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1.5 111(0111((0111(0( 25
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2.2 111(.1~1) /11) ~10(0(01 ~10(01((0((111(0 34
2.3 111~ 051 ~0~(01 42
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2.6 ~111(1111(0~1~ 48
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3.2 1-..11~10~ ~11~ 1)1~1(~1 ))~(~ 1,~1101111551011 78
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3.4 (=0~1111(01 ~~~~(1()1 91
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3.6 1(~11~11110, 1~(0,,,1(0,,,..,(2(1(0060110, ~11~ ~101=11(01110 96
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8011~1~~ 5 81~11111 ~11~00111~ ~~~0111()11~5 138

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5.2 1)1~1(311)3(~1, ~11310~ 51~11315 151
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5.5 ~~~0111111~118~(11~~,1(1111~ 175
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8011~1~~ 6 01~11111 011111 8011111111111~116011 ~~~0111()11~5 180

6.1 ~5)111~11.0110115 3118 5)111~11.0110115 1.31151111551011 182
6.2 1)1~~5 018..0.5 11)6
6.3 8..0. ))~(~~6011 11)6
6.4 8..0. ~0..~~6011 196
6.5 ~111~ ~0116~111360115 201
6.6 ~~~0111111~118~8 ~~38111~ 203
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7.1 ~10~,, ~011(101 209
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8.3 5(3656~3111111~-1)1,,151011 ~1116~1~)(111~ 251)
8.4 ~5)1111111~(.1~1)1~1(31 51105~.10~1. ~111~ 265
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8.6 1~~~0111111~118~81~~,1(1111~311(1~~0 51(~5 269
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9.5 1~~~0111111~118~8 ~~38111~ 3118 ~~0 51(~ 290
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10.3 (=11011( 5~1((111118 ~011(~))(5 304
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10.5 ~,1()(~(-5,,.,,1((111118 ))1111(1))1~5 309

10.6 )(.25 317
10.7 ~1.~111~ ~~1~)1 319
10.8 1~~(0111111~110~0 1~~~01118 ~110 ~~0 51(~5 324
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11.1 ()10(0(01 ~1(111(~((111~ 329

11.2 ,4.1~ 1.,081(~1 ~01111~((10115 331

11.3 ,4.1~ (=~115 335
11.4 11~115111155101101 ~1~ ~~115 340
11.5 ,4.1~ 5~1.,,1(~ (-=~(~~011~5 345
11.6 8..~(0111111~110~0 ~~~0111~ ~110 ~~0 51(~5 348
11.7 /(~)11~11115, ~~.,,1~~ (211~5(10115, ~110 ~1.0010115 349

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12.2 8)(~111))1~5~ ~011611~ 111~8..~~~~1 362

12.3 1.,~~5(-~05( ,4.1~011(111115 367
12.4 ~~(0111111~11(1~0 1~~~01118 372
12.5 /(~)11~11115, ~~.,,1~~ (211(0560115, ~110 ~1001~1115 373

~113.,(~~ 13 ~011~~56011 ~011(~01 111 03(3 ~ ~(~0~~5 377

13.1 811~((5 01 (~0118~56011 379

13.2 ~0118~56011 ~011(101 383
13.3 11.~~( ~~11~8~111~11( 386
13.4 (=011~~56011 ~011(101111 1)~()(~(-5,,.,,1((111118 ~ ~(~01)(5 387
13.5 ~1.~111(01~~1,1)1 ~011~~56011 ~011(101 388
13.6 ,4.1~ 11~16.( ~~11~~~111~11( 394
13.7 ,4.1~-~~8.. 11~16.( ~~11~~~11101( 406
13.8 1~~(0111111~110~0 1~~~01118 409
13.9 /(~)11~0115, ~~.,,1~,,.,, (211~560115, ~110 ~1001~1115 410

~113.,(~~ 14 ~~111113~ ~1~~1~55 ~~(~0~~5 413

14.1 ~1.111(1))1~5 01 ~~11111~1 ~ ~(~01)(5 415

14.2 ~115( (~~11~1~6011 ,4.11~10~ 427
14.3 5~(0110 ~~11~1~6011 0)~~ 429
14.4 111110 ~~11~1~(1011 5)15(~1115 437
14.5 ~~(0111111~110~0 8..~~0111~ ~110 ~~0 51(~5 440
14.6 /(~)11~11115, 1~~.,,1(0,,.,, (211~560115, ~110 ~1001~1115 441
~~~ ~00~ 1.,0~~1., ~~~ ~~~~0~5 444
~0~~(~( 15 1,0~~1 ~(~~ ~~(~0(~ 0~~(~1~~ 446

15.1 13~(/(~101111~ 448

15.2 10~010~1~5 ~11~11~1151111551011 ~~~1,1 451
15.3 ~,4.~ ()1-0(0(01 ,4.1(111(~((111~ 457
15.4 131-1~~~5 465
15.5 ~~)1~1 2 ~11(1~,1)1~13 5~,,,1((11~5 473
15.6 1~~(0111111~11(1~~~~~~111~ ~11~~~11 51(~ 478
15. 7 ((~)11~11115, )~~,,,1~~,,,(211~5(10115,~11~ ~1001~1115 479

013~(~~ 16 111~0-5~~~0 1.,~~5 482

16.1 111~ 8111~1~~11(~ 01 1-11~11-5~~~~ ~,4.~5 483
16.2 ~(11~111~( 485
16.3 ~101~ ~11~1111~1 500
16.4 1~~(~0111111~11~~~ ~~~~111~ ~11~~~0 51(~5 504
16.5 ((~)11~11115, ~~,,,1~~,,, (211~5(10115,~11~ ~1001~1115 506
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17.1 0,,,~1-,,,1~~,,, 523
17.2 ~11~1~55 ~,4.~ 1~(11110101,,7 528
17.3 18~8 802.11 ,4.1(111(~((111~ ~11~ 5~1,,,1(~5 531
17.4 1~~~ 802.11 ~~~111111 ,4.((~55 ~011(101 535
17.5 1~~~ 802.111,11)151(~1 ~~)1~1 543
17.6 1~88 802.11 5~(1111()1 (~01151~~1,1()0115 549
17.7 ~~(0111111~11~~~ ~~~~1118 ~11~ ~~0 51(~5 550
17.8 ((~)11~11115, ~~,,,1~~,,, (211~5()0115, ~11~ ~1001~1115 551

~~~~ ~1~~ 1~~~~~~ ~~0 ~~~5~0~~ ~~0~0~01.,5 554

~03~(~~ 18 10(~~0~(~0~~ ~~0(0~015 556

18.1 13~51( ()10(0(01 ~1111((10115 558

18.2 ()1111(1~1~5 01 111(~1-11~(~,,,01/(111~ 566
18.3 111(~111~( 1,10(0(01 0~~1~()011 569
18.4 111(~111~( 1)1-0(0(01 576
18.5 1 (),,,6 586
18.6 1111(11~1 ~11,,,,1(~ ~~(~,,,01/(5 ,111(11~ 5~(1111()1 596
18. 7 ~~(0111111~11~~~ ~~~~1118 ~11(1~~0 51(~5 599
18.8 ((~)11~11115, 1~~,,,1~~,,, (211~5(10115, ~11~ 1110111~1115 600

~03~(~~ 19 10(~~0~(~0~~ 0~~~3600 603

19.1 ~111()(~5()11~ 605

19.2 ~011()11~ ))1-0(0(015 614
19.3 111(~81-~(~~ 5~1,,,1(~5 ,4.1(111(~((111-~ 625
19.4 1)111~1-~11(1~(~~ 5~1,,,1(~5 636
 19.5 5~1.,,1~~ 1-~.,,~1 ~81~~111~11~5 645
19.6 11) 1)~,(01111~11~~ ~~(11(5 646

19.7 ~~(0111111~110~0 ~~~0111~ ~110 ~~0 51~~5 649

19.8 1(~~ 1~11115, ~~.,,1~~,.,, ~11~5~10115, ~110 ))1001~1115 651

~113.,(~~ 20 ~..3115.,0~( ~..0(0~015 655

20.1 (=01111~(~1011-011~11~~0 11~1151101~ ~10~0(01 ~~(11~11151115 657

20.2 1(~)) 674
20.3 1~~ (=0118~5()011 ~011~101 683
20.4 00~ 693
20.5 8..~(0111111~110~0 8..~~01118 ~110 ~~0 51~~5 695
20.6 1(~11~11115, ~~,.,,1~~ ~11~5~10115, ~110 ~1001~1115 695

~~~~ 51)( 1~~13~13~ ~~~1,1~~~10~5 699

~113.,(~.. 21 ~~(~0..~ 5~~11..1(~ 701

21.1 5~(~111~~ ~~~1111~111~11~5 ~110 ~~~~()(5 703

21.2 ~0116.0~11()~11~~ _,.,,1~11~011,.,,~11~1011~1 ~11(1111()011 705
21.3 ~~55~~~ ~~1~11~11()(~~1011 ~110 1-/~511 ~1111(()0115 713
21.4 ~~1011(-1(~~ ~11(1~11~1011 ~110 1)181~~1 51~11~~111~5 720
21.5 5~(~11~ 50~)(~~ 1-~~~1. ~110 11~1151101~ ~~~~1 5~~111.1~~ 727
21.6 1~.,,4 ~110 1~,.,,6 5~(~111~ 732
21.7 ~1-~1 ~10~~(~~0 ~(~~55 737
21.8 1~~(0111111~110~0 ~~~0111~ ~110 ~~0 51~~5 739
21.9 1(~~ 1~11115, ~~,.,,1~_,.,, ~11~5~10115, ~110 ()1001~1115 740

~113.,(~.. 22 111(~..11~( ~.,.,11~360115-131~~(..0111~ ~311 3110 ~~(~0..~ ~3113~~111~11( 743

22.1 81~~~1.0111~ ~~11~ 5~11) ~110 ~1~8 745

22.2 ~~~~01)( ~~11~~~111~11~~ 5~~~ 760
22.3 ~~~0111111~110~0 1~~~0111~ ~110 ~~0 51~~5 770
22.4 1(~~ 1~11115, ~~,.,,1~~ ~~1~5~10115, ~110 ))1001~1115 771

~113.,(~.. 23 111(~..11~( ~.,.,11~360115-111(~..11~( 01~~~(0..~ 5~..~1~~ 3110 ~0..10 ~10~ ~~0 773
23.1 111~~111~~011~~~01~ 5~1,.,,1(~~ 0~5 774
23.2 ~~0 ~(~~55~ 1-(11)) 784
23.3 ~~(0111111~110~0 )~~~0111~ ~110 ~~0 51~~5 795
23.4 1(~~ 1~1.1115, ~~,.,,1~~ ~11~5()0115, ~110 ~1001~1115 796

~113.,(~.. 24 111(~..11~( ~.,.,11~360115-~1116111~013 799

24.1 ~~1010 ~110 ,,,,10~0 ~0111111~551011 800

24.2 ~~~1-11111~ 11~(6.( 808
24.3 ,,,,01~~ 0,.,,~1 1~ ~110 ~~11~1111~01~ 5~1111101(-51~ 811
24.4 1~~~1-11111~ 11~1151101~ ))10~0(01 (~1()) 820
24.5 1~~~0111111~110~0 ~~,1(1111~ ~110 ~~0 51~~5 831
24.6 1(~~ 1~11115, ~~,.,,1~_,.,, ~11~5~10115, ~110 1)10010115 832
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11.1 ~0~1,1~, 5~,1~5 1~~)),~5~11(~6011 01 ~~,1001( 51~11~)5 836

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13.1 11,~(()(~) 8)(~,(15~5 842

13.2 50()(~(5 )),0~~((5 843

13.3 8(11~,~~1 ~),0~~((5 843
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~011~~~15 01 ~1010~015 3110 ~1010~01 31~1111~~11.11~5 31~ ~)(3111111~0.

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~11~ 1111=~..11~1=
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~113()1=~.. 2 ),)..01=0~01 ~..~1111=~~1=0..~, ~~),)/1),), 311~

1111=~..11~1=-~35~~ ~()()11~31=10115
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9
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32
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40

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44

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 45

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//11/1/~/11~/1((1(10/1, (1/10 //1(~,11(1/5. 0~~~1 53001~ ~1.,,~1, ~1= ~(~1111~~ 1-(311, 1994.
~0~~01 ~0111~1, 0., 3110 51~.,,~118, 0. //1(~,11~(11/0,/(1118 11/1(/11~11//11, ~0/11/11~ ///.. 01~/1(-
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..1))1094 ~11(/11, 13. ..1111111111~013 5~81~1118=~11 0.,,~(.,,1~~.,, /~~~ ~11/(1/11~01(1, 5~(111~ 1994.
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.-4~~ 1011,/1(1/ 01 ~011~(1(10/1(1/ ~~5011,~~5 111~0/11/111(1118, 5~(111~ 2001.
1..~1~85 ~~111~1, 13.~ ~01~, ~.~ ~081~1, 1.~ 3110 ~1118, 0. ..1/1~ 0~~~~ 1111~111~1 ~1010~01
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8~~~94 51~.,,~118,~. 1~11//11 ///115(,(1(~0, ~0/11/11~ 1.. 1/1~ 11,0(0~0/5. ~~30111~, 11~=
~0018011-~~81~~, 1994.
8~~~96 51~.,,~118,~. 1~11//11 ///115(,(1(~0, ~0/11/11~ 3.. 1~1110, 1,(1/15(1~(10/15, 1/1111, 1+/1+/111,
(1/10 (/1~ ()1+//)((~) /)0/11(11/111,0(0~0/. ~~30111~, 11~= ~0018011-~~81~~, 1996.
~0~~95 ~0~~1,~., ~131. ..0181110111~01111111111~013 3110 005= ~ 5111.,,~~.,, /~~~ ~11/(1/11~01(1,
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~~30111~, 11~= ~0018011- ~~81~~, 1995.
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1.12 ~113118 1/1~ 11(1111111~ 13~101111 1/1~ 11(11~ 1~()1.111~0 10 1131181~1 3 111~ 1.18111~1~1~7

2.1.~ ~ 1.18~1 011 3 0~1)( 11081 ~31118 10 1131181~1 3 4000-0~1~ 1~)(1111~ 10 3 ~1~108011 ~11100~8
11081.111 010~110 001/118, /1~ 1131181~181/1~ 111~ 0~ (11~3118 011~1~, 1.18111~1/1~ 11~138~11113118-
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~11~ 11017

2.14 111~ 1171~ 811~~111~311011 (~~~ 1350) 8131~8 11131111~ 1131181~110~111111~18 (1108) ~/108~11
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1~(11 011.18111~ 111~ 83(11~ 1108 1~1~~ 1111(11(11~0131~ 81.1~~~8810117

2.15 111 010~1 10 0~ 301~ 1~113118(11111081113~/(~18, 1~1~ (111.181 /(~~11 3 ~011~ 011/1~ 0313 11
8~1108. 1-10~ (11311~ 113~/(~18 01 0313 (111.181 1~~ /(~~11 31 3 11(11~ 10 1(11~1~(11~111 1/118
1~113118(111881011 (11~~1131118(117

2.16 1171~ 11/(~ (11081 111010~018, ~111 11~.,,~1 8~110 311 ~1101 113~/(~1 111 1~8~0118~ 10 311 ~1101
113~/(~1111~~~1.,,~8. ~11~7

2.17 ~~ 113.,,~ 8~~111/131111010~110 0~31 ~11/11081113~/(~18, 1171~ 1(11111~(11~1118 3 11(11~01.11-3110-

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1~113118(111881011 11(11~1.

2. ~~ 1171~,811(11~01.11-3110-1~113118(111881011 8~11~(11~ 1(111111~8 1/131 311 0313113~/(~18 ~111 ~.,,~1111.1-

311~ 0~ 1~~~1.,,~0 0~ 1/1~ 0~81111311011 /1081. ~1111/1~8~ 0313 3180 0~ 1~~~1.,,~0 1.111~0111.1111~07
~/1~ 01 ~11~ 11017

2.19 11118 ~/13111~1 (11~11110118 111~ 1.18~ 01 ~13(11~ ~~13~ 38 3 811~~111~ 111010~01 01 8~81~(11 1.18~0 10
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10 ~01.1111 ~01.11 31~37
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· 0818= 111~ 010~/( 11111110~18 011 0(1((1 ~(1~/(~(8 0~~111 .,.,1(11 011~ (1110 111~1~(18~ 0)1 011~ 10~ ~(1~11
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511 0)1(~8 1011~, 1( 81~11(118 (11~ ~110 01 (11~ (~(11181~~.

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6
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 / 7
~~..510/1 ~181.. ~~~~..,0131
(~/1~1/1
=4 =5 ~05

1(/~/111/1~3110/1 ~13~5 ~~..3~/11~/11 0((5~1

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= 6

500..~~ 3(/(/..~55

0~511/131.0/1 3(/(/..~55
/
500..~~ ~0..1 0~511/13110/1 ~0..1 = 69

5~~/11~/111~/1~1/1 ~/1~~..50/11
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~38~ 1660.
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1311181~88 111311512 0~1~8 01 0313, 111~1181~11318 111~ ~110 01111~ 1(31181~(.
 ,.
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13 0..5 ,1110 0~13)15

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 ~...

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3~11~0 0~315 ~1111111~ 1~31151~~ 010313 0~1~~~111~0 0~.,1(~5 11131 3~~ 01~~(11~
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. . . .. .. .
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62
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~181131 311~ 3113108 1~3115~1551011. ~011~~~15 01 311~111.1311011 311~ 11015~ 3~~ 3150
~)(3~111~~.

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10.~5~ 10~1~5.

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1~3115~1551011, 111~1.11 ~313 ~1.151 0~ ~11~0~~~ 35 311 ~1~~1~1~31 5181131 10.31 15
13110~~~ 10 10.~ ~0.3~3~1~~1511~5 0110.~ 1~3115~1551011 ~~~11.1~. )3010. 3113108 311~
~181131 ~313 ~311 0~ ~~~~~5~111~~ 0~ ~110.~~ 3113108 0~ ~181131 51811315~ ~3~0. 01
10.~ 101.1~ ~35~5 15 ~15~1.155~~ 111~0.3~1~~ 5.

~0.3~1~... 6 01~1131 0313 ~011111111111~311011 ~~~0.111()11~5

111 ~0.3~1~~ 6, 10.~ ~~~0.3515 50.1115 1~0~ ~313 1~3115~1551011 10 ~313 ~0~~1.1-
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50~~ 10~~ 01 ~3131111/( ~0111~01. ~0.3~1~~ 7 ~)(3~111~5 10.~ 11.111~3~~111311~~0.-
111(),1.1~5~0~~011 10 311 ~313 1111/( ~0111~01 ~~010~015, 111~11.1~1118110~ ~0111~01
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1101,~.

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~0~ ~111~1~11~~, 11 50.01.11~ 0~ ~055101~ 10 50.3~~ 10.31 ~3~3~11~. 10.~ 8~11~~1~
1~~~ 10~ 51.1~0. 50.3~1118 15 ~1.1111~1~)(1118.

63
 ~113~1~( 8 ~011~~111(31~8 011 111~ 111(~~ (11081 ~0(11(11011 1)1~~8 01 (1111111~1~)(111~
1~~11111().11~8. 10~ 11(81, 1(~().11~11~)1 01~181011 (1111111))1~)(111~ (~1)~), 18 111~ (11081
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11011810~~ 1118 (~1~((~0 10 38 81311811~31 0( 38)111~11(011011810~.

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~(0~10~ (1111111~1~ 3~~~88.

64
65
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(0115~(1111~~ ()1(1~5. ~5511111~ 11131 111~ 51~113115 1(3~~1111~ ~1111 3 ~~10(11~ 11. 111~11 111~
~3~~1~11~11115 (~131~0 10 111~ ~~(100 35 10110~5~ ~ ~/ = 1). 01
= 1/1. .6~111~31~1111~,
~3(11(1113( (~1~~311(~ 10 11115 015(11551011 15 111~ (35~ ~11~(~ 1) = (, 111~ 5~~~0 0111~111111
)( 108111/5.
1(~~ 5~3(~, ~111(1115 3~~(0)(111131~1)1 3

~..~~11~11~~ 001113111 ~011~~~15 111 ~(3(11(~, 311 ~1~(1(01113~11~11( 51~1131 ~111 0~

11130~ 11~ 01111(11)11(~~11~11(1~5. ~0( ~)(3111~1~, 111~ 51~1131
15 5110~11111 ~1~111~ 3.4~.111~ ~0111~011~1115 0111115 51~11(11 (11~ )1151 5111~ ~(1~~5 0111~~11~11-
~1~51 (1110 31~ ~(1115 ((1) (1110 (0) 01111~ 11~111~ 5110~ 111~5~ 11101~1011(11 ~0111~011~1115.3111~1~
(11~ 1~0 1111~1~51111~ ~011115 111(11~(111 0~ 111(10~ (10011111115 11~111~~

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

0.07 0.57 1.07 1.57 2.07

(3) ~10(2171()

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

0.07 0.57 1.07 1.57 2.07

())) (1/3) 510(217(3./)()

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
0.07 0.57 1.07 1.57 2.07
(~) (4/17) (510(2171() + (1/3)510(217(3./)())

~..~~.~~ 3.4 ~0016011 01 ~1~~0~11~~ ~0111~011~1115 (7 = 1/1)

 · 111~ 5~~0110 1(~~1.1~11~)115 3111111~~~(
111~ 1(~~1.1~11~)1 ~0(111=1011~1115 01 3 51~1131 3(~
(111.11111=11~
01111~ 11(511(~~1.1~11~)1.
1111~~~( (111.11111=11~5
01 011~ 1(~~1.1~11~)1,
~11~11 311 01

111~ 1311~( 1(~~1.1~11~)115 (~1~((~0 10 35 111~ ..00((301~0131 ~...0~0~~.

· 111~ 1=1~(100 01 111~ 10131

1(~~1.1~11~)1.111~ ~~(100 01111~
51~1131 15 ~~1.131 10
~0(11~011~111
111~ 1=1~(100 01 111~ 11.11103(11~11131
5111 (270/() 151 = 1//, 3110 111~ ~~(100
018(1) 15 3150 1, 35 ~311 0~ 5~~111(0(11 ~1~1.1(~ 3.4~.

11 ~311 0~ 5110~11, 1.15111~3 015~1~1111~ ~110~11 35 ~01.1(1~( 31131)1515,11131 311)1 51~113115

(1130~ 1.1~ 01 ~0(11~00~015 31 ~3(101.15 1(~~1.1~0~1~5, 10 ~111~11 ~3~11 ~0(11~00~0115 3 51111.1-
5010. 8)1 300111~ 10~~111~( ~1101.1~115101.1501031 51~11315, ~3~11 ~1111111~ 3~~(0~(131~ 3(111=111-
11.10~, 1(~~1.1~11~)1, 3110 ~1135~, 311)1 ~1~~1(0(113~11~11~ 51~1131 ~311 0~ ~01151(1.1~1~0. ~1.11
3110111~( ~3)1, 311)1 ~1~~1(0(113~0~11~ 51~031 ~311 0~ 5110~11 10 ~0115151 01 3 ~011~~11011 01
~~(1001~ 311310~ 51~11315 (510~ ~3~~5) 310111~(~1113(11~1111.10~5, 1(~~1.1~11~1~5, 3110 ~1135~5.
111~ 1(11~0(130~~ 01 0~111~ 301~ 10 100~ 31 3 51~11311(0(11 111~ 1(~~11~11~)1 ~~(5~~~11~~
(1(~~11~11~)1 00(113111) (3111~( 111311 3 11(11~ ~~(5~~~11~~ (11(11~ 00(113111) 51101110 0~~0(11~
~1~3( 35 111~ 015~1.1551011 ~(0~~~05. ~0( 111~ 101~(~51~0 (~30~(, 111~ 5110)~~1 01. ~01.1(1~(
31131)1515 15 101(0011~~0 111~~~~1101)( ~.
50 ~~ ~311 53)11113110( ~3~11 51~1131, 111~(~ 15 3 11(11~ 00(11311111.111~11011 8(() 11131 5~~~1-
11~5 111~ 3(111=1111110~01111~ 51~1131 31 ~3~11111513111111 11(11~. 51(111/3(1)1, 111~(~ 15 3 1(~~11~11~)1
00(11311111.111~1100 5(/) 111315~~~111~5 111~ 1=1~3~ 3(11~1111.10~ 01111~ ~011511111~1111(~~11~11~1~5 01
111~ 51~1131. ~1~1.1(~ 3.53 5110~5 111~ 1(~~1.1~11~)100(11311111111~1101110( 111~ 51~113101 ~1~1.1(~ 3.4~.
~01~ 11131,111 11115~35~, 5(/) 15 015~(~1~. ~1~1.1(~ 3.50
5110~5 111~ 1(~~1.1~11~)100(11311111.111~11011
10( 3 510~1~ 5~113(~ ~1.115~ 111311135111~ ~311.1~ 1 0~1~~~11 - )(/2300 )(/2, 311015 0 ~15~~11~(~.4

~01~ 1113110 11115 ~35~ 5(/) 15 ~001111110115 3110 11131111135 110112~(0 ~3111~5 1110~11011~1)1,
31111011~11 111~ (113~1111110~ 01111~ 1(~~1.1~0~)1 ~0(11~011~1115 (3~101)1 511(111~5 10( 13(~~( /.
111~5~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 3(~ ~0(11(1100 10( (~31 51~11315.
111~ 5()~~1..001 01 3 51~113115 111~ (311~~ 011(~~11~11~1~5 1113111 ~011131115. ~0( 111~
51~1131 01 ~1~1.1(~ 3.4~, 111~ 5~~~1(1.1(11 ~)(1~005 1(0(11 /10 3/. 111~ 3))50101~ ))30((~1((111
01 3 51~113115 111~ ~10111 01111~ 5~~~1(11(11. 111 111~ ~35~ 01 ~1~1.1(~ 3.4~, 111~ 03110~10111
15 2/. ~311)1 51~11315, 511~11 35 11131 01 ~1~11(~ 3.50, 113~~ 311 111111111~ 03110~10111.
110~~~~(, (11051 01111~ ~0~(~)1 111 111~ 51~1131 15 ~01113111~0 111 3 (~1311~~1)1 113((0~
03110 011(~~11~11~1~5. 11115 03110 15 (~1~((~0 10 35 111~ ~ ~~11~~ ))30((~1((111, 0( )1151
))30((~1((111.
00~ 110311~((11 10 0~110~ 15 ().~ ~001()00~01. 11 3 51~1131111~11.10~5 3 ~0(11~011~111 01
2~(0 1(~~1.1~11~)1, 11131 ~0(11~011~0115 3 01(~~1 ~1.1((~01 (0~) 0( ~011513111 ~0(11~011~111. ~0(
~)(3(11~1~, ~1~1.1(~ 3.6 5110~5 111~ (~51.111 01 300111~ 3 0~ ~0(11~011~111 10 111~ 51~1131 01
~1~1.1(~ 3.4~. ~1111 110 0~ ~0(11~011~111, 3 51~11311135 311 3~~(3~~ 3(11~111110~ 01 2~(0, 35
5~~0 111 111~ 11(11~ 00(11310. ~1111 3 0~ ~0(11~00~111, 111135 31(~~1.1~0~)11~((11 31 / = 0 3110
3 00112~(0 3~~(3~~ 3(11~1111.10~.

~~1€1110115),1~ 0~1~~~11 03(3 ~3(~ 311(1 133110~10(11 ~~ 113~~ 5310 11131 ~11~~-
11~~ 0300~1011115 111~ 03110 ~1111111 ~111~11 (11051 01111~ 51~1131 ~11~(~)115 ~011~~111(31~0. 111~
(11~311111~ 01111~ 1~((11 11108( 111 11115 ~0111~)(1 15 50(11~~1131 3(011(3()1. 111~ 1(11~0(13111 15511~

4111 13~(. (0~ 1011~(1011 5(/) 10( (015 ~35~ 15 5~(11(11~((1~ 3(01.1110 / = ()
3110 50 035 ~3)0~5 10( 11~/1,3(1~~ 1(~-
()0~11~1~5. 10~ ~(~5~11~~ 0111~/1,311~~ 1(~()0~11~1~5 15 3 (113(0~1113(1~31 3((113~( ~005~ ~)(~13113(1011 15 0~~0110
(0~ 5~0~~ 01 (015 000~.
 5(()
1.4
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(3) 5(/)
= (4/,,.-)(5111(2,,.-1/) + (1/3)5111(2,,.-(3./)/))

5(()
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0~1~ 15 1031, 3110011~0 3 ~1~~11 ~3~~101111 1113~ ~01113111 11~().11~11~1~5 0~~1 3 ~~1~ 01030
1311~~, 35 3 ~13~11~31 111311~1 311~ 1131151111551011 5)151~111 (113115111111~1 ~1115 111~0111111 ~1115
1~~~1~~1) ~111 0~ 301~ 10 3~~01111110031~ 0111)131111111~0 03110 0111~().11~116~5.11115, 111111111,
1111111510~ 0313 131~ 1031 ~311 0~ ~3111~0 011 10~ 1131151111551011111~0111111.
10 11)110 ~)(~13111 10~5~ 1~1311011501~5, ~011510~110~ 5().1131~ ~3~~ 01 ~1~111~ 3.20.
511~~05~ 1031 ~~ 1~1 3 ~05111~~ ~1115~ 1~~1~5~111 011131~ 0 3110 3 11~~311~~ ~1115~ 1~~1~-
5~111 0111(1)11. 111~11 10~ ~3~~1011111~~1~5~1115 10~ 0111(1)1 511~3111 0101. . . . 111~ 01113-
11011 01 ~3~0 ~1115~ 15 1/(2./)~ 10115 10~ 0313 131~ 15 2./0115 ~~1 5~~0110 (0~5). ~031 31~ 10~
11~().11~11~)1 ~0111~011~1115 01 1015 51~11317 10 3115~~1 1015 ().11~511011, ~011510~1 3~3111
 *)
2.0

1.5

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(3) 5(()
= 1 + (4/10) (510(2101() + (1/3)510(210(31)())

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

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())) 5(1)

~1~1.11~ 3.4.13)1 (100111~ 10~~111~1 5111~ ~(1~~5 (1111~~1.1~11(1~51 (1110 31, ~~ ~~1 (1 ~(1~~101111
111(11 0~~1115 10 1~5~11101~ 111~ 011~111(11 5~1.1(11~ ~(1~~. 1-~1 1.15 (01111111.1~ 11115 1110(~55 0)1
(100111~ (1 5111~ ~(1~~ 0111~~1.1~11()1 51, (15 5110~11111 ~1~1.11~ 3.7(1, (1110 111~11 (100111~ (1 5111~
~(1~~ 0111~~1.1~11()171, (15 5110~11 111~1~1.11~ 3. 70. ~5 ~~ (100 (100111011(11 000 1111.1111111~501
/, 51.111(101)1 5((11~0, 111~ 1~51.111111~ ~(1~~101111 (1111110(1(11~5 111(11 01 (1 5~1.1(11~ ~(1~~ 11101~
(1110 11101~ (105~1)1.
1110~~0, 11 ((111 0~ 5110~11 111(11 111~ 11~~1.1~11()1 (011111011~1115 01111~ 5~1.1(11~ ~(1~~
~1111 (1111111111.10~5~ (1110 -./1 ((111 0~ ~)(111~55~0 (15 10110~5~

1111.15, 11115 ~(1~~101111 11(15 (111111111111~111.11110~1 0111~~1.1~11()1 (011111011~1115 (1110 11~11(~ (111
111111111~0(1110~10111. 1-10~~~~1, 111~ 11~(1/( (1111111111.10~01111~ /(11111~~1.1~11()1 (011111011~111,
/(/, 15 0111)1 1/ /(, 50 111051 01111~ ~11~1~)1111 11115 ~(1~~101111 15 111 111~ 111511~~ 11~~1.1~11()1
(011111011~1115. ~11(11 11(11111~115 /1 ~~ /111111 111~ 0(1110~10111 10 )1.151 111~ 11151 1111~~ 11~-
~1.1~11()1 (011111011~11157 ~~ 11(1~~ (111~(10)1 5~~11 111~ (1115~~1, 111 ~1~1.11~ 3.7(1. ~5 ~~ ((111
 1.0

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-1.0

0.0 0.57 1.07 1.57 2.07

(11) (4/70) (5111(270/1) + (1/3)5111(270(3/)1) + (1/5)5111(270(5/)1))

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

0.0 0.57 1.07 1.57 2.07

(0) (4/70) (5111(270/1) (1/3)5111(270(3/)1) (1/5)5111(270(5/)1)
+ + + (1/7)5111(270(7/)1))

1.0

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0.0

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(~) (4/70) ~ (1/~)5111(270(~/)1),10( ~ 000
~.~~11((.~. 7 ~..~()11~11~~ ~0111~011~1115 015()11~..~ ~~~~ (1
= 1//)

5~~, 111~ 511(1~~ 01111~ (~51111111~ ~(1~~10((11 15 (~(15011(1111~ ~105~ 10 111(11 01111~ 0(1~111(11
5()11(1(~ ~(1~~.
~~ ~(111 115~ ~1~11(~5 3.4 (1110 3.7 10 1111151((11~ 111~ (~1(1110115111~ 11~1~~~11 0(11(1 ((11~
(1110 11(1110~10111. 511~~05~ 111(11~~ (1(~ 115111~ (1 01~11(111((1115(111551011 5~51~(11111(1115 ~(1~(1-
111~ 011((1115(11111111~ 51~11(115 ~1111 (1 11(1110~10111 01 4 ~1-12. 1.,~1115 (111~(11~110 1((1115(1111 (1
5~()11~11~~ 01 (111~(11(11111~ 15 (1110 05 (15 111~ 5()11(1(~ ~(1~~ 01 ~1~11(~ 3.7~. ~11(11 0(11(1 ((11~
~(111 11~ (1~111~~~0 7 ~~ 100)( (11111(~~ ~(15~5.

~85~ 1. 1.,~1115 (1~~(0)(1(11(11~ 011( 5()11(1(~ ~(1~~ ~1111111~ ~(1~~10((11 01 ~1~11(~ 3.7~.
~1111011~1111115 ~(1~~10((1115 (1 ..01510(1~0,, 5()11(1(~ ~(1~~, 1115 511111~1~1111~~105~ 10 111~
5()11(1(~ ~(1~~ 111(11 (1 (~~~1~~( 51101110 11~ (1111~ 10 015~(1(11111(11~ 11~1~~~11 (1 11111(1(~ 0
 ~110 ~ 0111~()11.11 ~~ 1~1 / = 106 ~)1~1~5/5~~0110= 1 ~112, 111~11111~
0~110~1011101
111~ 51811~1

4
8(1) = -
)(
10

)( 106)() )( )( 106)1) + ~5111((210 )( )( 106)())

~5111((210 + ~5111((210 3 5

15 (5 )( 106) - 106 = 4 ~112. ~01~ 111~110( / = 1 ~112, 111~~~(100 01 111~

1 = 1/106 = 10-6 = 1 ~5. 11~~ 1(~~111115~~~~10(111 ~5
11.1110~111~111~11(~~1.1~11~)115
~ 011 51(111801 15 ~110 05, 011~ 011 0~~1.1(5~~~()1 0.5 ~5, 10( ~ 0~1~ (~1~ 01
2 )( 106 = 2 ~0~5. 10.1.15,10( ~ 0~110~1011101 4 ~112, ~ 0~1~ (~1~ 01 2 ~0~5 15
~~111~~~0.

~35~ 11. ~0~ 51.1~~05~ 111~1 ~~ 11~~~ ~ 0~110~10111 018 ~112.1.,~11.15 100/( ~8~111 ~1
~181.1(~ 3.7~, 01.11 110~ ~1111 /
= 2 ~112. 051118 111~ 5~111~ 1111~01 (~~50111118 ~5
)( )( 106) )( 106)
0~10(~, 111~ 0~110~10111 01111~ 51811~1 15 (5 2 - (2 = 8 ~112.
~1.1111111115~~5~ 1 = 1// = 0.5 ~5. ~5 ~ (~51.111, 011~ 011 0~~1.1(5 ~~~()10.25 ~510( ~
0~1~ (~1~ 01 4 ~0~5. 10.1.15, 0111~( 111/1185 0~1118 ~~1.1~1, 0)1 001.1011118 111~ 0~110~10111,
~~ 001.101~ 111~ ~01~1111~1 0~1~ (~1~.

~35~ 111. ~0~ 51.1~~05~ 111~1111~ ~~~~10(111 01 ~181.1(~ 3.4~ 15 ~011510~(~0 ~0~~1.1~1~
10( ~~~(0)(1111~11118 ~ 5~1.1~(~ ~~~~. 10.~115, 111~ 0111~(~11~~ 0~1~~~11 ~ ~05111~~ ~110
11~8~11~~ ~1.115~ 111~181.1(~ 3.4~ 15 51.1111~1~1111)10151111~1111~1111~ ~~~~10(111 ~~11 0~ 51.1~-
~~5511.111)11.15~0 10 (~~(~5~111 ~ 5~~1.1~11~~ 0115 ~110 05. ~551.1111~ ~5 111 ~~5~ 11111~1
10( ~
/ = 2 ~112 ~110 1 = 1// = 0.5 ~5, 50 111~1011~ 011 0~~1.1(5~~~()1 0.25 ~5
0~1~ (~1~ 014 ~0~5. 051118111~ ~~~~10(111 01 ~181.1(~ 3.4~, 111~ 0~110~1011101111~ 518-
11~115 (3
)(
2 )( 106) - (2
)( 106) = 4 ~112. 10.1.15,~ 81~~11 0~110~10111 ~~11 51.1~-
~0(1 ~~(101.15 0~1~ (~1~5 0~~~1101118 011 111~ ~(1111)1 01111~ (~~~1~~( 10 015~~(11 111~
0111~(~11~~ 0~1~~~11 0 ~110 1111 111~ ~(~5~11~~ 0111015~ ~110 0111~( 1111~~1(111~1115.

. 10

~35~
51.1111111~62~,

1= ~~110~10111 = 4 ~112~ 0~1~ (~1~ = 2 ~0~5

.· ~35~

~35~
11= ~~110~10111

111= ~~110~10111
= 8 ~112~ 0~1~ (~1~ = 4 ~0~5
= 4 ~112~ 0~1~ (~1~ = 4 ~0~5
~~ ~~11 0(~~ 111~ 10110~1118 ~011~11.15101151(0111111~ ~(~~~01118 015~1.1551011.111 8~11~(~1,
~11)1 01811~1 ~~~~10(111 ~11111~~~ 111111111~0~110~10111.11 ~~ ~11~111~110 1(~1151111111115 ~~~~-
10(111 ~5 ~ 51811~10~~( ~11)1111~011.1111,111~ 1(~1151111551011 5)151~111 ~1111111111111~ 0~110~10111111~1
~~11 0~ 1(~115111111~0. ~1.1(111~(1110(~, 10( ~11)1 81~~11 111~011.1111,111~ 8(~~1~( 111~ 0~110~10111
1(~115111111~0, 111~ 8(~~1~( 111~ ~051.10.1.15, 011 111~ 011~ 11~110, ~~01101111~ ~110 ~(~~11~~1 (~~50115
01~1~1~ 111~1 01811~111110(111~11011 0~ ~~~(0)(1111~1~0 0)1 ~ 51811~1 011111111~0 0~110~10111. 011
111~ 0111~( 11~110, 11111111118111~ 0~110~10111 ~(~~1~5 01510(110115, ~111~11 111~/(~5 111~ 1~5/( 01
1111~(~(~11118 111~ (~~~1~~0 51811~11110(~ 01111~1.111.10.~ 1110(~ 1111111~0 111~ 0~110~10111, 111~
8(~~1~( 111~ 01510(11011, ~110 111~ 8(~~1~( 111~ ~01~1111~110( ~((0( 0)1111~ (~~~1~~(.

011~ 1110(~ 1111.151(~11011 51101.110 5~(~~ 10 (~11110(~~ 111~5~ ~011~~~15. ~181.1(~ 3.8
5110~5 ~ 01811~1 011 51(~~111 ~1111 ~ 0~1~ (~1~ 012000 0115 ~~( 5~~0110. ~1111 ~ 0~110~10111
012500 112, 0( ~~~11 1700 112, 111~ (~~(~5~111~11011 15 ~1.111~ 8000. ~1.1(111~(1110(~, ~~ ~~11
8~11~(~112~ 111~5~ (~51.1115. 11111~ 0~1~ (~1~ 01111~ 01811~1 51811~115 ~ 0~5, 111~11 ~ ~~()1
 0 0

~000 (~~(~8~111311011 ~311 ~~ 3~/11~~~0 ~11/1 3 ~3110~101/1 012~ 1-12. 1-10~~~~(, 0111~88
11018~ 18 ~~(~ 8~~~(~, 1/1~ ~11 ~311~(11 ~311 ~~ (~~0~~(~0 ~11/11~88 ~3110~101/11/1311 1/118
(8~~ 1/1~ 018~0881011 01 ~/131111~1 ~3~3~11~ 111 5~~11011 3.4).
11108, 1/1~(~ 18 3 01(~~1 (~13110118/11~ ~~1~~~11 0313 (31~ 3110 ~3110~101/1~ 111~
/11~/1~( 1/1~ 0313 (31~ 01 3 81~1131, 1/1~ ~(~31~( 18 118 (~~01(~0 ~11~~11~~ ~3110~101/1.
1.,00~~0 31 1/1~ 01/1~( ~3~, 1/1~ ~(~31~( 1/1~ ~3110~101/1 01 3 1(31181111881011 8~81~111, 1/1~
/11~/1~( 18 1/1~ 0313 (31~ 1/131 ~311 ~~ 1(3118111111~0 0~~( 1/131 8~81~111.
~1101/1~( 0~8~(~311011 ~0(1/11113~111~ 18 1/118~ 11 ~~ 1/1111~ 011/1~ ~3110~101/1 01 3
81~1131 38 ~~111~ ~~111~(~0 3~001 80111~ 1(~~0~11~~, (~1~((~0 10 38 1/1~ ~~01~.. (..~()0~0~~,
1/1~11 1/1~ /11~/1~( 1/1~ ~~111~( 1(~~0~11~~, 1/1~ /11~/1~( 1/1~ ~01~111131 ~3110~101/1 3110 1/1~(~-
10(~ 1/1~ /11~/1~( 1/1~ ~01~111131 0313 (31~. ~0( ~)(3111~1~, 113 81~113118 ~~111~(~0 31 2 ~1-12,
118 1113)(11110111 ~01~111131 ~3110~101/118 4 ~1-12.
 ~~ (~111(11 10 3 018~11881011 01111~ (~13110118111~ 0~1~~~11 03110~10111 3110 0313 (31~
111 5~~11011 3.4, 311~( 3 ~011810~(311011 011(3118(111881011 1111~31(111~1118.

.~. . .. ,

3.2 ~~06 ~0161~~ 0~~~ ~~8~8810~

111~ 1~(1118 (111(11015 3110 ~1151((11 ~0((~8~0110, (0118111~, 10 ~011(111/10/15 3110 ~150-~(~,
(~8~~~11~~1~.111~8~ 1~0 1~(1118 3(~ 118~0 1(~~11~1111~ 1110313 ~011111111111~3110118 111311~381
111(~~ ~0111~)(18~ 0313, 81811311118, 3110 1(31181111881011.
13(1~11~, ~~ 0~1111~ ()313 38 ~111111~8 11131 ~011~~~ 111~3111118, 0( 11110(111311011. 8(~0315
3(~ ~1~~1(1~ 0( ~1~~1(01113811~11~ (~~(~8~1113110118 01 0313. 8(~03.(0~ 18 111~ ~11~81~31
~(0~38311011 01111~ 8181131 310118 3 81111301~ 111~0111111. ..,..30501155(00 18 111~ ~011111111111~3-
11011 01 0313 0~ 111~ ~(0~38311011 3110 ~(0~~881118 01 81811318. 111 ~113110110~8, ~~ 1(~ 10
1113/(~ 111~8~ 3081(3~1 ~011~~~18 ~1~3( 0~ 018~11881118 111~ 1~(1118 (111(11015 3110 ~1151((11 38
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(~~~~1100. 111~ 11111~(, 1.100~51(~0 51~01115 11(~ (~1~((~0 10 115 0015~. ~015~ 15 111~ 01(1)0(
11011110~ 111~10( 10 ~001011.101~1111005 5~51~01 ~~(10(01110~~.
~015~ 0111~ 0~ 01~10~01010101.1( ~111~~0(1~5~

· 111~(01111 0015~

· 101~(01001.11111100 0015~

· ~(0551111~

· 101~1.115~ 0015~

..,..~..013. 00.5~ 15 01.1~ 10 111~(01111 (1~11111100 01 ~1~~1(005. 1115 ~(~5~0110 (111 ~1~~-
1(001~ 0~~1~~5 (100 1((10501155100 01~0111 1100 15 (1 11.10~1100 011~01~~((111.1(~. 111~(01(11

0015~ 15 1.10110(011~ 0151(101.11~0 (1~(055 111~ 0(100~101115 1~~1~(111~ 1.15~0 10 ~001011.101~(1-

11005 5~51~015 1100 11~0~~ 15 011~0 (~1~((~0 10 (15 ~...(~ 00.5~. 111~(01(11 0015~ ~(10001 0~
~110110(11~0 (100 111~(~10(~ ~1(1~~5 (10 1.1~~~( 001.100 00 ~001011.101~1111005 5~51~01 ~~(10(-
01(10~~. 13~~111.15~ 01111~ ~~11~0~55 01111~ 51~0(11 (~~~1~~0 0~ 5(11~1111~ ~(1(111 511111005,
111~(01(11 0015~ 15 ~(1(11~1.11(1(1~ 51~0111~(10110( 5(11~1111~ ~001011.101~(11100.
111~ 110101.101 01111~(01111 0015~ 10 0~ 101.100 10 (1 0(100~10111 011112 10 110~ 0~~1~~
0( ~0001.1~10( 15

1-/() = 0015~ ~0~~( 0~0511~ 10 ~(1115 ~~( 1112 010(100~10111

~ = 13011201(100,5~0051(101 = 1.38 )( 10-231/1(
1 = 1~01~~((111.1(~, 10 ~~1~105 ((105011.11~ 1~01~~((111.1(~), ~11~(~ 111~
5~010011( 15 1.15~0 10 (~~(~5~011 ~~1~10

~~~~~1.,~ 3.1 ~0001 1~01~~((111.1(~ 15 1.151.1(111~

5~~~111~0 1181 = 170~, 0( 290 1(.
,4.11015 1~01~~((111.1(~, 10~ 10~(01111 0018~ ~0~~( 0~0511~ 15

)( 10-23) )( )( 10-21
1-/0 = (1.38 290 = 4 ~/112 = -204 013~/112
~11~(~ 013~ 15 111~ 0~~10~1-~(111, 0~110~0 10 ~~~~0(1)( 3~.

9
~ 10111(0(1) 15(0~ 1/1(~~/13(10/1315~5((0/11(51) 11/11(01 ~1~~(~1~31,/11~~03/11~31,3/10 (0~~/1131~/1~~~~.~ ~3(( 15(0~
()() 15 (0~ 51 1.1111(01 (0(0~/1100~/13/111~ (~/11))~~3(1.1~~.
51 11/11(01 ))0~(0~, ~()1.131(0 0/1~ 101.11~ ))~~ 5~~0/10.111~ ~~1.,,1/1
~0~ ~1(~/11))~~3(1.1~~ 1/1 ~~1.,,1/15 01 /, (0~ ~0~~~5))0/101/1~ (~/11))~~3(1.1~~ 1/1 0~~~~~5 ~~1511.1515 ~()1.131(0 / - 273.15.
 111~ 11015~ 15 35511111~0 10 0~ 1110~~~110~111 011(~~11~11~)1. 111115 10~ 10~(1113111015~
111~3115 ~(~5~111111 3 03110~1010 0113 1-(~(1~ ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 35

1-/ = 10108 /( + 101081 + 1010813

= -228.6 013~ + 101081 + 1010813

~~~~~1.,~ 3.2 61~~11 (1 (~~~1~~( ~110 311 ~11~~11~~ 11015~ 1~111~~(3111(~ 01294 )(
3110 3 10-~1-1~ 03110~1010, 10~ 10~(111(1111015~ 1~~~13110~ (~~~1~~(,5 0111~11115

1-/ = -228.6 013~ + 10108(294) + 10108107

= ~228.6 + 24.7 + 70
= ~ 133.9 013~

~0~11 51811315 31 0111~(~111 1(~~11~11~1~5 503(~ 10~ 53111~ 1(31151111551011 111~0111111,

10~ (~511111113)1 0~ )0.~..010()0.3.)00 00)5~. 111~ ~11~~1 011111~(11100111311011 11015~ 15 10
~(0011~~ 51811315 31 3 1(~~11~11~)1 1031 15 10~ 511111 0( 0111~(~11~~ 0110~ 1~0 0(1811131
1(~~11~11~1~5 0( 11111111~1~5 011005~ 1(~~11~11~1~5. ~0( ~)(3111~1~, 10~ 1111)(1118 0151811315 31
1(~~11~11~1~5 11 3110 12 1111801 ~(0011~~ ~11~(8)1 31 10~ 1(~~11~11~)1 11 + 12. 11115 0~(1~~0
5181131 ~01110 1111~(1~(~ ~110 3111111~110~0 5181131 3110~ 1(~~11~11~)111 + 12.
1111~(1110011131101111015~ 15 ~(0011~~0 0)1110111111~3(111~5 11110~ 1(3115111111~(, (~~~1~~(,
3110/0( 1111~(~~111118 1(31151111551011111~0111111. 10~(11)1, 10~5~ ~0111~011~1115 0~03~~ 35 1111~3(
5)151~1115~103115, 10~ 0111~11115 ~~113110 10~ 111~11111111~5 3 ~011513111. 1-(0~~~~(, 111(11)1 (~31
5)151~111, 10~ 0111~11115 3 1110(~ ~0111~1~)( 11111~110110110~ 111~111. ~)(~~551~~ 110111111~3(11)1 ~311
0~ ~3115~0 0)1 ~0111~011~1111113111111~11011 0( 0~~(1030 1(0111 ~)(~~551~~ 5181131 51(~11810. 1115
11110~( 10~5~ ~1(~1111151311~~5 103110~ 5111113110 0111~(~11~~ 1(~~11~11~)11~(1115 0~~11(.
~..055.3.~ 035 0~~11 ~)(~~(1~11~~0 0)1 (11)1011~ ~00, ~011~ 1151118 10~ 1~1~~0011~, 035
0~~11 301~ 10 0~3( 311010~( ~011~~(5311011~ 1115 311 1111~3111~0 ~011~11118 0~1~~~11 5181131
~3105. 11 ~311 0~~11( 0)1 ~1~~1(1~31 ~011~11118 0~1~~~11 11~3(0)1 1~151~0 ~31(5 0(, (3(~1)1,
~03)( ~301~ 1111~5 ~3(()11118 11111111~1~ 51811315. ~(055131/( ~311 3150 0~~11( ~0~111111~(0~3~~
3111~111135 ~1~/( 11~ 1111~3111~0 51811315~ 311001180 0180/)1 01(~~1101131 3111~111135 3(~ 115~0,
1111~(0~3~~ ~11~(8)1 00~5 5~(~30 011(1118 ~(0~38311011. 1)1~1~311)1, ~(055131/( 15 01 10~
53111~ 0(0~( 01111381111110~ 35, 0( 1~55 10311, 10~(1113111015~.
~11 0110~ 1)1~~5 0111015~ 015~1155~0 50 13( 03~~ (~35011301)1 ~(~01~1301~ 3110 (~1-
311~~1)1 ~011513111111381111110~5. 111115 1115 ~055101~ 10 ~118111~~( 3 1(31151111551011 5)151~111 10
~0~~ ~110 10~111. 101..0.5~ 00)5~, 00~~~~(, 15 11011~0111111110115, ~01151511118 011((~81113(
~1115~5 0( 11015~ 5~1/(~5 01500(1 011(311011 3110 01 (~1311~~1)10180 3111~111110~.1115 8~11~(-
31~0 1(0111 3 ~3(1~1)1 01 ~3115~5, 111~11101118 ~)(1~(1131 ~1~~1(01113811~11~ 015111(0311~~5, 511~0
35 11801111118, 3110 1311115 3110 113~5 111 10~ ~011111111111~3110115 5)151~111.
1111~1115~ 11015~ 15 8~11~(311)1 0111)1 3 1111110( (11110)1311~~ 10( 3113108 0313. ~0( ~)(3111-
~1~, ~01~~ 1(311511115510111113)10~ ~0((11~1~0 0)1500(1
~11~/(5 3110 ~(3~/(1~5 ~110110 1055 01
1111~1118101111)1. 1-(0~~~~(, 1111~1115~ 11015~ 15 10~ ~(11113()1 5011(~~ 01 ~((0( 111 0181131 0313
 0313
113(18111111~0~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

51~(131 ))1118
(1018~~

53111))1)(1~

11111~8~

0313 1~~~1~~0~ 0 0 0 000 0

011~1(131 0313~ 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
~81181(1~1101~

(201111110111(2(111011.~0( ~)((1111))1~, (1 811(1()) 8))1)(~ 01 ~11~(~~ 01 0.01 8 80((111011 ~0018 1101

8~81(0~ (111~ ~01(2~ 8(11(1 001 ~0018 ~(1811 001 (10001560 0118 0181~11(11 8(11(1 0~111~ 1((1118-
111111~8 (11 56 )(0))8.~1~0(~ 3.16 18 (111 ~)((1111))1~ 01111~ ~11~(21 0111018~ 011 (1 81~11(11 81~11(11.
1-1~(~ 111~ 11018~ (201181818 01 (1 (~1(111~~1~ 11108~811~~~1 01111~(111(1111018~ ))108 0(2(2(181011(11
8))1)(~8 011(11))018~ 11018~. 111~ 81~11(11 8(11(1 (2(1110~ (~(20~~(~8 1(0111 111~ 81~11(11 0~ 8(1111-
))1111~ 111~ (~(2~1~~8 ~(1~~10(111 011(2~ ))~( 01111111~. ~8 (2(1110~ 8~~11, 111~ 11018~ 18 0(2(2(181011-
(111~ 80111(21~11110 (211(111~~ (1 110 (10 0( (1 0 10 (1 1.

~~ 11(1~~ 8~~11 111(11111~(~ (1(~ (1 ~(1(1~1~ 011(11))(11(111~1118 111(1181810(1 0( (20((0))1 (1 81~11(11.

~0( 81~11(11 8(11(1, 111~ ((0~811011 111(11 111~11 (1(18~8 18 10 ~11(11 ~)(1~111 111~8~ 1(11))(11(111~1118
1111111111~ 8(11(1 ((11~ 111(11 (2(1110~ (1(2111~~~8. 111~ 111(1)(11110111((11~ (11 ~111(211 8(11(1 (2(1110~
1((1118111111~8 0~~( (1 ~1~~11 (201111110111(2(111011))(1111, 0( (211(11111~1,0118~( ~1~~11 (201181110118,18
(~1~((~8 10 (18 111~ ~11300~. ~3()3~)1~.
111~(~ (1(~ 100( (2011(2~))18 11~(~ 111(11~~ (1(~ 1(~111~ 10 (~1(11~ 10 011~ (1110111~(.

. 0313 ..31~= 111~ ((11~, 111 0118 ))~( 8~(20118 (0))8), (11 ~111(211 8(11(1 (2(111 0~ (20111-
1110111(2(11~8
 · ~30()~.().11= 111~ 03110~10111 01 111~ 1(3115111111~0
1(3115111111~( 3110 111~ 11311.1(~ 01111~ 1(31151111551011111~011.1111, ~)(~(~55~0111
51.~1131 35 ~01151(3111~0 0~
~~~1~5 ~~(
111~

5~~0110, 0( 1-1~(12

· ~0.5~= 111~ 3~~(3~~ 1~~~1 0111015~ 0~~( 111~ ~01111111.1111~3110115~3111

· ~ 0.. ..3.~= 111~ (31~

1 ~11~11 3 0 ~35
31 ~111~11 ~((0(5
1(3115111111~0 0( 111~ (~~~~11011
0~~1.1(, ~11~(~ 311 ~((0(
01 3 0 ~11~11 3 1 ~35
15 111~ (~~~~11011
1(3115111111~0
013

111~ ~(001~111 ~~ 3(~ 300(~55111~ 15 11115~ ~01111111.1111~3110115 13~11111~5 31.~

~)(~~1151~~ 3110, 111 ~~11~(31, 111~ ~(~31~( 111~ 03110~10111 01 3 13~1111~, 111~ ~(~31~( 111~
~051. ~1.1(111~(1110(~, 311 1(31151111551011 ~1131111~15 01 311~ ))(3~11~31 1111~(~51 3(~ 01
1111111~0 03110~10111. 111~ 11111113110115 3(15~ 1(0111 111~ ))11~51~31 ))(0))~(11~5 01 111~
1(31151111551011 111~011.1111 0( 1(0111 0~110~(31~ 11111113110115 31 111~ 1(3115111111~( 011 111~
03110~10111 10 ))(~~~111 1111~(1~(~11~~ 1(0111 0111~( 501.1(~~5. ~~~0(0111~1~, ~~ ~01.110
11/(~ 10 1113/(~ 35 ~111~1~1111.15~ 35 ))055101~ 01 3 ~1~~11 03110~10111. ~0( 01~1131 0313,
11115 111~3115 11131 ~~ ~01.110 11/(~ 10 ~~1 35 111~11 3 0313 (31~ 35 ))055101~ 31 3 ))3(11~1.1-
13( 1111111 01 ~((0( (31~ 10( 3 ~1~~11 03110~10111. 111~ 1113111 ~01151(31111 011 3~111~~111~
11115 ~111~1~11~~ 15 11015~.

~)1()11151 133110~10111

10 0~~111, 1~11.15 ~011510~( 111~ ~35~ 01 3 ~1131111~11113115 11015~ 1(~~. 111 11115 ~11~1(011-
111~111, 111~ 1111111311011 011 0313 (31~ 15 51111))1~ 111~ 03110~10111 01111~ 51~1131. ~ 10(1111.1-
1311011 01 11115 1111111311011, 01.1~ 10 ~~()1.1151, 5131~5 11131 11 111~ (31~ 01 51~1131
1(31151111551011 15 213, 111~11 3 51~1131 ~11111(~()1.1~11~1~5 110 ~(~31~( 111311 13 15 51.1111~1~111
10 ~3((~ 111~ 51~1131 (31~. 111~ ~011~~(5~ 15 3150 1(1.1~~ ()1~~11 3 03110~10111 01 13, 111~
111~11~51 51~1131 (31~ 11131 ~311 0~ ~3((1~0 15 213.11115 111111131101115 01.1~ 10 111~ ~11~~1 01
1111~(5~111001 1111~(1~(~11~~, 51.1~11 35 15 ))(001.1~~0 0~ 0~13~ 01510(11011. 111~ (~51.111 15
1.15~11.11 111 111~ 0~~~10~111~111 01 01~1131-10-311310~ ~11~00111~ 5~11~111~5 3110 15, 111
~55~11~~, 035~0 011 111~ 53111~ 0~(1~311011 35 11131 01111~ 5(111))1111~ 111~0(~111, 0~5~(10~0
111~))))~1101)( ~.
~01~ 11131111 111~ ))(~~~0111~ ))3(3~(3~11, ~~ (~1~((~0 10 51~1131 (31~. 11111~ 51~11315
10 0~ 1(3115111111~0 3(~ 01113(~ (1~0 ~0113~~ 1~~~15), 111~11111~ 0313 (31~ 11131 ~311 0~ 51.1))-
))0(1~0 0~ 13 1-12 15 213 0))5. 1-10~~~~(, 35 ~~ 511311 5~~ 111 ~113))1~( 5, 51~11315 ~11111110(~
111311 1~0 1~~~15 ~311 0~ 1.15~0~ 1113115, ~3~11 51~1131 ~1~111~111 ~311 (~))(~5~1111110(~ 111311 011~
011. ~0( ~)(3111))1~, 11101.1( ))055101~ ~0113~~ 1~~~15 3(~ 1.15~0 35 51~11315, 111~11 ~3~11 51~1131
~1~111~111 ~311 (~))(~5~1111~0 0115. ~11111111.11111~~~1 51~1131111~, 111~ ~~()1.115110(1111.11311011
0~~0111~5

~11~(~ ~ 15 111~ 111.11110~( 01 015~(~1~ 51~1131 0( ~0113~~ 1~~~15.

50, 10( 3 ~1~~11 03110~10111, 111~ 0313 (31~ ~311 0~ 111~(~35~0 0~ 111~(~35111~ 111~
111.11110~( 01 0111~(~111 51~1131 ~1~111~1115. 1-10~~~~(, 11115 ))13~~5 311 111~(~35~0 01.1(0~11
011 111~ (~~~1~~(~ 11151~30 01 0151111~1.11511111~ 011~ 011~0 ))055101~ 51~1131 ~1~111~1115
01.1(111~ ~3~11 51~1131 11111~, 11 1111.1510151111~1.11511 011~ 01 ~ ))055101~ 51~1131 ~1~111~1115.
~015~ 3110 0111~( 1111))31(111~1115 011 111~ 1(31151111551011 1111~ ~111 1111111 111~ ))(3~11~31
~311.1~ 01 ~.
 ~~~~..1,~ 3.3 ~011510~( 3 ~01~~ ~1131111~1 0~1118 115~0, ~13 11100~111, 10 1(311511111
01811310313. ~5511111~ 3 03110~101110131001-12.111~11111~ ~)1~11151 ~3~3~11)1,~, 01111~
~1131111~115 28 = 6200 0~5. ~0( 1-.4 = 8, 3 ~3111~ 115~0 ~1111 50111~ 11100~1115, ~
0~~0111~5 18,600 0~510( 3 03110~101110131001-12.

5031111011 ~3~3~1(~ ~0~111013

~)1().11151,5 10(1111113 11101~31~5 11131, (1) 0111~( 11111185 0~1118 ~().1131, (0110)1118 111~ 03110-

~10111 (0110)~5 111~ 0313 (31~. ~0~ ~011510~( 111~ (~13110115111~ 3111008 0313 (31~, 0015~,
300 ~((0( (31~.111~ ~(~5~0~~ 0111015~ (30 ~0((11~1 00~ 0( 1110(~ 0115. 11111~ 0313 (31~ 15
10((~35(0, 111~0 111~ 0115 0~(0111~ ..5110(1~(,, 50 111311110(~ 0115 3(~ 311~~1~0 0)1 3 81~~0
~311~(0 010015~.
~1811(~ 3.1611)1151(31~5 11115 (~1311005111~.11111~ 0313 (31~ 1510~(~35~0, 111~0 1110(~
0115 ~1)1 0~(11( 011(108 111~ 101~(~3) 013 0015~ 5~1)(~, 300 11~0~~ 1110(~ ~((0(5 ~1)) 0~~11(.
~)) 01111~5~ ~00~~~15 ~30 0~ 11~0 108~111~( 0~(11)110 3 10(11111)3 0~~~10~~0 0)1111~
1113111~111311~130 03110~ 51130000. ~5 ~~ 113~~ 111511))1151(31~0, 111~ 111811~( 111~ 0313 (31~,
111~ 1110(~ 0311138~ 11131 110~301~0 0015~ ~30 00. ~0( 3 81~~0 )~~~1 01 0015~, ~~ ~011)0
~)(~~~1 11131 3 8(~31~( 518031 51(~08111 ~011)0 1111~(0~~ 111~ (01111)110 (~~~1~~ 0313 (0(-
(~(11)110 111~ ~(~5~0~~ 01 0015~. 111~ )(~)1 ~3(3111~1~( 10~01~~0 10 11115 (~3500108 15 111~

51~081-(0-0015~ ..8(10 (5~~, 0( 5~),10 ~111~1115 111~ (3110 01111~ ~0~~( 10 3 518113) 10 111~
~0~~( ~001310~0 10 111~ 0015~ 1113115 ~(~5~01 31 3 ~3(11~1113( ~010110 111~ 1(305111155100.
1)1~1~3)1)1, 11115(3110 15 111~3511(~0 31 3 (~~~1~~(, 0~~3115~ 1115 3111115 ~010111131 30 311~111~1
15 11130~ 10 ~(0~~55 111~ 518031 300 (~(0~~( 111~ 0313. ~0( (00~~01~0~~, 11115(3110 15 011~0
(~~0(1~0 10 0~(10~)5~

11115 ~)(~(~55~5 111~ 311101101, 10 0~~10~)5, 11131111~ 101~110~0 518031 ~)(~~~05 111~ 0015~
)~~~). ~ 111811 5~~ ~1)) 111~30 3 111811-().113111)1 51803) 300 3 10~ 0111110~( 01 (~().111(~0
101~(111~0131~ (~~~31~(5.
111~ 518031-10-0015~ (3110 15 1111~0(1301 10 111~ 1(3115111155100 01 0181131 0313
0~~3115~ 11 5~15 111~ 11~~~( 001100 00 111~ 3~111~~(0)~ 0313 (31~. 511301100,5 (~511)115 11131
111~ 1113)(111111111~113110~1 ~3~3(11)1, 10 0115 ~~( 5~~000, 00~)15 111~ ~().1131100

(3.1)

~11~(~ ~ 15 111~ ~3~3(11)1 01111~ ~11300~110 0115 ~~( 5~(000 3008 15 111~ 0300~10111 01
111~ (113110~1 10 1-1~(12. 111~ 51130000 10(1111113 (~~(~5~015 111~ 111~0(~11~3) (113)(111111111
11131 ~30 0~ 3~111~~~0. 10 ~(3(11~~, 110~~~~(, 001)111111~11 )0~~( (31~5 3(~ 3~111~~~0. 00~
(~3500 10( 11115 15 11131 111~ 10(11111)3 35511111~5 ~1111~ 0015~ (111~(11131 0015~). 1111~1115~
0015~ 15 001 3~~01101~0 10(, 00( 3(~ 311~01131100 01510(1100 0( 0~)3)101510(1100. ~~~0 111

1()50111~ 0~ (11~ 11(~(3(0(~ 08~5 5~~~ 0(11~(8 05~ 5/~. ~180, 111 50111~ ~38~5 (11~ 01111~11810111~58 ()0311(1(~ 15
(~~~((~0 (0 35 5~~ 0( 5/~ 3110 (11~ ()0311(1(~ 1110~~10~1815 (~~~((~0 (0 35 5~~0110( (5/~)011. 0(11~(5 08~ )08(
5~~ 0( 5/~ (0111~311 (11~ 08 ()0311(1(~.11118 (~)(( 08~8 5~~ 3110 5~~011.
 311 10~31 ~1111~ 11015~ ~11,,,11011111~111, ~1~5~1111~~1111010~)1 51111 ~3111101 3~111~,,,~ 51131111011
~3~3~11)1 011~ 10 ~11~00111~ 15511~5, 511~11 35 ~00111~ 1~11~111 3110 ~0111~1~)(11)1.
111~ ~3~3~11)111101~31~0 111111~ ~1~~~0111~ ~()1131101115 1~1~11~0 10 35 111~ ~1101-11~~
~3~3~11)1. 51131111011 ~10,,,~0 1113111111~ 3~11131111101111311011131~ 011 3 ~1131111~115 1~55 111311
111~ ~1101-11~~ ~3~3~11)1, 111~111115 111~01~11~(11)1 ~055101~ 10 115~ 3 51111301~ 51~1131 ~00~ 10
3~111~,,,~ ~1101-11~~ 1131151111551011 1111011~11 111~ ~1131111~1. 51131111011,5 111~01~111 1111101111-
1131~1)100~5 1101 511~~~51 3 111~311510111110111~ 511~11 ~00~5, 011111 00~5 ~10,,,10~ 3 )1310511~)(
0)1 ~111~11111~ ~~1101111311~~ 01 ~13~11~31 ~011111111111~311011 5~11~111~5 1113)1 0~ 111~35111~0.
5~,,,~1310111~1 005~1,,,3110115 ~011~~111111~ 111~ ~1~~~0111~ ~()113110111113)1 0~ 11151111~11,,,~.
~01 3 ~1,,,~11 1~,,,~1 0111015~, 11 ~01110 3~~~31 11131 111~ 0313 131~ ~01110 0~ 111~1~35~0 0)1
111~1~35111~ ~1111~151~1131511~11~1110103110~10111.1-(0~~,,,~1, 35 111~ 51~1131511~11~111111~1~35~5,
50 00 111~ ~11~~15 01110111111~31111~5 111111~ 5)151~111, 1~30111~ 10 311 111~1~35~ 1111111~1111001113-
11011 11015~. ~01~ 3150 11131, 0~~3115~ 11015~ 15 35511111~0 10 0~ ~1111~, 111~ ~10~1 111~ 03110-
~10111, 111~ 11101~ 11015~ 15 30111111~0 10 111~ 5)151~111.111115, 35 /3 111~1~35~5, 5~~ 0~~1~35~5.

~~~~..1.~ 3.4 1,~1115 ~011510~1 311 ~)(3111~1~ 111311~131~5 111~ ~)1()11151 3110 511311-
11011 1011111113110115. 511~~05~ 11131111~ 5~~~1111111 01 3 ~1131111~115 0~~~~11 3 ~1-(2 3110
4 ~1-(2 3110 5~~08 = 24 013. 111~11

/3 = 4 ~1-(2 - 3 ~1-(2 = 1 ~1-(2

5~~08 = 24013 = 1010~10(5~~)
5~~ = 251
1) 5111~ 51131111011,5 1011111113,

~ = 106 )( 10~2(1 + 251) ~ 106 )( 8 = 8 ~0~5

1
11115 15 3 111~01~11~311111111 3110, 35 ~~ 113,,,~ 5310,15 111111./(~1)110 0~ 1~3~11~0. 13111
35511111~ ~~ ~311 3~111~,,,~ 111~ 1111111.1335~0 011 ~)1()11181,5 1011111113, 110~ 111(11)1 81~1131- 1

111~ 1~,,,~15 31~ 1~()1111~07 ~~ 113,,,~ .

1

~ = 2/3 10~2/0(/
8 )( 106 = 2 )( (106) )( 1082/0(/
4 = 10~2 /0(/
/0(/ = 16

111~ ~~,.11..~551011 ~1,/ /-.10

~111(11)1,~~ 111~11110113 ~313111~1~11~131~0 10 5~~ 1113115 11101~ ~011,,,~111~111101 0~1~1111111111~
01~11310313 131~5 3110 ~1101131~5 3110 1113115 111~ 513110310 ()113111)1111~35111~ 101 01~1131 ~0111-
11111111~3110115)151~111 ~~1101111311~~. 111~ ~313111~1~1 15 111~ 13110 01 51~1131 ~11~1~)1 ~~1 011 10
11015~ ~0~~1 0~11511)1 ~~11-(~112, ~,,/ 1-/0. ~011510~1 3 51~1131, 01~1131 01 311310~, 11131 ~011131115
0111(1)101~1131 0313 113115111111~0 31 3 ~~113111 011131~~. ~~~311111~ 111311 ~311 = 11/5, 111~
~11~1~)1 ~~1 011111 3 51~113115 ~1,,,~11 0)1 ~,, = 51,,, ~11~1~ 515 111~ 51~1131 ~0~~1 3110 1,, 15 111~
11111~1~()1111~0 10 5~110 011~ 011.111~ 0313 131~ ~ 15)1151~ = 1/1,,.111115
 5,, 5/~ ~
.,..,0 = .,..,0 = /(1~

5,,
( )
.,..,0 013= 5013~ - 1010~ ~ - 1010~ ~ - 1010~ 1

= 5013~ - 1010~ ~ + 228.6 0)3~ - 1010~ 1

~((0( ((11~ 10( 01~11(11 0(11(115 (1 (0~((~(15-
111~ ((1110 5,,/.,..,() 15 1111~0(1(1111 0~((11.15~ 111~ 011
~((0(
111~) 11.111(11011 0111115 ((1110. 01~~11 (1 ~(111.1~ 01 5,,/.,..,0 11~~0~0 10 (1(111~~~ (1 0~51(~0
((11~, 111~ ~(1((1111~1~(5 111 111~ ~(~(~0111~ 10(1111.11(1111(1~ 0~ 5~1~(1~0. ~01~ 111(11 (15 111~ 011
((11~ ~ 111((~(15~5, 111~ 1((1115111111~0 51~11(11 ~0~~(, (~1(111~~ 10 11015~, 1111.151111((~(15~ 10
111(11111(1111
111~ (~~1.11(~0 5,,/.,..,().
1.,~11.15 1(~ 10 ~((15~ 11115 (~51.11111111.1111~~1~ 0~ (011510~(111~ (1~(1111 ~1~1.1(~ 3.16. 111~
51~/1(1111~(~ 15 01~11(11, 01.11 111~ (~(15011111~ ~01.110 0~ 111~ 5(1111~ 10( (111 (111(110~ 51~11(11. 111
5~~~((1111151(111(~5, 111~ 11015~ 15 51.1111(1~111 10 (111~( 111~ ~(111.1~ 01 (1 011. 11111~ 0(11(1 ((11~
~~(~ 001.101~0, 111~ 0115 ~01.110 0~ 1110(~ 11~1111~ ~(1(~~0 10~~111~(, (1/10 111~ 5(1111~ ~(155(1~~
01 /1015~ 1111~1110~51(0~ 1~0 0115.1111.15, 10( (01151(1111 51~11(1110 11015~ ((1110, (111111((~(15~ 111
0(11(1 ((11~ 111((~(15~5 111~ ~((0( ((11~.

111~ (10~(1111(1~~ 01 5,,/.,..,() 0~~( 5~~ 15 111(11 111~ 1(111~( ~1.1(111111~ 0~~~1105 011 111~

0(1110~10111.

~~~~..1,~ 3.5 ~0( 0111(1(~~11(15~-511111~~~111~ (0~1111~0 111~11(1))1~(5), €,,/.,..,0 =

~((()( 01.1101~~~(~ 10,000).1(
8.408 15(~~1.11(~010( (10/1 ~((0( ((11~0110-4 (011~ 0/1
111~ ~11~(.)11~~ 11015~ 1~111))~((111.1(~ 15 2900)(((001111~111))~(1111.1(~) 11110 111~ 0111(1 (111~ 15
2400 0))5, ~11(11 (~(.)~1~~0 51~11(111~~~115 (~().1.11(~07
~~ 11(1~~

8.4 = 5( 08~) - 10 10~2400 + 228.6 08~ - 1010~ 290

= 5(08~) - (10)(3.38) + 228.6 - (10)(2.46)
5 = -161.8 08~

~~ ((111 (~1(11~ €//.,..,0 10 5~~ (15 10110~5. ~~ 11(1~~

5,,=~
.,..,0 .,..,0~

(1
111~ ~(1((1111~1~( .,..,0 15 111~ 11015~ ))0~~( 0~11511~ 111~(1115/1-1~(12. 1-1~11(~, 111~ 11015~ 111
.,.., .,..,013. 51.1051111.11111~,~~ 11(1~~
51~/1(11 ~1111 0(1110~10111 )3 15 =

5,, ~ 13,
(3.2)
.,..,() = .,.., ~

~110111~( 10(1111.11(111011 011/11~(~51 (~1(11~5 5,,/.,..,0 10 5~~(1((11 ~111(1~11(~. 511(11111011,5

(~51.111 (~~1.1(1110/1 3.1) ((111 0~ (~~(111~11 (15~
 ~ = 2~/8
- 1
1-/

1)5111~ ~()11(111011 (3.2), (1110 ~((11(11111~ ~ ~1111 ~, ~~ 11(1~~

~0 8
= (2~/8 _ 1)
~) ~
10.15 15 (1 115~1(1) 10(11111)(1 111(11 (~)(11~5 111~ (1~111~~(10)~ 5~~~1((1) ~111~1~11~)1 013 10 ~,,/~).

~~~~~1.~ 3.6 $11~~05~ ~~ ~(1111 10 11110 111~ 111111111111111

~//~) (~((111(~0 10
(1~111~~~ (1 5~~~1((11 ~111~1~11~)101 6 0~8/112. 10.~11

~//1-/0 = (1/6)(26 - 1) = 10.5 = 10.21013.

111~~~ 3~~ 111311~ 000((5 11131 ~0,,,~~ 111~ 1111103111~(113)5 01 3(13)0~ 3110 01~1131 1~31151111551011.
(~0()~01) 15 ()1111~ 1110~011~11. 0111~~ ~000 ~~1~~~11~~ ~0~((5 3(~ (~~~~05), ~111~11 111~1110~5

50111~ 01111~ ~)(3111))1~5 115~0111 11115 ~113))1~~, 3110 (11~ ~1(01).

~0()~01 ~011~11, 1.,.1)/15/((1/ (1/10 .4/1(1/015 ~0/11/11~/1/~(1(/0/1 5)15(~/115. ()))))~( 53001~ ~1~~(, ~1 ~
~~~1111~~ 11311,2001.
.,,~~~05 ~~~~111311, ~. ~~/10(1/11~/1((1/5 0/ 1~/~~0/11/11~/1/~(1(/0/15. ~~~ ~ 0(((~ ~11~~, 2005.

0~~1(01113~)(111, 5. ~0/11/11~/1/~(1(/0/1 5)15(~/115. ~~~ ~0()(~ ~11~~, 2001.

30501111~ 03110~10111 311~1111311011 01510~11011 0313

311310~ 0313 311010 0~ ~01(1))011~111
3(13)0~ 51~1131 03110~10111 0~~10~1 (013)
311310~ 1~31151111551011 ~~111~~ 1~~()11~11~~ 0~13~ 01510~11011
3))~~1001~ ~1131111~1 ~3))3~11~ 01~1131 0313
311~1111311011 ~(055131(( 01~113) 51~(13)
01~11311131151111551011 1111~1111001.1131101111015~ 51~1131111~

011~~11111/( 1055 51111~1~)(

~11~~11,,,~ 03110..,,,10111 1111.1111~011111111/( 51111.15010

11~~1.1~11~~ 11015~ 5~~~111.1111

11~~1.1~11~~ 001113111 ~~~1.1151 03110..,,,10111 111~11113111015~

11.11101.1~1~)( ~~3/( 3111~1111.10~ 11111~ 001113111

11.11103111~11131 11~~1.1~11~~ ~~1100 1131151111551011

~3111 ~~11001~ 51~1131 1.111~1.110~0 111~013

~01111-10-~011111111/( ,,,10~0
~1.110~0 111~013
11311 01.1~1~)( ~1135~ ..,,,3,,,~1~11~111

1111~1.115~ 11015~ 51~1131 ..,,,11~1~55

1111~113~111~ 51~1131-10-11015~ 13110 (5~~)

3.1. 1)111~1~111131~ 0~1..,,,~~11 ~1.110~0 111~013 3110 1.111~1.110~0111~013.

3.2. 1)111~1~111131~ 0~1..,,,~~11 311 311310~ 3110 3 01~1131 ~1~~1101113~11~11~ 51~1131.
3.3. ~/131 31~ 1/11~~ 1111~0113111~/1313~1~11511~5 01 3 ~~11001~ 51~11317
3.~. 1-10..,,,111311~13013115 31~ 1/1~1~ 1113 ~0111~1~1~ ~11~1~ 01 360 0~~1~~57
..,,,3,,,~7
3.5. ~/13115 1/1~ 1~13110115/11~ 0~1..,,,~~11 1/1~ ..,,,3,,,~1~11~1/13110 11~~1.1~11~~ 01 3 5111~
3.(.. 1)~1111~ 1((11(/(1111~11((1(
1,.~((/1~11~)1.
3.7. ~/13115111~ 1~13110115111~ 0~1..,,,~~11 3 51~1131,5 5~~~111.11113110115 03110..,,,101117
.~.~. ~/13115 311~111.13110117
3.9. 1)~1111~ ~/((11111~(~(1()(1~/()1.
3.10. ~/131 /(~~ 13~1015 311~~1 ~/131111~1~3~3~11~7

.~.1 .1. ~011111.1111~01111 ~01111~1.11311011, 0111~ 011~ 0~,,,1~~ 31 3 11111~ ~311 11311511111. ~/1~7
(). 111~1~ 31~ 1..,,,0 111~1/1005 01 ~11101~111~ 1/1~ 11.11~ 11131 0111~ 011~ 0~,,,1~~ ~311 11311511111. 111
1/1~ ~~11113112~0 111~1/100, 011~ 5131101115111 ~0111101 3110 ~311 ~11/1~111311511111 01 3110..,,, 3
5~~~111~0 01/1~1 51311011 10 11311511111. 111 1/1~ 0~~~11113112~0 111~1/100. 1/1~ 513110115
)011111~ ~00~~131~ 111 13/(111~ 11.11115.~1131 00 ~01.1 5~~ 35 1/1~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530-
,,,31113~~5 01 1/1~ 1..,,,0 111~1/10057

3.2 ~ 51~1131 /135 3 11.11103111~11131 11~~1.1~11~~ 01 1000 1-12. ~113115 115 ~~11007

3.3 8)(~1~55 1/1~ 10110..,,,111~ 111 1/1~ 51111~1~51 101111 ~01.1 ~311~

... 5111(2771( - 77) + 5111(2771( + 77)

(). 5111 2771( + 5111(2771( - 77)
3.~ 501.1110 1113~ 0~ 11100~1~0 35 51111.1501031 11.111~110115. ~0111~31~ 1/1~ 1~1311,,,~ 11~~1.1~11~~ 3110
..,,,3,,,~1~11~1/1 01 1111.151~31 1101~5. 115~ 330 111/5 35 111~ 5~~~0 01 501.1110 3110 1/1~ 10110..,,,111~
11~~1.1~11~1~5 1011/1~ 1111.151~31 5~31~.

~0(~ ~0 ~10 0 ~8
~~(~()11~11~~
264 297 330 352 396 440 495 528

3.5 11 1/1~ 50110 ~1.11,,,~ 111 ~1~1.11~ 3.17 1~~1~5~1115 5111(277(), ..,,,/131 00~5 1/1~ 0011~0 ~1.11,,,~
1~~1~5~11171113115, 1/1~ 0011~0 ~1.11,,,~~311 0~ ..,,,1111~111111/1~10111111 5111(2771( + ~)~ ..,,,/131
31~ 11, /, 3110 ~7
3.6 1)~~0111~05~ 1/1~ 51~1131 (1 + 0.1 ~05 5()~05 100( 11110 3 1111~31 ~01110111311011 0151111.1-
50103111.111~110115, 3110 11110 1/1~ 3111~1111.10~,11~~1.1~11~~, 3110 ~1135~ 01 ~3~/1 ~0111~011~111.
/-//11(.. ()5~ 1/1~ 10~11111~ 101 ~05 (1 ~05 0.
 2.0
. .
1.0
.....
.
0
..
.
-1.0 .....
-2.0
..
-0.5 0 0.5

3.7 ~1110 111~ 11~1100 01111~ 11111~11011 /(()

= (10 ~05 02.
3.8 ~011510~1 1~0 11~11001~ 11111~110115 /1 (() 3110 ((), ~111111~11005 1) 3110 12. 1~511~~11~~1)1.
/2
151131~3)15111~ ~35~ 11131111~ 11111~11011 /(()
= /1(() + /2(() 1511~11001~7 1150, 0~111011-
51131~ 11115 13~1. 111101, 11110~1 ~1131 ~01101110115 15 /(0 11~11001~7
3.9 ~1~111~ 3.4 5110~5 111~ ~11~~1 01 ~1111111131111~ 111~11~1-11311110111~ ~011111011~1115 01 3 5~1131~
~3~~ 3110 1~13111111~ 0111)1 3 1~~ 10~~1 11311110111~ ~011111011~1115. ~1131 ~01110 111~ 51~1131
100/( 11/(~ 111 111~ 011110511~ ~35~~ 1113115, 1~13111111~ 311111~11~111311110111~5 3110 ~1111111131111~ 3
1~~ 10~~111311110111~57
()
3.. ~1~111~ 3.50 5110~5 111~ 11~~11~11~)1 00111311111111~11011101 3 5111~1~ 5~1131~ 111115~.111~ 5111~1~
1111)5~ ~01110 1~111~5~111 3 01~1131 1 111 3 ~011111111111~311011 5)151~111. ~01~ 11131 311 111111111~
11111110~1 01111~11~1 11~~11~11~1~5 01 0~~1~35111~ 1113~1111110~5 15 11~~0~0 10 1~111~5~111 111~
5111~1~ 111115~. ~113111111111~311011 00~5 11131113~~ 101 3 1~31 01~11311131151111551011 5)151~1117
3.. . 1~~ 15 37-011 ~00~ 11131 3110~5 128 ~11313~1~15 10 0~ 0~1111~0.111111~ 19705, 111311)111~~5-
11311~15 1~~~1~~0 51011~5 110111 111~ ~11~ 5~1~1~~5 111 3 6-011 ~00~ ~311~0 115. 11115 ~00~
~3111~0 111111~1- 3110 10~~1 ~35~ ~11313~1~15 35 ~~11 35 111311)1 511~~131 ~11313~1~15 3110 101-
111311111~ ~011111131105.111~ 1)1111~31115 ~11313~1~1 5~1 3110~~0 0~~1 100 ~11313~1~15 10 0~
0~1111~0.1-10~ 00 )1011 111111/( 11115 ~01110 0~ 3~~01111111511~07
3.12 ~01 3 ~10~0 51~1131, ~1131111~1~35~ 1111101120111311~50111110111511055101~ 113 03110~1011101
5 ~1-12 15 115~07 ~1131111~1~35~ 111 ~~111~311~501111101115 11055101~711~31111~ 1~0 ~11~5-
110115 5~113131~1)1~ 1113115, 111~ 111~1~35~0 03110~1011115 10 0~ 115~0 10 111~1~35~ ~1111~111011-
2011131 01 ~~111~311~5011111011, 01111101 00111.
.,..3 ... 511111105~ 11131 3 01~1112~01~ 111~1111~ 15 10 0~ 113115111111~0 110111 3 50111~~ 11131115~5 3
1113(11)( 01480 )(
500 111~1111~ ~1~111~1115 (111)(~15), ~11~1~ ~3~11111)(~1 ~311 13/(~ 011 011~
01 32 1111~11511)1 ~3111~5. ~5511111~ 11131 30 111~1111~5 31~ 5~11111~1 5~~0110. (11115 01~1131
50111~~ 15 1011~111)1 ~~111~3)~11110 01030~3511~ 5131103105 11131113~~ 0~~11 300111~0.)
~1110 111~ 50111~~ 131~ ~ (0115).
(). ~5511111~ 11131111~ 1~ 111~1111~ 15 10 0~ 113115111111~0 0~~1 3 ~1131111~1 ~11114.5-~1-12 03110-
~101113110 3 35-013 51~1131-10-11015~ 13110. ~1110 111~ ~3113~11)1 01111~ ~1131111~1 (0115).
~. 015~1155110~ 111~ 11313111~1~15 ~1~~1111111311 (3) ~01110 0~ 11100111~0 10 31)0~ 11311511115-
51011 01 ~01011~ 51~11315 ~11110111111~1~35111~ 111~ 1~~1111~0 ~3111~ 101 8..
3.14 01~~11 311 3111111111~1 ~1111 311 ~11~~11~~ 11015~ 1~11111~131111~ 0110,000 1( 3110 3 10-~1-12
03110~10111, ~1131111~11113111015~ 1~~~1, 111 013~, 1113)1 ~~ ~)(11~~1 31115 0111111117
3.15 ~113115 111~ ~1131111~1 ~3113~11)1101 3 1~1~1111111~1 ~1131111~1 ~11113 300-1-12 03110~10111 3110 3
51~1131-10-11015~ 13110 013 013, ~11~1~ 111~ 11015~ 15 ~1111~ 111~11113111015~7
3.16 ~ 01~113151~1131111~ 5)151~111151~~1111~0 10 011~131~ 3196000115.

3. 113 51~1131 ~1~111~111 ~11~00~5 3 4-011 ~010, ~113115 111~ 1111111111111111~~1111~0 03110~10111
01111~ ~1131111~17
().
~~11~3111311 (3) 101111~ ~35~ 018-011 ~0105.
 3.17 ~0.1111510.~ 10.~111111111015~ 1~.,,~10111 ~0.111111~1 ~110. 11011110~1010. 0110 )(1-(2 ~1111~111~ 1000

~11115 01 ~0~~1 0~~1111111~ 111 500~7

3.1~ 01.,,~11 10.~ 1111110~ (1151101~) 1111010 011110~1010. 0111 1~1~~0.011~ 11111151111551011 111~1111~, 11
1101111111115~~ 0156013 (400,000),11110 11 ~~1111111 )~.,,~1 0101510111011,

... ~0.11115 10.~ 10.~01~11~111 11111)(111111111

~0.111111~1 ~11~11~11~ ()(0~5) 0111110111011111 1~1~~0.011~
1111~5
7
(). ~0.111 ~1111 ~~ 511~ 110011110.~ 11~11111111111)(111111111~0.111111~1 ~11~11~11~7
3.19 51110~ 10.~ ~01)(5 0150.11111101111110 ~~~11151 011 ~0.111111~1 ~11~11~11~. ~11~0. ~111~~5 111111~~~1 1111111
01110.~ 0111111~ 0111 ~0.111111~1 0115~0 0111~0 0111~1~11111~~1011~0.~5.1-(0~ 111~ 10.~ 1~0 1~1111~07

3.19 ~011510~111 ~0.111111~1 ~111111 1-~1-(2 ~11~11~11~ 11110 11115~~ 0163.

... ~1111115 111~ 11~~~1111111110 10.~ 0111111111~ 10.11110.~ ~0.111111~1 ~1111 ~1111~7
(). 111~ 1~51111 01 ~1111 (11) 15 10.~ 11~~~1 1111111. 1-(0~~.,,~1, 115 11 ~111~11~111 1111111~1, 0~11~1
~1101 ~~11011111111~~ ~111 0~ 11~111~.,,~0 11111 10~~1 0111111111~. ~5511111~ ~~ ~0.005~ 11 011111
1111~ 012/3 111~ 11111)(11111111110.~01~11~111 1111111.1-(0~ 1111111~ 51~111111~.,,~15 111~ 11~~0~0 10
11~111~.,,~ 10.15 0111111111~7

3.20 01.,,~11 10.~ 1111110~ (1151101~) 1111010 011110~1010. 01 11 1~1~~0.011~ 11111151111551011 111~1111~, 11
1101111111115~~08 0156013 (400,000),11110 11 015101110111~.,,~1 01 ~0.2 %,
... ~0.11115 10.~ 10.~01~11~111 11111)(111111111
~0.111111~1 ~11~11~11~ ()(0~5) 01111101110111111~1~~11011~
1111~57
(). ~0.11115 10.~ 11~1111(111111)(111111111~0.111111~1 ~11~11~11~7
3.21 01.,,~1111 ~0.111111~1 ~11111111 1111~110~0 ~11~11~11~ 0120 ~0~5, 10.~ 011110~1010. 0110.~ ~0.111111~1
15 3 ~1-(2. ~5511111111~ ~0.11~ 111~1111111 11015~, ~11111 51~11111-10-11015~ 111110 15 1~~1111~0 10
11~0.1~.,,~ 10.15 ~11~11~11~7

3.22 111~ 5~11111~ ~11.,,~ 01 ~1~111~ 3.7~, ~110. 1 = 11115, 15 ~1155~0 10.1011~0. 11 10~~11551111~110.111
~1155~5 11~~11~11~1~5 11~ 10 8 )(1-(2 ~110. 110 1111~11111111011.
... 111110 10.~ ~0~~1111 111~ 0111~111 ~11.,,~101111.
(). ~5511111111~ 10.111 111 10.~ 1111~1 111~111 10.~1~ 15 11 10.~1111111 11015~ .,,01111~~ ~110.
,..,0
= 0.1 ~ ~1111/1-(2, 11110 111~ 0111~11151~11111 10 11015~ 111110111 013.

3.2.~ 11 10.~ 1~~~1.,,~0 51~111111~.,,~1 101 11 ~11111~11111101~11111 5~51~111 15 ~

151 013~ 11110 111~

1~~~1.,,~1 5~51~111 ~11~~11.,,~ 11015~ 1~111~~1111111~ 15 1500 1(, ~0.11115 ~0/~) 101 11 1111)( 1111115-
111111111~ 2400 0~57
3.24 ~111 111 10.~ 111155111~ ~1~111~1115 111 10.~ 10110~111~ 11101~ 0111~~10)(1111111~ ~0~~1 1111105 101
.,,11110115 013 1~.,,~15.

0~~.1/~.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(,055~5 0.5 0.1
~3.()5 2 10

3.25 111111 11111~1111~1 0.115 11 30-013 .,,01111~~ ~11111, ~0.111 .,,01111~~ 111110 00~5 10.~ ~11111 1~~1~5~1117

3.26 ~11 11111~1111~1 0.115 11110111~111 0120~. ~0.11115115 0111~111111 013~7

~11 1111~01111111 ~11111111~1~1111 1111~ 11111151111551011 5~51~111 15 10.~ 51~11111 511~11~10.. ~5 11 51~11111 ~10~-
11~111~5 111011~ 11 11111151111551011111~0111111, 111~1~ ~111 0~ 111055, 01 (1((~/1/.((1(/0/1, 0151~11111 511~11~10..10
~0111~~115111~, 11111~1111~15 11111~ 0~ 1115~11~0 111 .,,11110115 ~011115 10 1111~111111 ~11111111 51~11111 511~11~10..
1115 ~11510111111~ 10 ~)(~1~55 ~111115, 1055~5, 11110 1~11111.,,~ 1~.,,~15 111 0~~10~)5 0~~11115~

· 51~11111 511~11~10.
0~~10~1, ~0.1~0.
011~11 111115 011 ~)(~011~11111111~,
15 11 10~1111101111~ 111111.
50 1055 15 ~11511~ ~)(~1~55~0 111 1~11115 0110.~

· 111~
1100111011
11~1 ~11111 01 1055
11110 51101111~11011.
111 11 ~115~110~0 11111151111551011 ~1110. ~1111 0~ ~111~111111~0 ~110. 51111~1~
 ~0~~.. ~31)0 ()8 ~0~~.. ~31)0 ()8

101 10 10-1 -10

.
102 20 10-2 -20
103 30 10-3 -30
104 40 10-4 -40
105 50 10-5 -50
106 60 10-6 -60

008 = 83111, 1110~~10~15

~0 = 111111.11110~~11~,,,~1

,,001 = 01.11111.11110~~11~,,,~1

10810 = 10831110111 10 10~ 035~ 10

1(0)~ 3.2 500~5 10~ 1~131101150111 0~1~~~11 0~~10~1 ,,,311.1~53110 110~~15 0110.
111~1~ 15 50111~ 111~0115151~11~)111110~ 111~1311.11~0,,,~1 10~ 1.15~01 10~ 1~11115~3)0 3110 )055. 11
10~ ,,,311.1~01 008 15 1105111,,,~, 1015 1~111~5~1115 311 3~11.131 83111 111110~~1. ~01 ~)(3111111~,3 83111 01
3 08 111~3115 1031 10~ 110~~1 035 001.101~0. 11 10~ ,,,311.1~01 008 15 11~8311,,,~, 1015 1~111~5~1115 311
3~11.1311055 111110~~1. ~01 ~)(311111)~, 3 83111 01 -3 08 111~31151031 10~ 110~~1035 031,,,~0, 3110 1015
15 3 1055 01110~~1. ~01111(11)1, 101515 ~)(111~55~0 0)153)11118 10~1~ 15 3 1055 013 08. 1-10~~,,,~1, 50111~
01 10~ 111~1311.11~~01.110 53)1 1031 1015 15 3 1055 01 -308. 11 1113/(~5 11101~ 5~115~ 10 53)1 1031 3
11~8311,,,~ 83111 ~011~51101105 10 3 1105111,,,~1055.111~1~101~, ~~ 0~1111~ 3 0~~10~11055 35

(3.3)

~~~~..1,~ 3.7 113 8181131~11113 ~0~~11~,,,~10110 111~ 181118~11~0 01110 3 113118-

11118810111111~ 3110 111~ 111~381.11~0 ~0~~1 80111~ 0181311~~ 3~3~ 18 5 111~, 111~ 1088 ~311 0~
~)(~1~88~0 38

1-08 = 10108(10/5) = 10(0.3) = 3013.

~01~ 1031 10~ 0~~10~115 3 111~351.11~011~1311,,,~, 1101 305011.11~, 0111~1~11~~. ~ 1055 110111 1000 111~
10 500 111~ 15 3150 3 1055 01 3 08.
111~ 0~~10~115 3150 1.15~0 10 111~351.11~10~ 0111~1~11~~ 111,,,01138~, 13/(1118 11110 3~~01.1111 1031
110~~115 111011011101131 10 10~ 5~1.131~ 01 10~ ,,,01138~~

~2
,,= -
8.
 ~1)1)~~01)( 3~ 0~08~1.5 ,4.~0 5(~~,4.~ 511(~~(~1(-( 101

~0~~~

~ = ~0~~1 01551~~1~0 ~(~055 ~~5151~11(~ ~

~ = ,,,01(~~~ ~(1055 1~5151~11(~ ~

11105

~~~~.,1.,~ 3.8 0~~10~15 (1~~ 115~11111110~1~~111111111~ 111~ ~(11110~ 1055 0~~~ (1 5~~1~5 01
1~(11151111551011~1~111~1115. ~011510~~ (1 5~~~5 111 ~111~11111~ 111~11115 (11 (1 ~0~~~ 1~~~1 01
4 111~, 111~ 11~51 ~1~111~11115 (11~(111511115510111111~ ~1111 (112-08 1055 (-12-08 ~(1111), 111~
5~~0110 ~1~111~11115 (111 (1111~1111~~ ~1111 (1 35-08 ~(1111, (1110 111~ 1111~0 ~1~111~11115 (1 1~(1115-
11115510111111~ ~1111 (110-081055.111~ 11~1 ~(111115 (-12 + 35 - 10) = 13 08.10 ~(11~11-
1(11~111~0111~111~0~~~ ~011(~

008 = 13 = 1010~(~011(/4111~)
~011( = 4 )( 101.3 111~ = 79.8 111~

0~(10~1 ,,,~)0~5 ~~1~~ 10 ~~1~6,,,~ 111~~111100~5 01 (11~11~~5 111111~~111100~, 1101 (0 ~11 ~05010(~
1~,,,~1. 1115 (011,,,~111~11110 0~ ~01~ 10 1~1~110 ~11 ~050101~ 1~,,,~1 01 ~0~~1 01 ,,,011~~~ 1110~(10~15 50
(0~1 ~~1115 ~110 1055~5 ~110 ~~1~~~11(~ 10 ~11111111~151~11~11~,,,~1111~~ 0~ (~1(01~1~0 ~~511~.111~ ()8~
(()~~1/)~.-~311) 15 05~0 ~)(1~1151,,,~1~ 1111111(10~~,,,~ ~~~11(~110115.111~ ,,,~10~ 011 ~ 15 5~1~(1~0 ~5
~ 1~1~1~11(~ ~110 0~1111~0 10 0~ 0 08~.111~ ~050101~ 0~(10~11~,,,~101 ~0~~1111 08~ 15 0~1111~0 ~5

~0~~1~
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1~

~~~~.,1.,~ 3.9 ~ ~0~~~ 01 1000 ~ 15 30 08~, (1110 (1 ~0~~~ 01 1 111

~ 15
-30 08~.

~110111~~ (0111111011 01111 15 111~ ()801 (()~~1/)~.-011..1~311), ~111(0 05~5 1 111~ ~5 111~
~~1~1~11(~.11105 0 08111 = 1111~. 111~ 10111101~15

~0~~1111~
~0~~108111 = 1010~
1111~
~01~ 111~ 10110~111~ 1~1~110115111~5~

+3008111 = 0 08~
008111 = -30 08~
~ 01111 111 (0111111011 05~ 111 (~01~ 1~1~,,,151011 ~110 010~00~110 1..-~~ ~~~11(~60115 15 111~
()801 ~ (()~~1/)~.-011..1~0.1). 11115 15 ~11 ~050101~ 01111 ~1111 0 08111 ~ ~().01,,,~1~11110 ( 111~. 11105

~01(~~~111,,,
~011~~~0801,,, = 2010~
1111~

111 1015 (~5~, 111~ ,,,01(~~~ 1~,,,~15 ~1~ ~550111~0 10 0~ ~(1055 ~ 75-0111111~5151~11(~.
102
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· 1)11~1.110~0 1((11181111881011 1~~11111(),1.1~8 ~01111110111~ 1.18~0 10(

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10 10~1.18 111~ 81~113111110 3 011~~11011(11 0~3111.

103
 111 ~011510~1111~ 10~ 0~51~11 010(11(1 11(11151111551011 5)151~1115, /(~)1 ~011~~1115 (11~
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11111110~1 01 0~51~11 1(1~1015 1~1(11111~ 10 10~ 11(11151111551011 111~0111111 (100 10~ 51~11(11
0~1~1111111~ 10~ 0(11(1 1(11~ (1110 0151(111~~~

. 830()~1()1..= ~11 010~1 1(1~1015 1~111(1111111~ ~01151(1111, 111~ ~1~(11~1

~10111 01 (1 51~11(11, 111~ 111~11~1111~ 0(11(1 1(11~ 111(11~(111 0~ (1~111~,,,~0.
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· ~..30501155100101()31..01~015=
1(111~~. ~01 ~1110~0 111~01(1, 1~151~0
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. 10(111 ~0(1)(1(11 ~(101~, ~111~11111 11111151111~15 11101~ 111(1110))11~(11110~1.

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111.1111101 311310~ 51~1131111~ ~)(1~1105 10 3001.11 500 1-,1112. ~01 01~1131 51~1131111~, 1~~~31~15 31~
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0~6~011 ~10~..
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(3~301~ 01 ~1.110111~ 311 0~11~31 13~. ~31101.15 ~1355~5 3110 ~13511~5 (311 0~ 1.15~0 10 1113)(~
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5111~3. 011(3~11(~ 110~( 15 81111~111110 1113111113~111(~~ 0.1~0.~(-1055 11111111~0111~011~111 ~1355
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1~55 ~0511)1 3118 ~311 0~ 115~8 10( 50.0(1-0.31111111)(5, 10( ~0.1~0.11108~(31~1)10.1~0.1055~5 3(~
3~~~~1301~.
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5~~110115~ 10.~ ~0(~, 10.~ ~1388111~, 3118 10.~ )3~)(~1 (~1~11(~ 4.2~). 111~ ~0..~ 15 10.~ 11111~(-
111051 5~~11011 3118 ~01151515 01011~ 0( 1110(~ ~~()110.111 51(31185, 0( 110~(5. 11138~ 01 ~1355 0(
~13511~~ 10.~ ~0(~ 0.35 3 813111~1~( 111 10.~ (311~~ 018 10 50 ~111. 83~0.110~( 15 511((011118~8
0)1 115 0~11 ~13()()111~, 3 ~1355 0( ~13511~ ~031111~ 10.31 0.35 0~11~31 ~(0~~(11~5 8111~(~111
1(0111 10.05~ 0110.~ ~0(~ 3118 3 813111~1~( 01125 ~111. 111~ 1111~(13~~ 0~1~~~11 10.~ ~0(~
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13~)(~1. 111~ )3~)(~1 15 ~0111~05~8 01 ~13511~ 3118 010.~( 11131~(131 13)1~(~8 10 ~(01~~1
3~311151111015111(~. 30(351011, ~(1150.111~, 3118 010.~( ~11~1(011111~11131 8311~~(5.

~~~11~360115 0~11~31 110~( 31(~38)1 ~11)0)15 ~011518~(301~ 115~ 111 1011~-8151311~~

1~1~~011111111111~3110115. 3118 115 115~ 111 11111113()1 3~~11~3110115 15 ~(0~111~. 111~ ~011111111111~
1111~(0~~111~1115 111 ~~(10(111311~~ 3118 8~~1111~ 111 ~(1~~5, 10~~10.~( ~110. 10.~ 1110.~(~111
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~03)(131 ~301~~

· ~..~31~..
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01 5111311 512~ 15 ~011518~(301~. 111~ ~0((~5~0118111~ (~811~11011 111 ~~1~111 (~811~~5
51(11~111(31 511~~0(1 (~~111(~111~1115.

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111115 111~ 5)151~111 15 1101 ~11111~(301~
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1111~1115~ 11015~, 0( ~(055131)(. 13)1111~ 53111~ 10)(~11.110~(5 80 1101 (38131~ ~11~(~)1. 50
111~(~ 15 11111~ 1111~(1~(~11~~ ~110. 0111~( ~~111~111~111 3118 111~(~ 15 3 111~11 8~~(~~ 01
5~~11(11)11(0111 ~3.,,~58(0~~111~. 111 388111011, 110~( 15 11111~(~1111)1 81111~1111 10 13~.

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01 ~((0(.
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0~~11 51~3811)11111~(0~111~. ~~~~31~( 5~3~111~ 111111~ 1~115 01 )(110111~1~(5 10( 0~11~31
110~( 15 ~0111111011. 3118 (~~~31~( 5~3~111~5 011111118(~85 01 )(110111~1~(5 113~~ 0~~11
8~11101151(31~8. ~03)(131 3118 1~151~8-~31( 5)151~1115 ~~11~(311)1 113.,,~ (~~~31~(5
~~~()11~~ )(110111~1~(5.
 ~1,,,~ 0351~ ~31~~011~5 01 3))))11~311011 113,,,~ 0~~0111~ 1111))0113111101 0))11~31 110~1~

· 1,011~-1131.11111.111)(5

· ~~1(0))0111311 111.111)(5

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· 51.105~110~(100))5

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1,011~-11301 110~1 1(31151111551011 15 0~~0111111~ 111~(~35111~1)1 ~0111111011 111 111~ 1~1~-

))11011~ 11~1~0()(. 1,011~-11301 101.11~5 3,,,~13~~ 30001 1500 )(111 111 1~11~111 3110 011~( 111~11
~3))3~11)1 (1)1))1~311)120,00010 60,000 ,,,01~~ ~1131111~15).111~5~ 5)151~1115 ~0111))~1~ ~~0110111-
1~(11)1 ~1111 1111~(0~3,,,~ 3110 113,,,~ 50 0110~())(1~~0 ~03)(131 ~301~ 111 1113(1)1 0~,,,~10))~0
~0011111~5 11131 ~03)(131 ~301~ 15 (3))101)1 0~111~ ))1135~0 001 01111~ 1~1~))11011~ 11~1~0()( 111
50~11 ~00111(1~5. 0110~(5~3 0))11~31110~( ~301~5113,,,~ 3150 ~(1)0)1~0 111~(~35111~ 05~.
~~1(0))0111311 1(1.111)(111~~1(~1.1115113,,,~ 311 3,,,~(3~~ 1~11~111 0112 )(111 3110 1113)1113,,,~ 35
111(11)1 35 100,000 ,,,01~~ ~1131111~15111 3 1(1.111)(~(01.1)). ~05113~11111~5 31~ 11151311~0 1110110~(-
~101.1110 ~01101.1115 3110 3(~ (~))~31~11~55,)0111111~ 1~1~))11011~ ~)(~11311~~5111 3 111~1(0))0111311 0(
~11)1 3(~3. 111~11.10~0 111 11115 ~31~~0()1 3(~ (01.11~5 1113(1111)( 1011~-1131.111111~(0~3,,,~ 13~11111~5
111311~(11111131~ 31 3 ~11)1 ))~(1111~1~( 10 111~ 11131111~1~))11011~ ~)(~11311~~ 00110111~ 00~1110~11.
~1.1(31 ~)(~11311~~ 1(011)(5113,,,~ ~1(~1.1111~11~1115 (311~111~ 1(0111 40 10 160 )(111 3110 1111)(
10~115 3110 ,,,1113~~5. 111 111~ 01111~0 5131~5, 111~)1 011~11 ~01111~~1111~ ~)(~11311~~5 01 0111~(-
~1111~1~))11011~ ~0111))3111~5. ~051 01111~5~ 5)151~1115 113,,,~ 1~~~( 111311 5000 ,,,01~~ ~11311-

11~15. 111~ 1~~1111010~)11.15~0 111 111~5~ 3))))11~3110115 ~0111))~1~5 ~11111111~(0~3,,,~ 13~11111~5.

5005~(10~( 100)) ~1(~1.1115 3(~ 110~15 11131 (1.11101(~~11)11(0111 111~ ~~111(31 ~)(~11311~~
))31( 3110 ~03)(131
10 3 51.105~(10~1. 111~5~ 13~11111~5 31~ 0~~11111111~ 10 (15))13~~ 1~151~0
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1131101111~ 1101 0111)1 ,,,01~~ 3110 0313,001 3150 11113~~ 3110 ,,,10~0. 111~ 11111131 ))~11~1(311011
01 0))11~31110~( 111 11115 3))))11~31101115
10( 111~ 005111~55 5005~(10~(, 01.11110~( 1(311511115-
5101111110 111~ 110111~ ~111 50011 0~~111 10 3))))~3(.
~ 1111(11111))0(13111 3))))11~311011 01 0))6~31110~( 15 10( 10~31 3(~3 11~1~0()(5. 51311-
03(05 113,,,~ 0~~11 0~,,,~10))~0 3110 ))(000~15 1111(000~~0 10( 0))11~31110~( 11~1~0()(5 11131
113,,,~ 3 10131 ~3))3~11)1 01100 ~0))5 10 10 00))5 3110 ~311 51.1))))0(1 110110(~05 0( ~,,,~11
11100531105 01513110115 111 3 13(~~ 0111~~ 01.1110111~ 0( 3 ~0111))1~)( 0101.1110111~5.
111~ 30,,,31113~~5 01 0))11~31110~( 0,,,~1 1~151~0 ))311 3110 ~03)(131 ~301~ 0~~0111~
1110(~ ~0111))~11111~ 35 111~ 0~1113110 101 311 1)1))~5 01111101111311011 (,,,01~~, 0313, 11113~~,
,,,10~0) 111~(~35~5.

11-31151111851011 ~113..3~(~..156~5 0))11~31110~11(3115111115 3 51~1131-~11~00~0 0~3111

0111~111 0)1111~3115 01 .0.3( .0.~..03( ..~0~~..00. 101311111~(1131 (~11~~11011 ~311 0~~1.1( 111
3(1)11(3115))3(~111111~010111 111311135 3 111~11~( 1110~)( 01 (~1(3~11011 111311 111~ 51.1((00110111~
111~010111. 111 ~11~~1, 111~ 0))11~31110~( 3~15 35 3 ~3,,,~~1.110~ 10( 1(~()1.1~11~1~5 111 111~ (311~~
013001.11101410 1015 1-1~(12~ 11115 ~0,,,~15 ))0(110115 01111~ 111113(~0 3110 ,,,15101~ 5))~~1(3.
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111~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 0))11~31110~11(31151111551011. 1,1~1111(0111 3 500(~~
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10(111 01 ))(0))3~311011 15 ~311~0 5.~()-.0()~~ 010(..010()~, (~1~((111~ 10 111~ ,,,3(1~1)1 01 311~1~5
11131 ~111 (~11~~1. ~11111111.111111100~ 1131151111551011, 11101(1))1~ ))10))3~311011 ))31115 ~)(151, ~3~11
 (~) 510~1~ 0100~

(.,.~1)~~ 4.4 01111~111 ~10~111111151111551011 ~00~5

~1111 3 0111~1~111 ~31111~11~111 3110 11~11~~ 11111~10 113~~18~ 111~ 1111~1.11118 ~31.18~8 81~1131 ~1~-
111~1118 (11~111 ~1.118~8) 10 8~1~30 01.11111 11111~, ~111~1111111118 111~ 131~ 31 ~111~11 0313 ~311 0~
3~~1.1131~1)11~~~1~~0. ~1.11 3110111~1 ~3)1, 111~ 11~~0 101~3~~ 8~3611~ 0~1~~~11111~ ~1.118~811111-
118 0313 131~. 11118 1)1~~ 01110~118 0~81 81.111~0 1011131181111881011 0~~1 ~~1)1 811011 0181311~~8.
~~11 111~ 110~1 ~01~ 13011.18 18 1~01.1~~0, 1~~~1 311~1~8 ~1111~11~~1.13)11~01.1~111~ 111~ 13011.18
01111~ ~01~ 10 111~ 010~1 013 ~3~~1~11~111, 0111)1 3 8111~1~ 311~1~ 0111100~ ~311 ~388~ 111~ 3)(131
(3)1. 11118 5.0~.~-010()~ ~10~3~311011 ~10~10~8 81.1~~1101 ~~1101111311~~ 101 111~ 10110~111~
1~38011.13~~31.18~ 111~1~ 18 3 8111~1~ 1131181111881011 ~3111 ~1111 8111~1~-11100~ 1131181111881011, 111~
01810111011 101.1110 111 1111.111111100~~3111101 0~~1.11. 5111~1~-11100~ 18 1)1~1~311)11.18~0 101 1011~-
0181311~~ 3~~11~3110118, 111~11.10111~1~1~~11011~ 3110 ~3111~ 1~1~~181011. ~111311)1, 0)1 ~31)1111~ 111~
1110~)( 011~113~11011 01111~ ~01~, 3 111110 1)1~~ 011131181111881011, ~110~11 38 ~..3()~()-.0()~1(
010...010()~, 18 ~088101~. 11118 1)1~~ 18 1111~1111~0131~ 11~1~~~11 111~ 0111~11~0 111~11313~1~118-
11~8.111~ 111~11~11~113~11~~ 1110~)( (018~1.188~0 81.108~((1.1~1111)1) 31111~ ~~111~11113~~8 111~ 11~111
(3)18 1110~111~ 00~11 111~ 3)(18 30~311~~ 11101~ 810~1)1111311 11108~ 11~31111~ ~1300111~. ~3111~1
111311 21~-23~~111~ 011 111~ ~1300111~, 11~111 111 111~ ~01~ ~1.11~~8 11~11~311)1 11~~31.18~ 01 111~
~130~0 1110~)(, 1~01.1~111~ 118 113~~1 0181311~~. 111~ 811011~11~0 ~3111 3110 111~11~1 8~~~0 3110~8
11~111 31111~ ~~11~11~1)110 3111~~ 31 3 1~~~1~~1 31 3001.11111~ 83111~ 6111~ 38 111~ 81131~111(3)18
111111~ ~01~ 3)(18. 0130~0-1110~)( 110~18 31~ 011~111.18~0 11110~31 31~3 11~1~01~8.
1~0 0111~1~111 1)1~~8 01 11~111 801.11~~ 31~ 1.18~0 111 1111~1 0~11~ 8)181~1118~ 111~ 11~111-
~111111111~ 0100~ (1.1~0) 3110 111~ 111)~~11011 138~1 0100~ (11.,0). 130111 31~ 8~1111~01101.1~101
0~~1~~8 11131 ~111113 0~3111 0111~111 ~11~11 3 ~0113~~ 18 3~~11~0.111~ 1.,~0 181~88 ~0811)1, 0~~1-
31~8 0~~1 3 ~1~31~11~111~~1311.11~ 1311~~, 31101138 31011~~1 0~~131101131111~.111~ 11.,0, ~111~11
0~~131~8 011 111~ 138~1 ~1111~1~1~, 18 11101~ ~111~1~111 3110 ~311 81.1813111~1~31~1 0313 131~8.
111~1~ 18 3 1~13110118111~ 3111011~ 111~ ~3~~1~11~111 ~111~10)1~0, 111~ 1)1~~ 011131181111881011,
3110 111~ 3~111~~3111~ 0313 131~.1301118111~1~ 11100~ 3110 1111.111111100~~311 81.1~~0118~~~131011-
1~1~111 ~3~~1~11~1115 0111~111 3110 ~311 ~111~10)1138~1 011.,~0 11~111801.11~~8. 111 0~11~311111~1,
038~0 011 111~ 311~111.136011 ~11313~1~11811~8 01 111~ 111~011.11113110 011 ~10~~16~8 01 11~111
801.11~~8 3110 1~~~1~~18, 101.111131181111881011 ~11100~8 31~ 3~~10~1131~, 8110~11111 1301~ 4.5.
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(10 ~3~0001) 8.30~~ (001) (~82 )

820 10 900 366 10 333 (-,11.1111/1100~ 1-~~

128010 1350 234 10 222 5 5111~1~ /1100~ ~3(101.15

152810 1561 19610192 ~5111~1~ /1100~ ~1)(-,1

1561101620 19210185 1- 5111~1~ /1100~ ~1)(-,1

~1)~ = ~3,,,~1~11~11101,,,151011
/111.1(11))1~)(111~
(5~~ ~(13))1~(8)

~01~ 111~ 11~111~11001.18 03110~101118 3~311301~. ~01111~ 101.11 ~11100~8, 111~ 1~8~~(-
11~~ 03110~101118 31~ 33 1112, 12 1112, 4 1112, 3110 7 1112.1 11118 18 8~~~131 010~18 01
1113~11111.10~ ~1~31~1 111311 111~ 03110~10111 3~311301~ 111 111~ 13010-11~~1.1~11()1 8~~(111.1111.
011~ (01111.18111~ 38~~(1 011~~011~0 311~111.131101111~1.11~8 101110~1 0~11( 11311811118-
81011 18 11131, 111~3113(1)1, 110~1 0~11( ~~1101111311(~ 18 8~~(111~0 111 1~11118 01 ~3~~1~11~111
13111~1 111311 11~~1.1~11()1. 111~ ~3~~1~11~1118 11131 3~~~31 111 ~13~118 3110 1301~8 31~ 111~
~3~~1~11~1118 (011~8~0110111~ 10 1131181111881011111 3 ~3(1.11.1111. 110~~~~1, 011 111~ 110~1, 111~
~~10(11)1 01 ~10~3~311011 18 1~88 111311 111~ 8~~~0 0111~111111 3 ~3(1.11.1111 (()~ 111~ 1~81.11118
11131 3111101.1~11111~ 11~~1.1~11()1 01111~ 81~113118 1.111(11311~~0, 111~ ~3~~1~11~111 18 (11311~~0.

~~~~..1.~ 4.1 ~01 3 ~3~~1~11~111 111 ~3(1.11.111101 1550 11111,111~ (011~8~0110111~

11~~1.1~11()1 18 / = (/),. = (3 )(
108)/(1550 )( 10-9) = 193.4
)( 1012 = 193.41112.
~01 3 1)1~1(31 8111~1~ 11100~ 110~1, 111~ ~~10(11)1 01 ~10~3~311011 18 3~~(0)(111131~1)1
)(
11 = 2.04 108. 111 11118 (38~, 3 11~~1.1~11()1 01193.41112 (011~8~01108 10 3 ~3~~-
)(
108)/(193.4 )( 1012)
1~11~111 01),. = 11// = (2.04 = 1055 11111.111~1~101~, 011 11118
110~1, ~11~11 3 ~3~~1~11~111 011550 1111118 (11~0, 111~ 3(11.131 ~3~~1~11~111 011 111~ 110~1
18 1055 11111.

111~ 101.111131181111881011 ~11100~8 31~ 111111~ 1111131~0 ~0111011 01111~ 11~((1.1~11()1 8~~(-
111.1111,0~10~ 111~ ~18101~-11~111 ~0111011, ~111(1118 400 10 700 11111.111~ 1088 18 10~~1 31111~11~1
~3~~1~11~1118, 3110~111~ ~1~31~1 0313 131~8 0~~11011~~1 0181311(~8. 1-.1(11)110(31 3~~11(3110118
10(3)11.18~ 850-11111 1..80 11~111 801.11(~8. ~111101.1~1111118 (0111011131101118 1~1311~~1)1111~)(~~11-
81~~, 11/8 ~~11~1(11)11111111~0 10 0313 131~8 1.1110~11001-.10~8 3110 0181311(~8 0131~~ )(110111~-
1~18.10 3(111~~~ 111~11~1 0313 131~8 3110 1011~~1 0181311(~8, 3 1300-11111 1..80 01 )38~1 801.11(~
18 11~~0~0. 111~ 111~11~81 0313 131~8 3110 1011~~81 0181311(~8 1~~1.111~ 1500-11111 138~1 801.11(~8.
~1~1.11~ 4.3( 8110~8 311~111.1311011 ~~181.18 ~3~~)~11~111101 3 1)1~1(31 0~11(3) 110~1.111~
1.1111.181.13)
8113~~ 01111~ (1.11~~ 18 01.1~ 10 111~ (01110111311011 013 ~311~1)10113(1018 11131 (011-
11101.11~ 10 311~111.1311011. 111~ 1~0 1110811111~0113111 01111~8~ 31~ 30801~11011 3110 8(311~1-
111~. 111 11118 (0111~)(1, 111~ 1~1111 5~(1((~,111/5 1~1~18 10 111~ (11311~~ 111 011~(11011 01 )1~11113)18
311~1111~)1 81(1)(~ 8111311 ~3111(1~8 011111~1.11111~8 111111~ 111~011.1111.

11 ./12 1012 /12. )=00( 3 0~~111111011

= 0~ 111.1/11~(1(31 ))(~~1)(~5111 (0111111011 1.15~, 5~~ 111~ 51.1))))0(1111~ 00(1.1111~111 ,11
~11113015(31110~5.~001.
111.~~ ~~11~.31.311~~5 011.~()11~11~1~5 3.~ 011111~.~51111 011. 015~11551011 01 ~1.~1~55 1.3115-
1111551011.~.~()11~11~1~5111 111~ .311~~ 013001111 01-1~ (~1~311~.1~ = 10~1-1~.1~)10 40 01-1~
3.~ .~1~..~0 10 35 ~..0~3~~ (..~()0~0~(~8. ~1111~5~ 1.~()11~11~1~5, 111~11))101.~~1101131 0~31115
3.~ ))055101~, 3110 1111~.0~3~~ 15 ()1111~ 51111301~ 10. ))01111-10-))011111.31151111551011. ~1~.0~3~~
15 3150 115~0 10. 531~1111~ ~011111111111~3110115.~.~()11~11~1~5 111111~ .311~~ 0130 ~1-1~ 10 1 01-1~
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~110111~(1111))0.131111.~()11~11~)1.311~~, 10.10~31
3))))11~3110115, 15 111~ 1111.3.~0 ))0.-
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1311~~5 115111~ 111~ 5~~~8 0111~111. ~~3511(111~ 8151311~~5 10 1011( 0( (110(~ 531~1111~5 51(1111)-
1311~0115)~ 3118 ~110~111~ 111~ ~)(3~110~3110115 01111~ 531~1111~5 (111~1118~8 111 111~ 51~11315
1(3115(11111~8 0~ 111~ 531~1111~5), 111~ (~~~1~~( ~311 8~1~((11111~ 115 13111118~, 1011~11118~, 3118
11~1~111 ~111)~ 31 111~ 53(11~ 11(11~ 5~11~11(01112111~ 115 ~10~~ ~1111 111~ 0 ~5 11(11~ 5131183(8
~111~11 3150 (113~~5 111~ (~~~1~~( 3 ~(~~15~ 11(11~ ~1~~~.

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1(0(11 113111(31 5011(~~5, 111~)118111~ ~313~11~, 5013(, 3118 31(1105~11~(1~ 11015~, 3118 1111(11311-
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5~~~(~1~ 311~111131~8 0~ 31(1105~11~(1~ 3080(~11011 3118 ~(~~1~11311011.
~051 531~1)11~5 ~(0~18111~ ~01111-10-~01111 5~(~1~~ 1083~ 115~ 3 1(~~11~11~~ 03118-
~18111 111 111~ (311~~ 5.925 10 6.425 01-12 10( 1(3115(111551011 1(0(11 ~3(111 10 531~1111~
(11~)111~) 3118 3 03118~18111111111~ (311~~ 3.7 10 4.2 01-1210( 1(3115(1115510111(0(11 531~1111~
10 ~3(111 (80~11)111~). 11115 ~0(110111311011 15 (~1~((~8 10 35 111~ 4/6-01-12 03118. ~01~
11131 111~ 11~1111~ 3118 80~11)111)( 1(~~11~11~1~5 8111~(. ~0( ~0111111110115 0~~(311011 ~11110111
1111~(1~(~11~~, 3 531~1111~ ~3111101 1(3115(1111 3118 (~~~1~~ 011 111~ 53(11~ 1(~~11~11~~. 111115
51~11315 1~~~1~~0 110111 3 ~1011110 51311011 011 011~ 11~()11~11~~ 1111151 0~ 113115111111~0 03~~
011 3110111~1.
111~ 4/6 011..~ 0311015 ~1111111111~ 0~1111111111 2011~ 011101001-12 01111135 0~~0111~
53111131~0. 0111~1 11~()11~11~1~5 111 11131 1311~~ 31~ 11113~311301~ 0~~3115~ 01 50111~~5 01
1111~11~1~11~~ 0~~131111~ 31 11105~ 11~()11~11~1~5, 11511311~ 1~11~511131 1111~10~3~~. 111~1~-
101~, 111~ 12/14-01-12 03110 1135 0~~11 0~~~10~~0 (11~1111~~ 14 10 14.5 01-12~ 00~111111~~
11.71012.2 01-(2). ~11111511~()11~11~~ 03110, 311~1111311011 ~1001~11151111151 0~ 0~~1~0111~.
1-10~~~~1, 5111311~1 3110 ~11~3~~1 ~31111-51311011 1~~~1~~15 ~311 0~ 115~0. 1115 31111~1~31~0
11131 11115 03110 ~111 3150 53111131~, 3110 115~ 15 ~(0)~~1~0 101 111~ 20/30-0112 03110
(11~1111~~ 27.510 30.0 01-12~ 00~111111~~ 17.7 10 20.2 01-(2).11115 03110 ~)(~~11~11~~5 ~~~11
~1~31~1 311~1111311011 ~1001~1115 0111 ~111 3110~ ~1~31~1 03110~10111 (2500 ~112 ~~15115
500 ~1-(2) 3110 ~~~11 5111311~1 3110 ~11~3~~11~~~1~~15.
5~~~131 ~10~~111~5 01 531~1111~ ~011111111111~311011 51101110 0~ 1101~0. ~1151, 0~~3115~
01111~ 1011~ 0151311~~5 111~01~~0, 111~1~ 15 3 ~10~3~311011 0~13~ 01300111 (1 ()11311~1 5~~-
0110110111 1131151111551011110111 011~ ~31111 51311011 10 1~~~~11011 0~ 3110111~1 ~31111 51311011.
11115 0~13~ 15 11011~~301~ 111 01011131~ 1~1~~11011~ ~011~~153110115. 11 3150 111110011~~5
~1001~1115 111 111~ 31~35 01 ~1101 ~0111101 3110 110~ ~0111101, ~111~11 ~~ 015~1155 111 131~1
~113~1~15. 5~~0110, 531~1111~ 1111~10~3~~ 15 11111~1~1111~ 3 01030~351 13~1111~. ~311~ 513-
110115 ~311 1131151111110 111~ 531~1111~, 311031131151111551011110111 3 531~1111~ ~311 0~ 1~~~1,,,~0
0~ 111311~ 513110115.

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~11~51~(.1 0~5~..1()11011 111~ ~1111~1~31 0111~1~11~~ 0~1~~~11 01030~351 13010 3110

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01030~35113010 00~5 11011~()1111~ 01511-5113~~0 3111~111135, 3110 111~ 3111~111135 11~~0 1101
0~ 11~101~ 111011111~0 10 3 ~1~~15~ 311~11111~111.

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~11~ 3110 ~311 01111~ 011~ 03110~ 30 ~1-12 10 1 01-12.11115 1311~~ ~0~~15 ~~ 13010 3110
01-1~ 3110 ~1-1~ 1~1~~151011. 11115 1311~~ 15 3150 115~0 101 3 11111110~1 01 0313 11~1~01~111~
3~~11~3110115.

1..31151~1551011 ~113..3~(~..1511~5 111~ 1311~~ 30 ~1-12 10 1 01-1215 311 ~11~~11,,,~ 011~

101 01030~351 ~011111111111~3110115. 01111~~ 111~ ~35~ 10110~~1-11~()11~11~~ ~1~~1101113~11~11~
~3,,,~5, 111~ 101105~11~1~ 15 113115~31~11110 13010 ~3~~5 300~~ 30 ~1-12. 111115 11311511115-
51011 15 1111111~0 10 111~ 1111~ 01 51~111, 3110 0/513111 113115111111~15 ~1111101 1111~11~1~ ~1111
~3~11 0111~1 011~ 10 1~11~~11011110111 111~ 3111105~11~1~. 01111~~ 111~ 111~11~111~()11~11~1~5 01
111~ 1111~10~3,,,~ 1~~1011, 01030~35113010 ~3,,,~5 31~ 1~55 5~115111~~ 10 311~1111311011 110111
131111311.
~5 ~11111111~10~3,,,~, 111~ 311101111101311~1111311011 011~ 10 0151311~~ 00~~5 ~()11311011
(4.2), 113111~1~ 1010~(4~(/)2 013. 13~~3115~ 01111~ 1011~~1 ~3~~1~11~111, 13010 ~3,,,~5 51111~1
1~1311~~1~ 1~55 311~1111311011.
~ ~11111~ 50111~~ 011111~311111~111101 01030~35113010 ~3~~515 11111111~31111111~11~1-
~11~~. ~~11~~11011 110111 13110, ~31~1, 3110 113111131 01 1111111311-11130~ 00)~~15 ~311 ~1~31~
11111111~1~ ~31115 0~1~~~11 3111~111135. 11115 ~11~~115 11~()11~1111~ ~,,,10~111 ~11~11 1~ 1~~~~-
11011 015~13~5 11111111~1~ 11113~~5 35 311 311~1311~ ~355~5 0~.
1111(3(~0 (20111(111.1111(23110115 15 3(2111~~~0 1.151118 1(3115111111~(5/(~(2~1,,,~(5 (1(3115(2~1~~(5)

11131 (11001.1131~ 11011(200~(~111 1111(3(~0 11801. 1(3115(2~1~~(5 (111.1510~ ~1111111 10~ 1111~ 01
518111 01 ~3(211 010~( ~1111~( 01(~(211)1 0( ~13 (~11~(211011 1(0(11 3 11801-(2010(~0 51.1(13(2~ 51.1(20
35 10~ (2~111118 01 3 (00(11.
011~ 1(11~0(13111 0111~(~11(2~ 0~1~~~11 1111(3(~0 3110 1111(2(0~3~~ 1(31151111551011 15
11131 10~ 10((11~( 00~5 1101 ~~11~1(31~ ~3115. 101.15 111~ 5~(21.1(11)1 3110 1111~(1~(~11(2~ ~(00-
1~1115 ~11(201.1111~(~0 111 (111(2(0~3~~ 5)151~(115 3(~ 1101 ~(~5~111. ~1.1(111~(1110(~, 111~(~ 15 110
1(~()1.1~11(2)1 3)10(2311011 1551.1~ ~1101111(3(~0, 0~(231.15~ 110 )1(2~1151118 15 (~()1.11(~0.

~ 5181131 (30131~0 1(0111 311 3111~11113 1(3~~15 310118 011~ 01111(~~ (01.11~5~ 8(01.1110 ~3~~,
5)()1 ~3~~, 0( 1111~ 0151801 (1.,05).130)~ 4.7 500~5111 ~01(2111(~()1.1~11(2)1 (3118~ ~3(211 ~(~-
00(1111131~5. 111 1015 000)(, ~~ 3(~ 31(11051 ~)((211.151~~1)1 (2011(2~(11~0 ~1101.,05 (20(111111.1111(23-
11011,01.11 3 500(1 0~~(~1~~ 01 ~3(211 (1100~ 15 81~~11 111 1015 5~(211011.

~..01.1110 ~3~~ ~..0()3~36011

0(01.1110 ~3~~ ~(0~38311011 (~181.1(~ 4.83) (110(~ 0( 1~55 (0))0~5 10~ (2011101.1( 0110~ ~3(10
3110 (2311 ~(0~3831~ (2011510~(30)~ 0151311(2~5, ~~11 0~~( 10~ ,,,151.13) 00(12011. 1015 ~11~(2115
101.1110 1111(~()1.1~11(21~5 1.1~ 10 3001.11 2 ~1-(2. 5~,,,~(3) 13(210(5 3(2(201.111110( 111~ 1~110~11(2)1 01
~1~(21(0(113811~11(2 ~3,,,~ 111111151(~()1.1~11(2)103110 10(0)10~ 10~ ~3(10,5 (21.1(,,,311.1(~. 011~ 13(2-
10( 15 103110~ ~)~(21(0(113811~11(2 ~3~~ 11101.1(2~53 (21.1((~111111 10~ ~3(10,5 51.1(13(2~, 111~ (~51.111
01 ~01(21115 10 510~ 10~ ~3,,,~1(0111 11~3( 111~ ~3(111, (231.151118111~ ~3~~1(011110 1111 00~11-
~3(0 3110 11~11(2~ (0))0~ 111~ ~3(111,5 (21.1(~311.1(~. ~110111~( 13(210( 15 0111(3(211011, ~111(21115 3
))11~110(11~11011 113~1118 10 00 ~1111 111~ 0~113~10( 01 ~1~(21(0(113811~11(2 ~3~~5 111 111~ ~(~5-
~11(2~ 01 00513(21~5. ~)~(21(0(113811~11(2 ~3~~5 111111151(~()1.1~11(2)1 (3118~ 3(~ 5(2311~(~0 0)1111~
31(1105))11~(~ 11151.1(20 3 ~3)111131111~)1 00 1101 ~~11~1(31~ 111~ 1.1))))~( 31(1105))0~(~.
10~ 0~51-)(110~11 ~)(3(11~1~ 018(01.1110 ~3~~ (20(11(111.1111(231101115 ~~ (3010.

5~) ~3~~ ~..0()3~36.011

5)()1 ~3,,,~ ))(0))3831101115 1.15~0 10( 3(1131~1.1( (3010, ~13 (3010, 3110 1111~(1131101131 0(030-
(23515 51.1(20 35 1313~ 3110 ~01(2~ 01 ~(11~(1(23. ~1111 5)()1 ~3~~ ~(0~38311011, 3 518(13) 1(0(11
311 ~3(10-035~0 3111~11113 15 (~11~(21~0 1(0111 111~ 101112~0 )3)1~( 01111~ 1.1~~~( 31(1105~11~(~
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(231.15~0 0)1 (~1(3(211011. ~~1(3(21101115 0~5(2(10~0 51.105~()1.1~1111)1.
~ 5)()1 ~3,,,~ 5181131 (2311 1(3~~1 111(01.1811 3 111.1(110~( 0100~5, 001.111(21118 03(2)( 3110
10(10 0~1~~~11 111~ 101105~11~(~ 3110 111~ ~3(111,5 51.1(13(2~ (~181.1(~ 4.80). ~11011115 ~(0))3-
8311011 (1100~, 3 5181131 (2311 0~ ))1(2)(~0 1.1))11101.1531105 01 )(1)0(11~1~(5 1(0(11 10~ 1(3115(11111~(.

1-111~-0(-51~01 ~..0()3~36011

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5181131 300~~ 30 ~1-(215 1101 (~11~(21~0 0)110~ 10(105))11~(~ 3110 111~(~10(~ 3 5181131 (2311 0~
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~1~11~~ 4.~ ~11~1~55 ~10~3~311011 ~00~5

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00112011. ~01 ~101.1110-035~0 ~01111111.1111~311011,10~ 113115111111111~ 3110 1~~~1~111~ 3111~111138
1111.1810~ ~110111 311 ~(1~~(/))~ 1111~ 01 81~01 01 ~3~0 010~1. 111~ 1~1111 ~11~~(/))~ 18 1.15~0
0~~31.18~ 1111~10~3~~8 31~ 0~111 011~113~1~0 0)110~ 3111108~0~1~.111~ 311101.11113110 ~~~11
10~ 011~~11011 0110~ 0~110 0~~~1108 011 ~01101110118, 01.11 ~~11~1(11)11111~10~3~~8 31~ 0~111
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1111~ 0181~01.
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~~1..3~11011 0~~11..5 0~~3115~ 111~ ~~10~11)1 01 30 ~1~~1..01113~11~11~ ~3~~ 15 3 11111~11011 01
111~ 0~0511)101111~ 111~0111111 111..011~11 ~111~11111..3~~15.10 3 ~3~1111111, 30 ~1~~1..01113~11~11~
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811~~0 0111~11110 3 ~3~1111111.2 10 31.., ~31~.., ~1388, 300 0111~.. 1..308113..~01 0.. 113..11311)1
1..308113..~111111~013, ~1~~1..01113~0~11~ ~3~~8 1..3~~1 31 811~~08 1~88 111311 ~.
~11~0 311 ~1~~1..01113~0~11~ ~3~~ 1110~~8 1..0111 3 111~0111111 01 00~ 0~0511)1 10 3
111~0111111013110111~.. 0~11811)1, 115 511~~0 ~11311~~5.111~ ~11~~115 10 ~3118~ 3 011~-11111~ 0~00-
10~ 01111~ 01..~~1100 01111~ ~3~~ 31111~ 0011003..)10~1~~~0 111~ 1~0 111~013. ~0~111~ 1..0111
3 1~85 0~115~ 10 3 1110..~ 0~05~ 111~0111111, 111~ ~3~~ ~111 0~00 10~3..0 111~ 1110..~ 0~05~
111~0111111.11115 1111~00111~000 15 ~3811)1 008~..~~0 0)1113..11311)11111111~..8111~ 3 511~~ 111~31~...
111~ .0()~~ 0( ..~(..3~..00, 0.. ..~(..3~..~~ .0()~~, 01 011~ 111~0111111 ..~1311~~ 10 300111~..
15 111~ 5111~ 01111~ 30~1~ 0110~10~0~~ 01~10~0 0)1111~ 510~ 01111~ 30~1~ 01..~1..3~1100.111~
1110~)( 01 ..~1..3~1100 18 3180 ~().1131 10 111~ ..3110 01111~ ..~511~~11~~ ~~10~111~5 10 111~ 1~0
111~013. 111~ 30501111~ 100~)( 01 ..~1..3~1100 01 3 111~0111111 15 ~31~11131~0 111 ~0111113..15011
~111111131 01 3 ~3~1111111. ~~1..3~11~~ 100~)( ~3..1~5 ~1111 ~3~~1~11~111, 50 11131 ..~1..3~11~~
~11~~15 0111~.. 10.. 51~0315 ~1111 0111~..~01 ~3~~1~0~1115.
~1111011~11 30 30..11111, 00~-11111~ ~1130~~ 111 01..~~1100 0~~11..5 35 3 51~031 1110.,,~5
1..0111 00~ 111~0111111 10 300111~.., 3 ~00110110115, ~..301131 0~0010~ 01 3 51~1131 ~1)1 0~~11.. 11
1118 1110~111~ 111..011~11 3 111~0111111 10 ~111~11111~ 100~)( 01 ..~1..3~1100 ~..3(11311)1 ~1130~~5.
000~.. 00..11131 11..0113~31100 ~000111008, 111~ ..~1..3~11~~ 100~)( 01 111~ 31111081111~..~
0~~..~35~5 ~111111~1~111 80 11131 ..3010 ~3~~5 1..3~~) 1110..~ 8)0~))111~3.. 111~ ~..011110 11130
31111~11~.. 3)111110~5.111~ ..~8111118 3 8)1~111 0~0010~ 01111~ ..3010 ~3.,,~8 10~3..0 111~ ~3..111.

01)11(0..1 .01(1 1~.1~10 1_111(~ 0~. 51~111 ~1111 00 101~...,,~010~ 00813~)~5, 111~ 01111~3)
)10~ 0151~111 ~30 0~ ~)(11..~55~0 35

()
= 3.57~
~11~..~ ()
18 111~ 018130~~ 0~1~~~0 30 301~003 300 111~ 110..1200 10 ~110111~1~..5 3110 /115
111~ 301~003 11~1~111 10 111~1~..8. 111~ ~11~~11~~, 0.. ..3010, 110~ 01 51~111 10 111~ 110..12011 15
~)(11..~55~0 35 (~1~11..~ 4.9)

()
= 3.57~
~11~(~ ~ 18 (10 (10)1.181(0~01 1(1(10( 10 (1((01.101 10( 111~ (~1((1(1100. ~ ~000 (1.11~ 01
1111.1(00 18 ~ = 4/3. 1111.18 111~ (0(1)(1(01.1(0 0181(10(~ 0~1~~~0 1~0 (101~00(18 10( 1-05
~(0~(1~(11100 18 3.57( ~ + ~),
~11~(~ /11 (1110 /12 (1(~ 111~ 11~1~1118 01111~ 1~0
(101~1111(18.

~~~..1..~ 4.3 111~ (0(1~(01.1(0 0181(111(~ 0~1~~~11 1~0 (101~1111(18 10( 1-05 1((1118(018-
810011 00~ (1111~00(118 100 (0 111~11 (100 111~ 0111~( 18 (11 ~(01.100 1~~~118

(/
= 3.57~ = 3.57~ = 41 )((0
~0~ 81.1~~08~ 111(11111~ (~(~1~111~ (1111~1111(118 10 (0 111~11. 10 (1(111~~~ 111~ 8(1(0~ 018-
1(10(~, 110~ 111~11(01.181111~ 1((108(011110~ (101~00(1 0~7111~ (~51.11115

41 = 3.57(~ +~)
~ = 3~~7- ~ = 7.84
/11 = 7.842/1.33 = 46.2 (0
11115 15 (1 5(1~10~5 01 0~~( 50 (0 10 111~ 11~1~111 01111~ 1((105(011110~ (101~00(1. 11115
~)((1(0~1~ 1111.151((11~5 111~ 0~0~111 01 ((11510~ (~(~1~10~ (1111~00(15 (100~~ ~(01.100 1~~~1
10 (~01.1(~ 111~ 0~(~55(1()7 11~1~111 01111~ 1((105(0111~(.

5~(11011 3.3 015(1.155~0 ~(1(101.15 1((1115(0155100 1(0~(11((0~015 (0(0(000 10 00111 ~1.110~0 (100
~1(~1~55 1((108(0188100. 10 11118 5~(1100, ~~ ~)(1~00 111~ 015(1.188100 10 ~)((1(010~ 50(0~
1(0~(11((0~015 8~~(111( 10 ~1(~1~88 110~-01-51~1111((105(01851011.

~..(-~ 51)3(-~ 1,055

~0( (10)7 1)7~~ 01 ~1(~1~55 (0(0(01.1111((11100 111~ 51~11(11 018~~(5~8 ~1111 0151(10(~. 111~(~-
10(~, (10 (101~00(1 ~1111 (111)(~0 (1(~(1 ~111 (~(~1,,,~ 1~58 81~0(11 ~0~~( 111~ 1(1(111~( 1115 1(0(0
111~ 1((105(011110~ (101~00(1. ~0( 5(11~1111~ (0(0(01.101((11100 11115 18 111~ ~(1(0(1()7 (000~ 01
81~0(11 1088. 8,,,~0 11 00 0111~(
801.1((~5 01 (111~01.1(11100 0( 1(0~(11((0~01 (1(~ (1551.1(0~0, (1
1((105(0111~0 81~11(11 (111~111.1(11~50,,,~( 0181(10(~ 0~((11.15~ 111~ 51~0(1115 0~10~ 8~(~(10 0,,,~( (1
1(1(~~( (100 1(1(~~( (1(~(1. 11115 10((0 01 (111~01.1(11100 15 /(110~0 (18 (..~~ 5))3~~ 1055, ~111(11
((10 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 10 1~((08 01111~ ((1110 01111~ ((101(11~0 ~0~~( 10 111~ ~0~~( ~, ~
(~(~1,,,~0 0)7 111~ (101~00(1 0(, 10 0~(10~18, 0)7 1(1/(10~ 10 11(0~5 111~ 10~ 01111(11 ((1110. ~0(
111~ 10~(111801(0~1( (1111~1111(1,1(~~ 5~(1(~ 1055 18

~ (417~)2
- -
~, -~-
 ~ = 81~1131110~~( 31111~ 1(3118111111111~ 3111~11113
~, = 81~1131110~~( 31111~ (~~~1~111~ 3111~11113
~ = ~3((1~( ~3~~1~11~111
()
= 11(0113~36011 0181311~~ 0~1~~~11 3111~111138
)( 108111/8)
~ = 811~~0 0111~111 (3

~11~(~ ()
3110 ~ 3(~ 111 111~ 83111~ 1.111118(~.~., 111~1~(8).

11118 ~311 0~ (~~381 383

~1~1.1(~ 4.101111.181(31~8 111~ 1(~~ 8113~~ 1088 ~~1.1311011.

~0( 0111~( 3111~111138, ~~ 1111.18113~~ 11110 3~~01.1111111~ ~3111 01111~ 3111~11113, ~111~11
)11~108 111~ 10110~111~ 1(~~ 8113~~ 1088 ~~1.136011~

(417)2(())2 (~())2 (~())2

-- --
0,0(~2 ..4,..4 ( /2..4,..4 (

0( = ~3111 01111~ 1(311811111611~ 3111~11113

0, = ~3111 01111~ (~~~1~111~ 3111~11113

..4 (
= ~11~~6~~ 3(~3 01111~ 1(3118111111111~ 3111~11113
..4, = ~11~~6~~ 3(~3 01111~ (~~~1~111~ 3111~11113

111~ 1111(0 1(3~11011 18 0~(1~~0 1(0111 111~ 8~~0110 1(3~11011 1.18111~ 111~ (~136011811111
0~1~~~11 3111~11113 ~3111 3110 ~11~~6~~ 3(~3 0~1111~0 111 ~~1.136011 (4.1). ~~ ~311 (~~381
111~ 1088 ~~1.136011 38

1,013 = 20 10~(~) + 20 10~(()) - 10 10~(..4(..4,)

= -2010~(/) + 2010~(()) -1010~(..4(..4,) + 169.54013 (4.4)
1111.18, 10( 111~ 83111~ 3111~11113 01111~11810118 3110 8~113(311011, 111~ 1011~~( 111~ ~3((1~( ~3~~-
1~11~111 (10~~( 111~ ~3((1~( 1(~~1.1~11~)1 /), 111~ 111~11~( 18 111~ 1(~~ 8113~~ 1131111088. 11 18
1111~(~81111~ 10 ~0111113(~ ~~1.13110118 (4.3) 3110 (4.4). ~~1.1311011 (4.3) 11101~31~8 11131 38
111~ 1(~~1.1~11~)1111~(~38~8, 111~ 1(~~ 8113~~ 1088 3180 111~(~38~8, ~111~11 ~01.110 81.1~~~8111131
31111~11~( 1(~~1.1~11~1~8, 1088~8 0~~0111~ 1110(~ 01.1(0~1180111~. 1-10~~~~(, ~()1.1311011 (4.4)
8110~8 11131 ~~ ~311 ~3811)1 ~011111~11831~ 10( 11118 111~(~38~0 1088 ~1111 3111~11113 ~31118. 111

3
~5 ~35 111~11(1011~0 111 ~))))~1101)( 3~, (11~~~ 15 50111~ 111~011515(~11~~ 111 (11~ 11(~~3(11~~ 0,,,~~ (11~ 115~ 0~ (11~
(~~111515(11/1 3110 /055. ~()113(1011 (4.3) ~0110~5 (11~ ~011,,,~11(1011 0~ ~()113(1011 (3.3).
 180

170
1....--
- ........~

$.,,,, ~~...-
160 .............. ........~
- -
150

140
~----- ....--
............

..............
$.,,,, ~...-
~1...,.....-

........~
............ - -
.,,
.,,
130

~~120
~----- ..........

..............
$.,,,,
~...............
~............

- ........~
0
....

110

100
~----- ....--
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..............
$.,,,, ~-
............

-
~-----
........~
............
...-- --- ............
90
....-- ~...............
$.,,,,

80 ..............

...............
...-- ---
70

60
----- ..........

5 50 100
1

13~1, 111~(~ 18 3 11~1 ~3111 31 111~11~( 1(~().1.1~11~1~8, 0111~( 13~10(8 (~(113111111~ ~011813111.
8().1.1311011 (4.3) 8110~8 11131 31 3 11)(~0 0181311~~ 311 111~(~38~ 1111(~().1.1~11~)1(~81.1118 111311
111~(~38~0 1088 (11~381.1(~0 0)12010~(().1-10~~~~(, 11 ~~ 13/(~ 11110 3~~01.11113111~11113~3111
3110 11)( 3111~11113 3(~3, 111~11111~ ~11311~~ 111 1088 18 (11~381.1(~0 0)1 -2010~(/)~ 11131 18,
111~(~ 18 3~11.1(11)13 0~~(~38~ 1111088 31111~11~( 1(~().1.1~11~1~8.

111~ 8110(1-
111~ ~3~~-

= 195.6013
 ~0~ ~011810~1111~ (1111~1111(1~111110~ 00111111~ 8111~1111~- 11110 ~1011110-0(18~0 11111~1111118.
1)1~1~3.1 ~11111~8 111~ 44 013 11110 48 013, 1~8~~~11~~1)1. 10~ ~1~~ 8~11~~ 1088 18

1-08 ~. 195.6 - 44 - 48 ~ 103.6013

~0~ 3.8811111~ 11 111111811111~0~~1 0~ 250 ~ 111111~ ~111111 811111011. ~113.118 111~ ~0~~1
1~~~1~~0 3.1111~ 8(11~1111~ 11111~11113.7~ ~0~~1 0~ 250 ~ 113.11813.1~8 11110 24 013~, 80
111~~0~~1 3.1111~ 1~~~1~1118 3.111~11113.1824 - 103.6 ~
== 79.6 013~.

~(11108~11~~1~ ~..,80~~6011

~11 110016011111 1088 0~1~~~11 111~ 1111118111111111~ 11110 1~~~1~1118 11111~111111818 1111110-
8~11~11~ 110801~6011. ~111~1 ~11~01 11110 0)()18~11 ~0111110111~ 111081 10 1111~11111111011. ~
~~11~ 1111~111111110110((1118 111 111~ ~1(11111)10~ 22 (11-12 011~ 10 ~111~1 ~11~01. ~1 ~1~().11~11-
(1~8 0~10~ 15 (11-12, 111~ 1111~1111116011 18 1~88. 111~ ~1~8~11(~ 0~ 0)()18~11 1~811118 111 1111
110801~11011 ~~11~ 111 111~ ~1(11111)1 0~ 60 (11-12 0111 (0111110111~8 1~88 111 ~1~()11~11(1~8
0~10~ 30 (11-12. ~1111111110 ~08 (8118~~110~0 ~111~1 010~1~18) (11118~ 8(1111~11118 0~ 111010
~11~~8 1111111~811118 111 1111~11111111011.111 11118 (0111~)(1, 111~ 1~1111 8~(1((~,.11115 1~~~18 10 111~
~10011(11011 0~ ~11~~8 0~ (1111118~0 011~(11011 01 ~1~().11~11()1 ~0~11 111010 ~11~~8
~11~011111~11111111~1. 1018 (1111 0~ 11111(1)01 (11118~ 0~ 818111111088. 10118, 111 111~118 01818111~-
1(11111 ~1~(1~111111011, ~110~1 ~11101~1181118 1111~~ 10 0~ ~~~1 80011 01 10~~1-~1~().11~11()1
0111108 8001110 0~ 118~0.

~1116~(1(11

~01 ~11~1~85 ~11(11111~8 ~0~1~ 10~1~ 18 111~1116~~1)1 ~1~~ ~001(~ 0~ ~0~1~ 11111~1111118111~ 10
0~ 10(111~0, 10~)1 (1111 0~ ~111(~0 80 101111~ 10~1~ 111~ 110 11~11(0)11111~1~~11118 00513(1~5,
10~1~ 15 11 011~(11111~-0~-51801 ~1110 ~10111 1111115111111~110 1~(~1~~1. 1015 15 8~11~1(111)110~
(115~ ~01 111(111)1531~1111~ ~3(11111~5 11110 ~01 ~01111-10-~011111111(10~11~~. 111 010~1 (115~5,
511(0 115 1110011~ 1~1~~0011)1, 10~1~ 111~ 005111(1~5 111 11011110311(~. 10~ 5181131 (311 0~
1~5~(1~0 0)1 511(0 005111(1~5 50 1011111111111~1~ (0~1~5 0~ 10~ 5181131 ~110 ~(11)11118 0~1(1)18
(1111 0~ 1~(~1~~0. 111 ~11(1, 111 ~)(11~111~ (115~5, 10~1~ 111(1)10~ 110 011~(1 51811111. 0~~~1101118
011 10~ 01~1~1~11(~5 11110~ ~11101~1181115 0~ 10~ 011~(111110 1~5~(1~0 ~11~~5. 10~ (0111~08-
11~ 51811111 (1111 0~ ~110~1 11118~1 01 51111111~1 101111 10~ 011~~1 8181131. ~~111~01(~111~11111110
(1111(~11311011 0110~ 518111111~511111118 110111 10~ 5181131 ~0110~1118 11111111~1~ ~3105 (1111 0~
(01111011~0 ~01 (011111111111(1111011 0~1~~~11 ~1)(~0, ~~11-511~0 3111~111135, 11110 0~1~~~11
531~1111~5 11110 ~1)(~0 81011110 5111110115. 011~ ~)((~~11011 15 ~0~11 10~ ~1110 80~5 11(1055
~111~1, ~0~1~ 10~ ~1110 ~~~~5 10~ 1~5~~11~~ 8111~3(~ 0~ 10~ ~111~1 111 111011011. ~01
1110011~ 1~1~~0011)1 3110 (011111111111(1111011 10 11111~111111511131 31~ 1101 ~~11 511~0, 11111111~1110
(011510~111110115 (311 0~ ~1113111011111.
~18111~ 4.1111111511111~5111 8~11~1311~1111510~ 1)1~~5 0~ 11111111~11101111~1~~1~11(~ 1)1~-
1(31 111 1~11~511131, ~1)(~0 1111(10~11~~ 11110 111 1110011~ (011111111111(360115. ~01 11)(~0
1111~10~11~~, 1111100111011 10 10~ 011~(11111~ 0~ 51801, 10~ 81811111111(1)1~0110~ 3 (111~~0 ~1110
1010118010~ 11111105~0~1~ 011~ 10 1~~111(11011 11110 10~ 5181131111(1)111150 1~5~(1 ~10111 10~
81011110. ~01 1110011~ (011111111111(11110115, 51111(1111~5 11110 10~08111~01( ~~111111~5 ~10~10~
1~5~(11011 8111~11(~5.
 (()) ~0().(~ ~3010

...~~.~~ ~.11 8)(3111~1~5 01 ~11111~31111111~~1~1~11~~

~(1010 ~(1~~5 (11~ 1~11(1~1~0 (01 0~111) ~11~11 111~~ ()10()(1~(11~ 111101.1~11 111~ (111110-
5()11~1~. 111~ 1~11(1~11011 15 ~(11.15~0 0~ ~11(111~~5 111 111~ 5()~~0 01111~ 51~11(11 ~1111 (111111.10~
01 0~ 0111~1 5()(111(11 ~11(111~~5 111 111~ (1111105()11~11~ ~01101110115. ~01111(111~, 111~ 5()~~0 01
111~ 51~11(11 111~1~(15~5 ~1111 (111111.10~, ~(11.15111~ 1(1010 ~(1~~5 10 0~110 00~11~(110. 1-10~-
~~~1, 011 0~~(151011, ~~(1111~1 ~01101110115 111(1~ 1~(10 10 ~(111(1110115 111 5()~~0 ~111111~1~111
111(11 0111~1 51~11111~(11111~ 110111 111~ 1~()1~(11 ~(111(1110115.11115 111(1~ 1~51.111111 (1 5111.1(111011111
~111~11 0111~ (1 11(1~11011 01 110 ()(111 01111~ 1111~-01-51~111 ~(1~~ 1~(1~11~5 111~ 1~~~1~111~
(1111~1111(1.

0~1,111~0 0~5~11~110115 01111~ 1131151111551011~11313~1~11511~5 01111~ 1131151111551011111~013 015~1155~0

111 11115~113~1~1 ~311 0~ 1011110 111 (~~8898). (~88~95) ~10~10~5 311 ~)(~~11~111 11~31111~111 01
1~15(~0 ~311 3110 0~11~31110~1. (80~897) 15 3 11101011~1111~31111~111010~11~31110~11131151111551011
~0111~011~11(5. ~110111~1 ~000 ~3~~1 011 111~ 51101~~115 (~11.1__97). (~~8802) 15 3 0~1311~0 1~~11111-
~311~1~1~11~~ 011 0~(1~31110~1. (51~1.-00) 015~1155~5 111~ ~11313~1~11511~5 011131151111551011 111~013
(011.-~~5 111~1~31~1 0~1311.
~01 3 11101~ 11101011~11 11~31111~111 011 ~11~1~55 1131151111551011 3110 ~10~3~311011, 5~~
(51~1.-05) 3110 (~~~~02). (~~8897) 15 311 ~)(~~11~111 0~1311~0 1~~11111~311~1~1~11~~ 011 ~11~1~55
10~1~5.
 80~~97 130~~11~, ~., ~1 ~1. ..0~11~~1 ~0111~011~1115 10~ ~1)~ 1.,1~111~~~~ ~~1~0~)(5.,,
,,,.0(~~(/1/1~5 01(/1~ 1~~~,~11811511997.

~~~97 ~~~~111~11,~. ~(1(/10 5)15(~111/)~518/1 /0,.7~/~(0111111/1/11((1(10/15. ~~~ )70~)(= ~11~)1, 1997.

~~~~98 ~~~~111~11, ~. 7~/~(0111111/1/11((1(10/1 7,.(1/1511115510/11/(1/1(/000/(. ~~~ )70~)(= ~11~)1, 1998.
~~~~02 ~~~~111~11,~. ~10~,.-0/1(1( 5)15(~1115/0,.7~/~(0111111/1/11((1(10/15. ~~~ )70~)(= ~11~)1, 2002.
~~ 02 ~~~~~~0~1, 1. ~1,.~/~55 ~0111111/1/11((1(10/15.0~~~~ 5~001~ ~1~~~, ~1= 11~~116~~ 1-1~11,
2002.
~~~~95 ~~~~~, ~. 5/105(,.10~,. /..00/1 518/1(1/1/18 (1/1(/ 7,.(1/1511115510/11/ (1/1(/000/(. ))15~~1~~~)1,
~1= 166611~~55, 1995.
8...~(,00 51~1111185,~. /..0((1/ (1/1(/ /.1~(,.0/10/1((1/1 ,4,.~(1 ,..,~~0,./(5, 51~(/1 ~(/1(10/1. 0~~~~ 5~001~
~1~~~, ~1= 11~~1111~~1-1~11,2000.
8...~(,05 51~1111185,~. ~1,.~/~55 ~0111111/1/11((1(10/15 (1/1(/ ,.,~(~0,./(5, 5~(0/1(/ ~(/1(10/1. 0~~~~
5~001~ ~1~~~, ~1= ))~~1111~~ 1-1~11,2005.
~1(,(,97 ~11111~~,~. ..~1111118 111~ 0~6~~113~110~1011110~ ~ 1~~~011 ~~~ 5~~0110.,, 1~~~
5/1~((,./1111, ~~~111997.

· 8)~0100 ~001()30~=
~00111 ~~011118 51~110~~05
0000 ~011~~11011 011~~11111~~1 ~~11~1~5 011 ~~011118, ~1115 11110~111~11011

·· ~)..~1~55
~))00.
(/~~~10()~..
30.~0035= 0000
0~.~0../(= ~~~5, 11110~1~15,~110 015~115510115 011 ~1~~1~55 10~1~5
5011~~~ 0111110~111~6011 ~110 1111)(5

· 11.8. (..~~0~0~~ 3110~3.)00 ~..3...= ~11~~1 ~1115 0~~)(8~011110 ~~~~~

~111~1111~ 1111~~~~0 ~~1~~~11~~ 1110~)(

~111~1111~8~111 1501~0~1~ ~111~1111~ 5~~ 11~~1118
~111105~11~~1~ ~050~~11011 1111~ 01518111 (1.,05) 5~1~1111~
~11~1111~11011 1111~~0~~~~ 1~~~11~11~1~5 5111~10~0 1~151~0 ~~1~(5111)

~0~)(1~1 ~~01~ 11111111~~111 5)()1 ~~~~~~0~~8~11011

01~~~11011~1 ~111~1111~ 011111101~~~11011~1 ~111~1111~ 1~~~~51~1~11111~~0~~~~

~11~~11~~ ~~~~0~11~~1110~~ 1~~1151111551011111~0111111

1~~~ 5~~~~ 1055 0~11~~11.,05 1~151~0 ~~1~
8100~1 ~051110111118 5)151~111 ~~~~0011~ ~~11~~11~~ ~111~1111~ 111181110~0 111~01~
(0))5) ~~010 11115111~10~0 1~151~0 (01)))
~~1~
8~011110 ~~~~~~0~~8~11011 ~~0101.,05 ~~~~1~118111
01~151011

81110~0 111~01~ ~~11~~11011 11111111~1~)(1118 (~1)~)

1110~)( 01 ~~1~~~11011 ~~1~~~11011 ~1~~1~55 1~~1151111551011
 4.1. ~11~ 31~ 111~ ~11~5 1~151~0111 1~151~0-1=1311 ~01=11=1~1~11~7
4.2. ~1131 31~ 50111~ 1113)0111111113110115 011~151~0-1=1311 ~11~7
4.3. ~113115 111~ 0111~1~11(~ 0~1~~~11 1.1115111~10~0 1~151~0 1=13113110 5111~10~0 1~151~0 1=13117

4.4. 0~5~110~ 111~ ~01111=1011~1115 0101=111~31110~1 ~301~.

4.5. ~1131 31~ 50111~ 1113)01 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 011111~10~3~~ 11311511115510117
4.6. ~113115 011~~1 01030~351 531~1111~ (0135)7
4.7. ~11~ 1111.1513 531~1111~ 113~~ 0151111(11.11=11111)( 3110 00~111111)( 11~((1.1~11~1~57
4.~. 11101~31~ 50111~ 51~11111(3111 0111~1~11~~5 0~1~~~11 01030(35113010 3110 1111(10~3~~.
4.9. ~11311~011.111~110115 31~ 11~1101111~0 0~ 311 3111~111137

4.10. ~113115 311150110111( 3111~111137

4.11. ~113115 111~ 30~31113~~ 013 1=13(300)1~ 1~11~~11~~ 3111~111137

4.12. ~113113(1015 0~1~1111111~ 3111~11113 ~31117

4.13. ~113115 111~ 1=11111131~ ~31.15~ 0151~11311055 111 531~1111~ ~01111111.1111~31101157

4.14. ~113115 1~113~110117

4.1=-. ~113115 111~ 0111~1~11~~ 0~1~~~11 011113~11011 3110 5~311~1111~7

()~0 01~1115

4.1 51.11=11=105~111310313 31~ 5101~0 0111.4-~0~1~ 1101=11=1~(15)(~11~511131 ~~1~11 30 ~ ~3~11. 51.11=1-

1105~ 11131 311 3111111~1 ~3111~5 104)(~ 01111~5~ 11011111~5 31 3 511~~0 01 1000 )(111/11 0~~1 3
0151311~~ 015000 )(111. ~113115 111~ 0313 1131151111551011 131~ 111 0115 11~1 5~(0110 0111115 5~5-
1~1117

4.2 ~ 1~1~1=111011~ 1111~ 15 )(110~11 10 113~~ 3 1055 0120 013.111~ 111111.1151~11311=10~~115 111~351.11~0
35 0.5 ~, 3110 111~ 01.111=11.1111015~ 1~~~115 111~351.11~0 35 4.5 ~~. 05111~ 11115 111101111311011.
~31~1.1131~ 111~ 01.11111.1151~1131-10-11015~ 13110 111 013.
43 01~~11 3 100- ~3111=10~~1 501.11~~. ~113115 111~ 1113)(11111.11113110~301~ 1~11~111101 111~ 101-
10~111~ 1131151111551011111~013 11 3 51~1131 011 ~31115 10 0~ 1~~~1~~07
... 24-~31.1~~ (0.5 111111) 1~151~011311 01=1~131111~ 31300 )(112
1). 24-~31.1~~ (0.5 111111) 1~151~011311 011~131111~ 311 ~112
~. 0.375-111~11 (9.5 111111) ~03)(131 ~301~ 01=1~131111~ 311 ~112
(1. 0.375-111~11 (9.5 111111) ~03)(131 ~301~ 01=1~131111~ 31 25 ~112
~. 01=111~31110~1 011~131111~ 31115 011111113111~((1.1~11(~

4.4 ~03)(131 ~301~ 15 3 1~0-~11~ 1131151111551011 5~51~111. ~113115 111~ 30~31113~~ 01 ~01111~~1111~
111~ 01.11~1 ~01101.1~10110 ~101.11107
4.5 5110~ 11131 001.101111~ 111~ 1131151111551011 11~((1.1~11~~ 01 001.101111~ 111~ 0151311~~ 0~1~~~11
113115111111111~ 3111~11113 3110 1~~~1~111~ 3111~11113 311~111.131~5 111~ 110~~1 1~~~1~~0 0~ 6 013.
4.6 1111.11115 01.1111131111~ 0~11111111111~ 0~~31110 ~111~1131100111~ ~1~~1101113~11~11~ 51~11315 ~311
0~ 0~1~~1~0 ~10~5 ~1111111~ ~3~~1~11~111. 111~1~101~. 111~ 111111131~ ~01 111~ 10~3 011.15111~
~~1~ 1011~ ~3~~1~11~1115 ~011~51=10110111~ 10 3001.11 30 112 10 ~01111111.1111~31~ ~1111 51.10-
11131111~5 111101.1~1101.11 111~ ~0110. 1115 0~511301~ 10 113~~ 311 3111~11113 1113( 15 3001.11 011~-
11311 ~3~~1~11~1111011~. 1-10~ 1011~ ~01.110 11131 0~7
4.7 111~ 31.1010 110~~1 01111~ 111.1111311~01~~ 15 ~011~~111131~0 31 3001.11 300 112. ~111~111135 01
111~ 3111=110111131~ 512~ 101 11115 11~((1.1~11(~ 31~ 11111=113~11~301~ 131~~, 50 1113110 5~110 ~01~~
0~ 13010 111~ ~01~~ 51~11311111.151 0~ 1.15~0 10 111001.1131~ 3 111~11~1 ((3111~1) 11~((1.1~11~~ 101
~111~11111~ 11311.1131 3111~11113 512~ 15 5111311~1.
~1. ~1131 15 111~ 1~11~111 01 311 3111~11113 011~-11311 ~3~~1~11~111 1011~ 101 5~110111~ 13010 31
300 1-127
1). ~11311~111311~~ 15101.15~ 3111001.113110115~11~111~. 35 0~5~110~0111 ~113111~1 5, 10111311511111-
1111~ 111~ ~01(~ 51~1131 0~ 111001.1131111~ 3 (3111~111~((1.1~11(~, 50 11131111~ 03110~10111 01111~
 51~/13115 3 /13 0~ 03/10 ~~/11~..~0 0/1 111~ ~3 1~.. (..~()11~/1~~. 5(1))))05~ ~~ ~01110 11)(~ 3
1131(-~3.,,~ 3/11~/1/13 10113.,,~ 31~/1~1110( 1111~1~... ~1131 ~3 1~.. (..~()11~/1~~ ~01110 ~~ 115~7
4.~ 510..1~5 30011/10 0( ))~0))1~ ~110 ..~~~1.,,~ ..3010 51~/1315 1/1 (1111/1~5 1/1 111~1.. 1~~111. 5(1))))05~
~011113.,,~ 0/1~ (1111/1~ 1113115 2.5 111111(0.0025 (11) 10/1~ 11131 3~15 35 3 ..3010 3/11~/1/13.11131
15, 1115 ~()11311/11~/1~11110 0/1~-1131( 111~ ~3.,,~1~/1~111. ~1131 (..~()11~/1(~ 00 ~011 ..~~~1.,,~7
4.9 )1011 3..~ ~011111111/11~311/1~ 0~1~~~/11~0 531~1111~5.111~ 1..3/1511115510/1 00~~5 111~ (..~~ 5))3~~
13~.111~ 51~/13115 100 ~~3)(. )1011.. .,,~/100.. 011~..5 ~0111~0 0))110/15.111~ .,,~(100.. ~3/1 115~ 3
111~11~.. 1..~()11~/1~~ 1113115 1~1(~ 111~ ~11 ~/111..~()11~/1(~ 0.. ~3/1 001101~ 111~ ~(1~(11.,,~ 3..~3
01 00111 01111~ 3/11~/1/135. ~111~11 ~111 011~.. ~0111110..~ ..~~~1.,,~0 ))0~~.. 0.. ~111 00111 0((~..
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..~011(110/1 ..~1311.,,~ 10 50111~ ..~1~..~/1~~ 10.. (..~~ 5~3~~ ..3010 3/10 11/1110..111 ~1..~. ~1111/1 111~
1111551/1~ /1111110~..5 10 ~0111~1~1~ 111~ 1301~.

1)15.30~~ ()(01) ~3()10(()8) ~1~~(()8)

1 -6 -3
2
4
8
16

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111~~3..3001010, 3/1011111~ ))3..300101015 3 ..~11~(11/1~ 511..13(~, 111~/1111~ ~3.,,~ ~1)1 0011/1~~
03()( 1/1 11/1~5 ~3..311~110 111~ 3)(15 01111~ ~3..3001010. 10 0~1110/151..31~ 11115,~0/1510~.. 111~
~3..30013 /
= 2~~ 5110~/1 1/1 ~1~11..~ 4.12. 1-~1 ~(~1, )/1) 0~ 3 ~01/11 0/1 111~ ~3..30013,
3/10 ~17 0~ 111~ 11/1~ 1..0111 ~ 10 111~ 10(115. ~0/151..11~1111~ 11/1~ 1- 111..011~11~ ~3..311~110 111~
~-3)(15 3/10 111~ 11/1~ /.113/1~~/1110 111~ ))3..30013 31 ~.111~ 3/1~1~ 0~1~~~/1 ~ 3/10 ~ 15 (3,
3/10 111~ 3/1~1~ 0~1~~~/1 ~17 3/10/.115 ()-. 111~ 3/1~1~ ()- 15 111~ 3/1~1~ 31 ~111(11 3 ..3~ 1..0111 17
51..1)(~5 111~ ))3..30013 31 ~. 13~~3115~ 111~ 3/1~1~ 01 1/1~10~/1(~ ~()11315 111~ 3/1~1~ 01..~11~~-
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()-
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0~ ~3..311~110 111~~-3)(15.
... ~1..51 5110~ 1113113/1 (3 = (~/)/1). 1///1(.. ~~~3111..01111..1~0/10111~1..~11131111~510~~ 013
11/1~ 15 ~()1131 10 111~ 13/1~~/11 01 111~ 3/1~1~ 111~ 11/1~ (113)(~5 ~1111 111~ ~05111.,,~
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15 ~()113110 111~ 0~..1.,,311.,,~ 01111~ ~11...,,~ 3111131 ))01/11.
(,. ~0~ 5110~ 1113113/1 ()- = (~/)/1), ~111~110~1110/151..31~511131 ()- = (3. 1-//1/(.. ~~~311 0111
1..1~0/10111~1..~ 11131 111~ 10..1111113 10.. 111~ 13/1~~/11 01 111~ 0111~..~/1~~ 0~1~~~/1 1~0
)(
3/1~1~5 ()-1 3/10 ()-21513/1(()-2 - ()-1) = (13/1 ()-2 - 13/1 ()-))/(1 + 13/1 ()-2 13/1 ()-1).
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4.14 5(1))~05~ 3 1..3/15111111~..))..0011~~5 50 ~ 01 ~0~~...
~.. 8)(~..~55 111~ /..3/1511111~0~~..1/1 11/11150108111 3/10 08~.
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1..~()11~/1~~, ~113115111~ ..~~~1.,,~0 ))0~~..1/1 013111 3131..~~ 5))3(~ 01513/1(~ 01 1001117
~~~~31 (0) 10.. 3 01513/1~~ 0110 )(111.
(1 ~~~~31 (~) 0111 35511111~3 ..~~~1.,,~.. 3/11~/1/13 ~31/1 012.
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4.15 ~ 1111~.0~3.,,~ 1.3115111111~. /135311 01.11()1.11010.1 ~ 312 0112. ~551.1111~ 1/1311/1151.311511111-

1~.15 1.15~0 1113 1111~.0~3.,,~ ~01111111.1111~311011
5~51~111 ~/1~.~ 1/1~ 1.3115111111111~3110 .~~~1.,,-
111~ 3111~1111353.~ ()3.300135, ~3~/11.2 111111013111~1~..
3. ~/13115 1/1~ ~3111 01 ~3~/1 3111~111131110~~10~157
(). 13((111~ 11110 3~~01.1111 3111~11113 ~3111, ~/131 15 1/1~ ~11~~11.,,~ .30131~0 ()0~~. 011/1~
1.3115111111~0 51~11317
~. 111/1~ .~~~1.,,111~ 3111~1111315 10~31~0 24 ((111 1.0111 1/1~ 1.3115111111111~3111~11113 0.,,~. 3
1.~~ 5()3~~ ()31/1, 11110 1/1~ 3.,,311301~ 51~1131 ()0~~. 01.11 011/1~ .~~~1.,,111~ 3111~11113111
013111 1.111115.

4.16 5~~11011 4.3 5131~5 1/131 ~11/1110 1111~..,,~11111~00513~1~5, 1/1~ 0()11~311111~ 01 51~/11 ~311 0~
~)(().~55~0 35 0
= 3.57 /11, ~/1~.~ 015 1/1~ 0151311~~ 0~1~~~11 311 3111~111133110 1/1~ /10.1-
2011111 ((110111~1~.5 3110 /115 1/1~ 3111~11113/1~1~/11111111~1~.5. 05111~ 3 .,,311.1~10.1/1~ ~3.1/1,5
.3011.15 016370 ((111,0~.1.,,~ 1/115~((1.1311011.1-///1(.. ~551.1111~ 1/1311/1~ 3111~1111315 ()~.()~1101~1.1-
13. 10 1/1~ ~3.1/1,5 51.1.13~~, 3110 1101~ 1/1311/1~ 1111~1.0111 1/1~ 10() 011/1~ 3111~1111310 1/1~
/10.12011 10.1115 3 1311~~11110 1/1~ ~3.1/1,5 51.1.13~~ 311/1~ /10.12011. 0.3~ 3 ()1~11.1.~ 5/10~111~
1/1~ 3111~11113,1/1~ 1111~0151~/11, 3110 1/1~ ~3.1/1,5 .3011.15 10 /1~1() .,,151.13112~1/1~ ().001~111.
4.17 0~1~.111111~ 1/1~ /1~1~/11 01 311 3111~1111310. 3 1~ 51311011 1/1311111.1510~ 301~ 10 .~3~/1 ~1.15-
10111~.5 1.1()10 80 ((111 3~3~.
4.18 51.1()()05~ 3.3~ 01.,,15101~ 11~/11()355~51.01111/1~ 3111105()/1~.~ 11110~31~.31311311~1~ 101/1~
/10.12011131 01300. ~/13115 1/1~ 311~1~ 011/1~ .3~ 1111/1~ ~31~.7 ,..,0(~.. ~1 5131103.0 311110-
5()/1~.1~ ~01101110115 31 1/1~ ~3.1/1,5 51.1.13~~, 3 .~35011301~ .,,311.1~10. .~1.3~11.,,~ 1110~)( 15
1.0003. ~ 1~()1~31 .,,311.1~01.~1.3~11.,,~ 1110~)( 10. ~31~.15 4/3.
138
 ~-----

· 13010. ~11~10~ ~110 01~11~111110(111~11011 ~~11 0~ ~11~00~0 ~5 ~110.~( ~11~10~

0( 01~11~1 51~11~15. 111~ 11~(11~111~( ~11~00111~ 10.~115 ~0.05~11 0~11~1105 011
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110115 1~~11111~5 ~~~11~01~.

· 0.~.(3)
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01
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· ~03)0~
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· ~03)0~ ()3(3,
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303)0~ 5.~03)5=
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(~~), ~110 110.~5~ 11100111~11011 (~~).

-.-~ ----------
---

111 ~0.~111~( 3 ~ 0151111~11011 ~~5 111~0~ 0~1~~~11 ~11~10~ ~110 01~11~1 0~1~ ~110 ~11~10~
~110 01~11~1 51~11~15. ~1~11(~ 3.14 511~~~51~0 10.~1 ~110.~( 10.111 01 0~1~ ~01110 0~
~11~00~0 11110 ~110.~( 10.111 0151~11~1.
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115111~ ~ ~~..1~. 51~11~1 0~ 11100111~11011. ~0()0)3(.00 15 111~ )).0~~55 01 ~11~00111~

139
 ~(1) ~(1) ~(1)
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/1/(1) 5(1) /1/(1)

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· ~03.0~ ()313, ()1~113. 51~03.=

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· ~03.0~ ()313,
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1,~~0~11()1 01~15101111111111~1~)(111~.

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51(11~ 15 ,~~1~5~111~0 0)1 3 ~05111~~ ~0113~~ 1~~~1, 3110 10~ 010~, 0)1 3 11~~311~~ ~0113~~ 1~~~1.
111~ ()313 51~03110~ ..31~, 0, )1151 ()313 ..31~, 01 3 81~113115 10~ 1(11~, 1110115 ~~1 5~(0110, 1031
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111(0111,351, 15 10~ 1(11~ 31 ~01(010~ 51~11(111~~~118 (0311~~0.11115 ~1110~~~110 01110~ 11(1111,~
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111~ 1(15/(5111~01~~0 1111111~1~1~1111~ 01~11(11 81~11318 3110~ 1~(~1~~, (311 0~ 5111111113-
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0313 ~1~111~111 13115 ~ 8111~1~ 01113(~ 011~ 0( 2~(0

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1(~((11~11~~, 111138~, 3110 311111111110~

51~1131111~ (31~ 0( 51~1131 ~1~111~111511~( 5~~0110 111~ (31~ 31 ~111~11 51~1131

11100111311011 (31~ (03110) ~1~111~11153(~ 1(3115111111~0
--
~00(~(0(0 (0 ~~(0-1,~~~1 (~8.~-1,)

0 = 111~111~~~1

1 = 10~ 1~~~1
~00(~(0(0 (0 ~~(0 10~~((~.. (~8.~1)

0 = 110 1((1115111011(11 0~~11111111~ 01.1111~(~(11 (011~ 01111111~)

1 = 1((1115111011(11 0~~11111111~ 011111~(~(11

8)()013(-~~1

0 = 110 1111~ 51~11(11

1 ~05111~~ 0( 11~~(111~~ 1~~~1, (111~(11(11111~ 10( 511~~~551~~ 011~5

=
..5~0..0(~(03(~

0 = ~05111~~ 0( 11~~(111~~ 1~~~1, (111~(11(11111~10( 511~~~551~~ 2~(05

1 = 110 1111~ 51~11(11

~30~/1~5(~(

0 = 1((11151110111(0111111~1110 10~ 1111111001~ 011111~(~(11

1 1((11151110111(011110~ 10 111~111111111001~ 011111~(~(11

=
0)((~(~0()31 ~30~/1~5(~(

~1~(1~5 (1 1((11151110111111111001~ 011111~(~(11

0 1((1115111011 (11 0~~11111111~ 011111~(~(11

=
1 = 110 1((1115111011 (11 0~~11111111~ 011111~(~(11

88~8
(1 51(111~ ~11111~0 ~00~ ~101(1110115
5(1111~ (15 01~01(1( ~~1, ~)(~~~1111(11 (111~ 51(111~ 01 ~1~111 2~(05 15 (~~1(1~~0 0~

1-)083

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1031 10. ~~2~ 1015 111~3115 1031 10~ 03110~1010 .~~111.~0 15 ~0..~51=10110111~1)1 ~.~31~..
011 10~ 010~. 03110, 10~ 011=1035~ 5~0~111~5 03~~ 5~~~.31 30~31113~~5~

· 8~0~ 00.~31.00=
11111~, 10~ .~~~1~~.
13~~3115~ 10~.~ 15 3 1=1.~01~1301~ 1.3115111011
~311 5)111~0.01112~ 011 1031 1.3115111011. ~0.
011.111~ ~3~0
1015 .~35011,
011
10~
011=1035~ ~00~5 3.~ )(110~11 35 5~11-~10~)(111~ ~00~5.

· ~0 ()~ ~010))00~01=

0~5~.10~0 ~3.11~..
1311=1035~ ~00~5 03~~ 110 0~ ~01111=1011~111,)11~10111~ 10~ 0~11~1115

4111~ 0~11/11(10/1 01 ~3/1~0~8(~( ))(~8~/1(~0 0~(~ 18 (0~ 0))))081(~ 01 (03( 115~0 1/1 3 /111(/10~~ 01 ~~5))~~(30)~
(~)((000/(8, 1/1 ~01~0 310~-(0-01~0 (~3/151(1011 (~))(~8~11(8 3 01113~~ 0 3110 3 01~0-(0-10~ ((1/1181(1011 ~~))~~8~/1(5
1/ 01111/()1 1. 11~(~, ~~ ~01110~(/1 (0 1110118(()1 ))(1/~(1~~ 1/110 (0 (0~ 0~1111111011 05~0 111(0~ -,,1/(10118 1--~~ 5(1/11-
01/(05, 811~0 1/8 1~~~ 802.3.
 · ~ 0.. ..~.~~..00=
~((0(8.
111~ (108~11~~ 01 (111 ~)())~~1~0 1((1118111011 ~(111 0~ 118~0 10 0~1~~1
~ 018~ 011 1/1~ 1111~ ~01110 /1(1~~ 10 111~~(1 001/11/1~ 81~11(11 0~10(~ (1110 (111~(
1/1~ ~)())~~1~0 1((1118111011 10 ~(1118~ (11111110~1~~1~0 ~((0(.

~8 ~(111 0~ 8~~111(0111 ~1~11(~ 5.3, 1/1~ 0(1110~101/110( (1))/1(18~ ~00~8 18 (~(18011(101)1

11(1((0~ (1110 ~0111(11118 110 0~ ~0111))011~111. 1-10~~~~(, 1118 ~10~( 1/1(111 1/1~ 0(1110~101/110(
1/1~ 111111111~~~1 0111(1()1 ~00~8.
131))/1(18~ ~00~8 (1(~ ))0))111(1( 1~~/1111~11~8 10( 0(11(1 1((11181111881011.1/1~ 1110(~ ~0111-
111011 ~(111~/1~81~( ~00~ /1(18 0~~11 8))~~111~0 10( 1/1~ 1~~~ 802.3 (~1/1~(11~1) 81(1110(1(0
10( 0(18~0(1110 ~0(1)(1(11 ~(101~ (1110 1~181~0-))(11( 0118 (,~~8. 0111~(~1111(11 ~(111~/1~81~(
/1(18 0~~11 8))~~111~0 10( 1/1~ 1~~~ 802.5 10~~11 (111~ (,~~, 118111~ 8/11~10~0 1~181~0
))(11( .

~/1~11 81~11(11-~11~00111~ 1~~/1111~11~8 (1(~ 118~0, (1 0181111~1101111~~08 10 0~ 111(10~ 0~1~~~11

0(11(1 ((11~ (~)())(~88~0 111 0118 ))~( 8~~0110) (1110 11100111(111011 ((11~ (~)())(~88~0 111 0(1110).
111~ 0(11(1 ((11~, 0( 011 ((11~, 18 1/1/), ~/1~(~ 1/) = 011 011((111011.111~ 11100111(111011 (31~ 18 1/1~
(31~ 31 ~/11~/1 81~1131 ~1~111~1118 3(~ ~~11~(31~0. ~011810~(, 10( ~)(3111))1~, ~311~/1~51~(
~11~00111~. 1/1~ 111111111111111
512~ 51~1131 ~1~111~11118 3 ))1115~ 01 011~-/13111/1~ 011(311011 01 3
0111111~(~31. ~0( 3 51(111~ 01311 01113()1 2~(0~8 0( 311 01113()1 011~8, 3 ~0111111110118 81(~3111
01811~/1 ))1118~5 18 ~~11~((11~0. 1-1~11~~ 1/1~ 1113)(11111111111100111311011 (31~ 10( ~311~/1~81~( 18
2/1/). 11118 81111311011 18 1111151(31~0 111 ~1~1.1(~ 5.5, ~/11~/1 5/10~8 1/1~ 1(31151111851011 01 3
51(~3111 0101113()118 31 3 0313 (31~ 011 ~0))5 1.18111~~~~1 3110 ~311~/1~81~(.111 ~~11~(31,

~ ~
1)=-=- (5.1)
1- 10~2 /11

5 ()115 = 5 ,...,5
1 1 1 1 1

1 ()11 =
1 51~031 ~1~01~01 =
1 ,...,5

+
1 ()11 = 1 51~031 ~1~01~01 =
1 ,...,5 0.5 ,...,5
~..(~ 5.5 ~ 51(~((111 0( 13111((()1011~5 ((11 )-,,10~5
 5.1 / 1)1(~11~~ 1)~1~. 1)((~11.~~ ~((~~.~~~ 149
...~()~~ 5.3 ~011113112~0 51~1131 113115111011 ~31~ 01 ~311005 1)1~1131 51~1131 ~11~00111~
5~11~111~5

~10101001 101010 ... ~3~101001

~~~-~ 0 (31105 0(15) 1.0 1.0

~~~1 0 (31105) 0.5 1.0 (31115)
8.))0)3.-~~1 0 (31105) 1.0 1.0
..5~0..0.~~03~)7 0 (31115) 1.0 1.0
~30~11~5.~~ 1.0 (1010...) 1.0 2.0 (31105 0(15)
)).((~~~0..3) ~30~11~5.~~ 1.0 (31115) 1.5 2.0 (31105)

1)
= 11100111311011(31~, 03110
~ = 0313 (31~, 0~5
111 = 11111110~( 01 0111~(~111 51~1131 ~1~111~1115 = 2/.

~ = 11111110~( 010115 ~~( 51~1131 ~1~111~111

011~ ~3~ 01 ~113(3~1~(12111~ 111~ 11100111311011 (31~ 15 10 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 3,,,~(3~~

11111110~( 011(31151110115 11131 0~~11( ~~( 011 11111~. 111 ~~11~(31, 11115 ~111 0~~~110 011 10~
~)(3~15~~11~11~~ 010115 0~111~ 1(3115111111~0. 1301~ 5.3 ~0111~3(~5 1(3115111011(31~510( ,,,3(-
10115 1~~11111~11~5. 1111101~31~5 111~ 51~11311(3115111011(31~ 111 111~ ~35~ 013 0313 51(~3111 01
311~(1131111~ 15 3110 05, 3110 10(111~ 0313 51(~3111 1031 ~(0011~~5 10~ 111111111111111
3110 1113)(1-
1111111111100111311011(31~.

5~..311101111~ ~~~11111()11~5

~1111011~11 111~ 01~1135~ 1~~11111~11~5 113,,,~ 3~111~,,,~0 ~10~5~(~30 115~ 111 10~31 3(~3 11~1-
~0(/( 3~~11~3110115 31(~1311,,,~1~ 111~110313(31~5 (11~ 10 10110~5), 111~~ 113,,,~ 1101 0~~11
~10~1~ 115~0 111 1011~-0151311~~ 3~~11~3110115. 111~ ~(111~1~31(~35011 10( 1015 15 103110~~
(~~111(~ 3111~1151~1131111~ (31~ (~1311,,,~ 10 111~ 0313(31~.11115 50(101111~111~1~11~~ 15 1110(~
~0511~ 111 31011~-0151311~~ 3~~11~311011.
~110111~( 3~~(03~1115 10 1113/(~ 115~ 0150111~ 50(1 015~(311101111~ 5~0~111~. 111~ 10~3
0~01110 1015 3~~(03~0 15 51111~1~~ 5~~11~11~~5 11131 ~01110 (~51111 111 3 ~011513111 ,,,0113~~
1~,,,~1 011 10~ 1111~ 3(~ (~~13~~0 0~ 1111111~ 5~~11~11~~5 1031 ~111 ~(0,,,10~ 511111~1~1111(31151-
110115 10(111~ (~~~1,,,~(,5 ~10~/( 10 1113111131115~11~11(01112311011.111~ 1111111~5~~11~11~~ 1111151
0~ (~~0~1112~0 0~ 111~ (~~~1,,,~( 3110 (~~13~~0 ~110111~ 0(1~11131 0313 5~((11~11~~.111~ 1111-
111~ 5~((11~11~~ 15 111~ 53111~ 1~11~111 35 111~ 0(1~11131 5~~11~11~~, 50 111~(~ 15 110 0313 (31~
~~11311~.111~ 0~51~11 ~0315 10(11115 3~~(03~11 ~311 0~ 5111111113(12~0 35 10110~5~

· ~0 0~ ~0111~011~111

· ~0 1011~ 5~~11~11~~5 012~(0-1~,,,~11111~ 51~11315

· ~ 0 (~011~110111110313 (31~
· ~((0(-0~1~~11011 ~3~301111~
 ~1~1~0 0~0 0~0
~~~1 1
~~~1 1
~1 1
~1
81))0)3..-~~1 1
1
~1 1
~1
1 1
1 1
~0 0 0 ~~8

8818 ~1 ~~~~
~ ~
~ ~ ~1 ~~~~
~~~~~1 ~1~~ ~~~~
~~~~~~ ~~~1 ~~~~
~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 ~ ~
~~~~~1 ~1~1 ~~~~
0~~~8~0~0~~~ ~
~8~0~0~~
~ ~ ~

~
~ 1

8083 ~
~ 1
~~
~~~~~~~~
~-.~--1..1
(000 )1111110~~
0( 15
~ ~1~~~~~~~
51)1~~ ~35( 51105(1(11(10)1) ~ 11~~~~~~~

8 = ~3110 01))013~ ~1~)131

~ = 81))013~ ,,,1013(10)1

1~0 1~~11111().1.1~5 (1(~ ~01111110111)1 1.15~0 111 1011~-0151(111~~ 1((11151111551011 5~(~1~~5~

111~5~ (1(~ 1111.151((11~0 111~1~1.1(~ 5.6.
~ ~00111~5~11~111~ 111(1115 ~01111110111)11.15~0 111~0(111 ~111~(1~(115 )(110~11 (15/)1))013.-
~11118-~~.-05 50/)511101100 (~8~8). 111~ ~00111~ 5~11~111~ 15 0(15~0 011 (1 01~01(1(-~~1. ~~

11(1~~ 5~~11 111(11 111~ 0((1~0(1~)( 01111~ ~~1 ~00~ 15 111(11 (1 1011~ 51(111~ 01 2~(05 111(1)1
(~51.111 111 1055 01 5)111~11(01112(111011. 10 0~~(~0111~ 11115 ~(001~111, 111~ ~11~00111~ 15
(1111~110~0 ~1111111~ 10110~111~ (1.11~5~

· 11 (111 0~1~1 01 (111 2~(05 0~~1.1(5 (1110 111~ 1(151 ~011(1~~ ~1.115~ ~(~~~0111~ 11115 0~1~1
~(15 ~05111~~, 111~11 111~ ~1~1112~(05 01111~ 0~1~1 (1(~ ~11~00~0 (15 000+ -0- +.

· 11 (111 0~1~1 01 (111 2~(05

~(15 11~~(111~~, 111~11 111~ ~1~111 2~(05
0~~1.1(5 (1110 111~ 1(151 ~011(1~~
01111~ 0~1~1 (1(~ ~11~00~0
~1.115~ ~(~~~0111~
(15 000- +0+
11115 0~1~1
-.

111151~~11111().1.1~ 10(~~51~0 ~00~ ~101(1110115 (51~11(11 ~(111~(115 1101 (1110~~0 111~~1)

01111~ ~~1 ~00~, (111 ~~~111 1.11111)(~1)110 0~ ~(11.15~0 0)1 11015~ 0( 0111~( 1((11151111551011
1111~(11(111~111.111~ (~~~1~~( (~~0~1112~5 111~ ~(111~(11 (1110 1111~(~(~15 111~ 0~1~1 (15 ~0115151-
111~ 01 (1112~(05.
~ ~00111~ 5~11~111~ 111(1115 ~01111110111)11.15~0 111 51.1(0~~ (1110 1(1~(111 15 )(110~11 (15 111~
111~11-~~0511~ /)1))013.--3 ~~.-05 (00~3) ~00~ (1(101~ 5.4). ~5 0~10(~, 1115 0(15~0 011 111~
1.15~ 01 ~~1 ~11~00111~. 111 11115 ~(15~, 111~ 5~11~111~ (~~1(1~~5 51(111~5 01101.1( 2~(05 ~1111
5~().1.1~11~~5 ~0111(1111111~ 011~ 0( 1~0 ~1.115~5. 111 ~(1~11 ~(15~, 111~ 101.1(111 2~(0 15 (~~1(1~~0
~1111 (1 ~00~ ~101(111011. 111 (100111011, (1 (1.11~ 15 11~~0~0 10 ~1151.1(~ 111(11 51.1~~~551~~ ~101(1-
110115 (1(~ 01 (111~(11(11~ ~01(1(11)150 111(11110 0~ ~0111~011~111151111(001.1~~0.1111.15, 11111~ 1(151
~101(111011 ~(15 ~05111~~, 11115 ~101(111011 1111.1510~ 11~~(111~~ (1110 ~1~~ ~~(8(1. 1(101~ 5.4
8110~5 111(11 11118 ~0110111011 18 1~51~0 10( 0)1 0~1~(111111111~ (1) ~11~111~( 111~ 111.11110~( 01
 (.---
..0)3..1.~ 0( ~~~()10~ ..0)5~
~

000 -
+ 000 + -00-

~1115~5 510~~ 111~ 1(151 ~101(11100 15 ~~~0 0( 000 (100 (2) 111~ ~01(1(11)1 01111~ 1(151 ~1115~
0~10(~ 111~ 0~~11((~0~~ 01111~ 1011( 2~(05.
~1~11(~ 5.3 5110~5 111~ 5~~~1((11 ~(0~~(11~5 01111~5~ 1~0 ~00~5. ~5 ~(10 0~ 5~~0.
0~1111~( 11(15 (1 0~ ~001~00~01. ~051 01111~ ~0~(~)115 ~00~~01((11~0 10 (1 (~1(111~~1)1511(1(~
5~~~1(1101 (1(01100 (11(~~11~0~)1 ~~11(1110 00~-11(111111~ 0(11(1 ((11~. 111115. 111~5~ ~00~5 (1.-~
~~1) 51111~0 10 111~11 0(11(1 ((11~ 1.-(10501155100.

~~ 111(0 00~ 10 111~ ~(15~ 011.-(1050111110~ 01~11(11 0(11(1 11510~ (10(1)0~ 51~0(115. 111~ 01051
1(101111(1( 115~ 0111115 1((10510(01(1110015 10( 1((1050111110~ 01~11(1) 0(11(1 111(011~11111~ ~11011~
1~1~~1100~ 0~1~0()(. 111~ 1~1~~1100~ 0~1~0()( ~(15 0~51~0~0 10 (~~~1~~, 5~11~11. (100
1((1050111 (10(110~ 51~0(115 10 111~ ~01~~-1(~~11~0~)1 ((10~~ 01 (100111 300 10 3400 1-12. 1115
001 (11 ~(~5~01 51111(101~ 10.- 11(100110~ 01~11(1) 51~0(115 1(001 111~ 51105~(10~.- 10~(111005
((11111011~1111115 15 0~~10010~ 10 ~11(10~~). 111115 01~11(11 0~~1~~5 (1(~ (111(1~11~0 10 111~ 0~1-
~0()( ~1(1 (1 0100~01 (010011)(110(-0~0100111(110(), ~111~11 ~00~~(15 01~11(11 0(11(1 10 (10(1)0~
51~0(115, (100 ~1~~ ~~(5(1.
~0( 111~ 1~1~~1100~ 0~1~0()(. 0100~015 (1(~ 115~0 111(11 ~.-0011~~ 51~0(1)5 10 111~
~01~~-1.-~~11~0~)1 ((10~~. 111~ 5(101~ 0(151~ 1~~1101~11~5 (1.-~ 115~0 10( 0100~015 111(11 ~(0-
011~~ 51~0(115 (11 111~11~( 1(~~11~0~1~5 (~.~., 011~(0~(1~~). 11115 5~~1100 101(0011~~5 111~5~
1~~1101~11~5 (100 ~(0~10~5 (1 0(1~1015~1155100 01111~ ~~(10(01(10~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 01111~
(111~.-0(111~~ (1~~.-0(1~11~5.
~~ 01~01100~0 111(11 0100111(11100 10~0)~~5 0~~.-(11100 00 00~ 0.- 010.-~ 01 111~
111.-~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 01 (1 ~(1((1~( 51~0(11~ (101~111110~, 1(~~11~0~)1, (100 ~11(15~. ~~~0.-0-
10~))1, 111~.-~ (1.-~ 111(~~ 0(151~ ~0~0010~ 0( 0100111(11100 1~~1101~11~5 10.- 1.-(10510(0110~ 01~-
11(11 0(11(1 1010 (10(110~ 51~0(1)5. (15 1111151((11~0 10 ~1~11(~ 5.7~ (101~111110~ 511111 )(~)110~
(~5)(), 1(~~11~0~)1 511111 )(~)110~ (~5)(). (100 ~11(15~ 511111 )(~)110~ (~5)(). 10 (111 111~5~
~(15~5. 111~ .-~511)110~ 51~0(11 0~~11~1~5 (1 0(100~10111 ~~01~(~0 00 111~ ~(1((1~( 1(~~11~0~)1.

~1111)1.111(.1~ 511.11 )(~~111~

10 ~5)(, 111~ 1~0 010(1()1 ~(1111~5 (1(~ (~~.-~5~01~0 0)11~0 0111~(~01 (101~111110~5 01111~ ~(1.--
(1~.-1.-~~11~0~)1. ~00101001)1. 00~ 01111~ (101~111110~515 2~(0~ 111(1115. 00~ 010(1.-)101~1115 .-~~-
.-~5~01~0 0)1 111~ ~(~5~0~~, (11 ~0051(101 (101~111110~, 01 111~ ~(1(.-1~(. 111~ 0111~( 0)1 111~
(105~0~~ 01111~ ~(1 1~.- (~1~11(~ 5.7(1).111~ (~5111110~ 1((10501111~0 51~0(1) 10( 00~ 0111101~ 15

010(1.-)11
(5.2)
010(1()1 0
 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

~11~(~ 111~ ~(1((1~( 51~11(1115 ./1 ~05(21//(0. ~51( 15 51.15~~~1101~ 10 51.100~11 ~(1111 ~11(111~~5
(1110 15 (1 ((1111~( 111~111~1~111 (11001.11(111011 1~~11111~1.1~. 011 ~01~~-~((10~ )111~5, 1115 1)1~1~(1)1)1

1.15~0 011))11.1~ 10 1200 0~5.

10~ ~51( 1~~11111~1.1~ 15 1.15~0 10 1((1115(1111 01~11(110(11(1 0~~( 0~11~(1) 110~(. ~0( 1.,~0
(11~111-~111111111~ 0100~) 1((1115(11111~(5, ~~1.1(111011 (5.2) 15 ~(1)10. 10(11 15, 011~ 51~11(1) ~)~-
111~11115 (~~(~5~111~0 0)1 (111~111 ~1.115~ ~111)~ 111~ 0111~( 51~11(11 ~1~(11~11115 (~~(~5~111~0 0)1
111~ (105~11~~ 01 )1~111. 1.,(15~( 1((1115(11111~(5 110((11(111)111(1~~ (1 11)(~0 --01(15,, ~1.1((~111 111(11
~(11.15~5 111~ 0~~1~~ 10 ~(1111 (1 )0~ )1~1111~~~). 1015 10~ 1~~~) (~~(~5~1115 011~ 51~11(11 ~)~-
(11~111, ~1111~ (1 111~11~(-(1(11~1111.10~ 11~111~(1~~ (~~(~5~1115 (1110111~( 51~11(1) ~1~(11~111.

~..~().0~11~)1 511.11 1(~)1.11~

10~ (11051 ~0(11(1101110((11 01 ~51( 15 0111(1()1 ~51( (13~51(), 111~111~11111~ 1~0 0111(1()1 ~(11-
1.1~5 (1(~ (~~(~5~111~0 0)11~0 0111~(~1111(~~1.1~11~1~5 11~(1( 111~ ~(1((1~( 1(~~1.1~11~)1 (~1~1.1(~
5.70 ).10~ (~51.111111~ 1((1115(11111~0 51~11(1110( 011~ 01111(11~ 15

0111(1()11
(5.3)
0111(1()1 0

(1(~ 1)1~1~(111)1 0115~11(0(11 111~ ~(1((1~( 1(~~1.1~11~)1 /( 0)1 ~~1.1(11 01.11 0~~0-
~11~(~ /1 (1110 /2
511~ (1(1101.11115.
 5~~~1.()111 0181~(1~1 5~~~1.()111 01. 81~(1~1
((1 0(1~
1.~(18111111~0 1.~(1,,111111~01(1
01.~~110(1 0~~0811~ 01.~~110(1

~1~11(~ 5.8 800~8 (111~)((1111~1~ 0110~ 118~ 01 )3~5)( 10( 11111-811~1~)( 0~~((111011 0~~(
(1 ~01~~-~((18~ 1111~. 10~ 11~11(~ 18 (1 8~~~111~(111011 10( 10~ )3~1) 5)181~111 108 8~(1~8
11108~1118. ~~~(1)1 10(11 (1 ~01~~-~((18~ )111~ ~1)1 ~(188 1(~().11~11~1~8 111 10~ (1~~(0)(1111(11~
((111~~ 300 10 3400 1-12 (1118 10(111/,/// 0./,/11/~~ 111~(1118 10(11 81~11(118 (1(~ 1((1118111111~8 1110010
81(~~110118 (11 10~ 8(1111~ 11111~. 10 (1~01~~~ 111))-811~1~)( 1((11181111881011, 1018 0(1118~1810 18
8~)11.111 011~ 81(~~11011 (1((1118111/1 0( (~~~1~~), 10~ 1(~().11~11~1~8 118~8 10 (~~(~8~1111 (1118
() (1(~ ~~111~(~8 011 11701-12, ~110 (1 80111 01100 1-12 011 ~110~( 818~.10~ ~11~~1 01 (1)1~(-
11(11111~0~1~~~11 1008~ 1~01(~().11~11~1~8 18 10 ~(0811~~ (1 81~11(11 ~008~ 8~~~1(1111118 11181-
~(11~8 (18 10~ 80(18~8 (1(~(1 011 10~ )~11111 ~1~11(~ 5.8. 51(111)(1(1)1, 10( 10~ 010~( 81(~~11011
((~~~1~~ 0( 1((111811111) 10~ 11108~111 118~8 1(~()11~11~1~8 80111~8 1001-12 10 ~(1~0 818~ 01 (1
~~111~( 1(~().11~11~)1 012125 1-12.1018 81~11(1118 11181~(11~8 0)110~ 80(18~8 (1(~(1 011 10~ (1~01
111 ~1~11(~ 5.8. ~01~ 10(1110~(~ 18 11111~ 0~~()(1~ (1118 10118 1111)~ 1111~(1~(~11~~.
)3~5)( 18 )~88 8118~~~110)~ 10 ~((0( 10(111 ~5)(. 011 ~01~~-~((18~ )111~8, 1118 1)1~1~(11))1
118~8 11~ 10 1200 0~8. 11 18 (1)80 ~01111110(1))1118~8 10( 01~0-1(~()11~11~)1 (3 10 30 ~112)
((1810 1((11181111881011. 11 ~(111 (1)80 0~ 118~8 (11 ~~~11 01~0~( 1(~().11~11~1~8 011 10~(1) (1(~(1
11~1~0(((8 10(11118~ ~0(1)(1(1) ~(10)~.
~ 81~11(1) 10(1118 1110(~ 0(1118~1810 ~111~1~111, 0111 (1)80 1110(~ 8118~~~110)~ 10 ~((0(, 18
(1111)11~)~ ~5)( (~~5)(), 111 ~01~0 1110(~ 10(111 1~0 1(~().11~11~1~8 (1(~ 118~8. 111 1018 ~(18~
~(1~0 81~11(1)111~ ~)~111~111 (~~(~8~1118 1110(~ 10(111 011~ 011. 10~ 1((1118111111~8 ~~5)( 81~11(1)
10( 011~ 81~11(11 ~1~111~11111111~ ~(111 0~ 8~1111~8 (18 10110~8~

(5.4)

1, = 10 + (2/ - 1 - ~)1(/
10 = 10~ ~(1((1~( 1(~()11~11~)1
1(1 = 10~ 8111~(~11~~ 1(~().11~11~)1

~ = 11111110~( 01 8111~(~111 81~11(11 ~1~111~1118 = 2/.

1, = 11111110~( 010118 ~~( 81~11(11 ~)~111~111

10 111(11~11111~ 8(11(1 ((11~ 01111~ 111~111 011 81(~(1111, ~(1~11 0111~111 81~11(1) ~)~111~11118
11~18 10( (1 ~~(108 011, = 1,/ 8~~01188, ~11~(~ /18 111~ 011 ~~(108 (8(11(1 ((11~
= 1//).
10118, 011~ 81~11(1) ~)~111~111, ~111~11 18 (1 ~01181(1111-1(~().11~11~)11011~, ~11~08~8 1- 0118. 10~
10131 03110~10111..~~111..~015 2~/,). 11 ~311 0~ 5110~1111131111~ (111111(1111(111..~~11~11~~ 5~))-
3..311011 ..~()111..~0 15 2/(/ = 1/15. 111~..~10..~, 111~ (1100111310.. ..~~111..~5 3 03110~10111 01
~,) = 2~/(/ = ~/15.

~~~~~1.,~ 5.1 ~1111/~ = 250 ).(112,/,) = 25 ).(112,3110~ = 8 (1. = 30115), ~~

113~~ 111~ 10110~111~ 1..~((1.1~11~~ 3551~11(11~1115 10.. ~3~11 01111~ ~1~111 ))055101~ 3-011

0313 ~0(1101113110115~

/1 = 75 ).(112 000 /2 = 125 ).(112 001

/., = 175 ).(112 010 /4 = 225 ).(112 011
/5 = 275 ).(112 100 /6 = 325 ).(112 101
/7 = 375 ).(112 110 /8 = 425 ).(112 111

~~~~~1.,~ 5.2 ~1~1.1..~5.9 5110~5 311~~3(11))1~01 ~~51( ~1111~ = 4. ~11111))1.11011

51..~3(11 01 20 0115 15 ~11~00~0 2 0115 31 3 11(11~, ~1111 ~3~11 01111~ 101.1.. ))055101~ 2-011
~0(1101113110115 1..3115(11111~0 35 3 0111~..~1111..~((1.1~11~~. 111~ 015))13~ 111 111~ 11~1.1..~ 5110~5
111~ 1..~~11~11~~ 1..3115(11111~0 ()1-3~15) 35 311111~11011 0111(11~ (~-3~15). ~3~11 ~0111(1111 ..~))-
..~5~1115 3 11(11~ 11111115 111 ~111~11 3 5111~1~ 2-011 51~1131 ~1~(11~111 15 1..3115(11111~0. 111~
51130~0 ..~~1311~1~ 111 111~ ~011.1(1111 11101~31~5 111~ 1..~((1.1~11~~ 1..3118(11111~0 01.1..111~ 11131
11(11~ 1.111/1.

1)11(15~ 5111111(~~111~

111 ~51(, 111~ ))1138~ 01111~ ~3 1~.. 81~113118 811111~0 10 ..~))..~8~111 0313.

1~0-1.,~~~1 ~51( 111~ 81(11))1~81 8~11~(11~ 118~5 1~0 ))1135~5 10 ..~))..~5~111 111~ 1~0
01113..~ 01~118 (~1~11..~ 5.7~) 3110 15 ).(110~11 35 01113..~ ))1135~ 511111 ).(~~111~.111~ ..~51111111~
1..3115(11111~0 51~113110.. 011~ 01111(11~ 15

) 11 ~05(277/~()
~-11 ~05(277/~()
13~~3115~ 3 ))1135~ 511111 01 1800 (77) 15 ~((111~31~111 10 111))))111~ 111~ 5111~ ~3~~ 0..
(1111111))1~111~ 11 0~ -1, 111~ ..1~111(11051 ~~))..~5510115 111 ~~1.1311011 (5.5) ~311 0~ 115~0. 11115

))313
11 01 10 00 00 11
- -- - - - --- --- - ---- ---- ---- - --- - - -- - --- - - --
- - --- -- -- --- - --- - ---- ---- - --- ---- - --- -- -- -
- - --- --- - --- - ---- ---- -- -- ---- ---- - --- ----
-
 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1~305 10 3 ~011~~111~111101111111311011. 11 ~~ 113~~ 3 011 511~3111, 3110 ~~ 0~1111~ (/(1) 35 111~

015~1~1~ 11111~11011 1113113((~5 011 111~ ~3111~ 01 + 1101 011~ 01111111~ 11111~ ~011~5~0110111~
011111 111~ 011 511~311115 1 3110 111~ ~3111~ 01 ~

1101 011~ 01111111~ 11111~ ~011~5~0110111~ 011

111 111~ 011 511~3111 15 0, 111~11 ~~ ~311 0~1111~ 111~ 113115111111~0 51~1131 35

(5.6)
()
~11 311~111311~~ 101111 011~0-1~~~1 ~51( 15 0111~1~111131 ~51( (0~51(). ~1~111~ 5.1
5110~5 311 ~)(3111~1~. 111 11115 5~11~111~, 3 0111(1)1 015 1~~1~5~111~0 0)1 5~110111~ 3 51~1131 011151
01111~ 53111~ ~1135~ 35 111~ ~1~~10115 51~1131 011151 5~111. ~ 0111(1)11 15 1~~1~5~111~0 0)15~110-
111~ 3 51~1131 011151 01 0~~0511~ ~1135~ 10 111~ ~1~~~0111~ 011~.11115 1~1111 (////€,.€11(/(// 1~1~15
10 111~ 13~111131111~ ~1135~ 51111115 ~11111~1~1~11~~ 10 111~ ~1~~10115 011113115111111~0 13111~1
111311 10 50111~ ~0115131111~1~1~11~~ 51~1131. 111 0111~1~111131 ~11~00111~, 111~ 111101111311011 10
0~ 113115111111~0 15 1~~1~5~111~0 111 1~11115 01111~ ~11311~~5 0~1~~~11 511~~~551~~ 0313 5)1111-
0015 13111~1111311111~ 51~1131 ~1~111~1115 111~1115~1~~5. 0~51( 3~0105 111~ 1~~1111~111~111101 311
3~~11131~ 10~3105~1113101 ~1135~ 31111~ 1~~~1~~11113115 11131~11~0 ~1111111~ 113115111111~1. ~5
1011~ 35 111~ ~1~~~0111~ ~1135~ 15 1~~~1~~0 ~011~~11)1, 111~ ~1135~ 1~1~1~11~~ 15 3~~11131~.

1=~00..-1-~~(~1 ~51( ~01~ ~111~1~111115~ 0103110~10111 ~311 0~ 3~111~~~011 ~3~1151~1131-

111~ ~1~111~1111~~1~5~1115 11101~ 111311 011~ 011. ~01 ~)(3111~1~, 11151~30 01 3 ~1135~ 511111 01
1800, 35 3110~~0 111 13~51(, 3 ~0111111011 ~11~00111~ 1~~11111~11~, ((110~11 35 ~1130131111~
~1135~ 511111 ((~)1111~ (0~51(), 115~5 ~1135~ 5111115 5~~3131~0 0)111111111~1~5 017//2 (900).

..4~05( 27//~( + 11
~)

..4~05( 27//0( + 3~) 01

01-8(( 5(() = (5.7)
_ ()()
..4~05( 27//0( 3~)

..4~05( 27//(1 - 10
~)
111115 ~3~11 51~1131 ~1~111~1111~~1~5~1115 1~0 0115 13111~1111311 011~.
 1(()
(1.= =1=1

81/13~~
1(1))11~ 2-))1~ +
5~~131.~0.))3~3))~)
~=~ (0/1~~~~~~
~0 +

~1~1.11~ 5.11 5110~5 111~ 0~51( 1110~111311011 5~11~111~ 111 ~~11~1311~11115. 111~ 111~111
15 3 511~3111 01 0111(1)1 ~1~115 ~1111 3 ~313 131~ 01 8. = 1/1/), ~11~1~ 1/) 15 111~ ~1~111 01
~3~11 011. 1015 511~311115 ~011~~11~~ 11110 1~0 5~~3131~ 011 511~31115 01 8./2 0~5 ~3~11, 0)1
13~111~ 311~11131~ 0115 101 111~ 1~0 511~31115. 10~ 1~0 ~313 511~31115 31~ 1~1~11~~ 10 35
111~ 1 (111-~1135~) 311~ 0 (~1.13~131111~ ~1135~) 511~31115. 111 111~ ~13~13111, 111~ 11~~~1
511~3111 15 1110~1.1131~~ 011 3 ~3111~1 0111~~11~11~)1 1( 0)111111111~1)1111~ 111~ 011 511~3111 0)1
111~ ~3111~1. ~01 ~011~~111~11~~ 011110~1113101 51111~1111~ ~~ 1113~ 0111(1)11 10 ~ 311~
0111(1)1010 -~. 101.15, 3 0111(1)1115 1~~1~5~111~~ 0)1 3 5~31~~ ~~151011 01111~ ~3111~1
~3~~ 311~ 3 0111(1)10 15 1~~1~5~111~~ 0)1 3 5~31~~ ~~151011 01111~ 11~~311~~ 01111~ ~3111~1
~3~~, 00111 31 3 ~011513111 3111~11111~~. 1015 53111~ ~3111~1 ~3~~ 15 511111~~ 0)1 900 311~
1.15~~ 101 1110~111311011 01111~ 10~~1 0111(1)1 511~3111. 10~ 1~0 1110~11131~~ 51~11315 31~
111~11 3~~~~ 10~~111~1 311~ 113115111111~~. 10~ 113115111111~~ 51~1131 ~311 0~ ~)(~1~55~~ 35
10110~5~

~1~1.11~ 5.12 5110~5 311 ~)(3111~1~ 01 0~51( ~0~111~. 53~11 01111~ 1~0 1110~11131~~
511~31115 15 3 )3~51( 51~1131 31 11311111~ ~313 131~ 01111~ 011~11131 011 511~3111. 10115, 111~
~01110111~~ 51~11315 113~~ 3 5)1111001131~ 1113115 11311111~ 111~1.11011131~. ~01~ 11131110111
011~ 5)111100111111~ 10 111~ 11~)(1, 3 ~1135~ ~11311~~ 01 35 11111~1135 1800 (77) 15 ~055101~.
~1~111~ 5.11 3150 5110~5 3 ~311311011 010~51( ~110~11 35 0115~10~51( (00~51(),
01 011110~01131 0~51(. 10~ ~111~1~11~~ 15 11131 3 ~~13)1 01 011~ 01111111~ 15 111110~1.1~~~ 111
111~ 0 511~3111, 1~51111111~ 111 111~ 10110~111~ 51~1131~

)3~~31.15~ 00~51( ~111~15 110111 0~51( 0111)1 0)1 111~ ~~13)1 111 111~ 0 511~3111, 115

5~~~1131 ~11313~1~11511~5 311~ 011 ~1101 ~~1101111311~~ 31~ 111~ 53111~ 35 11131 01 0~51(.
 5.2 / 111~(1~1., 11~1~,~~~1.,0~ 51~~~1.,5 157

81~ /1..01/)~.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
~31..~ 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1
1 (1 1 (1 1 (1 1 (1 1 (1

1/1()..~ 51~/131

1(1) 1 7 9

(1(1) 2 8 10

~1135~ 0( -77/4 77/4 - 377/4 377/4 77/4

0..~()..~ 51~031

~1135~ 0(
0..~()..~ 51~/131

~(0111 ~1~1.1(~ 5.12, ~~ ~3/1 0/)5~(~~ 11131 0111~ 011~ 011~0 /)115 111 111~ ~31( ~311 ~11311~~
51~11 31 311~ 11111~ 3110 1111.15111~ ~1135~ ~11311~~ 111111~ ~0111/)111~0 51~113111~.,~( ~)(~~~05 900
( 7//2). 11115 ~311 /)~ 311 30.,31113~~ /)~~31.15~ ~11~51~3111111113110115 011 ~1135~ 111001.11310(5
1113/(~ 13(~~ ~1135~ 5111115 31 111~11 1(3115111011 (31~5 01111~1.111 10 ~~(10(111. 00~5)( 3150
~(0.,10~5 51.1~~(10( ~~(10(111311~~ ~11~11 111~ 1(31151111551011 ~1131111~1 (111~11.10111~ 1(311511111-
1~( 3110 (~~~1.,~() 1135 51~11111~3111110111111~3( ~0111~011~1115. 111~ ~11~~1 01110111111~3(111~5
15 3 5~(~30111~ 01111~ 51~1131 /)3110~10111, ~111~111113~ (~51.111111 (0)3~~111 ~1131111~11111~(-
1~(~11~~. 1115 ~351~( 10 ~0111(0111115 5~(~30111~ 11111~ ~1135~ ~11311~~5 3(~ 5111311~(, 0~11~~
10~ 30.,31113~~ 0100~5)( 0.,~( 0~5)(.

~111111~~~1 ))81( 111~ 1.15~ 01 011.1111~1~ 1~.,~15 ~311 /)~ ~)(1~110~0 /)~~0110 13/(111~ /)115
1~0 31 3 11111~. 1115 ~0551/)1~ 10 1(311511111 /)115 10(~~ 31 3 11111~ 1.15111~~1~01 0111~(~111 ~035~
311~1~5. ~1.1(111~(, ~3~11 311~1~ ~311113.,~ 1110(~ 111311 011~ 3111~1111.10~. ~0( ~)(3111~1~, 3 51311-
03(0 9600 /)~5 11100~111 1.15~5 12 ~1135~ 311~1~5, 101.1( 01 ~111~11113.,~ 1~0 3111~1111.10~ .,31-
1.1~5,10( 3 10131 0116 0111~(~111 51~1131 ~1~111~1115.
11115 1311~( ~)(3111~1~ ~011115 01.11 .,~(~ ~~11111~ 0111~(~11~~ /)~1~~~11111~ 0313 (31~ ~
(111 /)~5) 3110 111~ 111001.11311011 (31~ /) (111 /)31.10) 01 3 51~1131. 1.,~1 1.15 3551.1111~ 1031 1015
5~0~111~ 15 /)~111~ ~111~10~~0 ~1111 01~1131111~1.11 111 ~111~11 ~3~11 /)11 15 (~~(~5~111~0 /)~ 3
~011513111 .,0113~~ ~1.115~, 011~ 1~.,~1 10( /)1113(~ 011~ 3110 011~ 1~.,~110( /)1113(~ 2~(0. 111~
0313 (31~ 15 ~ = 1/1,,. 110~~.,~(, 111~ ~11~00~0 51~1131 ~011131115 1-- = 4 /)115 111~3~11 51~-
1131 ~1~111~111 1.15111~ 1-.4 = 16 0111~(~111 ~0111/)1113110115 01 3111~1111.10~ 3110 ~1135~. 111~
111001.11311011 (31~ ~311 /)~ 5~~11 10 /)~ ~/4, /)~~31.15~ ~3~0 ~11311~~ 0151~1131 ~1~111~111 ~0111-
1111.1111~31~5 101.1( /)115. 1111.15 10~ 1111~ 51~1131111~ 5~~~0 15 2400 /)31.10, /)1.11111~ 0313 (31~ 15
 9600 0~8. 11118 18 111~ (~(18011 111(11111~11~( 011 ((11~8 ~(111 0~ (1~111~,,,~0 0,,,~( ,,,01~~-~((10~
1111~8 0)1 ~111~10)1111~ 1110(~ ~0111~1~)( 111001.11(111011 8~11~111~8.

111100)(111~ (11111~ ~~(10(111(111~~ 01 ,,,(1(101.18 01~11(11-10-(111(110~ 111001.11(111011 8~11~111~8, 111~

11(81 ~(1((1111~1~( 011111~(~8118 111~ 0(1110~10111 01111~ 111001.11(11~0 81~11(11.11118 0~~~1108 011
(1 ,,,(1(1~1)1 011(1~10(8, 111~11.10111~111~ 0~1111111011 010(1110~101111.18~0 (1110 111~ 1111~(111~ 1~~11-

111~1.1~ 1.18~0 10 ~(~(11~ 111~ 0(1110~(188 81~11(11. ~~ ~1111.18~ 80111~ 81((11~11110(~(1(0 (~81.1118
1(0111 (~00~01).
111~ 1((11181111881011 0(1110~10111 8,10( ~51( 18 01111~ 10(111

8, = (1 + ,.)~ (5.8)
~11~(~ ~ 18 111~ 011 ((11~ (1110 ,.18 (~1(11~0 10 111~ 1~~11111~1.1~ 0)1 ~111~11111~ 81~11(1118 1111~(~0

10 ~81(1011811 (1 0(1110~1011110( 1((11181111881011~ 1)1~1~(111~ 0 ~ ,. ~ 1. 1111.18 111~ 0(1110~10111

18 01(~~11~ (~1(11~0 10 111~ 011 ((11~. 111~ ~(~~~0111~ 10(1111.11(1 18 (1180 ,,,(1110 10( ~51( (1110,
1.1110~( ~~(1(1111 (1881.1111~110118, ~51(.

~11111111.11111~,,,~1 ~51( (~~51(), 81~11111~(11111111~(0,,,~111~1118 111 0(1110~10111 ~(111 0~

(1~111~,,,~0. 111 ~~11~((11,

(5.10)

~11~(~ ~ 18 111~ 111.11110~( 010118 ~11~00~0 ~~( 81~11(11 ~1~111~111 (1110 11118 111~ 111.11110~( 01
0111~(~111 81~11(11 ~1~111~1118.
~0( 1111.11111~,,,~1~51( (~~51(), ~~ 11(1,,,~

(5.11)

1(101~ 5.5 8110~8 111~ ((1110 010(11(1 ((11~, ~, 10 1((11181111881011 0(1110~1011110( ,,,(1(1-
01.18 8~11~111~8.11118 ((111018 (1180 (~1~((~0 10 (18 111~ .,30()~)()01 ~111~)~0~~. ~8 111~ 11(1111~
81.1~~~818, 11118 ~(1((1111~1~( 111~(181.1(~8 111~ ~111~1~11~~ ~1111 ~111~11 0(1110~10111 ~(111 0~
1.18~0 10 1((111811111 0(11(1. 111~ (10,,,(1111(1~~ 01 1111.11111~,,,~1 81~11(11111~ 111~111008 110~
0~~0111~8 ~1~(1(.
01 ~01.1(8~, 111~ ~(~~~0111~ 018~1.1881011 (~1~(8 10 111~ 8~~~1(1.1111 01111~ 111~1.1181~11(11
10 (1 ~01111111.1111~(11101181111~. ~ 0111111~ 11(18 ~~1 0~~11 8(110 01 ~~(10(111(111~~ 111111~ ~(~8~11~~
01 11018~. ~1~1.1(~ 5.4 81.1111111(1(12~8 80111~ (~81.1118 0(18~0 011 (~(18011(101~ (1881.1111~110118
~011~~(11111~ 111~ 1((11181111881011 8~81~111 (~00~01). 1-1~(~ 011 ~((0( ((11~ 18 ~1011~0 (18 (1
11.111~1101101111~ ((1110 ~0/ /-.10 0~1111~0 111 ~11(1~1~( 3. 01 ~01.1(8~, (18 111(11 ((1110 111~(~(18~8,
111~ 011 ~((0( ((11~ 0(0~8. ~1.1(111~(, 0~51( (1110 13~51( (1(~ (1001.11 3 013 81.1~~(10( 10 ~51(
(1110 13~51(.
~1~1.1(~ 5.13 8110~8 111~ 8(1111~ 11110(111(11101110( ,,,(1(101.181~,,,~18 0111110( ~~51( (1110
~~51(. 111~(~ 18 (111 1111~0(1(1111 0111~(~11~~. ~0( ~~51(, 111~ ~((0( ~(00(101111~ 10( (1
~1,,,~11 ,,,(111.1~~0/ /-.10 01 0~~(~(18~8 (18 111111~(~(18~8, ~1111~ 111~ 0~~0811~ 18 1(1.1~ 10( ~~51(.
011111~ 0111~( 11(1110, ~0111~(1(111~ ~~1.1(1110118 (5.10) (1110 (5.11), 111~ 0(1110~10111 ~111~1~11~~
01 ~~51( 0~~(~(18~8 (18 ~ 111~(~(18~8, ~1111~ 111~ 0~~0811~ 18 1(1.1~ 01 ~~51(.1111.18, 11100111
 159

,. = 0 ,. = 0.5 ,. = 1
~51( 1.0 0.67 0.5
..-51( 0.5 0.33 0.25
~01..1~~~1..-51(
/11 = 4, /.., = 2 0.5 0.33 0.25
/11 = 8, /.., = 3 0.375 0.25 0.1875
/11 = 16, /.., = 4 0.25 0.167 0.125
/11 = 32, /.., = 5 0.156 0.104 0.078
..51( 1.0 0.67 0.5
~01..1~~~1 ..51(

/11 = 4, /.., = 2 2.00 1.33 1.00

/11 = 8, /.., = 3 3.00 2.00 1.50
/11 = 16, /.., = 4 4.00 2.67 2.00
/11 = 32, /.., = 5 5.00 3.33 2.50

~35~5, 111~~~ 15 3 1~30~011 0~1~~~0 0300~10111 ~111~1~0~)1 300 ~~~0~ ~~~10~11130~~~ ~0

10~~~35~ 10 0300~10111 ~111~1~0~)1 ~~511115 10 30 10~~~35~ 10 ~~~0~ ~~00(01111)1. 111~ 13~1
11131111~5~ 1~30~0115 1110~~ 10 0~~0511~ 01~~~11005 ~1111 ~~5~~~110111~ 0111110~~ 011~~~15
/-,110~ ~~5)( 300 ~~5)( ~30 0~ 0~~1~~0 1~0111111~ 1100~~1)110~ ~(,1113110115. ~ 015~11551011
01111~ ~~350115 10~ 11115 0111~~~11~~ 15 0~)10110 111~ 5~0~~ 0111115 000~. 5~~ (5)(1.,~01) 10~
3 111111~~31111~111.

1.0 1.0
....
)0-1
..
2
~10-2
2
~10-2
~1~1+
6 .,, 6... - -~.
...
0
~..
, , 0 --(...
0.) ~10-3 ~10-3
0.)
-.
,. ,.1-, ,
_.1-.1 =8
.... 1-.1=2-
~.
. /
.-

......~

8 1-.1=4 ~~~~1-.1~=~
~=~ ~.
10-7 ~~1 10-7 .~~=~4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10) 1 12 13 14 15
(8,,/1-/0) (013) (8,,/1-/0) (013)
(3) ~01..1~~~) ..-51( (~..-51() ()))
~01..1~~~1 ..81( (~..81()
111~0(~6~311311 8((0( ~31~ 10( ~11161~.,,~) 115)( 3110 ~5)(
~~~~.,1.~ 5.3 ~11~1 15 111~ 0~110~10111 ~111~1~11~~ 10~ ~8)(, ~8)(, ~81(, ~110
0~8)( 10~ ~ 011 ~~~0~ ~~1~ 0110~7 011 ~ ~11~1111~1~1111 ~11 8~~ 0112 0137
051118 8().11~11011 (3.2), ~~ 11~~~

()50
1-/0 013
- 12013 -
(~ )
/3, 013

~0~ ~8)( ~110 ~8)(, 1~0111~1811~~ 5.4,

(~) 013
= 14.2013

(~ )/3, 013
= -2.2 013

~
/3,
= 0.6

( ) 50
1-/0 013
= 11.2013

(~,) = 0.8013
013
~
= 1.2
/3,

111~ ~~51111 10~ 0~8)( 1111151 1~)(~ 11110 ~~~011111 111~1 111~ 0~110 ~~1~ 0 = ~/2.
111115
~
= 2.4
/3,

~8)( ~)(111011111~ 5~111~ 0~110~10111

~5 111~ 11~~~~01118 ~)(~111111~ 5110~5, ~8)( ~110
~111~1~11~~, ~81( 15 0~11~~, ~110 ~~~11 8~~~1~~ 111111~0~~111~111 ~~11 0~ ~~111~~~0 ~11111111.1111-
1~~~1 51811~11118.
1115 ~0~111~1111~ 10 ~011111~~~ 111~5~ 0~110~10111 ~~().1.11~~111~1115-~111111105~ 10~ 018-
11~1 51811~11118. ~ 8000 ~1111~0)(1111~1101115

8, = 0.5(1 + ,.)0
~11~~~ 0 15 111~ 111001.11~11011 ~~1~. ~0~ ~~2., 0 = ~, ~110 ~~ 11~~~

- -
/3, 1 + ,.
1111.15 01811~1 51811~11118 15 111 111~ 5~111~ 0~1111~~)(, 111 1~~1115 01 0~110~10111 ~111~1~11~~. ~5
~81(, ~8)(. ~110 ~8)(. ~ 51811111~~111 ~0~~111~8~ 10~ ~11~108 51811~1111815 5~~11 ~11111111.1111-
1~~~) 1~~11111().1.1~5.
 ~1130..3(0..~ ~111~11(00~ ~000136011

01130.-3111.-~ 3111~111110~ 11100111311011 (0~~) 18 3 ~0~(1)3.- 3113)0~ 81~113)111~ 1~~11111()11~

1113118 118~0111111~ 38~111111~1.-1~ 01~113) 81108~.-10~.-1111~ (~1)51 ), 0~8~.-10~0111 ~113~1~.- 8,
3110 11180111~ ~1.-~1~88 8131103.-08.11118 11100111311011 1~~11111()11~ 18 3 ~01110111311011 01 ~51(
3110 ~51(. 0~~ ~311 3180 0~ ~011810~.-~0 3 10~1~31 ~)(1~1181011 01 0~51(. 0~~ 13)(~8
30~31113~~ 01111~ 13~1111311118 ~088101~ 10 8~110 1~0 0111~.-~111 81~11318 811111111311~01.181~
011 111~ 83111~ ~3 1~.- 1.-~()1.1~11~~, 0~ 1.18111~ 1~0 ~0~1~8 01111~ ~3 1~.- 1.-~()11~11~~, 011~
811111~0 0~ 900 ~1111 .-~8~~~1 10 111~ 0111~.-. ~0.- 0~~, ~3~11 ~3 1~.- 18 ~51( 111001.1-
)31~0. 111~ 1~0 1110~~~110~111 81~11318 3.-~ 811111.111311~01.181~1.-3118111111~0 0~~.- 111~ 83111~
111~011.1111.~1111~ .-~~~1~~.-, 111~ 1~0 81~11318 3.-~ 0~1110011131~0 3110 111~ .-~81.1118 ~01110111~0
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4 ~0~5. ~110 ~10~0, 30~31113~~ ~311 0~ 13~~11 0110~ 13~1 1031 1(0111 1(3111~ 10 1(3111~,
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5~~11~5, 511~0 35 1011110 111 3 ~10~0 1~1~~0111~(~11~~, 00~11 10 64 ~0~5 0( 1~55.
~5 3 111131 ~01111, ~~ 111~1111011 1031111111(11)111151311~~5, 10~ 115~ 013 1~1~~011111111111-
~3110115 5)151~111 ~111 (~51111111 0010 01~1131-10-311310~ 3110 311310~-10-01~1131 ~(0~~55111~.
10.~ 0~~(~0~1111111~ 1113)0(11)1 01 10~31 1~(1111113110115 11110 10~ 1~1~~011111111111~3110115
11~1~0(~ 15 311310~, 3110 10~ 11~1~0(~ 115~11 115~5 3 1111)(111(~ 01 311310~ 3110 01~1131
1~~0111().11~5. 10.115 01~1131 0313 31 3 115~(,5 1~(111111311113)1 0~ ~011~~(1~0 10 311310~ 0)1 3
11100~111, 51105~().11~1111)101~511~~0 0)1 3 ~00~~, 3110 ~~(03~5 51111~( (~~~31~0 ~011~~(510115
0~10(~ (~3~0111~ 115 0~51111311011.
10.115, 1~1~~011111111111~311011 13~11111~5 031101~ 311310~ 51~11315 1031 (~~(~5~111 0010
~01~~ 3110 01~1131 0313. 10.~ ~03(3~1~(1511~5 01 111~ ~3~~10(1115 3(~ ().1111~ 0111~1~111.
~0~(~35 ~01~~ 51~11315 1~110 10 0~ 5~~~~0 10 111~ 10~~( ~0(11011 01111~ 03110~10111
(~1~11(~ 3.9), 311310~ ~11~00111~ 01 01~1131 51~11315 035 3 1110(~ 111111011115~~~1(31 ~0111~111
0~~( 111~ 03110~10111 3110 10~(~10(~ ~011131115 1110(~ 01~11-11~().11~11~)1 ~0111~011~1115.
511101~5 03~~ 5110~11 11131, 0~~3115~ 01 111~ ~1~5~11~~ 01 111~5~ 01~0~( 1(~().11~11~1~5,
~~~-(~131~0 1~~0111().11~5 3(~ ~(~1~(301~ 10 1)~-(~131~0 1~~11111().11~5 10( 01~111~111~
311310~ 51~11315 1031 (~~(~5~111 01~1131 0313.

~001113110111135 0~~11 0~1111~0 35 10~ ~(0~~55 01 ~01110111111~ 311111~111 51~1131111(0 3110 3

~3((1~( 31 1(~().11~11~)1 /( 10 ~(0011~~ 3 51~1131 5(() ~1105~ 03110~1010 15 (11511311)1) ~~11-
1~(~0 011 /(. ~01 01~1131 0313, 111~ 111011~311011 10( 11100111311011 51101110 0~ ~1~3(~ ~11~11
0111)1 311310~ 1(31151111551011 13~11111~5 3(~ 3~311301~, 11100111311011 15 (~().111(~0 10 ~011~~(1
10~ 01~1131 0313 10 311310~ 10(111. 10.~ 111011~311011 ~0~11 10~ 0313 3(~ 31(~30)1 311310~ 15
1~55 ~1~3(. ~11~( 311, ~01~~ 51~11315 3(~ 1(3115111111~0 0~~( 1~1~~0011~ 1111~5 3110~11 0(1~1-
1131 5~~~1(11111 (1~1~((~0 10 35 035~03110 1(31151111551011). 10.~(~ 3(~ 1~0 ~1111~1~31 (~3-
50115 10( 311310~ 11100111311011 01 311310~ 51~11315~

· ~ 01~0~(
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(5.12)

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~1~...10115 1101(111011, 111~ 111~111 51~11(1115 /11(0 = (/(1~(0. 10~ --1,,
111111~ 8~11(111011 (5.12)
15 (1 0~ ~0111~011~111111(11 ~1~...~1115 1055 01111101111(111011, (15 ~)(~1(1111~0 51105~().11~1111)1.1015
5~11~111~ 15 (1150 ~110~11 (15 001101~ 510~0(1110 11(1115111111~0 ~(1111~1 (05131~).

~~~~..1.~ 5.4 0~11...~ 311 ~)(~1~551011101 5(() 11 ~(() 15 111~ (1111~111110~-1110011131-

111~ 51~11(11 ~05 27///11(. ~~ 11(1...~

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8(0 = ~05 27//~( + 2~05 27/(/~ - //11)( + 2~05 27/(/~ + //11)(

10~ 1~51111111~51~11(1111(15(1 ~0111~011~111(11111~ 011~111(11~3111~111~~11~11~)1 ~1115 (1

~(111 01 ~0111~011~1115 ~3~11 5~3~~0 / /11 11~112 110111 111~ ~3111~1.

~10111 8().11(111011(5.12) (1110~1~111~ 5.22, 11~(1110~ 5~~11111(11~~ 111...01...~5111~ 111111-

11~11~(111011 01111~ 111~111 51~11(11 0)1111~ ~(1111~1. 10~ ~11...~10~~ 01111~ 1~51111111~ 51~11(1115
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 ~11~(~ ~ 15 111~ 101311(3115111111~0 ~0~~( 1118(1) 3110 ~( 15 111~ 1(3115111111~0 ~0~~( 111 111~
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10 ~3(()111110(111311011.1-(0~~~~(, 11(11111151(~1113111 0~10~ 1.
11 51101110 0~ ~1~3( 11131 8(1) ~011131115 111111~~~553()1 ~0111~011~1115, 0~~3115~ ~3~11 01
111~ 510~031105 ~011131115 111~ ~0111~1~1~ 5~~~1(11111 01111(1). ~ ~0~1113( ~3(13111 01 ~~,
~110~11 35 5111~1~ 510~03110 (5513), 13~~5 30~31113~~ 011111513~1 0)15~110111~ 0111)1011~ 01
111~ 510~031105, ~1111111131111~ 111~ 0111~( 510~03110 3110 111~ ~3((1~(. 10~ ~(111~1~31 30~311-
13~~5 0111115 3~~(03~11 3(~ 35 10110~5~

0111)111311111~ 03110~1011115 (~~111(~0, 1113115, 137 = 13, ~11~(~ 13 15 111~ 03110~10111

01111~ 0(1~11131 51~1131. ~0( 05131~, 137 = 213.

· 1.,~55 ~0~~(
0111~(
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510~03110. ~110111~(
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10~ 01530~31113~~ 0151.1~~(~55111~ 111~ ~3((1~( 15 11131111~ ~3((1~( ~311 0~ 1.15~0 10(
5)111~11(01112311011 ~1.1(~05~5. ~0( ~)(3111~1~, 51.1~~05~ 11131111~ 0(1~11131 311310~ 51~113115 311
~51( ~3~~10(111 ~11~00111~ 01~1131 0313.10~ (~~~1~~( 11~~05 10 ~110~ 111~ 513(1111~ ~01111
01 ~3~11 01111111~ 10 1111~(~(~1111~ 0313 ~0((~~11)1. ~ ~011513111 ~3((1~( ~(0~10~5 3 ~10~~-
111~ 111~~11311151110)1 ~111~1110 11111~ 111~ 3((1~31010115. ~ ~0111~(011115~ 3~~(03~1115 ~~511-
~131510~03110 (~513), ~111~111.15~5 011~ 510~03110 3110 3 (~01.1~~0-~0~~( ~3((1~(.

~(~~11~11~)1111001.11311011 (~~) 3110 ~1135~ 111001.11311011 (~~) 3(~ 5~~~131 ~35~5 01311~1~
111001.11311011. 10~ 1110011131~0 51~113115 ~)(~(~55~0 35

(5.13)

(5.14)
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~0( 1(~~1.1~11~)1111001.11311011, 111~ 0~(1~311~~ 01111~ ~1135~ 15 ~(0~0(1101131 10 111~
111001.1131111~ 51~1131~

(5.15)
~11~(~ 11115111~ 1(~~1.1~11~)1111001.113110111110~)( 3110 4/(1) 15111~ 0~(1~311~~ 01 ~(1).
~01- 11105~ ~110 ~1511 3 1110(~ 0~1311~0 1113111~111311~31 ~)(~1311311011 01111~ ~(~~~0-
111~, ~011510~( 111~ 10110~111~.10~ ~1135~ 018(() 31 (11)111151311115 )1.15121/1(( + ~(1). 10~
111513111311~0115 ~1135~ 0~~1311011 1(0111 111~ ~3((1~( 51~113115 ~((). 111 ~~, 11115 1115131113-
11~0115 ~1135~ 0~~131101115 ~(0~0(110113110 111((). 13~~31.15~ 1(~~1.1~11~)1 ~311 0~ 0~1111~0 35
111~ (31~ 01 ~11311~~ 01 ~1135~ 013 51~1131, 111~ 111513111311~01.15 1(~~1.1~11~)1 018(() 15

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5~~~((11 0~5~(~(1110115 (1~01.11 111~ ~~ ~(0~~55 (1(~ 111 0(0~(. 111~ ~~(1~ 0~~1(111011

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115 ~(1110~10111.

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111~ 11151(1111(111~0115 ~11(15~ 0~~1(111011 1(0111 111~
(1
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1(15111011, ~1111111~ ~~(1~ ~11(15~ 0~~1(111011 ~~11(1110 11/1.

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111~ (~511111118 51811(1111(15 (1 ~0111~011~111 (11111~ 068111(11
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111811~(-0(0~( 1~(1115 1(111 011 ((1~10.1)1.
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~(1((1~( 51~11(11 15
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~~11(1110 /1./ ((101(105/

~0( 111~ ~~ 51~0(11,

111~ 5(1(0~.

~5 ~1111 ~~, 00111 ~~ (100 ~~ (~5111110 (1 51~0(11 ~1105~ 0(100~101015 ~~0-

1~(~0 (11 /(. 1-10~~~~(, ~~ ~(10 00~ 5~~ 10(1110~ (0(1~011110~ 0~ 10(11 0(100~101015
~~()1 0111~(~01. ~(0~111110~ (000111(11100 15 (1 110~(1( ~(0~~55 (100 ~(0011~~5 1(~-
~(1((1~( 51~0(11 (1110 10~ ~0(0~0-
~11~0~1~5 10(11 (1(~ 10~ 511(0 (100 01~1~(~0~~ 0110~
0~1115 0~ 111~(000111(1110~ 51~0(11. 1-1~0~~, ~0( ~~,

13, = 213
1-10~~~~(, (10~1~ (000111(1110010~1110~5 (11~((0 0~ 10~ ~0((0 ~05( ~(() ), ~01~015 1100-

110~(1( (1110 ~111 ~(0011~~ (1 ~10~ ((10~~ 0~ ~(~~11~0~1~5.111 ~55~0~~, ~0( (1 (000111(1110~

510115010 0~ 1(~~11~0~)1 //11, 8(1) ~111 ~0111(110 ~0(0~00~1115 (11 /( + 1~,, 1~ + 2//1/,
(100 50 00.11110~ (0051 ~~0~((11 ~(15~, 10~1011~ 0(100~101015 (~~111(~0 10 1((1115(011 (10
~~ 0( ~~ 51~0(11. ~5 (1 ~((1~11~(11 (0(111~(, (1 ~~()1 ~000 (111~ 011011(00, ~110~11 (15
~(1(500,5 (111~ (~00~01), 15

13, = 2((3 + 1)13

13, = 26.8 + 213 (5.16)

111115 0010 ~~ (1110~~ (~~111(~ ~(~(11~( 0(1110~101010(10 ~~.

 ((
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1996.
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1-.1(1(5(12//1~, ~~111 1998.

..~0~05 ~103)(15, 1.1711-/10(1111~/1((1/5 0/ ~011111111-/1/((1(/0/1 5)/5(~1115. 0~~~1 53001~ ~1..,~1, ~1~

~1~11()~~ 1-1311,2005.

81(1,~93 5)(131, 13. --0~1111111~, 0~51~11111~, 3110 ~..,31113()11~ 01~1(31 ~011111111111~3()011 5~5-
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81(1,~01 5)(131,8. /)/(5/((1/ ~011111111-/1/((1(/0/15.. 1711-/10(1111~/1((1/5 (1/10 ,4~~//((1(/0/15. ~11~1~~000

01115, ~1= ~1~11()~~ 1-1311,2001.

~10~00 )(1011~, ~. /)/(5/((1/ 1-.10011-/(1(/0/1 7~(/1/1/~11-~.~. 1305(011~ ~.(~~/11-10115~, 2000.

31(~1113(~ 111(1)( 111..,~151011 0111~1~11(131 ~11~00111~ 110111~(11111 (0 2~.0-1~..,~1

(~111) 0111~1~11(131 11311~/1~5(~1 (~~~-1-)
3111~11(110~ 111001113()011 (~11) 0111~1~11()31 ~51( (0~51() ~1135~ 111001113()011 (~11)
3111~11(110~ 51111( )(~~111~ 11~().11~11~~ 111001113()011 (~11) ~1135~ 51111( )(~~111~ (~51()
(~51() 11~().11~11~~ 51111( )(~~111~ ~0(31
311~(~ 111001113()011 (~51() ~5~1100(~11131~
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= 0.18 10-6. )31.1111 ~0 3881.111103 ~311.1~ 01 ~,, 01 ,
10-6, 111011~1 = (0.999999)1000 = 0.999 3110 1110(010(0 ~2 = 10-3, ~111~1115 3001.11 .
10.(00 0(00(5 011113~11111.100 100 13(~0 10 111001 011( (0().1.11(01110111. .

10.15 15 10.0 ~1110 01,05111110.31111011~3105 10.0 1150 010(,0,-0010~1111~ 10~0.111().1105. ,4.11

01111080 10~0.111().1.105 0~0,310 011 10.010110~111~ ~(111~1~10 (~1~1.1,0 6.3). ~0, 3 ~1~~111,3111~
010115, 30011101131 0118 10.31 ~01151111.110 311 ~ 0..-()~1~~1.0~ ~0()~ 3(0 30000 0)110.0 1(3115-
1111110,. 10.15 ~000 15 ~31~1113100 35 3 11111~110110110.0 010.0( 1,311511111100 0115. 1)1~1~311)1, 10,
3 0313 010~~ 01/( 0115, 10.~ ~,(0(-0~10~1111~ 31~0(110.111 )11~105 311 0,,0,-0010~1111~ ~000 01
/1 - /( 0115, ~0.~(~ (/1 - /() ~ /(. 10.0 0,(0,-0010~1111~ ~000, 3150 ,010(,00 10 35 10.~
~11~~... ().18, 15 3~~011000 10 10.0 0313 010~~ 10 ~(001.1~~ 3 1(3111~ 01 /1 0115, ~0.1~0.15 10.011
 ,
~ ~
~ ~ /
~ ~
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~ ~ ~~~~1~~.. ~

~ ~ ~
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~ = ~~~0~-(/~1~~1.(1~ ~0(/~5
1 1 = ~~~0~-(/~1~~1.(1~ ~0(/~ ~11(1~1.()(1
1
1
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~
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1..305111111~..
~------------------------

11(1115111111~0. 111~ 1~~~1~~1 5~~(11(11~5 111~ 111~0111111~ 11(1111~ 11110 111~ /( 0115 01 0(11(1 (1110
(11 - /() 0115 01111~ ~1101-0~1~~1111~ ~00~.111~ 1~~~1~~1 ~~11011115 111~ 5(1111~ ~1101-0~1~~1-

111~ ~(11~111(111011011111~ 0(11(1 0115 (1110 ~0111~(11~5 11115~(1111~ ~1111111~ ~(1111~ 01111~ 111~0111111~
~1101-0~1~~1111~ ~00~. ~ 0~1~~1~0 ~1101 0~~1115 11 (1110 0111)111111~1~ 15 (1 11115111(11~11.111115
~3 15 111~ ~100(101111)1111(11 (111(1111~ ~0111(11115 ~11015 (1110 111(11111~ ~1101-0~1~~1111~ 5~11~111~
~1110~1~~1111(111(1~1. ~215 ~110~11 (15 111~ 1~51011(11 ~11011(11~ (111015 111~ ~100(101111)1111(11 (111
~1101 ~111 0~ 11110~1~~1~0 0~5~11~ 111~ 115~ 01 (111~1101-0~1~~1111~ 5~11~111~.

~3...1()1 ~0(-~)(

111~ 51111~1~51 ~1101-0~1~~1111~ 5~11~111~ 15 10 (1~~~110 (1 ~(1111)101110 111~ ~110 01 (1 010~~ 01

0(11(1. ~ 1)1~1~(11 ~)((1111~1~ 15 ~11(11(1~1~111(11151111551011, 111~111~11 (1 ~(1111)101115 (111(1~11~0 10
~(1~11 7 -0111~~ ~11(11(1~1~1.111~ ~(1111~ 0111115 01115 5~1~~1~0 50 111(11111~ ~11(11(1~1~111(15 (111
~~~1111111110~1 0115 (~~~11 ~(1111)1) 01 (111 000 11111110~1 0115 (000 ~(1111)1).

~~~~~1,~ 6.5 11111~ 11(1115111111~115 11(11151111111118(1111~~ ~11(11(1~1~1 (7 (1110001)

(11101151118 000 ~(1111)1, 11 ~111 (1~~~110 (1 1 (1110 11(11151111111110001.2111~ 1~~~1~~1 ~)((1111-
111~5 111~ 1~~~1~~0 ~11(11(1~1~1 (1110, 11111~ 10((1111111110~1 0115 15 000, (15511111~5 111(11110
~110111(15 0~~1111~0. 11 011~ 01( (01 (111)1000 11111110~1 0101(5) 15 ~11011~01151)1111~~11~0
0111111811(11151111551011 (101 ~)((1111~1~, 111.(0001), 111~11111~ 1~~~1~~1 ~1110~1~~1 (111~1101.

2~~~311 ~~0111 011~ 015~11551011 1115~~11011 5.1 (03( (0~ 1~35( 51~111~1~311( 01( 0~ 3 ~03~3~(~~ 15 (~31151111((~0 11~5(
3110 (03( (0~ ))3~1(~ 01( 15 (0~ 11105( 51~11111~311( 01(.
 ~01~, 110~~-,,~(, 0131111~0 (0( 3(1)1 ~-,,~11 11111110~() 01 0115 3(~ 111~~(1~0 011~ 10
~((0(, 311 11110~1~~1~0 ~((0( 0~~11(5. 1)1~1~311)1, ~-,,~11 ~3(11)1 15 115~0 10( 5)111~11(0110115

1(31151111551011 3110 000 ~3(11)110( (5)111~11(0110115 1(31151111551011.

111~ 115~ 01111~ ~3(11)1 011 15 1101 1001~(001, 35 11015~ 1111~1115~5 3(~ 011~11 1011~
~1100~11 10 0~51(0)11110(~ 111311 011~ 011, ~3(11~1113(1)1 31111~11 0313 (31~5.

~~~11~ ~~011110311~~ ~11~~~ (~~~)

011~ 01111~ 111051 ~0111111011, 3110 011~ 01111~ 111051 ~0~~(1111, ~((0(-0~1~~1111~ ~00~515 111~
~)1~11~ (~011110311~)1 ~11~~/( (~~~), ~111~11 ~311 0~ 0~5~(10~0 35 10110~5. 01-,,~11 3 /(-011
010~/( 010115, 0( 111~553~~, 111~ 1(3115111111~( ~~11~(31~5 311 (/1 - /( )-011 5~((0~11~~, /(110~11

35 3 1(3111~ ~11~~/( 5~((11~11~~ (~~5), 511~1111131111~ (~5011111~ 1(3111~, ~0115151111~ 01/10115,

15 ~)(3~11)1 01-,,15101~ 0)1 50111~ ~(~0~1~(111111~0 1101110~(. 10~ (~~~1~~( 111~11 01-,,10~5 111~
111~0111111~ 1(3111~ 0)11113111111110~( 3110, 11111~(~ 15 110 (~11131110~., 35511111~5 111~(~ ~35 110
~((0(.3

10 ~13(11)111115, ~~ ~(~5~111111~ ~(0~~011.~ 111 111(~~ ~((01-,,31~111 ~3)15~ 111001110 2

3(1111111~11~, ~01)11101111315, 3110 01~113110~1~.

~001110 2 ~~1111111~11~ ~001110 2 3(1111111~11~ 05~5 01113()1 300111011 ~1111110 ~3((1~5,

~111~1115 )051111~ ~)(~11151-,,~-0~ ()(0~) 0~~(311011.131113()1 51101.3~11011 ~1111110 ~3(.1~5
15 3150 1111~1~1~1~0 35 111~ )(0~ 0~~.311011~ ~0( ~)(3111~1~,

1111 1111 11001

-0101 )( 11
+ 1010
0101 1010 11001
11001
101011

/ = /1-0111(3111~ 10 0~ 113115111111~0
1) = /(-011 010~/( 010313, 0( 111~553~~, 111~11.51 /( 011501/

~ = (/1 - /( )-011 ~~5, 111~1351 (/1 - /() 0115 01/

~ = ~311~(11 01/1 - /( + 1 0115~ 1111515 111~~.~0~1~.111111~0 01-,,150(

103115, 0)111111111~1)1111~ 1) 0)12,1-~, ~~ 113-,,~ 111~11~~1 511111~0 1110 111~ 1~11 0)1 /1 - /( 0115
3110 ~300~0 0111111~ (~51111 ~1111 2~(0~5. ~00111~ ~ )11~105 111~ ~011~31~11311011 011) 3110

11015 ))~0~~01.1~~ 15 511~0(1~ 0111~~~11( 1.~0111(03( 01101~1.1~~ 6.3. ~5 50311 0~ 5~~11. (0~ ~~~ ))~0~~55 ~01.110 0~
1111))1~111~11(~0 35 1.0110~5.1/1~ ~~~~1..-~~ ~01.110 ))~~10~111 3 01..-151011 0))~~3(1011 011 (0~ 111~0111111~/( 03(3 01(5 3110
~0111))3~~ (0~ ~~51.11((0 (11~ 111~0111111~(11 - /() ~11~~)(01(5.
~, ~111~1115 /. ,.,,~ ~301 110 0~ ~)(3~11)101~15101~ 0)1 ~ 51.1()()05~ 11131 ~~ 01~10~ 2'1~~ 1)
0)111..

(6.1)

111~(~ 15 3 ~1.1011~01 300 3 (~1113100~(. 13~~31.15~ 01~15100 15 111001.110 2, 111~ (~1113100~( 15

31~3)15 31 1~351 00~ 011 5110(1~( 11130 111~ 01~150(. ,.,,~ ~1111.15~ 11115 (~1113100~( 35 01.1(
~~5. 111~11

(6.2)

00~5 11115 8. 5(1151)1 01.1( ~0110111011 11131 1/ 11113~~ 00 (~11131110~(7 10 5~~ 1113111 00~5,
~00510~(

1 8.+8.
-=(2+-=(2
11 11

111~(~ 15 110 (~11131110~(, 3110 111~(~10(~ 115 ~)(3~11)1 01~15101~ 0)1 ~ 1111.15, 111~ ~~5 15 ~35~
11)1 ~~0~(31~0~ 51111()1)101~10~ 211~~1) 0)1113110 1.15~ 111~ (/1 - /()-011 (~11131110~( 35 111~
~~5. 011 (~~~()11011, 111~ (~~~1~~( ~111 01~10~ 10)111 3110 ~111 ~~1110 (~11131110~( 11111~(~
113~~ 0~~11 00 ~((0(5.

1. 01~~11

~~553~~ 1) = 1010001101 (100115)

))311~(1111= 110101(6 0115)
~~5 8. = 10 0~ ~31~1.1131~0
(5 0115)
1111.15,
/1 = 15, /( = 10,3110 (/1 - /() = 5.
2. 0~ 25, ~1~10111~ 101000110100000.
111~ 111~553~~ 15 1111.1111))11~0
3. 11115 ))(001.1~115 01~10~0 0~ 11~
 ().3 / ~1~1(01( 1)~,1~(~110~ 191

1 0 0 0 0 ~(2
~- 1 1 0 0 /1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
~2.-~/)

1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 ~8

4. 111~ (~111(11110~(
1$(100~0 10 251) 10 ~1~~/ = 101000110101110, ~111~111$1((111$-
111111~0.
5. 11111~(~ (1(~ 110 ~((0($, 111~ (~~~1~~( (~~~1~~$ / 1111(1~1.111~ (~~~1~~0 1((1111~1$
01~10~0 0)1 ~..

1 1 0 0 1 0 0 ~(2
~.,,.
~- 1 0 1 0 1 /1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
0 ~8
13~~(11.1$~111~(~ 1$ 110 (~111(11110~(,111$ (1$$1.1111~0
111(11111~(~11(1~~0~~11110 ~((0($.

111~ ~(111~(11 ~ 1$ ~1108~11 10 0~ 011~ 011 1011~~( 111(111111~ 0~81(~0 ~~5, (1110 111~
~)((1~1 011 ~(111~(11 ~110$~11 0~~~110$ 011 111~ 1~~~ 01 ~((0($ ~)(~~~1~0. ~1111111111111111, 00111
111~ 111~11- (1110 10~-0(0~( 011$ 01 ~ 11111810~ 1.
111~(~ 18 (1 ~011~18~ 111~11100 10( $~~~11~111~ 111~ 0~~11((~11~~ 01 011~ 0( 1110(~ ~((0(8.
~11 ~((0( (~$1111$ 111 111~ (~~~($(11 01 (1 011.1111$ 1$ ~~111~(11~11110 1(1~111~ 111~ )(0~
01111~
0113001 (01001110230011100 01110 111~011)~0 + 1 = 1~ 1 + 1 = 0. 111115,111~~((0(5
10 30 11-0111(301~ ~30 0~ (~11(~5~01~0 0~ 30 11-01111~)0 ~111115 10 ~3~11 ~((0( 1105111011.
111~ (~5111110~ 1(301~ 1, ~30 0~ ~)(11(~55~0 35

1 = 1(30501111~0 1(301~
~ = ~((0( 11311~(0 ~111115 10 1105111005 ~11~(~ ~((0(5 0~~11(

= (~~~1~~0 1(3111~
1,
~ = 011~15~ ~)(~)1151~~-0~()(0~)
11111~(~ 15 30 ~((0( (~ ~ 0), 111~(~~~1~~( ~1)) 1(1) 10 0~1~~1111~ ~((0( 11300 001~ 111,
15 01~15101~0~ ~ ~111~11 15 ~~111~31~01 10 ~ 01~1510)~ 0~ ~ 10111111~~1~,111155~~015 30
110)1)(~1~ 0~~11((~0~~.

).)01~110111.1315 ~ 5~~000 ~3~ 01 ~1~~10~ 111~~~~ 11(0~~551510 ~)(11(~553)) ~3111~535

1101~00011315 10 3 0110101~ ~3(1301~ %, ~1111 0103(~ ~0~111~1~015. 111~ ~0~111~1~015
~0((~511000 10 111~ 0115 10 111~ 0103(~ 011010~(. 111115, 10( 1) = 110011, ~~ 113~~
1)(%) = %5 +
%4 + % + 1, 30010( /1 = 11001, ~~ 113~~ /1(%) = %4 + ~3 + 1.
~(111101~11~ 011~(311005 3(~ 3~310 01001110 2. 111~ ~~~ 11(0~~55 ~30 00~ 0~ 0~5~(10~0
35
%11-/(1)(%) ~(%)
/1(%) = (2(%) + /1(%)
1(%) = %11-/(1)(%) + ~(%)
~001113(~ 111~5~ ~~11311005 ~1111 ~~11311005 (6.1) 300 (6.2).

~~~~~(,~ 6.7 0510~ 111~11(~~~010~ ~)(3111111~,

10( 1) = 1010001101, ~~ 113~~
1)(%) = %9 + %7 + %3 + %2 + 1, 300 10( /1 = 110101, ~~ 113~~
/1(%) = %5 + %4 + %2 + 1. ~~ 51101110~00 1111~1111~ = 01110, ~111~11~0((~-
511000510 ~(%) = %3 + %2 + %.111~11(~ 6.4 8110~8111~ 1101)1000113101~18100 11131
~0((~8110008 10 111~ 0103()1 01~18100 10 111~ 11(~~~010~ ~)(301111~.

~0 ~((0( ~(%) ~111 00)~ 0~ 1100~1~~1(0)~ 111118 01~1510)~ 0~ /1(%). 11 ~30 0~

5110~0 (~~1~ 61, ~~~~88) 11131 311 01111~ 10110~10~ ~((0(5 3(~ 001 01~1510)~ 0~ 3
51111301~ ~1108~0 /1(%) 300 11~0~~ 3(~ 0~1~~1301~~

. ~11 510~1~-011 ~((0(8, 11 /1(%) 1138 010(~ 11130 00~ 0002~(0 1~(01

. ~1) 001101~-011 ~((0(8, 38 100~ 38 /1(%)

11(101111~~1101~0001131, ~1111 013)(1011101 ~)(1100~011-,
18 3 811~~1311~11~ 011101~110111131. ~311~0
300 111~ 1(301~ 1~11~111151~55
3

~
11130 2 - 1.
 ~9 + ~8 + ~ + ~ + ~2 + ~
/1(~)_ ~5
+ ~ + ~2 + 1/ ~14 ~12
~14+~13+ ~11+ ~
~13+~12+~11+ ~+~8
~0+~2+ ~0+ ~
~11 + ~10 + ~ + ~7
~11 + ~10 + ~8 + ~
~ + ~8 + ~7 + ~ + ~5
~+~8+ ~+ ~4
~7 + ~5 + ~4
~7 + ~ + ~4 + ~2
~ + ~5 + ~2
~+~5+ ~3 + ~
~.1 + ~2 + ~ _~(~)

· ~11~ 000 11(11110~( 01 ~((0(5, (15 1011~ (15 ~()() ~0111(11115 (11(1~10( ()( + 1)
· ~11~ 01.1151 ~(10( 101 ~111~11111~ 1~11~11101111~
111(1115,1~55 111(1110( ~~(1(1110 111~1~11~11101111~ ~~5
0(1(51151~55111(111 01 ~~(1(1110 11 - /(~

· ~
1 -
1((1~11011 01
2-(1,-/(-1)
~(101 0(11515 01 1~11~111 11 - /( + 1~ 111~ 11(1~11011 ~~(1(115

· ~ 1((1~1101101 ~((01 0(1(515 01 1~11~111~(~(11~( 111(11111 - /( + 1~ 111~ 1((1~11011

~~(1(115 1 - 2-(11-/()

111 (100111011, 11 ~(111 0~ 5110~11 111(11 11 (111 ~((01 11(111~1115 (11~ ~011510~(~0 ~~(1(111~
11)(~1~, 111~11 10( (1 0(1(51 ~((01 011~11~111 ,. + 1, 111~ 11100(101111~ 01 (111 (1110~1~~1~0 ~110(
(~()() 15 01~15101~ 0~ ~()()) 15 1/2(-1, (1110101 (11011~~( 01.1(51, 111~ 11(00(101111~ 15 1/2/,
~11~1~ ,. 15 111~ 1~11~111 01111~ ~~5.
~0(11 ~~(510115 01 ~()() (11~ ~10~1~ 1.15~0~

0~~-12 = )(12 + )(11

+ )(3 + )(2 + )( + 1
0~~-16 = )(16 + )(15
+ )(2 + 1
~~~-~011 = )(16 + )(12
+ )(5 + 1
~~~-32 = )(32 + )(26
+ )(23 + )(22 + )(16 + )(12 + )(11
+ )(10 + )(8
+ )(7 + )(5 + )(4 + )(2 + )( + 1

111~ ~~~-12 5~51~11115 (15~0 1011((11151111551011 0151(~(11115 016-011 ~11(11(1~1~15 (1110 ~~11-
~1(11~5 (112-011 ~~5.130111 ~~~-16 (1110 ~~~-~011 (11~ 11011(11(1110( 8-011 ~11(1((1~1~15,
111 111~ 01111~0 51(11~5 (1110 ~(11011~, 1~511~~11~~1~, (1110 00111 (~5(111111 (1 16-0/1 ~~5. 111/5
~0(110 5~~111 (10~~(1(11~ 101 111051 (1111111~(1110115, (111110(1~11 ~~~-32 15 511~~111~0 (15 (111
01111011 111 50111~ 1101111-10-1101111 5~11~11(0110(15 1((11151111551011 51(1110(1105 (1110 15 (15~0 111
1~~~ 802 1.,~~ 51(1110(1105.
01~1131 1,0~1(~ 111~ ~~~ ~(0~~55 ~311 0~ (~~(~5~111~0 0)1, 3110 1110~~0 1111~1~-
111~111~0 35, 3 01~10111~ ~1(~1.111 ~0115151111~ 01 )(0~ ~31~5 3110 3 50.111 (~~151~(.111~ 50.111
(~~151~( 15 3 51(111~ 011-011 510(3~~ 0~~1~~5. ~3~0. 0~~1~~ 0.35 311 01.11~1.11 1111~, ~111~0.
11101~31~5 10.~ ~311.1~ ~1.1((~1111)1 510(~0, 3110 311 111~111 1111~. ~1 015~(~1~ 11111~ 1115131115,
~110~11 35 ~10~~ 11111~5, 10.~ ~3111~ 111 10.~ 510(3~~ 0~~1~~ 15 (~~13~~0 0)1111~ ~3111~ 11101-
~31~0 0)1115111~1111111~.111~ ~1111(~ (~~151~( 15 ~10~~~0 511111111311~01151)1,~3115111~ 3 1-011
50.111 31011~ 10.~ ~1111(~ (~~151~(. 111~ ~1(~111115 1111~1~111~111~0 35 10110~5~

1. 111~ (~~151~( ~011131115 /1 - /( 0115, ~~1.13110 10.~ 1~11~10. 01111~ ~~5.

2. 111~(~ 3(~ 11~ 10 /1 - /( )(0~ ~31~5.

0( 305~11~~ 01 3 ~31~ ~0((~5~01105 0( 305~11~~
10 10.~ ~(~5~11~~ 01
3. 111~ ~(~5~11~~
)(1,-/(.
3 1~(11111110.~ 01~150( ~01)1110111131, ~()(), ~)(~1110111~ 10.~ 1~(1115 1 3110

~~~~..1.,~ 6.8 111~ 3(~0.11~~111(~013 ~~~ ~1(~1.111-~5

0~51 ~)(~1-3111~00~-11(51~~~-
~

510~(111~ 311 ~)(3111~1~, ~0.1~0.15 1111.151(31~0 111~1~1.1(~ 6.5. 111 10.15 ~)(3111~1~, ~~ 1.15~
/
)(9 )(7 )(3 )(2
~
1 1)3131) = 1010001101~ 1)()() = + + + + 1
= ~()() )(5 + )(4 + )(2 + 1
1)1~150( ~ 110101~ =
/
~

~0.1~0. ~~(~ 115~0 ~3(11~( 111 10.~ 015~11551011.

~1~1.1(~ 6.53 50.0~8 10.~ 80.111 (~~181~( 1111~1~111~111311011. 111~ ~(0~~88 0~~1118 ~110.
0( 01~10~110, 18 10.~11 ~111~(~0,
10.~ 50.111 (~~151~( ~1~3(~0 (311 2~(05). 111~ 111~883~~,
~
011~ 011 31 3 11111~, 513(1111~ ~110.10.~ 111051 81~11111~3111 011. ~1~1.1(~ 6.50 18 3 1301~ 10.31
80.0~8 10.~ 81~~-0)1-51~~ 0~~(311011 35 10~ 111~1.1118 3~~11~0 011~ 011 31 3 11111~. ~3~0 ~

(0~ 0110~ 1301~ 800~8 10~ ~3111~8 ~11((~1111)1 510(~0 111 10.~ 11~~ 80111-(~~181~( ~1~-
1

111~1115. 111 300111011, 10.~ (0~ 800~8 10.~ ~3111~8 1031 3~~~3( 31 10~ 0111~1118 0110~
~

10.(~~ )(0~ ~1(~11115. ~111(11)1, 10.~ (0~ 800~5 10.~ ~311.1~ 0110~ 11~)(1111~1.11 011, ~01~0.18 1
3~311301~ 10( 10~ 0~~(311011 0110~ 11~)(181~~. ~

~01~ 10.3110~ )(0~ 0~~(311011 311~~18 ~4, ~2, 3110 ~0 01110.~ 11~)(150111.1111815 ~

10~1111~3110 10~ 01113()11011~ 01~181011 ~(0~~85 1111151(31~0 ~3(11~(. 111~ ~(0~~58 ~011- ~

11111.1~5 10(011~0 311 10.~ 0115 0110.~ 111~883~~. 10 ~(0011~~ 10~ ~(0~~( 01.11~1.11, 1~0 1
5~11~0.~5 3(~ 118~0. 111~ 111~111 0313 0115 3(~ 1~0 111~110 0010 8~11~0.~5 111 10~ ~ ~051- 1

11011. ~8 3 (~51111, 10( 10~ 11(8110 81~~8, 10~ 111~1.110118 3(~ 1~0 11110 10~ 80.111 (~~181~(
1

3110 3150 118~0 38 0111~111 0118. ~11~( 10.~ 1381 0313 01115 ~(0~~88~0, 10~ 80.111 (~~181~(
1

~01113111810.~ (~11131110~( (~~5) (80.0~1150.30~0).~5 800113510~ 13510313 01115 ~(0- 1

~10~0 10 10.~ 50.111 (~~181~(, 0010 8~11~0~5 3(~ 5~1 10 10~ 13 ~05111011. 11115 0.38 1~0
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1

,
~0.311~~0, 3110 (2) 38 10.~ 80111111~ ~(0~~88 ~011111111~8, 10.~ 5 ~~~ 0115 3(~ 0111~111. /
1
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~((0(5, 10.~ 50.111 (~~151~( 50.01110 ~011- ~

11110 10~ 80.111 (~~151~(. 1110~(~ 0.3~~ 0~~11 110

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01 (~~~~11011, 10.~ (~~181~( ~011131118311 08. _~ ~ ._

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111~5~ ~)(3(11))1~5 3(~ 1101 ~)(11311511,,,~. 1-10~~,,,~(, 10~~ 51101110 ~1,,,~ 111~ (~30~( 3

~000 1~~110( 10~ 0~113,,,10( 011-101...~.

~11 ~)(~~11~111 3110 .,,~1)1 0~1311~0 11~31111~11101110~ ~0111101 3110 ~1101 ~011110115 10 0~ 1011110 111
(88((192). (~10((95) ))011115 011150111~ 01111~ 1~31-~0110 1~11(01111)1 ))1001~1118 ~11111-/0~~.
111~1~ 18 3 131~~ 000)1 01111~131111~ 011 111~ ))~1101111311~~ 01 ~((0 1111)(~0(11101 ~1010~018.
1111~~ ~13551~ ))3))~15, ~~11 ~011111~30111~, 31~ (88~864), (1(0~1-180). 3110 (80)(80). ~ 1~30301~
5111,,,~)1~1111 51(11))1111~0))~1101111311~~ 1~811115 15 (1.,1~84). ~ 11101~ 1~~~111 31131)151815 (20((296).
1~0 000)(5 ~1111 ~000 ~0,,,~13~~ 011111)(-1~,,,~1 ))~1101111311~~ 31~ (5~((~91) 3110 (~~1.,((981.
(1(1.,8192) 3110 (1(1.,8193) 31~ 1~0 )(~)1 ))3))~15 11131 100)( 31 111~ 1(11))11~311011501 ~1~3011
0313 131~5 011 ))~1101111311~~.
 8~~~64 8~111~~,~. ..~11 ~1131~818 01 ~~1131181111881011 5~81~1118.,, 1~~~ 1,.0(/50~(/0(/5 0(/
~0/17/17~((//~0(/0(/ 1~~/1(/0/08)1, 0~~~1110~1 1964.
8~8.~92 8~118~((38, 0., 3110 03113~~1, ~. /)0(0 1-./~(1110,./(5.511~1~~000 01118, ~1~ ~1~1111~~
8311,1992.
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~0/17/17/4(//~0(/0(/5 111080~/(/~, ~))1111992.
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~,.0~~~()/(/85 0/(/1~ 1~~~,~11~11811993.
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0(/ ~0/17/17/1(//~0(/0(/5, 1111~ 1980.
1.1~84 1,111, 5.~ ~081~110, 0.~ 3110 ~111~1, ~. ..~1110111311~-~~))~31-~~~11~81 51101-~0111101
5~11~111~8.,, 1~~~ ~0/17/17/4(//~0(/0(/5 111080~/(/~, 0~~~1110~11984.
5..8.~91 5))13~1118, 1.~ 831111110110, 1.~ 3110 ~3~11((0~8((1, 1(. 1~/~~0/17/17/4(//~0(/0(/5.. ~,.0(0~0/5
0(/() /)~5/8(/. ~~30111~, ~~~ ~0018011- ~~81~~, 1991.

~~1.8.98 ~3113110, 1. ~0/17/17/1(//~0(/0(/ 1-./~(1110,./(5..-4 ~/,.5( ~0/4,.5~. ~~~ )701((~ ~~013~-

8111,1998.
~08.~96 ~0121, ~., 3110 ~30, ~. ..011 111~ 08~ 01 ~~11~~31 111~01~ 111 111~ ~1131~818 01
~~0 ~1010~018.,, 1~~~ 1,.0(/50~(/0(/5 0(/ ~0/17/17/4(//~0(/0(/5, 5~))1~1110~11996.

31110111311~ 1~))~311~~1.1~81 ~1101 ~0111101 111~11-1~..,~1 0313 1111(( ~0111101

(~~0) 113~ 11~10 (801,~)
3~((110~1~0~111~111113111~ 110~ ~0111101 ))1~~~03~((111~
0313 113111~ 113111~ 8~1~~11..,~-1~)~~1 ~~0
0313 1111(( 113111~ 8~11~11101112311011 8110111~-~11100~ 110~ ~0111101
0313 1111(( ~0111101 ))1010~01 ~0-03~((-~ ~~0 810))-3110-~311 ~~0
0313 113(18))31~11~~ 11~30~1 810))-3110-~311110~ ~0111101
11311~1

7.1. 1,181 3110 011~11~ 0~1111~ 80111~ 01111~ 1~~1111~111~1118101 ~11~~11..,~ ~01111111.1111~3110118
0..,~1 3
0313 1111((.
7.2. 0~1111~ .(/0111 ~0(/(,.0/.
7.3. 0~8~110( 810))-3110-~311110~ ~0111101.
7.4. ~1131 31~ 1~380118 101 01~3((111~ 3 1011~ 0313 113118111188101111)) 11110 3 11111110~101113111~87
7.5. 0~8~110~ 8110111~-~11100~ 110~ ~0111.01.
7.6. ~1131 18 111~ 30..,31113~~ 01 8110111~-~11100~ 110~ ~0111.01 ~0111))3.~0 10 810))-3110-~311
110~ ~0111.017
7.7. ~113118 ))1~~~03~((111~7
 7.8. 0~1111~ €,.,.0,. (0/1(,.0/.
7.9. 1.,151~0111111011111~1~01~1115101 ~1101 ~0111101101 3 1111)(~0111101 ))1010~01.
7.10. 0~5~110~ 31110111311~1~))~311~~11~51 (~~0).
7.11. 1.,1513110 011~11~ 0~1111~ 1111~~ .,,~1510115 01 ~~0.
7.12. ~1131 31~ 111~ 51311011 1~))~5 5(1))))011~0 0~ 1-101.,~7 0~5~110~ ~3~11.
7.13. ~1131 31~ 111~ 1131151~111100~5 5(1))))011~0 0~ 1-101.,~7 0~5~110~ ~3~11.
7.14. ~113115 111~ ))111))05~ 01111~ 113~ 11~107
7.15. 0~1111~ (//1(/1 (,./1/1511/1,.€/1()1.
7.16. ~1131 31~ 111~ 1111~~ 113111~ 1~))~5 5(1))))011~0 0~ 1-101.,~7 0~5~110~ ~3~11.

7.1 ~011510~1 3 11311-0(1))1~)( ))01111-10-))011111111)( 115111~3 5(0))-3110-~311 5~11~111~,111 ~111~11 3

5~11~5 01111~553~~5 15 5~111, ~1111 ~3~11111~553~~ 5~~111~111~0 11110 3 11111110~101113111~5.
1~1101~ ~11015 3110113111~ 0.,,~111~30.
3. ~113115 111~ ~11~~1 011 1111~111111231101101111~1~35111~ 111~ 111~553~~ 512~ 50 111311~~~1
111~553~~5 ~111 0~ 1~~1111~07 0111~113~1015 1~1113111~011513111.
.). ~113115 111~ ~11~~1 0111111~ 111111231101101111~1~35111~ 111~ 11111110~101113111~5 101 3 ~011-
513111111~553~~ 512~7
~. ~113115 111~ ~11~~1011 1111~111111231101101111~1~35111~ 113111~ 512~7
7.2 111~ 11111110~1010115 011 3 11311511115510111111~
1113131~ 111111~))10~~55 013~11.,,~1~ 0~111~ 113115-
111111~0(1.~.,111~ 11111110~101011511131113.,,~ 0~~11113115111111~00111113.,,~ 1101~~10~~111~~~1.,,~0)
15 1~1~11~0 10 35 111~ 0/( /€/115(/101111~ 1111~.11101 111~ 1111~0151311~~ .,,~15115 111~ 1131151111551011
)( 108 111/5.
5))~~0 101 3 0111~11~111011000 0115. ~5511111~ 3 ))10))3~311011 .,,~10~11~ 012
7.3 ~ ~1131111~111353 0313 131~ 014 )(0))5 3110 3 ))10))3~311011 0~13~ 0120 1115.~01 ~11311311~~
01113111~ 512~5 00~5 5(0))-3110-~311 ~1.,,~ 311 ~111~1~11~~ 01311~351 50% 7
7.4 ~011510~1 111~ 115~ 01 1000-011 113111~5 011 3 1-~0))5 531~1111~ ~1131111~1~1111 3 270-1115
0~13~. ~113115 111~ 1113)(111111111
(111)(1111112311011101
3. 5(0))-3110-~311110~ ~01111017
.). ~0111111110115110~ ~0111101 ~1111 3 ~11100~ 512~ 0177
~. ~0111111110115110~ ~0111101 ~1111 3 ~11100~ 512~ 011277
~. ~0111111110115110~ ~0111101 ~1111 3 ~11100~ 512~ 012557
7.5 111 ~1~111~ 7.10 113111~5 31~ ~~11~131~0 311100~ ~ 3110 5~11110 1100~ ~ 1111011~111100~ 13.
0~1~1111111~ 111~ 111111111111111
0313 131~ 1~~1111~0 0~1~~~11 1100~5 13 3110 ~ 50 11131 111~

..
01111~15 011100~ 13 31~ 110111000~0, 035~0 011 111~ 10110~111~~
111~ 0313 131~ 0~1~~~11 ~ 3110 13 15 100 )(0))5.

.. 111~ ))10))3~311011 0~13~ 15 5 /1-5/)(111101 001111111~5.

111~1~ 31~ 111110(1))1~)( 1111~50~1~~~11 111~ 1100~5.
~11 0313 113111~5 31~ 1000 01151011~~ ~0( 113111~5 31~ 5~))3131~ 113111~5 0111~~11~101~

.. 1~11~111.
13~1~~~11 ~ 3110 13, 3 5110111~-~11100~ ))1010~01 ~1111 3 ~11100~ 512~ 013 15 115~0.

. 8~1~~~11 13 3110 ~, 5(0))-3110-~31115

111~1~ 31~ 110 ~11015.
1-///1(.. 111010~111011011000
115~0.

111~ 01111~15 01 13, 111~ 3.,,~13~~ 11111110~101113111~5 ~111~1-

111~3110 1~3.,,111~ 13 11111510~ 111~ 53111~ 0.,,~1 3 1011~ 1111~1.,,31.

4000 /(01
___1000 /(01--
 7.6 ~ ~031111~1035 3 03(3 1.3(~ 01 ~ 0~5 3110 3 ~10~3~311011 0~13~ 01. ( 5//(111. 10~ 015(311~~
0~(~~~11 (0~ 5~110111~ 3110 1~~~1.,111~ 1100~5 15 1., /(110111~(~15. ~ 00~5 ~)(~0311~~ 11)(~0-512~
113111~5 01 8 01(5. ~1110 3 1011111.113(03( ~1.,~5 (0~ 11111111111.1111
5~41.1~11~~ 11~10 512~ 01 (0~
113111~ 35 311.111~(101101~, (, 8, 31101.,.(~011510~1111~ 1113)(11111.11111.1(11123(1011).
~551.1111~ (031
~~1( 113111~5 31~ 11~~11~101~ 111512~ 3110 (0~ ~10~~55111~ 3( (0~ 1100~5 15 1115(311(311~01.15.
7.7 ~0 111~11(1011~35 11130~ 011~1~~( (~~1) 113111~5 111(0~ 5(0~-3110-~311 ~~0 015~1.1551011.
~0~ 15 11110111~~~5531~ 10 03.,~ ~~10 3110 ~~11101 510~-3110-~311 ~~07
7.8 51.1~~05~ 1031 3 5~1~~(1.,~-1~1~~1 ~~0 15 1.15~0 ~0~1~ ~ = 4. 500~, 0~ ~)(3111~1~, 1031 3
3-011 5~41.1~11~~ 111.11110~11511~~0~0.
7.() ()5111~ 10~ 53111~ 3551.1111~1101151031 31~ 1.15~0 101 ~1~1.11~ 7.13 111~~~~11(1)( 7~, ~)011111~
1.111112311011 35 3 11.111~11011 01 ~ (0~ ~100301111~ (031 3 5111~1~113111~ 15 111~110110110~ 101-
10~111~ ~1101-~01111011~~011141.1~5~
3. 510~-3110-~311
(). 00-03~/(-~ ~110 ~ = 7
(. 00-03~/(-~ ~110 ~ = 127
(.. 5~1~~11.,~ 1~1~~1 ~110 ~= 7
~. 5~1~~11.,~ 1~1~~1 ~110 ~= 127
00 311 0110~ ~1~~~0111~ 10110~ 10110~111~ .,311.1~5 01 (1..0.1, 1, 10, 100. 013~ ~011~11.1510115
3001.1( ~01~01~~011141.1~ 15 3~~10~1131~ 101 .,31101.15 1311~~5 01 (1.
7.10 1~0 11~1~0001111~ 1100~5 (~ 3110 8) 1.15~ 3 5110111~-~11100~ ~1010~01 ~110 3 3-01(
5~41.1~11~~ 111.11110~1.~5 10~ ~~0 111~~031115111,~0-03~/(-~ 15 1.15~0 ~110 3 ~11100~ 512~ 01
4. ~551.1111111~~ 15 113115111111111~3110 8 15 1~~~1.,111~, 500~ (0~ ~11100~ ~051110115 101 10~
10110~111~ 51.1~~~55101101 ~.,~11(5=
.1. 8~101~ ~ 5~1105 311~ 113111~5
(). ~11~1 ~ 5~1105 113111~5 0,1,2 3110 1~~~1.,~5 3~/(110~1~0~111~11( 110111 810103110 )
(. ~11~1 ~ 5~1105 113111~5 3,4, 3110 5 3110 8 3~/(110~1~0~~5 4 3110 10~ ~~1( 15 1~~~1.,~0
0~~
7.11 01.1(-01-5~41.1~11~~ 3~/(110~(~0~111~11( ~31111010~ 1.15~01015~1~~(1.,~-1~1~~( ~~0.1113( 15,11
113111~ / 15 1~1~~1~0 0~ 513(1011 )(, (1) 51.105~41.1~11( 1-113111~5 3110 ~~ 113111~5 5~11( 0~ )(
1111.15(03.,~ ~(~) = / 1.111111113111~/ 15 51.1~~~5511.111~1~~~1.,~0, ~.,~11 11 0(0~11.13111~5 ~1(0
~ (5) ~ / 31~ 51.1~~~5511.111~1~~~1.,~0 111(0~ 111~31111111~.011~ ~055101~ 1~1111~111~11(15 (0~
10110~111~~ ~(~) = )111 311 (-113111~ 01 311 ~~ 113111~ 15 111(~1~1~1~0 (0 111~311 (03( 113111~
) - ) 3110 311 ~1~~~0111~ 113111~5 31~ 3~~~~(~0 ~)(~~~( 101 (005~ (03( 03.,~ 0~~11 ~)(~11~1(1~
1~1~~(~0 1.15111~311 5~~1 113111~. ~0111111~11( 011 311~ ~055101~ 01,1~03~/( (0 (015 5~0~111~.
7.12 111~ 150 5(3110310 1011101.,~ ~10~~01.11~5 (150 4335) 111~)1.10~5(0~ 10110~111~ 0~11111(10115=
(1) 311 ~~1 ~01101(1011 15 ~011510~1~0 ~1~31~0 1.1~011(0~ 1~~~1~( 01 311 111~0111111~1-113111~
~1(0311 ~(5) ~41.131 (0 (0~ ~(~) 01 (0~ 01.1(~0111~ ~~1113111~~ 3110 (2) 3 5~~1 ~011011101115
~011510~1~0 ~1~31~0 1.1~011(0~ 1~~~1~( 013111-113111~ ~1(0 311 ~(5) ~41.131 (0 (0~ ~(~) 01 (0~
5~~1113111~.111~ 5(3110310 111~11.10~511.11~5~011~~111111~(0~ 1~1311011501~ 0~(~~~11 ~~1 3110
5~~1113111~5. 111~5~ 11.1)~511101~3(~ ~03( 15 3110~301~ (111(~11115 01 (131151111((111~~~1 3110
5~~1113111~5) 11 311 ~~1 ~01101(1011 035 110( ~~( 0~~11 ~1~31~0 3110 ~03( 15 3110~301~ 11
311 5~~1 ~01101(1011 035 110( ~~( 0~~11 ~)~31~0. 0~01.1~~ (0~ 11.11~5311011.15(11~ ~01.11 3115~~1.
7.1.~ 1~0 5(3110115 ~01111111.1111~3(~.,13 3 1-~0~5 53(~111(~ 1111/( ~1(0 3 ~10~3~3(1011 0~13~ 01
270 1115.111~ 53(~111(~ 5~1.,~5 111~1~1~ (0 1~(131151111( 03(3 1~~~1.,~0 110111 011~ 5(3(1011 (0
3110(0~1, ~1(011~~11~101~ 5~1(~0111~ 0~13~. ()5111~ 1101.,~ 113111~5 011024 01(5 ~1(0 3-01(
5~41.1~11~~ 111.11110~15,~03( 15 (0~ 1113)(11111.1111
~055101~ 03(3 (0101.1~0~1.1(~ (03115, ~03( 15 (0~
(0101.1~0~1.1( 0103(3 01(5 ~3111~01111101.,~ 113111~57
)(
7.14 15 ~1~31 (03( 01( 5(1.111111~15 11~~0~0 101 (0~ 3001~55, 03(3, 3110 ~~511~105 013111101.,~
113111~. 151( 11~~0~0 101 (0~ ~011(10111~107
7.15 8~~31.15~ 01 (0~ ~10.,151011 (03( 3 5111~1~113~ ~311 0~ 1.15~0 35 00(0 311 ~110111~ 3110 3 5(31(-
111~113~, 3 5111~1~ 01( ~1101 ~311 ~31.15~ ~100)~1115.
3. ~)(~1311100~ 3 5111~1~01( ~1101 ~311 111~1~~ (~0 113111~5 111(0 011~.
(). ~)(~(311100~ 3 5111~1~01( ~1101 ~311 5~11( 3 5111~1~113111~ 111(0 (~0113111~5.
 7.16 511~~~51111111~0,,,~111~0.15 10 111~ 011 51111110.~-31~0~111111110 0,,,~~(0111~ 111~ 11~001~1115 01.5111-
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7.1~ ~5511111~ 11131111~ 11~11113~)11-101.-~ 5131100. 111~~~ 1135 5~0.(51)( 1-1~3111~5 10 3 5~(0110,1~)1.
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110110111500. 10. 111( 51)(10 1~3111(, ~1131 ~111 0~ 111~ ~(~) (0110.1 03()( 1~0111 111( 5((01103~)1
311(~ 111( 1351 1~3111~7 ~5511111( (~~0~-1~(~ 011(~311011.
7.19 ~00.510(~ 1031 5(,,,(~31 1111)151(31110.)(5 (00.0.~(1 1~0 5131100.5. ~( ~01110 11)(( 10 1158 3
--11111111110.)(
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0(0. 10 3 113~11(1113~1)1110111113~~~~ 5(~,,,(~.

01. 51)0111~-
10. 1015 31111(0.01)(, ~( ()(311110.( 50111( 01 111( 11(~10~111311(~ 15511~5 ~(13180 10 111( 115~
~11100~ 110~ (00.1~01.

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35 3 5~()11(0.(~ 01 1~3111(5 ~ 1 , ~2, . . . , ~/1, 10. 111( 10110~10.~ 1.3511100.~

· 5131100. 5) 5(0.05 ~ 1.

· 5131100. 52 5(0.05 30. 3()(0.0~1(08111~0.1.

· 51311011 51 5(0.05 ~2.

· 5131100. 52 5~0.05 30. 3()(0.0~1(08111(0.1.

5131100. 51 5(0.05 ~//.

· 5131100. 52 5(0.05 30. 3()(0.0~1(08111(0.1.

111( 1013111111~ 10 5~0.0 111( 0313, 1, (30. 0~ ()(11~(55(0 35 / = /1/~, ~11~~( //. 15 111( 11111( 10
5(0.0 00.( 1~3111~ 30.0 ~(((1,,,( 30. 3()(0.0~1(08111(0.1. ~( (30. ~)(11~(55 //. 35 10110~5~

(~.0~ = 11~0113831100. 11111~ 1~0111 51 1052

(1.,11110 = 11111( 10 1~30.511111 3 1~3111( (11111( 10~ 111( 1~30.5111111(~ 10 5(0.0

0111 311 01 111( 0115 01 111~ 1~3111()

(,,,~0.1
(~.0( = 11~0((5510.8 11111( 31 ~3(11 5131100. 10 ~(3(110 30. 10.(011110.8

1,.0/( = 11111(10 1~30.51111130. 3()(0.0~1(08111(0.1

1.-(1 115 35511111( 11131 111( 11~0((5510.8 11111( 15 ~(1311,,,(1)1 0.(811~101(, 30.0 111,11111( ,1()(110~1-
~0~111(111 1~3111~ 15 ,,,(~)1 5111311(0111113~(0 10 3 0313 1~3111(, 00111 01 ~111(11 3~( ~(350113018 3551111111-
1100.5.111(11 ~~ (311 ()(11~~55 111( 1013111111~ 10 5(0.0 111( 0313 35
 1 = 11(2/~.0~ + /,.31110)

0~ 111~111111~,0111~ 11 ~ /,.3010 15 ~~111~1(~ 5~~11111~115111111111~0~1~ ~110 111~ 1~5115 0,,,~111~~0.

111~ 1.111112~11011,
01 ~~~1~1~11~~,0~ 111~ 1111~15

//..31110
(7.3)
2/~.0~ + /,,31110

1
()=~ (7.4)
1 + 20
11115 15 111~ 111~)(11111.1111~055101~ 1111112~11011 0~ 111~ 1111)(. 8~~~115~ 111~ 11~111~ ~0111~1115 0,,,~111~~0
0115, ~~111~1111111~~11011 15 10~~1. 111~ ~~1~111~1~1 0 15 ~01151~111 11 00111 /~.()~ ~110 /..,,11110~1~ ~011-
51~1115, ~111~11 15 1~~1~~11~ 111~ ~~5~~ ~1)(~0-1~11~11111~111~5 ~1~ 011~11 115~0 101 ~11 ~)(~~~1 111~ 1~51
11~111~ 111 ~ 5~()11~11~~, ~110 111~ ~10~~~~11011 0~1~~ 15 ~01151~111101 ))01111-10-~011111111)(5.
10 ~~1 50111~ 11151~111 11110 8()11~11011 (7.4), 1~1 1.15 0~11,,,~ ~ 0111~1~111 ~)(~1~551011 101 (1.
~~ 11~,,,~

.,10~~~~11011 11111~
0 = (7.5)
11~115111155101111111~

111~ 1110~~~~11011 11111~15 ~()11~110 111~ 0151~11~~ 0 01111~ 1111)(01,,,10~0 0~ 111~ ,,,~10~11~ 01 ~10~~-
~~11011 ~ ~01 1111~1110~0 11~11511115510111111011~11~11 01 5~~~~, 1/ 15 111~ 5~~~0 0111~111, ~~~(0)(1-
111~1~1~ 3 ~ 10~ 111/5. ~01 ~1110~0 11~1151111551011,1/ 15 ~))~10)(1111~1~1~ 0.67 11111~5111~ 5~~~0 0~ 11~111
1.01 01111~~11.10~1 ~110 ~0~~~1111~01~. 111~ 11~115111155101111111~15 ~()11~110 111~ 1~11~11101111~ ~1~111~
1110115, ~. 01,,,10~0 0~ 111~ 0~1~ 1~1~ /(. 111~1~~01~,

()/11 /(()
0=-=-
~/ /( 1/ ~

1111.15, ~01 ~1)(~0-1~11~111 ~1~111~5, 0 15 ~10~0111011~1 10 111~ 0~1~ 1~1~ 11111~5 111~ 1~11~111 01 111~
111~0111111. ~ 115~~111 ~~~ 01100)(111~ ~1 0 15 111~1 /1 1~~1~5~1115 111~ 1~11~111 0~ 111~ 111~0111111 111 0115
~/( ~ ((//11)) ~0111~~1~0 10111~ 11~111~ 1~11~111 (~).
~1111 11115 1111~1~1~1~11011 111 1111110, ~1~111~ 7.2 11111511~1~5 ~()11~11011 (7.4). 111 11115 ~1~111~,
1,,11151111551011 11111~ 15 1101111~112~0 10 1 ~110 11~11~~ 111~ ))10~~~~11011 11111~, 0~ ~()11~11011 (7.5),150.
~01111~ ~~5~ 0~ 0 ~ 1, 111~ 1111)(,5 0111~11~11115 1~55 111~11 111~1 01111~ 11~111~.111~ 51~110111 0~~1115
11~115111111111~ 3 ~13111~ ~111111~ /0. ~1 /0 + 0, 111~ 1~30111~ ~0~~ 0~ 111~ 11~111~ 1~3~11~5 111~ 1~~~1,,,111~
51~11011 ~, ~1111~ 115 51111111111~ ~10~~55 0~ 113115111111111~ 111~ ~1~111~. ~1 /0 + 1, 1 ~0111~1~1~511~115-
1111551011. ~1 /() + 1 + 0. ~ 11~5 1~~~1,,,~0 111~ ~11111~ ~1~111~ ~110 1111111~01~1~1~ 113115111115 3 5111~11
,1~)(110~1~0~111~11111~111~.11115 ~~)(110~1~0~111~111 3111,,,~5 03~)( ~11 ~1 /() + 1 + 20. 10131 ~1~~5~0
11111~~ 1 + 20. 101~11131151111551011 11111~~ 1. 11~11~~ 1111112~1101115 1/(1 + 20). 111~ 5~111~ 1~5111115
,1~111~,,,~0 ~1111 0 / 1, ~5 11111511~1~0 111 ~1~111~ 7.2.

~~~~..1,~ 7.6 ~1(81, ~011810~( 3. ~10~ 3.(~3. 11~1~0(~ (~~~) 1.181118~1~ (3.8)111-
~/1(01101.18 1(3.1181~(11100~, 0~8~(10~0 111 ~3.(11/1(~~), ~11/11/1~ 1~0 8/3.110118 3. 11101.1-
83.110 ~110111~1~(8 3.~3.(1. 1/1~ 813.1103.(0 ~1~ 1(3.111~ 812~ (~3.11~0 3. ~~11) 18 424 0118
3.110 011~ 011/1~ 813.1103.(012~0 03.13. (3.1~8 18 155.52 ~0~8. 1/11.18, 1(3.1181111881011 11111~
~().1.13.18 424/(155.52 )(
106) = 2.7 )( 10-6 8~~01108. 11 ~~ 3.881.1111~ 3.11 0~11~3.1110~(
 0.5)( 10~2 8~~01108.
1111~,111~11111~()(0()3~31101111(11~ 18 (106 (11~1~(8)/(2)( 108 (11/8) =
111118,
)(
10~2)/(2.7 )( 10~6) ~ 1850,
(1 = (0.5
3110 ~111~1~11~~ 18 0111~

1/3701 = 0.00027.
~1111~ 0111~( ~)(1(~(11~, 111 1~((118 01 0181311~~, 18 111~ 10~31 3(~3 11~1~0(~ (1,~~).
0181311~~8 (311~~ 1(0(11 0.110 10 ~(11, ~1111 0313 (31~8 0110 110()8 10 1 (10()8~ 111~11~(
0313 (31~8 1~110 10 0~ 3880~131~0 ~1111 8110(1~( 0181311~~8. 08111~ 3 ~3111~ 01
)( 108 (11/8, 3 1(3(11~ 81~~ 0110000118,3110
~ = 2 3 0313 (31~ 0110110()8, 111~ ~3111~
01 (118 111 111~ (311~~ 010.005 10 0.5. 1018 ~1~108 3 111111~311011111 111~ (311~~ 010.5 10
0.99. ~0( 3 100-110()8 1,~~, ~1~~11 111~ 8110(1~( 0181311~~8, ~0(11()3(301~ 111111~3110118
3(~ ()088101~.
~~ ~311 8~~ 11131 1,~~8 3(~ 1~()1~311)1 ().1111~ ~111~1~111, ~11~(~38 111~11-8()~~0
~~~8 3(~ 1101. ~8 3 111131 ~)(3(11()1~, 1~1118 ~011810~( 01~1131 0313 1(3118(111881011 ~13
(1100~(11 0~~( 3 ~01~~-~(30~ 1111~. ~ 1)1()1~31 0313 (31~ 18 56 ~0()8. ~~3111, 1~1118 ~011-
810~( 3 1000-011 1(3(11~. 10~ 1111~ 0181311~~ ~311 0~ 311)1~11~(~ 1(0(11 3 1~~ 1~118 01
(/
(11~1~(8 10 111011831108 01 ~110(11~1~(8. 11 ~~ ()1~~, 83)1, 38 3 8110(1 0181311~~ = 1000 (11,
111~11(1 = (56,000 0()8)( 1000 (11) /(2)( 108 (11/8)( 1000 (118) 2.8)( 10-4,= 3110 111111~3-
(/
1101118 ~11~~11~~1)11.0. ~~~11111 31011~-0181311~~ ~38~, 811~1138 = 5000 ~(11, ~~ 113~~
)( )( 106)/(2 )( 108 )( 1000(118) = 1.4 3110 ~111~1~11~~
~().113180.26.
(1 = (56,000 5

~~~0~-~~~~ 511~111~- ~111~0~ ~10~ ~0111..01

,,.,11100,,.,
~0. 81101118-,,.,11100,,., 110,,., (0111.01, 111~ 111.011811~111 011 111~ 1111~0~~~1108 011 00111 111~
812~ ~ 3110 111~ ~3111~ 01 0. ~0. (011~~111~11(~, 1~1118 383111 110.1113112~ 1.3111~ 1.3118111155101111111~
10 3 ~3111~ 011~ 111118,111~ ~.0~38311011 11111~18 0. ~1811.~ 7.111111151.31~8 111~ ~1116~119 01311111
(
011~1~)( ~01111-10-~011111111~.3 51311011 ~ 0~81118 10 ~11111 3 8~()11~11(~ 011.3111~8 3111111~ = 0.
(
111~ 1~301118 ~08~ 01111~ 11.811.3111~ .~3(11~8 81311011 13 31 = 0. 111~ 11.81 1.3111~ 18 ~1111.~1~
3()(110,,.,1-
3080.0~0 0~ ( = 0 + 1. ~88111111118 11~8118101~ ~.0(~881118 11111~,13 (311 1111111~0131~1~
~08~ 111~ 11.811.3111~ (~~1().
1,~1118 3180 38811111~ 11131111~ 3()(110,,.,1~08111~1111.3111~ 15 80 5111311
(
11131 1.31181111881011 11111~ 18 11~8118101~.
111~11 111~ ~~1( .~3(11~8 ~ 31 = 20 + 1. 10 ~~311131~
~~.10.111311(~, ,,.,~ 11~~0 10 (011810~. 1,,.,0 (38~8~

. ~35~ 1= ~ ~ 20 + 1. 111~ 3()(110,,.,1~08111~111

10. 1.3111~1 .~3(0~8 ~ 0~101~ ~ 038
,,.,1111110 ~3118~ 3110 11011113112~0
~)(1131181~0 118 ,,.,11100,,.,.111115, ~ (311 1.311811111 (01111111101181~

. 111101180~11118

~35~ 2= ~
1.0.

~ 20 + 1. ~
(
~)(11311515 115 ,,.,11100,,., 31
(
= ~ 3110 (3111101 5~110 30011101131
113111~5 1111111 = 20 + 1.111115, 11011113112~0 111.011811~11115 ~ 11111~ 1111115011101 3 ~~1100 01
(20 + 1) 11111~ 1111115.

111~1~101~, ,,.,~ (311 ~)(~1~85 111~ 1111112311011 35

(7.6)

3)001 51111))11~11~.~~ 3550111~ 111~1 (115 ~111111~~~1. 50 111~1 ~11 1111~~~11101110~1 0( (1~111~5 ~)(~~11~ (1115 (11~ 1111~.
0( (1.
111~ ~1~0111~111 00~5 1101 ~11~11~~ (01110111111~~~1 ~~10~5
1= 0 ~ 8

2 8

.. .
...
/1+1

... -
(3) ~2=2/1+ 1

1= 0 ~ 8

. . . -
.,,~301~(/1+ 2)
8

1~~1~(1)~, 10.~ 5~()11~11~~ 11111110~115 ~10,,,10~0 101 111 311 11-011 11~10 3110 10.~ 1113)(111111111
..,,,11100..,,,512~ 15 ~ 2,1
= - 1 (1101 2~~ 10.15 15 ~)(~13111~0 1115~~11011 7.2). ~1~111~ 7.12 50.0..,,,5 10.~
1113)(111111111 11111123110113~0.1~,,,301~ 101..,,,11100..,,, 512~5 01 1,7,3110 12735 3 11111~1101101 (/. ~ ..,,,11100..,,,
512~ 01 1 ~011~5~01105 10 510~ 3110 ..,,,311. ~ ..,,,11100..,,, 512~ 01 7 (3 0115) 15 30~()1131~ 101 111311~
3~~11~3110115. ~ ..,,,11100..,,,512~ 01127 (7 0115) 15 30~()1131~ 101131~~1 ,,,3111~5 01. (/, 511~0. 35 1113~ 0~
1011110 1110.1~0.-5~~~0 ~~~5.
236
1.0

0.8

0.6
=
.2
~
=5
5
0.4

0.2

10 100 1000
/1

~~ 03~~ 8~~11 1031 8110111~-~11100~ 110~ (0111101 18 11101~ ~111(1~111 10311 810~-3110-~311
110~ (0111101. ~~ ~0010 ~)(~~(1 1031 ~0~11 ~1101 (0111101 (011(110118 31~ 300~0 1031 1018
~0010 811110~ 1111~~103118, 1031 ~0-03(((-~ 3110 8~1~(11.,,~-1~1~(1 ~~0 31~ 11101~ ~((1(1~111
10311 810~-3110-~311 ~~0. 1.,~1 118 0~.,,~10~ 80111~ 3~~10)(11113110118 10 0~1~1111111~ 10~
0~~1~~ 0( 1111~10.,,~111~11110 0~ ~)(~~(1~0.
~1181, (011810~1 810~-3110-~311 ~~0. ~110110 ~11018, 10~ 1113)(111111111
111111231101118
1/( 1 + 20) 38 800~11111 ~((11311011 (7.4). ~~ ~311110 3((011111 (0110~
~088101111)1103180111~
()
(13111~8 31~ 1~~~31~0 0~(3118~ 0( 011 ~11018. 10 81311, 1101~ 1031 10~ 1111112311011 (311 0~
0~(111~0 38

(7.7)

1( = 11111~(01113118111111~110 ~111113 8111~1~(13111~

1/ = 1013111111~ 10311111~ 18 ~11~3~~0 11110~ 11311811118810110( 3 8111~1~(13111~

~01 ~1101-(1~~ 0~~1311011 118111~810~-3110-~311 ~~0,

1(
()=
1( + 21,,

~0~1~ 1/) 18 10~ ~10))3~311011 11111~.01.,,10111~ 0)11( 3110 1~111~1110~1111~1031 0 = 1,,/1(, ~~

3~311103.,,~ ~((11311011 (7.4). 1( ~11018 0((111, ~~ 111081111001()1 ~((11311011 (7.7) 10
1
() =~
1-1,1/
.,.,0~~~ /0.// 15 10~ ~)(()~(1~() 111.11110~~011~311511115510115 01 3 1~3111~.101.15, 10~ 510()-311()-.,.,311 ~~0.
.,.,~ 03~~
1
()=
/0./,(1 + 2(7)
()~~1~~() 0~ (01151()~~111~ 10~ ()~00301111~ ~ 1031 3 5111~1~ 1~3111~ 15
~ 51111()1~ ~)(()~~55101110~ /0./, (311 0~
111 ~~~0~. (1.,.,~ 3551.1111~ 1031 ~~1(5 311() ~~1(5 3~~ 11~~~~ 111 ~~~0~, 10~ ()~00301111~ 103111 .,.,11113/(~
(/(
~~-1(1
- ~). 103( 15..,.,~ 03~~ - 1)
~)(3~11~ /( 3((~111()15 (0 (~311511111 3 1~3111~ 51.1((~5511.111~ 15
1.11151.1((~5511.1131(~111()(5 10110.,.,~() 0~ 011~ 51.1((~5511.11 3(1~111()(~ 10~ ()~0030111(~ 011015 0((1.1~~111~ 15 )1.151
(0~ ()~0()1.1(( 0110~ ()~00301111~ 0110~ 111()1~1()1.131 ~~~1115 0((1.1~~111~.10~114
00
1
~ (/~/-1 ( 1 ~)) =-
/0./, = ~(1~311511115510115) = ~ (/ )(
~~(/ 1~(11511115510115)) =
/~1 1- ~
/~1

1 - ~
()=-
1 + 2/7

~0~ 10~ 511()111~-.,.,111()0.,.,()~010(01, ~~1.1311011 (7.6) 3()()11~5 10~ ~~~0~-1~~~ 0()~~311011. ~0~
5~1~(11,,,~-~~)~(1 ~~0. .,.,~ (3111.15~ 10~ 53111~ ~~35011111~ 35 3()()11~() 10 510()-311()-.,.,311 ~~0.103115.
()1~1()~() 0~ /0./,. ~~3111, /0./, = 1/(1 - ~). 50
10~ ~~1.0~-1~~~ ~41.131101151111.1510~
~ ~ 2/7 +
()
=
) ~~1--~~) ~ ~ 2/7 + 1
2/7 + 1
1
10~ 53111~ ~~35011111~ 3()()11~5 10~ ~0-03(/(-~ 01.11 .,.,~ 1111.151 0~ 1110~~ (3~~11.11 111
~~0,
/( 1~3111~5 ~310~~ 10311
,1()()~0)(111131111~ /0./,. ~3(0 ~~~0~ ~~11~~31~5 3 ~~~1.11~~111~111 10 ~~1~311511111
)1.151 011~ 1.~3111~.101.15

= ~/(/)~/-1(1 - ~)
/~1
.,.,0~~~ ./(/) 15 10~ (0131111.11110~~ 011~3111~51~3115111111~() 1110~ 0~1~111311~3111~ 1111.1510~ 1~3115111111~()
~)(()~~55~() 35
/ 11111~5. 1015 (311 0~

/(/) = 1 + (/ -
1)/(
/() + /(/
= (1 -

00 00

/0./, = (1 - /()~~/-1(1 -~) + /(~/~/-1(1 -~)

/~1 /~1
/(
1-/(+-
1 - ~
1 - ~ + /(~
1 - ~
/( 15 3()()~0)(111131~1~~~1.131 (0
~1.1~~7.11, 10~ ~~3()~~ 5001.11()(011(11.1()~1031
~ (2/7 + 1), 311()/( = ~ 10~ ~ ~ (2/7 + 1).101.15
 1-~
1 + 2(/~
~(1 - ~)
1)(1 - ~ + ~~)
~01~ 11131 101 ~ = 1, 0010 5~1~~11,,~-1~)~~1 3110 ~0-03~/(-~ ~~0 1~011~~ 10 510~ 3110 ~311.
~1~111~ 7.136 101 3 .,,3111~ 01 ~ = 10-3.1015
~0111~31~5 10~5~ 101~~ ~1101 ~01111011~~0111()11~5
11~111~ 3110 10~ ~()113110115 31~ 0111~ (1~~10)(11113110115. ~01 ~)(3111~1~, ~~ 03.,,~ 1~1101~0 ~11015 111
3~/(110~1~0~111~111113111~5 3110, 11110~ ~35~ 01 ~0-03~/(-~, ~11015 1111~113115111111~0 11(1111~5010~1.
10311 10~ 113111~ 111111311~111~1101. 1-10~~.,,~1, 10~ 1~511115 00 ~1.,,~ 311 11101~311011 01. 10~ 1~1311.,,~
~~1101111311~~ 0110~ 101~~ 1~~0111((11~5.

1.0

0.8

~ = 127
8~1~(1.~~-..~~~(1
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.1 10 100 1000

61001111
= 7. 10~ ~11~~~010~ ~0-0(1~)(-~ 3110 5~1~~11.,,~.1~)~~1 31~ 00 ~108~ 111,1110~~ 3))))~3110 0~ 10~1111~(11111
10~ 11~11~~.

----
...
239
/( 11.(/.~.,.////)().~..~,./)/(. (() .~(,( // (.()/0.(,..~(/1,.()/( .~()///.~, (.1.(.,.,./)()(/,. 11,(/.~ 1////, ///.~ 1()() /////(-//.

1()~113~.1.1~1

. 10 111(1~~ ~~~1~1~111 115~ 0~ 111811-5~~~0 1~1~~011111111111~(1110115 1111~5, 50111~

~0~111 0~ 11111111~1~)(1118 15 115~0.1111111~1~)(1118 (1110~5 5~~~~(111~(11151111551011

5011~~~5 10 511(1~~ (1 1(1~8~~ 1~(11151111551011 ~(1~(1~11~. 111~ 1~0 ~0111111011

~0~1115 0~ 11111111~1~)(1118 (1~~ ~~~(),11~11~~ 01~15101111111111~1~)(1118 (~011) (1110

. 11111~ 01~15101111111111~1~)(1118

()((0()0~~

11111110~~
()1~5100

0~ 51811(115
010(11))1()~0~

(1~~ ~(1~~1~0
(1011).

~(111 0~

511111111(111~01151~
115~0 ~1111 (111(1108

011 111~ 5(1111~ 111~0111111

51811(115. ~

0~
(1110~(111118 10 ~(1~11 51811(11 (1 01~~~~~111 ~~~(),11~11~~ 0(1110.1100111(111011 ~(),111~-

111~11115 11~~0~0 10 1110~~ ~(1~1151811(1110 111~ ~~(),111~~0 ~~~(),11~11~~ 0(1110, (1110

. 11111111~1~)(1118

8~~11.-00005
~(),111~111~111

1101() ())~5100
0~ (111(1108 51811(115 ~(1~1118
15 11~~0~0

010111))1()~0~
10 ~01110111~ 111~ 11100111(11~0

~(111 0~ 115~0 ~1111 01811(11 51811(115

01811(11 0(11(1. 111 1015 ~0~111 0111111111~1~~118,
51811(115.

0(11(1
1~0111 ~(100115 5011~~~5 (1~~ ~(1~~1~0 111~~~~1111~~ ~~(1111~5.~(1~111~(1111~ ~01151515
0~ (1 5~1 0~ 11111~ 51015, (1110 ~(1~11 5011~~~ 15 (1551811~0 011~ 0~ 1110~~ 11111~ 51015

. ~~~ ~~(1111~.111~ ~~~~115

81311511~31
~1~111 5~~~1~~
1101() ()1~15100
101111~~1~(1~~ 0115 0~ 0(11(1 ~~0111111~ ~(1~10115 5011~~~5.
010(11))1()~0~
111(111 5~11~11~0110115 1011
~~0~10~5 (1 8~11~~(111~ 1110~~ ~111-

~0~ 111~ 511~~0~1 01 1~~111111(115.

~1111 51(111511~(111011, 11111~ 51015 (1~~ 1101 ~~~(1551811~0 10 ~(1~11~111(1~ 0(11(1
5011~~~5. ~(1111~~, 115~~ 0(11(1 (1~~ 0111~~~~0 (1110 1~(1115111111~0 (15 ~(1~101~ (15
~055101~ 1151118 (1~(111(101~ 11111~ 51015.

111 ~11(1~1~~ 7, ~~ ~111~1~111 1~~11111(),11~5 ~0~ 11111121118 (1 0(11(1 1111~ 11110~~

0~5~~10~0
11~(1~~ 10(10. 5~~~111~(111~, ~11111~0 0~~1~~5 ~01111~~1~0 0~ (1 ~01111-10-~011111111/(, 1115

8~11~~(111~ 0~51~(101~ 100.(1~~ 11111111~1~1~(1111~5 011151(11101118 50 10.(1110.~ 0(11(1 (111/( 00~5

1101 0~~0111~ (1 00111~11~~/( 0~1~~~11 111~ 51(1110115. ~0~ ~011510~~ 111~ 0~~0511~ ~~00-
(1
1~111. 1~~1~(111~, 1~0 ~011111111111~(11111851(1110115 ~1111101 1111112~ 10.~ ~1111~(1~(1~11~ 01
0(11(1 1111/(. ~0~ ~~~1~1~11~~, 11 50.01110 0~ ~055101~ 10 50.(1~~ 111(11 ~(1~(1~11~. ~ 8~11~~1~
1~~11110~ 511~0. 511(1~111815 010111))1()~.0~.
~ ~0111111011 (1~~11~(111011 01 11111111~1~)(1118 15 111 10118-0.(111/ ~011111111111~(1110115.
1~1111/(5 011 10118-11(1111 11~1~0~/(5 (1~~ 0.180.-~(1~(1~11~ ~10~~, ~0(1)(1(11, 0~ 1111~~0~(1~~
1111~5.111~5~ 1111/(5 ~(111 ~(1~~~ 1(1~8~ 11111110~~5 0~ ~01~~ (1110 0(11(1 1~(11151111551011551111111-
1(111~01151~ 1151118 11111111~1~)(1118.
~1811~~ 8.1 0~~1~15 111~ 11111111~1~)(1118~1111~11011111115 51111~1~5110~111.111~~~ (1~~ 17
111~1115 10 (1 11111111~1~)(~~. 111~ 11111111~1~)(~~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 0~ (1 811181~ 0(113 1111/( 10 3
0~1110111~1~)(~1. 111~ 1111/( 18 (101~ 10 ((111)111 8~~(11(11~ (/1(11111~18 01 0(11(1. 111~ 1110111-
~1~)(~1 (01110111~8 (1110111~1~)(~8) 0(11(1110111 1/1~ 11111~011111~8 (1110 11(11181111180.,,~1 (1
/11~11~1-((1~(1(11)10(11(11111/(.111~ 0~1110111~1~)(~1 (1((~~18 111~ 1110111~1~)(~0 0(11(1 811~(1111,
8~~(11(11~8 (0~1110111~1~)(~8) 1/1~ 0(11(1 (1((010111~ 10 (11(11111~1,(1110 0~11.,,~18 0(11(1 10 111~
(1~~10~11(11~ 001~011111~8.
111~ ~10~8~1~(10 08~ 01 1110111~1~)(111~ 111 0(11(1 (01111110111((1110118 ((111 0~
~)(~1(1111~0 0)11/1~ 10110~111~~

· 111~ 111~11~1 111~ 0(11(1 1(11~, 111~ 11101~ (081-~11~(11.,,~

111(1118,101
111~ 11(11181111881011 1(1(1111)1.
(1 ~1.,,~11 (1~~11((111011 (1110 0.,,~1 (1 ~1.,,~11 0181(111(~, 111~ (081 ~~1 /(0~8
0~(1111~8 ~11/1 (111111(1~(18~ 111 1/1~ 0(11(11(11~ 01111~ 11(111811118810111(1(1111)1.511111-
1(111)1,1/1~ (081 0111(11181111881011 (1110 1~(~1.,,111~ ~~01~111~111, ~~1 /(0~8, 0~(1111~8
~1111111(1~(18111~ 0(11(11(11~.

· ~081 11101.,,100(11
0(11(1 1(11~ 80~~011.
0(11(1 (01111110111((11111~
~01
0~.,,1(~8 1~~011~ 1~1(111.,,~1)1 11100~81
~)((1111~1~, 101111(111)11~1111111(11 (1110 ~~18011(11 (0111~01~1
(1~~11((1110118 111(11 00 1101 111.,,01.,,~ ~~0 (1((~88 01 1111~1181.,,~ ~1(1~111(8, (1 0(11(1
1(11~ 010~1~~~11 9600 0~8 (1110 64 /(0~818 ~~11~1(111)1 (10~~0(11~.

111~ ~1~(~0111~ 81(11~111~1118 ~~1~ ~111(18~0 111 1~11118 01 0(1((1 (01111110111((11111~

0~.,,1(~8. 5111111(11 81(11~111~11(8 (1~~1)110 .,,01(~ (01111110111((1110118. 111(1( 18, 111~ ~1~(1(~1
111~ ((1~(1(1()1 01 (1 11(111811118810111(1(111()1,1111~11118 01.,,01(~ (/1(11111~18, 111~ 1~88 (11~ (08(
~~111101.,,1011(11 .,,01(~ (11(11111~1,(1110 111~ ((1~(1(11)11~~1111~0 101 (1 8111~1~ .,,01(~ (11(11111~1
18 11100~8(.
11118 (/1(1~1~1 (011(~1111(11~8 011 (111~~ 1)1~~8 011110111~1~)(111~ 1~(11111~0~8. 111~
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0~~1~~5 3113~0~0 31 ~3~0 ~110 ~311, 111 ~31..5, 1.15~ 1-10~~ 10 ~0111..01 10~1.. 0~11 ~031111~1.
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11 80111~~8 10 0~ 11111111~1~)(~0 011 3 8111~1~ 11(1)(~

800..~~ 1= ~11310~, 2-)(1-12 03110~10111

800..~~ 2= ~11310~, 4-)(1-12 03110~10111
800..~~ 3= ~11310~, 2-)(1-12 03110~10111
800..~~8 4-11= 01~1131, 7200 0~8 8)111~1110110118

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111~131~11)1 0110~ 5111.1~11.11~5 01 ~31101.15 ~3))3~111~5~ 11115 5111.1~11.11~15 1.15~0 111 ~311303
3110 13))311 35 ~~11 35 111~ 01111~0 5131~5. ~ 511111131, 01.11 1.11110111.11131~1)11101 10~1111~31,
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05-1 24 1.544 1 30 2.048

05-1~ 48 3.152 2 120 8.448
05-2 96 6.312 3 480 34.368
05-3 672 44.736 4 1920 139.264
05-4 4032 274.176 5 7680 565.148
 111~ 03515 0110~ 10~ 01~131~0)1 (111 ~0110 ~111~11~3 3110 13~311) 15 10~ 05-1
1131151111551011 10111131 (~1~1.11~ 8.9), ~01~0 1111.1111~1~)(~5 24 ~031111~15. ~3~/1 113111~ ~011-
131115 8 0115 ~~1 ~1131111~1 ~11.15 3 113111111~ 011 101 24 /( 8 + 1 = 193 0115. ~01 ~01~~
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~01~~ 0313.111~ 011~11131 311310~ ~01~~ 51~113115 01~1112~0 1.15111~~1.115~ ~00~ 111001.11311011
(~~~) 31 3 131~ 018000 53111~1~5 ~~1 5~~0110.111~1~101~, ~3~0 ~031111~1 5101 3110 0~11~~
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 ~110111~( (~1111~(11~11115 10 1.15~ (1 2-0111(10~1 ~1111111~ 1~11~11111~10. ~ ~(111.1~ 0100,

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~~ 11(1~~ 5(110 111(11111~ 0(11(1 ((11~ 01111~ 01.11~1.1101
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(11(1)10~ 1~55 111(111 111~ (111.11-
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~~ (1551.1(11~ 10 501.1(~~5, ~(1~11 ~(1~(101~ 011000 0~5, (1110 ~~ (1551.1(11~ ~11(1~ 111~ (1~~((1~~

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6 5 1 6 0
9 5 5 7 2
3 5 3 5 0
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111))111))~1 50111~~ 15 50% 01115111(1)(111111111.111115, 011 (1~~1(1~~, 111~ 111))11110(10 15 5000 0))5.
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511111~1~111101111051 ))111))05~5.
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1 = 11111110~1 01111))111 50111~~5

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(10550~10~5 011~ 0111~1111111~ ~0111~ 10 ~~(0 51~~~ 2 (10550~1, ~110 ~~(0 51~~~ 2 (10550~1
 /135 011~ 0111~1111111~ ~0111~ 10 ~3~11 513~~ 3 ~1055031. 1101 511~/1 3 ~01111~111311011 11 ~311 0~
5110~11 1/131, 1011/1~ 5~11~1110 0~ 11011010~)(111~, 1/1~ 11111110~1 01513~~ 2 ~10550311113111~~5
1111151 ~~1131 211 - 1.
3. ~/13115 111~ 1013111111110~1 01 ~1055~011115 3111011~ 3111/1~ ~1055031 5~11~11~57
11. ~01 3 ~1.,,~11 .,,3111~ 011-/, 1/1~ 1013111111110~1 01 ~1055~011115 0~~~1105 011 111~ .,,3111~ 0111.
1113115, 1/1~ .,,3111~ 0~~~1105 011 /10~ 111311~ ~10550315 31~ 115~0 111 1/1~ 11151 513~~ 10
/131101~ 1/1~ 1013111111110~1 01111~1111111~5. ~5511111111~ 3 131~~ 11111110~1 01111~1111111~5 10
~3~/1 ~1055031 (131~~ .,,3111~ 01(1), ~/13115 1/1~ 11111111111111111111110~101 ~1055~011115 101 3
11011010~)(111~ ~01111~111311011 35 3 11111~11011 0111(
~. ~01 3 1311~~ 01,,., 110111 10210 106, ~1011/1~ 11111110~1 01 ~1055~011115101 3 5111~1~-513~~
,,., )( ,,.,
5~11~/1 3110 311 0~1111111111 1/11~~-513~~ ~1055031 5~11~/1.

10.4 ~)(~13111 1/1~ 113~ 111 1/1~ 10110~111~ 1~35011111~~ ~3~)(~1 5~11~/1111~ 1~()1111~5 ~0111101 3110
3001~55 0115 10 0~ 300~0 10 ~3~/1 ~3~)(~1. 11115 111110011~~5 ~011510~1301~ 0.,,~1/1~30 111
~3~)(~15~11~/1111~. 111 ~11~11115~11~/1111~, 3 113115~31~111 ~11~111115 ~5130115/1~0. ~0 ~)(113 0115
31~ 11~~0~0. 111~1~101~, 1/1~1~ 15 110 0.,,~1/1~30 111 ~11~1111 5~11~/1111~. )3~~3115~ 1/1~1~ 15 110
0.,,~1/1~30 111 ~11~1111 5~11~/1111~, 1111~ 1111112311011 1111151 0~ 11101~ ~111~1~111 1/1311 111 ~3~)(~1
5~11~11111~.

10.5 ()~1111~ 1/1~ 10110~111~ ~313111~1~15101 3 5~11~/1111~ 11~1~01)(~

,,.,
= 11111110~101 /10~5 0~1~~~11 1~0 ~1.,,~11 ~110 5~51~1115
~ = 111~553~~ 1~11~1/11110115
8 = 0313 131~, 1110115 ~~1 5~~0110 (0~5), 011 3111(11)(5
~ = 11)(~0 ~3~)(~1 512~, 1110115
// = 0.,,~1/1~30 (/1~30~1) 0115 ~~1 ~3~)(~1

5 = ~311 5~111~ 11111~(~11~11115~11~/1111~ 01 .,,1111131~11~11(1) 1115~~01105

/)
= ~10~3~311011 0~13~ ~~1 /10~ 1115~~01105

3. ~01 ,,., = 4, ~ = 3200, 8 = 9600, ~ = 1024, // = 16,5 = 0.2, /) = 0.001, ~0111-

~111~ 1/1~ ~110-10-~110 0~13~ 101 ~11~1111 5~11~/1111~, .,,1111131 ~11~1111 ~3~)(~1 5~11~/1111~,
3110 0313~13111 ~3~)(~1 5~11~/1111~. ~5511111~ 1/131 1/1~1~ 31~ 110 3~)(110~1~0~111~1115.
1~1101~ ~10~~55111~ 0~13~ 311/1~ 1100~5.
11. ()~11.,,~ ~~11~131 ~)(~1~55101151011/1~ 1/11~~ 1~~/1111()11~5 01 ()311 (3), 13)(~111~0 313 11111~
(1/11~~ ~)(~1~5510115111 311), 5/10~111~ 1/1~ ~01101110115 11110~1 ~111~11111~ 0~13~5 31~ ~~1131.

10.6 ~031.,,3111~ 01 ~ 35 311111~11011 011-/, ~, 3110 //, 1~511115111111111111111111 ~110-10-~110 0~(3~ 011
3 0313~1311111~1~01)(7 ~5511111~ 1/131 ~ 15 11111~/1131~~11/1311 ~ 3110/) 15 2~10.

10.7 ~5511111111~ 110 1113111111~11011111 311~ 011/1~ 513110115 011100~5 013 11~1~01)(, 15 11 ~055101~
101 3 ()3~)(~110 0~ 0~11.,,~1~0 10 1/1~ ~1011~ 0~511113110117

10.8 ~10~-~0111101111~~0311151115 31~ 115~0 31 001111~.,,~15 2 3110 3 01 )(.25. ~1~ 0010 11~~~5531~,
0115 1/115 1~01111031117 ~)(~13111.

10.9 111~1~ 15 110 ~1101-0~1~~11011 111~~031115111 (113111~ ~0~~)( 5~~11~11~~) 111 )(.25 1~.,,~1101~~.
1511,11015 11~~0~0 10 355111~ 1/131 311 011/1~ ()3~)(~15 31~ 0~11.,,~1~0 ~10()~11~7

10.10 111 )(.25, ~/1~ 15 1/1~ .,,1111131 ~11~111111111110~1 115~0 0~ 011~ 51311011 011~0 ~011111111111~31111~
513110115 0111~1~111110111 10~ .,,1111131 ~11~111111111110~1115~0 0~ 10~ 010~1 513110117 ~11~1 311,
1115 1/1~ 53111~ 11111-011~1~)( .,,1111131 ~11~1111.

10.11 0.933 1~~0111111~1105 3 ()10~~0111~ 10111~~01131111~ 10~ 5110111~-~11100~ 110~ ~0111101 ~111-
00~, ~/11~/11113~ 13)(~ 011 3 .,,3111~ 110111110 127.111~ 11~~01131(0111113)(~5115~ 013 .,,311301~
/( 1/13115 ~31~11131~0 110111 10~ 10110~111~ ()313111~1~15~

~(/ = 0313 113111~ 512~ 1110~1~15

8.,/ = 101011~11()111111 0()5

1,(/ = ~110-10-~110 11311511 0~13~ 111 5~~01105

/(
= ~11100~ 512~ (1113)(11111111111111110~1 010111513110111~ 1113111~5)
111~ ~.0~~011.~ 15 0~5~.10~0 (15 10110~5=

111~ ~11100~ 512~ 511011(0

0~ 11~~011(11~0 (15 10110~5. 111~ 0.1~111(11111~ 115~.
51101110 ~(11~111(11~ /( 115111~ 111~ (100,,,~ 10.111111(1 51105111111111~ 111(1)(111111111~110-10-
~110 1.(111511 0~1(1)1 (1110 0111~0111~ 111(1)(1111111111.(1111~ 512~ 10.7((/ (1110 ~(/,
.~511~~11,,,~1)1.111~ 5~10~ 111~55(1~~ 511(111111~1110~ 111~ 1111~ 1(1)1~.11.010~01
11(1.(1111~1~.5, 111~ 1111~ 1(1)1~. ~0.~ 11(1.(1111~1~.5, (1110 111~ ~110-10-~110 1.(111511
0~1(1)111110.111(111011 ~1~111~1115.111~ 0~51111(111011 115~. 51101110 ~(11~111(11~ 115 0~11
/( 115111~ 111~ (100,,,~ 10.111111(1 51105111111111~ ~11111111(111,,,~ ~110-10-~110 1.(111511
0~1(1)1 (1110 115 0~11 0111~0111~ 111(1)(1111111111.(1111~ 512~ 10. 7((/ (1110 ~(/, .~511~~-
11,,,~1)1.111~ ~0~~~~1111~55(1~~ 511(111111~1110~ 111~ 1111~ 1(1)1~. ~0.~ 11(1.(1111~-
1~.5 (1110 111~ ~110-10-~110 1.(111511 0~1(1)111110.111(111011 ~1~111~111 50 111(11111~
0.1~111(11111~ 115~. ~(111 (10)1151115 /( 0(15~0 011 111~ 11110.111(111011 ~011,,,~)1~0 111
111~5~ 11110.111(111011 ~1~111~1115.111~ 0.1~111(11111~ 115~. 5/101110 ~(11~111(11~ /( 115111~
111~ (100,,,~ 10.111111(1, 51105111111111~ ~11111111(111,,,~ ~110-10-~110 1.(111511 0~1(1)1 (1110

111~0111111~ 111(1)(1111111111.(1111~ 512~ 10. 7((1 (1110 ~(/, .~511~~11,,,~1)1.

5~10~ (1110 ~0~~~~1 (1.~ 111~55(1~~5 ~)(~11(111~~0 011 (1 ~0111.01 ~11(11111~1 011.111~ 111~
5~11111 01 (11.(1111~ .~1(1)1 ~01111~~11011. 511~~~51 (110.111111(110. ~(11~111(11111~ /( 1.0111 111~ 0111~.
,,,(1.1(101~5 (1110 )115111)1111~ 10.111111(1.
,~~.2 00..1~.. ~..305(0..111 ~~()..~5~0.3.100 0( ~()~..10()1~ 81~0315

~0~~1 5))~~1131 0~11511)1 3110 83110~10111

,~ 3 ~~~0111111~0()~() ~~3()10~

835
 ../ (,,////,,/ (()//0.,,/ /1.()/)/ ///1,.~(.//,. /// .~1)/((. ()/ .1.()/,,.
(//~(///.~,//.~//(.,/ /. /,,,/(.~~. ///(// /,,//
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111~ 1(~~11~11~)1 001113111 113111(~ 01111(11)1 51~11315, ~~ 0~~111 ~11/1 ~~(1001~ 51~11315, ~11)1
~~(1001~ 51~1131 ~311 0~ (~~(~5~111~0 35 3 5111110151111150105, )(110~11 35 3 ~011(1~( 5~(185~1

~11~(~ /0 15 111~ (~~1~(0~31 01111~ ~~(100 01111~ 51~1131 (/0 = 1/7,). 10.~ 1(~~11~11~)11() 15
(~1~((~0 10 35 111~ (00()310~0.31 (..~()0~0~~ 0( (00()310~0.31113..1000)~~ 1111~~~( 11111111-
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01111~ 1111103111~111311(~~11~11~)1 /0 = 1/1 ~1115 1111~~~( 11111111~1~5 01111311(~~11~11~)1. 11
,,40 -=/- 0, 111~11~(() 1135 3 ()~ ~010))00~0..
10.~ ~3111~5 01111~ ~0~111~1~1115 3(~ ~31~11131~0 35 10110~5~

10.15 10(111 01 (~~(~5~111311011, )(110~11 35 111~ 5111~-~05111~ 1.~~(~5~111311011, 15 1/1~

~351~5110(111 10 ~0111~111~ 0111 51111~(5 1(0111 111~ 13~111131111~(~ 31,~ 1~0 ~0111~0)1~1115 31
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1311011, 13)(~5 111~ 10(111

(1-.1310~111311~13115 1)1~1~311)1 ~(11~ )000(1~( 5~(1~5 3110 1(3115/0(111 ~)(~(~5510115 05111~ 10~ .,3(1301~ ,..,(). ~11~~11
035 3 01111~115101101 (3013115 ~~( 5~~0110 3110 ~0~(~ ~0 = 2~/(). )00( ~0)151~5 3110 ~11~111~~(111~, 111~ .~) 100110-
131/01115 ~(~1~((~0~ 11(113)(~510( 51111~1~( ~)(~(~5510115. 3110151111110111.,~1)11110(~ 51(1151)1111~1003.,~ 1(~()0~11~)1
~)(~(~55~0 1111-/2 (310~( 111311(3013115 ~~( 5~~0110.
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~0 = ./10

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~5~0~ ~~~5~~~11~10~ .. ~

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00

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100
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~0~~~ 51~)~ . (~31 0~11511~ 3110 .83110~10111

1/1~ 3050)111~ 03110~10111 01 3(1)1 11111~-)111111~0 51~(13) 15 111111111~. 111 ~13(11~3) 1~11115,
/10~~~~1, 11105( 01111~ ~0~~1111 3 51~(13) 15 (011(~111131~0 111 50/11~ 111111~ 03110, 3110 111~
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511)1 (~51)). 111 ~55~11(~, 1/1~ ~51) 0~5(110~5 1/1~ ~0~~1 (0111~11( 01 3 51~(13) 35 3 11111(-
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11~()11~11()1 031105.
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11/11~-)1/1111~0 51~(13) 35
 (411/17))( (~05(217111) - (1/3) ~05(217(311)1)
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~0 = 211/17
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~11 = (4,6,,/17))((-1/1)( 0/(4/12

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3110 0111~1 511.10~111 ~)(~1~15~5~

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