitjsfintjmo ehs ikhots,ehrêpmosh
cmajljtê.
â
lhurs itthoths, rêeuntjmo eu turomvhr ))..
8. Hffhntuhr uoh ioilysh prmsphntjvh ehs cmuvhchots eh phrsmoohls (hstjchr lh omcarh e ‚hcaiunghs ht
lh omcarh eh eêpirts pmur lhs 1 iooêhs â vhojr) 4
Êvmlutjmo ehs hffhntjfs 

↑ O-1 O-9 O O+9 O+1

(hstjcitjmo) (hstjcitjmo)
Hffhntjfs tmtiux 192 516 6:2 775 9222
Rhrsmoohl oivjkiot thngojquh (ROU) 11 >: 61 72 :2
Rhrsmoohl oivjkiot nmcchrnjil (RON) 89 925 9;> 112 182
Rhrsmoohl iu sml (R^) 9>; 17> 588 875 662
Hcaiunghs (NEJ + NEE) 192 18> >91 16> 9:6

Nilnuls Omcarh
4 eh eêpirts >; 57 6: 72 72
Rmur hstjchr lh omcarh e‚hcaiunghs 4
Jl fiut nilnulhr li ejffêrhonh hotrh lhs hffhntjfs eh l ‚iooêh O+9 - iooêh O ht idmuthr lhs eêpirts eh l ‚iooêh
quj smot iutiot eh pmsths â pmurvmjr, smjt 4
(775 - 6:2) + 6: 3 16> ho O+9
(9 222 - 775) + 72 3 9:6 ho O+1
Rmur trmuvhr lh omcarh eh eêpirts hstjcês 4
Mo trmuvh eios l‚ioohxh 1 l‚joejnitjmo sujvioth 4 « Qêeujrh lh omcarh eh eêpirts (eêcjssjmos,
ljnhonjhchots) eh 9 % pir io ho O+9 ht O+1 °.
Ho 12OO, jl y i 6: eêpirts sur uo hffhntjf tmtil eh 6:2 phrsmoohls, smjt 92 %.
Nh tiux ehvri emon ätrh eh : % ho 12OO+9 ht eh 7 % ho 12OO+1, smjt 4
775 Û : % 3 72 ho 12OO+9
9 222 Û 7 % 3 72 ho 12OO+1

JJ
JJ.. Kêrh
Kêrhrr lhs cmajlj
cma jlj tês ehs phrsmoohls
phrsmoo hls

6
 

6. Eêthrcjohz lh ahsmjo ho IHN pmur lhs 1 iooêhs â vhojr.

Lhs IHN rhprêshothot 91 % eh l‚hffhntjf tmtil (nf. kripgjquh ioohxh 9), smjt uo ahsmjo ho IHN eh 4
6:2 Û 91 % 3 7> ho 12OO
775 Û 91 % 3 926 ho 12OO+9
9 222 Û 91 % 3 912 ho 12OO+1
;. Lhs IHN eh A Airnhlmoh
irnhlmoh smot-jls prjmrjtijrhs pmur mathojr uo pmsth sjcjlijrh â Eualjo =
Rmurqumj =
Muj, jls smot prjmrjtijrhs, nhli hst stjpulê eios lhs innmres e‚hotrhprjsh eh CMMV‚ (irtjnlh WJJJ). Jls smot
emon prjmrjtijrhs â emualh tjtrh 4 cmajljtê jothroh (nmrrhspmoeiot â li pmljtjquh eu krmuph) ht
rheêplmjhchot nmllhntjf (fhrchturh eh li aish eh Airnhlmoh).
7. Yuhllhs smot lhs mppmrtuojtês eh cmajljtê ehs IHN =
Lhs mppmrtuojtês eh cmajljtê smot lhs sujvioths 4
 „  cmajljtê
 cmajljtê gmrjzmotilh (fmontjmos suppmrt iu ^jçkh, iutrhs pmsths sur lhs aishs e ‚hxplmjtitjmo, pmsths eh
 phrsmoohl oivjkiot nmcchrnjil) 0
 „  cmajljtê
 cmajljtê vhrtjnilh (nghf e‚hsnilh, pmsth e‚honierhchot eios lhs fmontjmos suppmrt sj pmthotjhl) 0
 „  cmajljtê
 cmajljtê kêmkripgjquh.
:. Rrmpmshz ehs smlutjmos eh cmajljtê pmur lhs 6 IHN nmonhroês pir li fhrchturh eh li aish eh
Airnhlmoh.
 Innhpthr tmuth prmpmsjtjmo nmgêrhoth
nmgêrhoth dustjfjêh.

;
 

Jl y i intuhllhchot > pmsths ejspmojalhs pmur 6 phrsmoohs. Jl fiut emon prmnêehr â ehs cmajljtês
gmrjzmotilhs ho itthoeiot li prmngijoh muvhrturh eh Eualjo quj prmpmshri 6 pmsths e‚IHN.
VŞu eh VŞu eh  Rmsth â Eualjo
Omc Rrêomc Rrmpmsjtjmo
cutitjmo 9 Cutitjmo 1 hovjsikhialh =
Rirjs pujs Eualjo
AIL^HQ Dêrêcy Cierje Rirjs Muj
(nierh =)
CIZMQ Jrçoh Lymo Cierje Omo Cierje mu RON

LXJ^ ^hrhoi Cierje - Omo Cierje

NIQUHQ Dustjo Lmoerhs Cirshjllh Omo Cirshjllh

LJ^QJ ^icjri Cirshjllh Cierje Muj RON pujs Eualjo

Issjstiot
IJLHN Nglmê EÊCJ^^JMO -
cir`htjok =
Jl rhsth uo pmsth viniot â Rirjs â pmurvmjr.
Eios > cmjs, jl y iuri 1 pmsths â Rirjs (eêpirt eh Dêrêcy AIL^HQ) ht 8 pmsths e ‚IHN â Eualjo.
92. L‚hotrhprjsh phut-hllh prmpmshr uoh smlutjmo ilthroitjvh â Nglmê Ijlhn =
Nglmê Ijlhn shcalh surquiljfjêh pmur lh pmsth e‚IHN ht pmssçeh eh amoohs nmcpêthonhs cioikêrjilhs.
L‚hotrhprjsh phut luj prmpmshr lh pmsth e ‚issjstiot cir`htjok iu ^jçkh.
‚ ‚
99. Nmcchot
uo pmsth e‚IHNpmuvhz-vmus
= fijrh pmur sivmjr sj e iutrhs phrsmoohls eh CMMV  smot jotêrhssês pir
Lh shrvjnh QG ejspmsh ehs nmcpths-rhoeus e‚hotrhtjhos e‚êviluitjmo mu e‚hotrhtjhos prmfhssjmoohls ht
ehs ajlios eh nmcpêthonhs.
Lhs silirjês phuvhot êkilhchot fmrculhr lhurs ehcioehs eh cmajljtê sur ehs fjnghs eh vŞux mu sur
l‚Jotrioht eu Krmuph.

JJ
JJJ.
J. Innmcp
Inn mcpi
ikohr lhs cmajljt
cmaj ljtês
ês
91. Yuhls smot lhs jotêräts pmur CMMV‚ eh nmoshrvhr Nglmê Ijlhn pircj shs hffhntjfs =
Lh rhnlisshchot eh Nglmê Ijlhn phut ätrh uoh mppmrtuojtê pmur CMMV‚ nir l‚hotrhprjsh hst ho rhnghrngh
eh phrsmoohl ht quh li cmajljtê jothroh hst cmjos nmðthush qu ‚uo rhnruthchot.
Nglmê Ijlhn s‚jotêkrhri plus ripjehchot ht finjlhchot qu ‚uo omuvhl irrjviot nghz CMMV‚  nir hllh
nmooiït eêdâ l‚hotrhprjsh, smo fmontjmoohchot ht shs vilhurs.
Hllh shcalh ivmjr lhs nmcpêthonhs ht lh pmthotjhl pmur êvmluhr eios lh krmuph.
9>. Eh quhl typh eh cmajljtê vi-t-hllh aêoêfjnjhr =
Nglmê vi aêoêfjnjhr e‚uoh cmajljtê jothroh â trmjs ojvhiux 4
 „  prmfhssjmoohllh
 prmfhssjmoohllh (isnhoeioth) pujsqu‚hllh vi issurhr uo pmsth eh krieh supêrjhur (prmcmtjmo) 0
 „  gmrjzmotilh,
 gmrjzmotilh, pujsquh Nglmê ngiokh eh emcijoh e‚intjvjtê (e‚uo hcplmj e‚ikhot nmcchrnjil â uo pmsth
e‚issjstiot cir`htjok) 0
 „  kêmkripgjquh,
 kêmkripgjquh, pujsqu‚hllh vi qujtthr Airnhlmoh pmur illhr trivijllhr iu sjçkh frioëijs sjtuê â Cirshjllh.
95. Jehotjfjhz lhs ejspmsjtjfs eh cmajljtê cjs ho plinh pir CMMV‚.
CMMV‚ ejspmsh e‚uo Jotrioht, e‚uo shrvjnh eêejê â li cmajljtê, e ‚uo nierh rêklhchotijrh fivmrialh (ijeh
kêmkripgjquh, cutitjmo, rheêplmjhchot) ht e‚uoh amooh khstjmo ehs hffhntjfs (iotjnjpitjmo, nmooijssionh
ehs phrsmoohls, ehs cêtjhrs, ehs pmsths viniots…).
98. Nmcchot illhz-vmus innmcpikohr Nglmê Ijlhn Ijl hn eios si cmajljtê prmfhssjmoohllh =
▤  
▤
Chohruouoajlio
  Fijrh hotrhtjho pmur rêpmoerh
eh nmcpêthonhs â shs quhstjmos
ht êviluhr lh ahsmjohtehrhpêrhr shs rêtjnhonhs.
fmrcitjmo.

7
 

▤  Rmrthr â si nmooijssionh lhs ejspmsjtjfs e ‚innmcpikohchot (ijehs fjoionjçrhs,

mrkiojsitjmoohllhs, nierh rêklhchotijrh…).
▤  Ippmrthr uoh ijeh â smo jotêkritjmo eios smo omuvhl hovjrmoohchot eh trivijl (nf . ngipjtrh
 prênêehot).
96. Nglmê Ijlhn vmus joejquh qu ‚hllh jkomrijt l‚hxjsthonh eh li amursh eh l‚hcplmj eh CMMV‚.
Qêiljshz uoh pikh e‚innuhjl ittrintjvh pmur jonjthr lhs silirjês eh CMMV‚ â nmosulthr nht hspinh.
Vmus pmuvhz rêiljshr nhtth pikh sur lh
l h lmkjnjhl eh vmtrh ngmjx.