Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Pas Rahitha Wagawa
Pas Rahitha Wagawa
mgqk
msgq wxl
c,frdams; fyj;a mia rys; j.dj
01
02
03
jr.SlrKh
04
05
06
09
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
23
30
32
32
37
39
iSudld idOl
39
40
40
41
2
c,h
fmdaIl
c,frdams; j.df
b;sydih
fuh Y; jr I .Kkdjlg by; wefika "
nef,dakh
s dj" Bma;j
= " kh yd bkahdj jeks mer
YsIaGdpdr j, ksiqka je,s iys; .xd fda j,
2'
3
ixjD; moaO;s ;=<
ixirKh jk l%u
l
jr.SlrKh
1'
nka ;dCIKh
Pot Technique
jdhjfrdams; j.dj
Aeroponics
j.d k,h
lrdu lmdgh
msiS k,h
,S ;gqj
fmrkh
fmdaIl gexlsh
fmdaIl djKh
djKh ;=< .s,ah
yels fmdmh
ld,.klh
lgq
mSiS k,
bj;a jk fmdaIl
djKh kej; gexlshg
.uka lrhs
CI fmdaIl
iemhq k,
N+.; fmdaIl
ix; gexlsh
fmdmh
fmdaIl djK
iemhq k,
iq meye;s
j.d k,
fmdmh
,a nka
ma,diala nka
ysia wjldYh
Tlaiscka wjfYdaIKh lrk uq,a
j.d k,h
fmdaIl djKh
jd ixirKh yd djKh
kej; msrf isr
me< iys; l=vd nk
mshk
nka udOHh
jd;h wjfYdaIKh
lrk uq,a
fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh
lrk uq,a
djK nk
fmdaIl djKh
fmdaIl djKh
kuHYs,S nj (flexibility)
Nx.=rYs,S nj (friability)
l
l
>k udOHh
fmdaIl
djKh
fmdaIl djK
iemhq k,
fldyq fl msrjQ
j.d u
plS%lrkh jk
fmdaIl djKh
fmdmh
N+.; gexlsh
16
fldyqn;a $ fl
msrjQ j.d u
fmdaIl djK
iemhq CIq k,
fmdaIl djK
iemhq k,
m%Odk fmdaIl
iemhq k,h
c,jyk
k,h
j.d udOH
iys; ldkq
fmd,s;ska mg,h
j.d udOH
iys; md;a;s
fmdaIl djK
iemhq CIq k,
c,jyk k,h
m%Odk fmdaIl
iemhq k,h
28 jk rEmh( >k udOHh msrjQ md;a;shl me;slvla
CIq k,
>k udOH iys;
j.d nk
jdhjfrdams; j.dj
Aeroponics
l=vd isre iys; iaghsrf*da ;e fhd ieliQ we;=<;
ysia wjldYh iys; l= fyda fm j,ska iuka;
f' jdhj mirfha t,a,d jefgk uQ,uKav,hla
,efnk m isre ;=<k
s a me< j, uQ,uKav,h fm
;=<g we;=,a lrhs' uq,a j, jrOkh u;a lsu
i|yd iy ,Sr jrOkh je<elau i|yd fuu l=
;=<g wdf,dalh fkd,efnk wdldrhg ilid we;
^30 jk rEmh&'
iaghsfrdaf*da
;yvqj
ma,diala wdjrKh
30 jk rEmh( jdhj frdams; j.d moaO;shl fldgia
20
;jdka udOH
Growing media
;jdka nka yd ;e
Nursery containers & trays
c m%frdayKh i|yd iqiq ;;a;aj ,nd h yels
;jdka nka fyda ;e Nd;d l< yel'
01'
nka yd j.d l=
(Individual containers/growing
blocks)
l
l
02' ;e - Trays
iaghsfrdf*da ;e
ma,diala ;e (speedling/cell plug
trays)
32 jk rEmh( O ;e jr.
c m%frdayKh
je jkdl iys; fnda. c,frdams; j.dj i|yd
Nd;d lrk w;r tjeks fnda.-c j, , wl
fs' f ksid iEu chlskau b;d fyd| ;;a;ajfha
me<hla ,nd .ekSug wruqKq lr .; hq;= fs'
taldld c m%frdayKhla i|ydl
idrK
23
;jdka ld,h
c me< fyda w;= len,s ksh; m%udKhg jevqk miq
;jdka ;efhka bj;afldg iqiq j.d moaO;shl
isgqh hq;=hs' fnda. wkqj iy j.d l%uh wkqj
c me< ;jdfka ;sh hq;= ld, iSud fjkia fs'
l
isg
q u i|yd jr.hg wdfksl ,CIK iys; lD;s
j,ska f;dr jQ u;a" kSfrda.S c me< muKla
f;dard .; hq;=hs'
Ni
Mg
Mo
Cl
B
Mn
K
Fe
Ca
Zn
c, frdam;
s j.dj," fnda.fha wjYH;dj yd jrOl
wjh u; fmdaIl iemhSf yelshdj j.dlrejdg
we;' f ksid mfiys fuka fmdaIl ,nd .; yels
njg wys;lr n,mEula c,frdams; j.df is
fkdjk neka fnda. blaukska jrOkh Wiia
wiajkq ,ndfohs' tfy;a j.dlrejd Ydl fmdaIl yd
tajdfha kv;a;=j ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd
;su u; fuu j.d l%ufha idr:lNdjh rmj;S'
Cu
25
w wd,sl
wd,sl
b;d
rj, rj,
wd,sl wd,sl
b;d
rj, rj,
NdIal NdIal
NdIal
w NdIal
khsg%cka
fmdiamria
fmdgEish
i,a*r
le,aish
ue.akSish
hlv
ueka.kSia
fndafrdaka
fldmr iy iskala
4'0
4'5
5'0
5'5
6'0
6'5
7'0
7'5
8'0
8'5
9'0
9'5
10
6'25
40 jk rEmh( O mSt w.hkays uQ,jH ,nd .ekSf yelshdj
oahq;a ikakdhl;dj
Electrical conductivity-EC
oahq;a ikakdhl;dj h djKhl wvx.= djH
,jK idkakh fmkakq lrk kquls' djKh
;= < s k a oa h q ; h .uka ls ug i,ia j d oa h q ; a
ika k dhl;d udkhla Nd;fhka oa h q ; a
ikakdhl;djh ukskq ,nhs ^41 jk rEmh&' tys
AN
AS
fmdgEish laf,darhs(MOP)
mai (G)
lSirhs (KS)
C: ix>;
L: iS; ix>;
X: wix>;
nr ^.%E&
263'00
583'00
1003'00
513'00
79'00
6'10
1'70
0'39
0'37
0'44
29
ridhksl ixfhda.
nr ^.%E&
38'00
952'00
308'0
8'00
0'15
0'20
1'15
0'10
269'00
423'00
fmdfydr-c, iemhqu
Fertigation
0'03
fmdfydr c, imdokfha
ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
l
jd c,fha .=Kd;auh
fmdfydr-c, imdokh is
lrk wdldrh
ffoksl fnda. c, wjYH;djh wkqj hlr .;a
fmdfydr" c, imdok moaO;sh Tiafia fyda w;ska
fnda. j,g ,ndh yelsh' fnda.h" j.d l%uh iy
fnda.fha jrOl wjh wkqj Nd;d lrkq ,nk
fmdfydr m%udKh fjkia f'
j.= wxl 4' jd c, imdokfha c,fha .=Kd;auh i|yd i,lkq ,nk lreKq
tall
.=Kd;aul mx;sh
ydkshl fkdjk$
uOHia: mrdih
ydkshs mrdih
fhda.H mrdih
idudkH mrdih 6'5-8'4
mSt w.h
,jK;dj ^oHq;a ikakdhl;dj& dS/m
0.0 -0.8
0.8 - 3.0
>3
fidah
,s iul$,S
<3
>3
laf,darhs
,s iul$,S
<3
>3
fndafrdaka
,s .%E$,S
<0.7
0.7 - 3.0
>3.0
nhsldnfka
,s iul$,S
<1.5
1.5 - 8.5
>8.5
Courtesy: Guidelines for Interpretation of water quality for irrigation, Western fertilizer
handbook, page 38
31
;lald,s M, w. l=Kq u
Blossom end rot
52 jk rEmh( i,do
msms[a f.
jl%dldrj keu
frda. iy lD ydks
idudkH j.djl fukau c,frdams; j.djka j,o
fnda." lD yd frda. ydks j,g md;%s u ish
yelsh' ksfrda.S frdamK jHh Nd;h" fnda.
ikSmdrlaIdj" jrOkh i|yd iqiq mir ;;a;aj
md,kh" ksjer YIH l%u Nd;h fuu ydks md,kh
lr .ekSf uQ,sl w;d,u f' frda. yd m,sfndaO
ydks ksjerj ykdf.k jD; lafIa;% j.df
md,kh i|yd Nd;d lrk l%u wkq.ukh lsu
iy wjYH;djh wkqj ksrfoaYs; m<sfndaOkdYl
Nd;d lsu;a l< hq;=h'
fmdaIl Iu;d
Nutritional disorders
c,frdams; j.djka j, fmdaIl djKh fnda.hg
m%Yia: f,i fkd,enqKfyd;a fmdaIl W!k;d fukau
fmda I l I we;s h yel' fuu Iu;d
fndfydauhla Ydl jrOk f.h" m%udKh" m;% yevh"
>klu" lf|a jrKh" mrj w;r r" uQ,uKav,fha
iajNdjh" M, yg .ekSu yd M, j, iajNdjhkays
we;sjk fjkial yd jrK mrhdi u.ska ndysrj
fmkakq lrhs' fuu ndysr ,laIK fnda.h wkqj
fjkia f' fmdaIl Iu;d ksid fnda.hka fmkakq
lrk fmd ,laIK j.= wxl 5 ys i|yka jk w;r
tjeks fmd ,CIK lsysmhla rEm igyka wxl 5360 u.ska fmkakq lrhs'
36
j.= wxl 5( fmdaIl Iu;d fya;=fjka me<E fmkakq lrk fmd ,CIK
uQ,jHh
W!k;d ,CIK
khsg%cka
fmdiamria
fmdgEish
i,a*r
ue.akSish
le,aish
hlv
laf,daka
uex.kSia
fndafrdaka
iskala
fldmr
fud,sk
ksishdldrj M, yg fkd.ekSu
wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< j.d lsf mrd.khg Wmld
lDka fkdue;s u" b;d je yd wvq WIaK;aj j,
mrd. ls%hdld fkdu" iQrhdf,dalh m%udKj;a
fkdu" iajNdl iq<x Odrdj,g md;%S fkdu jeks
O idOl ksid j.dj fydka jrOkh u,a
yg.;a; o M, u wvqh yel'
ksih
s dldrj mrd.kh is fkdfk lD;%u
S mrd.kh
i|yd my; i|yka l%u Nd;d l< yel'
41
iSudld idOl
l
m<;=re-iafg%dfn" fu,ka
T!IO me<-fl`udld
wiajkq fk<Su
ksh; wjia:djg wiajkq fk<Su u.ska mYapd;a
wiajkq ydks wju lr .; yels f' l,a bl=;a ug
fmr yd miq wiajkq fk<Sf isjk ydks je<elaug
M,fha fyda Ydlfha jhi ksjrj k .ekSu wjYHh'
f i|yd j.d jdr;d igyka Nd;d l< hq;=h'
fn,a fmmr M,h Ydlfha ;shu m%fNaohg ksh;
meyeh ,enqKq miq fk<sh hq;=h' ;lald,s" i,do
i|yd Nd;d lrkafka k M,h imQrKfhkau
r;a meye .ekaug m%:u ly r;= meye wjia:df
fk<d .; hq;=h'
44
oahq;a moaO;sh
yisfha we;sh yels ,s ldka je<elah
yels iajhxlS%h ,s ix f Wmdx. wjYH f'
iajxlS%h WIaK;aj md,l
kshq% grh
Nutri meter
oHq;a ikakdhl;djhg wu;rj fmdaIl djKfha
wvx.= fmdaIl m%udKh ms<sn|j k .ekSu i|yd
fuh wOdr f ^68 jk rEmh&'
kshq% grh
udml
ir, WIa K ;a j udk" f;;a yd h,s n,a n
WIaK;ajudk" mSt udml" oah;
q a ikakdhl;d udml
^67 jk rEmh& jeks ir, WmlrK Nd;d lsfuka
jvd;a ksrjoH md,s; ;;a;j
a hka we;slr .; yelsh'
fmdaIl djKh
45
f,dajr (Blowers)
Ydl" iq<x Odrd u.ska fi,ug Ndckh lsu
yd mrd. iqrejd yeug wdOdr f ^70 jk
rEmh&'
70 jk rEmh( f,dajrhla
46