03/01/2020

Software Radio, Introduction

Software Defined Everything SDx :
Application aux
Intelligent Transport Systems &
Smart City

FULL PROFESSOR CHOKRI SOUANI

INSTITUT SUPÉRIEUR DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES
ET DE TECHNOLOGIE DE SOUSE
TUNISIE
Chokri.souani@gmail.com

Software Defined Everything SDx : Application aux

Intelligent Transport Systems & Smart City Chokri Souani
Résumé • Professeur de l’Université (Institut Supérieur des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie de Sousse) en Tunisie
• Le système embarqué a connu une évolution bouleversante au niveau technique et même économique.
• Chef d’équipe du Laboratoire Microélectronique et Instrumentation
• Ce système, est associé à un logiciel de pilotage et de configuration.
• Chef de groupe de recherche C&SE (Circuit & Système Embarqué)
• Le Hardware est mort et l'industrie de VLSI électronique n'est plus la solution à chercher que ce soit pour le
développement ou le prototypage.
• Coordinateur responsable du Mastère de recherche (Système et Microsystème Electronique Embarqué)
• C'est la composante logicielle qui l'emporte tant qu'on utilise des plateformes déjà prête à marcher.
• On connait, la RaspBerry Pi, Arduino, SoC et FPGA, contrôleur ARM.
• Désigné comme expert technique, scientifique et académique dans plusieurs établissements

• Dans ce contexte les systèmes embarqués sont communicants, WiFi, Bluetooth, RF, ... • Fait parti de plusieurs comités et commission (Habilitation, thèse doctorat, recrutement, membre de Jury, …)
• On associe les deux concepts maintenant: la connexion et la plateforme hardware programmable par • Rapporteur du comité technique dans plusieurs journaux internationales et conférences
software.
• Les systèmes de communications récents sont programmables et utilisent un minimum de hardware. • Thèmes de recherche: Software Defined System, SDR, SD-SoC, SoC, MPSoC, Embedded System, Computer
• Il s'agit du concept de Software Defined Radio ou la radiocommunication définit par software. Vision, BigData, IoT, Smart City, Communicant Vehicle & ITS, Small Satellite & Applications
• Il est possible de construire sont propre système de communication: Radio FM, GPS, Tracker, ...
• Nous allons définir cette radio définie par logiciel et nous allons voir comment il devient très simple la
construction de systèmes de communications appliquées aux systèmes de transport intelligents (ITS) et aussi
qui s'apprêtent au concept du SmartCity.

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System On Module = SOM

- System on Module is a small form-factor, ready-to-use, processor module.
- It consists of the hardware and software for developing any embedded product.
- SoM allows you to accelerate time-to-market for your embedded products and to reduce project schedule
and overall cost.
- SoM requires a matching customer’s board or a carrier board to establish a complete computer system “Most of the new, innovative “Software is eating the world”
(Computer on Board). companies are focusing on the
software. I think there will be lots Marc Andreessen
Why does SoM reduce the embedded product development cost and risk? co-founder of Netscape
- Custom engineering of innovation in the areas of
- Save your resources software, but not in hardware.”
- Optimize the product development cost
- Accelerate time-to-market Steve Jobs
- Avoid risk - use proven solution February 1985
SoM is an ideal solution to custom engineering!

Quantity of Hardware vs Quantity of Software

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Communication dans les systèmes embarqués

• Un système embarqué = • Un système embarqué = système électronique, intégrant :

• Un processeur (plusieurs); exécution d’un Soft à l’aide des périphériques
• Communicant (Wifi, BlueTooth, Ethernet, …)
• Interactif (Homme/Machine, Environnement/Machine)

Mémoire

WiFi

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V4 V6 Zynq
GPP

FPGA
GPU

Microcontroller MPSoC

SoC

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Second :
Let’s design an FM receiver
Software Defined System : SDx

… but it’s analog

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A digital receiver Less analog and more digital

* Analog

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Communication
?

Evolution of SDR:
As long as the sampling rate of ADCs increases, they are closer
to the antenna

(a) Basic Digital Radio

(b) IF Digital Radio

(c) RF Digital Radio (zero-IF)

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Tool Platform

LabView RTL-SDR
USRP

Matlab
USRP Zynq-SDR RTL-SDR ADALM-PLUTO

GNURadio
USRP Zynq-SDR RTL-SDR ADALM-PLUTO

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SDR Applications

- FM Radio receiver
- FM radio receiver with RDS
- Talkie Walkie
- Aircraft tracking Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (& Vehicle to Infrastructure)
- Maritime Navigation System
- GPS system Small-Satellite Communication
- Reception of weather data
- GSM communication IoT for Smart City
- Custom communication system
- Land Station for Small-Satellites
- Inter-Vehicle Communication (V2V & V2I)
- Smart City (IoT)
- ….

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DSRC = Dedicated Short Range Communications

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (& Vehicle to Infrastructure)
• Wireless communications,
• Double direction,
• Short or medium range,
• Specifically designed for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
• Communications between vehicle and infrastructure (road)
• Communications between vehicle and vehicles

Small-Satellite Communication
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated 75 MHz to the USA in the 5.9 GHz
IoT for Smart City band for DSRC (1999).
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has allocated 30 MHz spectrum in
Europe in the 5.9 GHz band for DSRC (2008).

DSRC systems in Europe, Japan and the United States are not yet compatible.

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DSRC Vehicle communication

o Cooperative control of vehicle speed

o cooperative front-end collision detection
o avoidance of intersection collisions - Embedded image processing
o emergency vehicle approach warning - Embedded Signal Processing
o vehicle safety inspection
o priority signals for emergency vehicles
- Embedded Sensors
o electronic parking payments - Embedded Artificial Intelligence
o alarm from inside the vehicles - Embedded Communication
o reversal warning
o data collection probe
o crossing warning
o emergency alert system for vehicles

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SDR-SoC
Direction
Direction

Speed
Speed

Sensors
Sensors

Position
Position

Cam
Cam

Engine
Engine

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Ionosphere
500 Km Communication Satellite

Ionosphere
250 Km Small Satellite

Minisatellite (100–500 kg)

Microsatellite (10–100 kg)
Nanosatellite (1–10 kg) Troposphere
Picosatellite (0.1–1 kg) 13 Km
Femtosatellite (0.01–0.1 kg) Fixed satellite service (FSS)
Services fixés : téléphonie, télévision
Broadcasting satellite service (BSS)
Télévision : Bande Ku (12-18 GHz), Bande C (4-8 GHz)
Intelligent Mobile-satellite service
Transport Téléphonie : Bande L (1,5-2,5 GHz)
System Radionavigation-satellite service
Meteorological-satellite service
Amateur-satellite service
Smart City

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Cube Sat

Station Terrestre

Ground Station - SDR

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Résultat Smart City

Météo : NOOA Statellite a concrete example of IoT
Hardware what about the SDR?

Software

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Smart City
A smart city (Smart City) =
- an urban area
- that uses different types of sensors / electronic data collection
- to provide information
- to effectively manage assets and resources.

Are included:
Data collected from citizens, devices and assets processed and analyzed
to monitor and manage transportation systems, power plants, water supply systems, waste management,
information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, services, etc.

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Software Radio Basics Topics

• Complex Signals
• Digital Downconverters – DDCs
• Receiver Systems
• Decimation
• Digital Upconverters – DUCs
• Transmitter Systems
• Interpolation

Complex Signals Positive and Negative Frequencies

• A real signal has one component : Real A complex signal can be a positive or negative frequency
Real • Positive Frequency
I leads Q (is ahead of in phase) by 90° I
• A complex signal has two components : 90°
I In-Phase (or Real)
Q
Q Quadrature (or Imaginary) I
90° phase shift relative to I 90° • Negative Frequency
Q I lags Q (is behind in phase) by 90° I
90°

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Complex Signals - Another view Complex Signals - Another view

Imaginary Axis - Q

• Think of a rotating wheel centered on a • Think of a rotating wheel centered on a

horizontal (real) I axis and a vertical horizontal (real) I axis and a vertical
(imaginary) Q axis (imaginary) Q axis
Real Axis - I • As the wheel rotates, a point on the edge
of the wheel oves left and right along the I
axis, and up and down along the Q axis
• If the wheel rotates at a constant speed,
the values of I and Q are identical to the
sinewave plots we just looked at the -90°
out of phase
• If the wheel rotates counter-clockwise we
generate a positive frequency
• If the wheel rotates clockwise we generate
a negative frequency
• You can think of a complex signal as a
rotating vector with two components
I=cos ϕ and Q=sin ϕ, and with a positive or Negative Frequency: CW
negative rotation
• Rotation speed = signal frequency !

Nyquist Theorem and Complex

How to make a Complex Signal
Signals
• Multiply a real signal (f1) by a complex sinewave signal generator (f2) • Nyquist Theorem = Sampling rate must be at least
cos f1 Real twice the bandwidth of the signal Real
sin(f1 – f2) Complex
• For real signals, we have one digital value per sample Samples
Difference
Frequency • For complex signals, we have two values per sample:
cos(f1 – f2)
Signal I&Q
I Q • A complex signal sample contains twice the Complex
sin f2 cos f2 information as a real signal sample Samples
Complex • As a result: I
sinewave The Nyquist theorem for complex sampling requires
generator the sampling rate must be at least equal to the
• Trigonometry bandwidth of the signal Q
• cos f1 x sin f2 = ½ { sin(f1 - f2) + sin(f1 + f2) } • No free lunch – it’s the same number of digital
• cos f1 x cos f2 = ½ { cos(f1 - f2) + cos(f1 + f2) } values!
• Remove the higher frequency sum components
• Complex multiplication performs two operations:
• Translates the input signal (f1) down to the difference frequency (f1 – f2)
• Converts the real input signal to a complex difference frequency signal

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Topics Software Radio Receiver

• Complex Signals • RF Tuner down converts analog RF signals to analog IF frequencies

• Digital Downconverters – DDCs

• Receiver Systems
• Decimation
• Digital Upconverters – DUCs
• Transmitter Systems
• Interpolation
Analog Analog
RF Signal IF Signal
RF
Tuner

Analog RF Tuner Receiver Mixing Analog RF Tuner Receiver Mixing

• Signal band of interest is defined by dashed lines • Signal band of interest is defined by dashed lines
• Analog mixer translates the RF input signal, FRF, to IF frequency

RF input signal Mixer translates RF input signal

from Antenna Input signal band from Antenna
To IF frequency
Signal Signal

Analog local
oscillator

FRF FRF

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Analog RF Tuner Receiver Mixing Analog RF Tuner Receiver Mixing

• Signal band of interest is defined by dashed lines • IF Band Pass Filter passes only the signal bandwidth of interest
• Analog mixer translates the RF input signal, FRF, to IF frequency

Mixer translates RF input signal IF BW RF input signal

Input signal band from Antenna from Antenna
To IF frequency
Signal Signal

Analog local
oscillator

FIF FRF FIF FRF

Analog RF Tuner Receiver Mixing Analog RF Tuner Receiver Mixing

• IF Band Pass Filter passes only the signal bandwidth of interest • Suppose you want to receive a different signal
• Frequency translation (amount of shift) is controlled by setting local oscillator
frequency
• Tune to another ‘station’ by changing the local oscillator frequency
IF BW RF input signal Mixer translates RF input signal
from Antenna New Signal Input signal band from Antenna
Signal To IF frequency

Analog local
oscillator

FIF FRF FIF FRF

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Analog RF Tuner Receiver Mixing Software Radio Receiver

• IF Band Pass Filter passes only the new signal instead • RF Tuner down converts analog RF signals to analog IF frequencies
• A/D converter digitizes the IF signal creating real digital samples
• Digital Mixer & Local Oscillator translate digital IF to complex basebdand

RF input signal
New Signal from Antenna
IF BW

Real
Analog Analog Digital IF
RF Signal IF Signal Samples Complex
RF A/D
Digital
Tuner Conv Mixer

Complex
FIF FRF Local
Oscillator

Complex Digital Translation Software Radio Receiver

• IF band contains several signals within its bandwidth • RF Tuner down converts analog RF signals to analog IF frequencies
• Digital complex mixer translates desired input signal within the IF band directly • A/D converter digitizes the IF signal creating real digital samples
down to 0 Hz or DC as a complex signal • Digital Mixer & Local Oscillator translate digital IF to complex basebdand
IF input signal • Complex digital FIR low pass filter limits the baseband signal bandwidth
IF BW
Complex Mixer
Signal
Translates Input
Signal Band to DC
Complex
Real Digital
Analog Analog Digital IF Baseband
RF Signal IF Signal Samples Complex Complex Samples
Digital Local RF A/D
Digital Lowpass
Oscillator Tuner Conv Mixer Filter
FLO=FIF
Complex
0 Hz FIF Local
Oscillator

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Filter Bandlimiting LPF Output Signal Decimation

• Complex Low Pass Filter Bandwidth is set to match desired bandwidth of • Since the LPF output is band limited, Nyquist tells us we can lower the sample rate
received channel • Decimation means keeping one of every N samples
• At the output of the Low Pass Filter, the complex baseband signal bandwidth • If the decimated output sample rate is kept above Nyquist limit, no information is lost
has been reduced
Channel IF input signal • Benefit: Same information can be processed easier in a DSP, transmitted at a lower
Bandwidth IF BW rate, or stored in less memory!
Complex Mixer
Signal
Signal Translates Input
FIR Output Rate Before
Signal Band to DC
Deciamtion
A/D Sample Rate: Fs

Digital Local
Oscillator Decimated Filter Output
FLO=FSIG Baseband Sample Rate:
Fs/N
0 FSIG

Software Radio Receiver DDC: Two-Step Signal Processing

• RF Tuner down converts analog RF signals to analog IF frequencies • Frequency Translation
• Tuning (down conversion frequency) is controlled by Local Oscillator Setting
• A/D converter digitizes the IF signal creating real digital samples
• Digital Mixer & Local Oscillator translate digital IF to complex basebdand • Low Pass Filtering
• Decimation Setting controls filter bandwidth AND decimation
• Digital FIR low pass filter limits the complex baseband signal bandwidth • As the filter becomes lower, the decimation factor increases
• DDC = Complex Mixer + Local Oscillator + Decimating Low Pass Filter DDC
Digital Down Converter
• Digital signal processing stage performs signal demodulation, etc.
Digital IF
Translation Filtering Digital
Complex Analog Samples Baseband
DDC Digital IF Signal Complex Complex Samples
Real
Digital Down Converter A/D
Baseband Digital Lowpass
Analog Analog Digital IF Conv
Samples Mixer Filter
RF Signal IF Signal Samples Complex Complex
RF A/D
Digital Lowpass DSP
Tuner Conv Mixer Filter Complex
Local
Oscillator
Complex
Local
Oscillator Tuning Freq Decimation

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Topics Software Radio Transmitter

• Complex Signals • DSP stage generates complex baseband digital signal
• Digital Up Converter translates complex digital baseband to real IF
• Digital Downconverters – DDCs • D/A converter converts real digital IF samples to analog IF signal
• Receiver Systems • RF Upconverter translates analog IF signals to analog RF frequencies
• Decimation • Power amplifier boosts signal energy to antenna
• Digital Upconverters – DUCs
• Transmitter Systems
• Interpolation Complex Digital
Baseband
Complex Digital
Baseband
Real
Digital IF Analog Analog
Samples Samples Samples RF
IF
Fs/N COMPLEX
Fs COMPLEX Fs Signal Signal
RF Power
DSP INTERPOLATION DIGITAL D/A CONV
Upconverter Amplifier
FILTER MIXER

DUC Digital COMPLEX

Up Converter LOCAL OSC

Digital Upconverter Complex Interpolating Filter

• D/A output rate must be high enough to satisfy Nyquist for IF output • Interpolation filter increases the sampling rate of Fs/N Fs
• Digital mixer translates baseband samples up to IF frequency the complex baseband input signal COMPLEX
I INTERPOLATING
I
• Mixer must deliver output samples at the D/A sample rate • Interpolation Factor N determines the ratio LOW PASS
• Mixer generates one output sample for each of two input samples • Interpolation does NOT change the baseband Q FILTER Q

• Local oscillator (Fs) & baseband sample rate (Fs) must be at D/A sample rate (Fs)
frequency – just increases the sample rate BASEBAND INTERPOLATED
INPUT OUTPUT
• Digital baseband input sample rate is much lower (Fs/N) INTERPOLATION
• Interpolation filter solves the problem ! FACTOR = N
Baseband Input
Complex Digital Complex Digital Real Sample Rate : Fs/N
Baseband Baseband Digital IF Analog
Analog
Samples Samples Samples RF
IF
Fs/N COMPLEX
Fs COMPLEX Fs Signal Signal
RF Power
DSP INTERPOLATION DIGITAL D/A CONV
Upconverter Amplifier
FILTER MIXER Interpolating Filter
Fs Output
DUC Digital COMPLEX
Sample Rate: Fs
Up Converter LOCAL OSC

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Frequency Domain View Software Radio Transmitter

• Now, the interpolated baseband sample rate matches the Fs rate required at • DSP stage generates complex baseband digital signal
the mixer input • Digital Up Converter translates complex digital baseband to real IF
• Digital mixer translates complex baseband signal up to an IF frequency • D/A converter converts real digital IF samples to analog IF signal
• RF Upconverter translates analog IF signals to analog RF frequencies
Complex Interpolated
Baseband Input • Power amplifier boosts signal energy to antenna
Complex Mixer Translated Output
Translates Input
Signal Band to DC
Complex Digital Complex Digital Real
Baseband Baseband Digital IF Analog
Analog
Samples Samples Samples RF
IF
Local Oscillator Fs/N COMPLEX
Fs COMPLEX Fs Signal Signal
RF Power
F = IF Freq DSP INTERPOLATION DIGITAL D/A CONV
Upconverter Amplifier
FILTER MIXER

DUC Digital COMPLEX

0 IF Freq Up Converter LOCAL OSC

DDC and DUC: Two-Step Signal Processors

Translation Filtering
Summary
A/D Digital Lowpass
Digital Down Conversion - DDC Mixer Filter DSP • Complex Signals
Conv • Two Components I and Q
• Frequency Translation Fs Fb • Positive and Negative Frequencies
• Local Oscillator Setting Digital • Complex Mixing Translates Real Signal and Converts to Complex
Local /N
• Low Pass Filtering Oscillator • Software Radio Systems
• Decimation and Bandwidth Setting • Receiver systems use analog RF front end to convert RF down to IF
• Baseband Sample Rate Fb = Fs/N • Transmitter systems use analog RF back end to convert IF up to RF
• Baseband Bandwidth = 0.8 x Fb Frequency • Hardware interfaces A/Ds and D/As to analog IF signals
Decimation
Tuning
Bandwidth • Digital Down Converters
• Converts real IF samples down to complex digital baseband samples
Digital Up Conversion - DUC • Tuning Frequency determines input signal frequency for down conversion
Filtering Translation
• Frequency Translation • Decimating filter reduces data rate for easier processing, storage, etc.
• Local Oscillator Setting • Digital Up Converters
INTERPOLATE DIGITAL D/A • Converts complex digital baseband signals up to real IF samples
• Interpolation Filtering DSP FILTER MIXER CONV
• Interpolation filter boosts baseband sampling rate to match D/A sample rate
• Interpolation and Bandwidth Setting Fb Fs • Tuning Frequency determines IF output frequency at D/A
• Baseband Bandwidth = 0.8 x Fb DIGITAL
• Output Sample Rate Fs = Fb x N LOCAL OSC

Interpolation Frequency
Bandwidth Tuning

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Communications Theory and Systems I

Tutorial 1: Using GNU Radio Companion

1. Objectives
2. Launching GNU Radio Companion
3. Configuring the Flowgraph
4. Adding Blocks to the Flowgraph
5. Executing the Flowgraph
6. Working with the Scope Sink
7. Working with the FFT Sink
8. Working with Audio I/O
9. Math Operations
10. Filters
11. Running Generated Python Code
12. Conclusions

1. Objectives • Install from GNURadio.org

• GNU Radio Companion (GRC) is a graphical user interface
that allows you to build GNU Radio flowgraphs.
It is an excellent way to learn the basics of GNU Radio.
In this course you will learn how to:
launch the GNU Radio Companion (GRC) software.
create and execute a GRC flowgraph.
use basic blocks such as signal sources and graphical sinks.
use the computer's audio hardware with GRC.

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2. Launching GNU Radio Companion

Linux installation: • Launch GNU Radio companion by selecting
Distribution Command
Applications->Programming->GRC as shown Start-> Programs -> GNURadio-> GNURadio Companion
Debian/Ubuntu and derivates $ apt install gnuradio
Fedora $ dnf install gnuradio
RHEL/CentOS $ yum install gnuradio
Archlinux $ pacman -S gnuradio
Gentoo Linux $ emerge net-wireless/gnuradio

Windows installation:
http://www.gcndevelopment.com/gnuradio/downloads.htm

• An untitled GRC window should open. 3. Configuring the Flowgraph

• The Options block sets some general parameters
for the flow graph.
Double-click on the Options block to get the
properties dialog.
• Leave the ID as "top_block".
• Enter "Tutorial 1" as the title.
• Enter your name as the Author.
• Set Generate Options to WX GUI.
• This setting controls the way that GUIs are
generated for flow graph output. Many of the
output plots used in these labs will not be available
if this option is set to the default QT GUI
• Set Run to Autostart, and Realtime Scheduling to
Off.
• Click OK to close the properties dialog.

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• The other block in the flowgraph is a variable block that sets the sample rate.
• Click on this block to see the variable name and value.
• The variable block will be discussed later.
4. Adding Blocks to the Flowgraph
• On the right side of the window is a list of the blocks that are available.
• By expanding any of the categories you can see the blocks available.
• May search items (click on the magnifying glass).
• Open the Waveform Generators category and double-click on the Signal
Source.
Note that a Signal Source block will now appear in the main window.

• Double-click on the Signal Source block

and adjust the settings.
• This Signal Source is set to output a
real-valued 1 kHz sinusoid with a peak
amplitude of 0.5.

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