4-0 mís';

4-1 çLrkouk
4-2 l‚¶Vos;j vkSj blds çdkj
4-2-1 flLVe l‚¶Vos;j
4-2-2 ,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;j
4-2-3 xwxy Økse
4-2-4 ,si vk/kkfjr l‚¶Vos;j
4-3 foaMkst v‚ijsfVax flLVe
4-4 eksckby ds fy, ,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe
4-5 fu%'kqYd vkSj lHkh ds fy, miyC/k l‚¶Vos;j
4-6 xwxy Iys LVksj
4-7 lkjka'k
4-8 'kCnkoyh
4-9 cks/k iz”uksa ds mŸkj
4-10 Loij[k ç'u
4-11 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gks ldsax%s

• l‚¶Vos;j vkSj muds çdkjksa dks le> ldsxsa(
• foaMkst v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds mi;ksx dks le> ldsxsa(
• ,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds mi;ksx dks le> ldsxsa(
• eq¶r vkSj [kqys l‚¶Vos;j ds vuqç;ksx dks le> ldsxsa( vkSj
• vuqiz;ksx vk/kkfjr l‚¶Vos;j ds fy, xwxy Iys LVksj dh mi;ksfxrk dks Li’V
¼mtkxj½ gks ldsxhA

daI;wVj gkMZo;s j dsoy mruk gh çHkkoh gS ftruk fd ge bls funsZ'k nsrs gSa] vkSj os
funsZ'k l‚¶Vos;j esa fufgr gksrs gSaA l‚¶Vos;j u dsoy daI;wVj dks vius vkarfjd
lalk/kuksa dk çca/ku djus ds fy, funsZf'kr djrk gS] cfYd mi;ksxdrkZ dks fof'k"V
O;kolkf;d ewY; çnku djus ds fy, daI;wVj flLVe dks dk;Z djus esa Hkh l{ke
cukrk gSA
50
blfy,] l‚¶Vos;j daI;wVj MsVk vkSj funsZ'kksa ds laxfBr laxzg ds fy, ,d lkekU;
'kCn gS] ftls vDlj nks çeq[k Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS% flLVe
l‚¶Vos;j tks daI;wVj ds vk/kkjHkwr ¼¼ewy½ dk;Z dks fof'k"V dk;Z çnku djrk gS]
,oa vuqç;ksx l‚¶Vos;j mi;ksxdrkZvksa }kjk fof'k"V dk;ksaZ dks iwjk dj
djus ds fy,
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ yksxksa ds fy, ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd d‚iksZjsV
Lrj ij] l‚¶Vos;j O;; ¼fodkl vkSj [kjhn½ vkerkSj ij gkMZos;j dh rrqyuk esa
cgqr cM+h ykxr gSA
bl v/;k; esa ge daI;wVj l‚¶Vos;j ds fofHkUu çdkjksa dks lh[ksxaAs l‚¶Vos;j esa
tfVyrkvksa dks okLro esa vk/kqfud lwpuk çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh 'kfä dk nksgu djus esa
l{ke gksus ds fy, le>k tkuk pkfg,A ;g v/;k; ikBd dks le>krk gS fd
l‚¶Vos
‚¶Vos;j D;k gS] ;g dSls dke djrk gS vkSj ;g dSls cuk;k tkrk gSA
laxBukRed çfrLi/kkZ cuk, j[kus esa l‚¶Vos;j egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk mnkgj.k
izLrqr djrs gSaA

l‚¶Vos;j esa funsZ'kksa dk ,d lsV gksrk gS tks daI;wVj dks fufnZ"V / fof'k"V dk;Z
djus ds fy, funsZf'kr djrk gSA ;g daI;wVj vkSj vU; lacaf/kr midj.kksa ds
lapkyu esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk o.kZu djus ds fy,
mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk ,d lkekU; 'kCn gSA gkMZos;j ewy :i ls daI;wVj dk
HkkSfrd fgLlk gksrk gS tcfd gkMZos;j tks dk;Z djrk gS og l‚¶Vos;j ds dkj.k
djrk gSA l‚¶Vos;j dk o.kZu djus ds fy, fyfi;ksa] vuqç;ksxksa vkSj daI;wVj dh
enn ls fn, x, HkkSfrd vkSj xSj&HkkSfrd funsZ'kksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

(System Software)
flLVe l‚¶Vos;j daI;wVj flLVe vkSj l‚¶Vos;j ,fIyds'ku ds chp e/;LFk dk
dke djrk gSA daI;wVj gkMZos;j flLVe esa lapkyu vkSj çca/ku dk dk;Z djus okys
dk;ZØeksa dk lewg 'kkfey gSA daI;wVj flLVe ds lkFk vkiwfrZdrkZ ;k fuekZrk }kjk
nh xbZ ubZ lhMh esa dqN l‚¶Vos;j gksrs gSaA ;g flLVe l‚¶Vos;j gksrk gS tks
51
 okLro esa daI;wVj flLVe dks dk;kZRed cukrk gSA ;g gkMZos;j dks ,d Qkby
cukus] laikfnr djus] LVksj djus vkSj iqu% çkIr d
djus esa lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA
flLVe l‚¶Vos;j ds lcls cqfu;knh mnkgj.k gSa M‚ M‚l (DOS), foaMkst
(WINDOWS)] fyuDl (LINUX)] ;wfuDl (UNIX) vkfn gSA

d½ ;g çksxzke ds fu"iknu] lwpuk ds HkaMkj.k vkSj daI;wVj ds lalk/ku çlaLdj.k

dks fu;af=r dj
djrk gSA
[k½ ;g mi;ksfxrkvksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa ds :i esa dk;ZØeksa dk lg;ksx djrk gS tks
lac) daI;wVj izksxzkeksa vkSj mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks fu;fer lsok dk;Z çnku djrs
gSaA
x½ Hkk"kk vuqokndksa vkSj çksxzkfeax Hkk"kk ds :i esa] ;g fofHkUu daI;wVj dk;ZØeksa ds
fuekZ.k esa enn djrk gSA

v‚ijsfVax flLVe (Operating System) og çksxzke gS tks ;wtj vkSj daI;wVj

gkMZos;j ds chp varjQyd (Interface) dk dke djrk gSA ;g daI;wVj ds lexz
dkedkt vkSj ,fIyds'ku çksxzkeksa ds fu"iknu ds lkFk&lkFk lh i+ h +;w +] eseksjh] vkbZ
/ vks fMokbl tSls vU; lalk/kuksa dk çca/ku djrk gSA çR;sd çksxzke dks pykus
vkSj daI;wVj flLVe {kerkvksa dks c<+kus ds fy, ftu dk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk gksrh
gS] mUgsa buiqV djus dh lsok ds dkj.k bls i;Zos{kd dk;ZØe ds :i esa Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA

d½ ;g mi;ksxdrkZ vkSj daI;wVj gkMZo;s j ds chp varjQyd (Interface) ds :i

esa dke djrk gS ftlls flLVe ds ,fIyds'ku çksxzke dks dksM djuk] cukuk
vkSj Mhcx (Debug) djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
[k½ ;g daI;wVj ds lalk/kuksa dk çca/ku djrk gS ftlesa eseksjh] lh +ih +;w +] fMLd
Mªkbo] fçaVj vkSj vU; gkMZo;s j vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
x½ ;g flLVe ds lalk/kuksa dh n{krk dks c<+krk gS vkSj fofHkUu dk;ksaZ o
mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds chp lalk/kuksa ds vkoaVu dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds dqN egRoiw.kZ dk;Z
mi;ksxdrkZ varjQyd

çfØ;k çca/ku

Qkby çca/ku

eseksjh çca/ku

mi;ksfxrk,¡ vkSj vU; dk;Z

52
d½ varjQyd (Users Interface) ;g v‚ijsfVax flLVe dk og
fgLlk gS tks fdlh mi;ksxdrkZ dks Qkbyksa rd igq¡pus] çksxzkEl vkSj vU;
dk;ksaZ ds fy, daI;wVj ds lkFk laokn djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA ;s nks çdkj
ds baVjQsl xzkfQd ;wtj baVjQsl vkSj dekaM ykbu baVjQsl gSaA GUI lcls
vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk baVjQsl gS ftls WIMP ¼foaMkst] çrhd] esuw
vkSj i‚baVlZ½ baVjQsl ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS tks ekml ds ek/;e ls
lapkyu vkSj daI;wVj ij dke djuk vklku cukrk gSA dekaM ykbu baVjQsl
dsoy mu yksxksa ds fy, gS ftUgsa fdlh fo'ks"k funsZ'k dks fu"ikfnr djus ds
fy, mfpr fn”kk funsZ'k vkSj vkns'k dh vk”;drk gSA
[k½ ¼Process Management) ,d çfØ;k fu"iknu esa ,d
dk;ZØe gS ftlesa fdlh dk;Z dks iwjk djus ds fy, lh i+ h ;+ w ]+ le;] eseksjh]
Qkbyksa lfgr dqN lalk/kuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA v‚ijsfVax flLVe çfØ;k
çca/ku ds laca/k esa dk;Z djrk gS%
• çfØ;kvksa ds fy, lalk/kuksa dk vkoaVu
• çfØ;kvksa dks cukuk vkSj gVkuk
• çfØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls tkudkjh lk>k djuk vkSj mudk vknku&çnku
djuk
• çfØ;kvksa dks Hkhrj ls ledkyhu ¼flaØukbts'ku½ cukuk
x½ ¼File Management) Qkby tkudkjh dk ,d laxzg gSA ;g
tkudkjh ds yacs le; dh vko';drk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ek/;fed HkaMkj.k
ij laxzghr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Qkby çca/ku esa Qkbyksa ds HkkSfrd LFkku ij
utj j[kuk vkSj mUgsa vklku igq¡p ds fy, funsZf'kdkvksa esa O;ofLFkr djuk
'kkfey gSA
?k½ ¼Memory Management) çkFkfed eseksjh tgka cM+s ckbV~l
;k 'kCnksa dks laxzghr fd;k tkrk gS] v‚ijsfVax flLVe }kjk çcaf/kr fd;k tkrk
gSA ftl çksxzke dks fu"ikfnr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] mls eq[; eseksjh
esa LVksj djuk iM+rk gS vkSj bl eseksjh dks lh/ks lhih;w }kjk ,Dlsl fd;k tk
ldrk gSA eseksjh eSustesaV }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z fdlh fo'ks"k çfØ;k ds fy,
vkSj fdrus le; ds fy, mi;ksx fd;s tkus okyh eseksjh dk fglkc j[kuk gSA
v‚ijsfVax flLVe ,d çfØ;k }kjk eseksjh ds vkoaVu vkSj okLrfoddj.k ds
ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
b½ ¼Utility and Other Function): v‚ijsfVax
flLVe mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks l‚¶Vos;j çnku djus esa enn djrk gS ftldk
mi;ksx Qkbyksa dks [kkstus] funku djus vkSj flLVe dh leL;kvksa ¼leL;k
fuokj.k½ dh ejEer djus] flLVe dh gkMZ Mªkbo dks lkQ djus vkfn ds fy,
fd;k tk ldrk gSA dqN vdsys mi;ksfxrk tSls fd MsLdV‚i ,Ugkalj]
,aVhok;jl çksxzke Hkh [kMs gksrs gSaA Qkby :ikarj.k] MsVk fjdojh dk mi;ksx
vafre mi;ksxdrkZvksa }kjk Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
53
 dqN vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;ksaZ%
• lqj{kk çca/ku
• lhih;w le; çca/ku
• fMokbl çca/ku
• dk;Z dk ys[kkadu ¼fglkc½
• =qfV dk irk yxkus okys ,sM+l
• ok;jl ls lqj{kk
v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds çdkj%
1½ cSp izpkyu ra= ¼Batch Operating System)
2½ okLrfod le; v‚ijsfVax flLVe
3½ le; & lgHkktu ¼'ks;fjax½ v‚ijsfVax flLVe
4½ forj.k v‚ijsfVax flLVe
5½ usVodZ v‚ijsfVax flLVe
6½ flLVe esa v‚ijsfVax rduhd & vkWijsfVax flLVe esa rduhd
¼Batch Operating System)
blesa ;wtj dqN v‚Q ykbu fMokbl tSls iap dkMZ dh enn ls v‚ijsVj dks
dke lkSairk gS] rc v‚ijsVj çksxzke ds iwoZ fu/kkZfjr vuqØe ds vk/kkj ij
çksxzke / MsVk dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa Øec) djrk gS vkSj fQj ,d cSp esa
MsVk vkSj çksxzke dks bdëk djrk gS rFkk bls fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, çkslsl
djrk gSA bl v‚ijsfVax flLVe esa] fofHkUu buiqV @ vkmViqV midj.kksa dh
çlaLdj.k xfr esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k lhih;w dk fuf"Ø; le; c<+ tkrk gSA
mi;ksxdrkZ vkSj dk;Z ds chp dksbZ lgHkkfxrk ugha jgrh gSA mnkgj.k isjksy
flLVe] cSad fooj.k vkfn ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys v‚ijsfVax flLVe
gSaA
2½ ¼Real Time Operating System)
;g ,d MsVk çkslsflax eYVhVkfLdax v‚ijsfVax flLVe gS] tgk¡ dk;Z le; dh
deh ds fy, fd, tkrs gSaA bl v‚ijsfVax flLVe esa çfrfØ;k dk le; cgqr
de gksrk gS ¼fdlh buiqV dk tokc nsus ds fy, flLVe }kjk fy;k x;k
le; vkSj vko';d tkudkjh çnf'kZr djrk gS½A budk mi;ksx oSKkfud
ç;ksxksa] fpfdRlk besftax ç.kkfy;ksa] vkS|ksfxd fu;a=.k ç.kkfy;ksa vkfn esa fd;k
tkrk gSA okLrfod vkWIkjsfVax flLVe (OS) nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa%
• dfBu okLrfod le; v‚ijsfVax flLVe% bl okLrfod vkWijsfVax flLVe
esa] fdlh dk;Z dks djus esa le; dh xkjaVh ns ldrs gSaA
• l‚¶V okLrfod ¼Real) Vkbe v‚ijsfVax flLVe% bl okLrfod vkWijsfVax
54 flLVe esa] le; dh xkjaVh ugha gksrh gS vkSj ;g dk;Z dks çkFkfedrk
 nsrk gS tc rd fd ;g iwjk u gks vkSj fQj vU; dk;ksaZ ds fy, vkxs
c<+rs gSaA
¼Time Sharing Operating System)
bl v‚ijsfVax flLVe esa] mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks lhih;w tSls lalk/kuksa dk pykus
ds fy, djus dh vuqefr gS] ,d daI;wVj flLVe dh eseksjh ,d lkFk pykus
ds fy, vafre mi;ksxdrkZ tks fofHkUu VfeZuyksa ij fLFkr gSa] os le; lk>k
djus dh rduhd dh enn ls leku daI;wVj lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dbZ mi;ksxdrkZ ,d gh esuÝse daI;wVj ij y‚x bu
gksrs gSa vkSj os lHkh lsaVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV (CPU) esuÝse daI;wVj dh eseksjh
tSls lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds çeq[k ykHk
;g gSa fd ;g le; dh cpr djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk dbZ yksx ,d lkFk
bl ij dke dj ldrs gSaA
¼Distribution Operating System)
;g v‚ijsfVax flLVe dbZ mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks dbZ okLrfod le; vuqç;ksxksa ds
lkFk lsok djus ds fy, dbZ dsaæh; çkslslj dk mi;ksx djrk gSA dbZ çkslslj
ftUgsa uksM~l Hkh dgk tkrk gS] dk lkbV ,d nwljs ds lkFk lapkj ykbuksa /
VsyhQksu ykbuksa] mPp xfr csl ¼Base) dh enn ls laokn djrs gSaA
forfjr ç.kkyh dk eq[; mís'; fjeksV lalk/kuksa dks fu;af=r rjhds ls lk>k
djuk gSA ;g v‚ijsfVax flLVe tks dbZ çkslslj ij pyrk gS] ,d e'khu dh
rjg O;ogkj djus ds fy, dbZ e'khuksa dks cukus dk iz;kl djrk gSA forfjr
ç.kkfy;ksa ds lkeus vkus okyh leL;kvksa esa ls dqN lqj{kk laca/kh leL;k]
usVodZ esa lans'kksa dh gkfu vkSj vksojyksfMax eqíksa ls lacaf/kr gSaA mnkgj.k tgka
forfjr daI;wfVax dk vuqç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS os baVjusV] baVªkusV vkfn gSaA
¼Network Operating System)
bl v‚ijsfVax flLVe esa] dbZ daI;wVjksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks ,d usVodZ ds
ek/;e ls lefUor fd;k tkrk gSA bls yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ ls tqM+s ilZuy
daI;wVj] odZLVs'ku vkSj loZj dks liksVZ vkSj izc/a k djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k
gSA ;g loZjksa dks vyx&vyx ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj fofHkUu LFkkuksa }kjk nwj ls lqyHk
gksus esa enn djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, uksl] ;fuDl] fyuDl ¼NOS,,
UNIX, Linux, Mac, OS)

¼Application Software)
VeZ ,aM ;wtj çksxzke dss ,fIyds'ku l‚¶Vos;j dks blds mi;ksx ds dkj.k ;g
vklkuh ls fofHkUu vuqç;ksxksa ds :i esa vius mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks miyC/k gSA
,fIyds'ku l‚¶Vos;j çksxzke dk fgLlk gS tks daI;wVj flLVe ds lexz dkedkt
dks c<+krk gSA vafre mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks oMZ çkslslj] MsVkcsl çksxzke] izLrqfr] çksxzke]
LçsM'khV vkfn tSls vuqiz;ksx çnku fd, tkrs jgs gSaA vuqiz;ksx l‚¶Vos;j flLVe
l‚¶Vos;j ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA mi;ksxdrkZ ,d daI;wVj flLVe dk mi;ksx dj 55
 ldrk gS tc flLVe esa l‚¶Vos;j gksrk gS fQj fof'k"V dk;Z djus ds fy,
vuqiz;ksx l‚¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
;s ,sls vuqiz;ksx gSa tks vafre mi;ksxdrkZ dsoy osc czkmtj tSls osc vk/kkfjr
bZesy] lks'ky ehfM;k IysVQ‚eZ dh enn ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa] gkykafd ;s vc
vuqiz;ksx (Application) ds :i esa Hkh miyC/k gSa] ysfdu bu vuqç;ksxksa dh lsok
dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, vkids ikl mfpr [kkrk gksuk pkfg, A
bl rjg ds l‚¶Vos;j ds mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij Jsf.k;ka cukbZ tkrh gSa
1½ ¼General Use Software)
bl rjg ds l‚¶Vos;j dks lHkh mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa dks
/;ku esa j[krs gq, fodflr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ;s fo'ks"k :i ls ,d laxBu
ds fy, fMtkbu ugha fd, x, gSaA ;s O;olk;] vke mi;ksxdrkZvksa vkSj
oSKkfud vuqç;ksxksa ds fy, Hkh vko';d gSaA ;s dqN [kkl fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj
dk;ksaZ ds lkFk lHkh yksxksa ds fy, miyC/k gSa ftUgsa lkekU; ç;kstu l‚¶Vos;j
dk mi;ksx djds fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa ,e ,l oMZ (MS WORD)]
,Dlsy] i‚oj i‚baV] VSyh ¼TALLY)] daI;wVj ,MsM fMtkbu ¼CAD½ dqN
lkekU; ç;kstu vuqç;ksx l‚¶Vos;j gSaA
d½ oMZ &çkslsflax l‚¶Vos;j% ,e,l oMZ] ,Iiy
[k½ LçsM'khV l‚¶Vos;j% ,e,l ,Dlsy] DokVªk]s yksVl 1&2&3
Xk½ MsVkcsl l‚¶Vos;j% ,e,l ,Dlsl] Qkbyesdj çks
?k½ xzkfQDl l‚¶Vos;j% QksVks'k‚i] ,e,l isaV] ,Mksc QksVks'k‚i
B½ eYVhehfM;k l‚¶Vos;j% oh,ylh Iys;j] foaMkst ehfM;k Iys;j

1½ l‚¶Vos;j vkSj mlds çdkjksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

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2½ ,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;j vkSj flLVe l‚¶Vos;j ds chp varj crkb;sA
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56
3½ crk,a fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lgh gS ;k xyr%
i½ l‚¶Vos;j vkidks gj rjg ds dk;Z djus esa enn djus ds fy, miyC/k
gSA
ii½ v‚ijsfVax flLVe ,aM ;wtj vkSj e'khu ds chp dh dM+h gSA
iii½ xwxy Økse vuqiz;ksx l‚¶Vos;j ugha gSA
iv½ ,aMª‚;M v‚ijsfVax flLVe dk mi;ksx dsoy eksckby ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
v½ fu%'kqYd vkSj [kqyk l‚¶Vos;j O;kolkf;d mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx ugha dj
ldrsA

¼Google Chrome)
2008 esa] xwxy }kjk fodflr ,d Ø‚l IysVQ‚eZ ¼Cross platform )osc czkmtj gSA
igyk laLdj.k ekbØksl‚¶V foaMkst vuq:i laxr Fkk ysfdu ckn ds laLdj.kksa dks
fyuDl] eSdvks,l] vkbZvks,l vkSj ,aMª‚bM ij iksVZ fd;k x;kA Økse czkM
a xwxy ds
egRoiw.kZ mRiknksa esa ls ,d gSA xwxy ,d [kkst batu gS tcfd xwxy ¼Chrome)
Økse ,d osc czkmtj gSA ;g czkmtj viuh xfr] osc ij vklku usfoxs'ku vkSj
baVjusV lfQaZx ¼Internal Surfing) ds fy, vPNs lqj{kk –f"Vdks.k ds dkj.k nqfu;k
Hkj esa lcls vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk czkmtj gSA xqIr fof/k ¼Secret mode)
tSlh dqN fo'ks"krk,a gSa tks bls vU; osc czkmtj ls vyx cukrh gSaA

¼App Based Software)

,si vkSj ,fIyds'ku ds chp ewy varj] fd, tkus okys dk;ksaZ dh la[;k gSA ,d ,si
,d gh mís'; ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k l‚¶Vos;j gS vkSj ,dy dk;Z
¼function) djrk gS tcfd ,d ,fIyds'ku fofHkUu çdkj ds dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
bls ,d okD; esa le>k tk ldrk gS & ^^,sIl NksVs vuqç;ksx gSa^^A
;s ,si vk/kkfjr l‚¶Vos;j gh gSa tks flLVe ds dkedkt dks c<+krs gSaA mnkgj.k
dSydqyVs j] Ldkbi] xsV v‚fQl 365 vkfn ds gks ldrs gSa] tks ewy :i ls vafre
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vf/kd dq'kyrk ls dk;Z djus esa enn djrs gSaA

¼Windows Operating System)

daI;wVj flLVe ges'kk flLVe l‚¶Vos;j ds lkFk lefiZr gksrk gS vkSj flLVe
l‚¶Vos;j dk çeq[k ?kVd v‚ijsfVax flLVe gksrk gSA v‚ijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj esa
ekStwn gS tSls MsLdV‚i daI;wVj] ySiV‚i] LekVZ Qksu] VScysV daI;wVj] LekVZ o‚p
vkfnA
foaMkst ekbØksl‚¶V bad dk v‚ijsfVax flLVe gSA ;g daI;wVj ij gkMZos;j vkSj
vU; l‚¶Vos;j ds chp ,d varjQyd ¼Interface) ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ;g
mu lHkh dk;ksaZ dks djrk gS tks lalk/kuksa ds vkoaVu ,d v‚ijsfVax flLVe }kjk

57
 fd;k tkrk gS] ;g fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk çca/ku djrk gS tks buiqV / vkmViqV
fMokblksa dh enn ls fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA

L=ksr % ekbØkslkWV
fp= 4-3 % foaMkst vkWijsfVax flLVe

foaMkst dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa%

• baVj,fDVo iSdst ¼Interactive Package): v‚ijsfVax flLVe vafare
mi;ksxdrkZ vkSj daI;wVj ds chp lapkj dks lgtrk ls lqfuf'pr djrk gS vkSj
blfy, lqfo/kkvksa dks le>uk vkSj vklku o rhoz gks x;k gSA
• esuw lapkfyr iSdst ¼Menu Operating Package): foaMkst v‚ijsfVax flLVe
fofHkUu vkns'kksa dks lh[ks fcuk dbZ dk;Z djus ds fy, vafre mi;ksxdrkZ ds
fy, vklku cukrk gSA ;g esuw ds mi;ksx ls lapkyu dks vklku cukrk gS
flQZ cl bu esuw ij fDyd djus ls mís'; iwjk gks tkrk gSA
• ;kstuk izca/kd ¼Program Changer): ,l foaMkst vU; çksxzke çkslsflax dks
fu;af=r] leUo; vkSj ifjorZu djds çca/kd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
• eYVh&VkfLdax iSdst ¼Multi-tasking Package): foaMkst v‚ijsfVax flLVe
dh bl fo'ks"krk us mRikndrk dks c<+k;k gS vkSj vafre mi;ksxdrkZvksa }kjk
vius dk;ksaZ dks iwjk djus esa yxus okys le; dks de fd;k gSA ;g lqfo/kk
vafre mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks ,d lkFk cgq dk;Z djus esa enn djrh gSA

¼Android
Operating System for Mobile)

,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe dks 'kq: esa dSejksa ds fy, ,d v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds :i
esa ekuk x;k Fkk] ysfdu tYn gh eksckby gSaMlsV bldk xarO; cu x;k] og Hkh
,sls le; esa tc uksfd;k ds flfEc;u v‚ijsfVax flLVe }kjk cM+s iSekus ij
eksckby gSaMlsV {ks= ij çHkqRo Fkk] tcfd CySdcsjh O;olk; bu {ksrzks ij gkoh FkkA
,aMª‚bM dks ,aMª‚bM bad }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftls ikyks v‚YVks]
dSfyQksfuZ;k] ;w,l, esa o"kZ 2003 esa fjp QkmaMlZ] fud fl;lZ] fØl OgkbV vkSj
,aMh :fcu uked pkj laLFkkidksa }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ckn esa ,aMª‚bM bad
dks xwxy }kjk o"kZ 2005 esa [kjhn fy;k x;k Fkk vkSj rc ls ,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax
flLVe ij xwxy dk LokfeRo gSA

58
orZeku esa ,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe u dsoy eksckby gSaMlsV esa mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS] cfYd iguus ;ksX; midj.kksa] xse dalksy] Vhoh] ih l
+ h +vkfn esa Hkh mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fyuDl dusZy ij vk/kkfjr ,d vksiu lkslZ v‚ijsfVax flLVe
gSA vksiu lkslZ bldk eryc gS fd bldk ewy lzksr dksM iqufoZrj.k vkSj la'kks/ku
ds fy, Lora= :i ls miyC/k gSA bldh 'kq#vkr ds ckn ls] ewy ,aMª‚bM
v‚ijsfVax flLVe dbZ fjyht ls xqtjk gS vkSj mu lHkh dks o.kkZuqØe esa uke fn;k
x;k gSA

L=ksr % ,aMªkWbM
fp= 4-4 % ,aMªkWbM vkWijsfVax flLVe

blds fjyht ds Øe esa didsd] MksuV] ,Dys;j] Qks;ks] ftatjczsM] guhdkWEc]

vkblØhe lSaMfop] tsyh chu] fdVdSV] y‚yhi‚i] ek'kZeSyks] uwxkV] vksfj;ks vkSj
ikbZ gSaA ,aMª‚bM dh yksdfç;rk dks blds eq¶r vuqdwyu ¼[kqys lzksr gksus½ vkSj cM+s
iSekus ij vuqç;ksxksa ds cM+s iwy ¼blds ckn ,si ds :i esa lanfHkZr½ ds fy,
ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tk ldrk drk gS] tks fd Iys LVksj ij miyC/k gS] tks ,d vU;
eksckby v‚ijsfVax flLVe tSls flfEc;u vkSj CySdcsjh ds lkFk lkeuk ugha dj
ldkA ,aMª‚bM ds ikl Hkkjh yksdfç;rk ds ckotwn] bls vDlj ,d f'kdk;r ds
lkFk lgu djuk iM+rk gS fd ,aMª‚bM ds fofHkUu fjyht dks eksckby midj.kksa ij
viMsV gksus esa egRoiw.kZ le; yxrk gS vkSj ;g cM+s iSekus ij gkMZos;j fHkUurk
vkSj vuqdwyu ijh{k.k esa nsjh ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
,aMª‚bM dk baVjQsl izR;{k gLrdkS”ky ij vk/kkfjr ,d Vp baVjQsl gS ftlesa
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks fofHkUu vkbd‚u] fotsV vkSj fMokbl dh LØhu ij ,d dhcksMZ
fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ;s vkbdu] fofHkUu ,fIyds'ku vkSj vU; fMokbl lac/a kh
xfrfof/k;ksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa] fQj Lokbfiax ¼Lokbi bu vkSj Lokbi vkmV½]
VSfiax] fiafpax vkSj fjolZ fiafpax tSlh fofHkUu Li'kZ xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk ,lsl ffd,
tkrs gSaA ,aMª‚bM eksckby midj.kksa esa ,d LVsVl ckj Hkh gksrk gS ftlesa fMokbl
vkSj bldh dusfDVfoVh dh fofHkUu tkudkjh gksrh gSA
;g LVsVl ckj Hkh vuqdwyu ;ksX; gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd mi;ksxdrkZ ;g r; dj
ldrs gSa fd LVsVl ckj esa dkSu lh dk;Z{kerk fn[kkbZ nsuh pkfg,A LVsVl ckj dks
,d vf/klwpuk LØhu dks çdV djus ds fy, ^^uhps^^ [khapk tk ldrk gS tks
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks lacaf/kr ,fIyds'ku vkSj fotsV rd igqapus ds fy, vf/klwpuk ij
vkbdu VSi djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
59
 ,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe] fMokbl gkMZos;j vkSj thih,l] vksfj,aVs'ku lsalj]
,DlsysjksehVj] xk;jksLdksi] cSjksehVj] eSXusVksehVj] ç‚fDlfeVh lsalj] çs'kj lsalj]
FkekZehVj tSls fofHkUu v‚ucksMZ lsaljksa ls LFkkfir ,Il vkSj fotsV~l dks vfrfjä
QaD'kufyVh iznku djrk gSA blds vykok] Google Play Store esa fofHkUu FkMZ
ikVhZ ,sIl gSa tks C, C ++, Java vkSj GO çksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx djds
Android SDK ij fodflr fd, x, gSaA

bu ,sIl esa ls vf/kdka'k eq¶r gSa ysfdu dqN dk Hkqxrku Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ,aMª‚bM
v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds Iys LVksj Qhpj ds lkFk [kqyh ç—fr us bls dqN gh le; esa
eksckby v‚ijsfVax flLVe dh lcls vf/kd ekax cuk fn;kA tSls dh eksckby
midj.kksa ij gh pyrk gS] cSVjh dh [kir ges'kk ckrphr ds chp gksrh gSA ,aMª‚bM
vks,l bls yacs le; ls fuf"Ø; fd, x, ,fIyds'ku dks ges'kk ds fy, can djds
laHkkyrk gSA
gkyk¡fd] gkMZos;j çkS|ksfxdh esa mUufr ds lkFk] cSVjh {kerk vkSj jSe vkdkj esa Hkh
dkQh o`f) gqbZ gSA
blus ,aMª‚bM dks dk;kZRedrkvksa vkSj mi;ksfxrkvksa ds ekeys esa c<+us ds vf/kd
volj fn, gSaA tSlk fd igys dgk x;k gS] ,aMª‚bM fyuDl dusZy ij vk/kkfjr gS]
ftlesa feMyos;j] fofHkUu ykbczsjh vkSj ,aMª‚bM juVkbe 'kkfey gSa] tks juVkbe
,uok;juesaV gS] ftlesa ^dksM }kjk ,fIyds'ku dks e'khu dksM esa ladfyr fd;k
tkrk gSA blds Åij ,Iyhds'ku ÝseodZ vkSj ,Iyhds'ku gh fufgr gSA
,aMª‚bM vks,l dh lexz okLrqdyk vkSj ml ij pyus okys ,fIyds'ku vU;
eksckby vks,l dh rqyuk esa cgqr etcwr gSaA frfFk ds vuqlkj] ;g vuqeku gS fd
70&80% eksckby midj.k Android OS ij pyrs gSa tks fd Apple ds OS }kjk
pyk;k tkrk gSA

fu%'kqYd vkSj lHkh ds fy, miyC/k l‚¶Vos;j (Open and

Free Software)

'kkfCnd vFkZ ds vuqlkj] eq¶r dk eryc 'kwU; ykxr ij vkrk gS vkSj vksiu dk
eryc 'kwU; çfrca/k ¼lHkh ds fy,½ gSA l‚¶Vos;j ds laca/k esa] Ýh vkSj vksiu
l‚¶Vos;j dk eryc oks l‚¶Vos;j gS tks mi;ksx djus] forfjr djus vkSj
la'kksf/kr djus dh Lora=rk ds lkFk vkrk gS vkSj ;g rc gksrk gS tc bldk lzksr
dksM fdlh Hkh çfrca/k ds fcuk lkoZtfud Mksesu esa eq¶r miyC/k gksrk gSA
;g /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS fd l‚¶Vos;j Ýh vkSj vksiu gks ldrk gS vkSj lkFk
gh lkFk vyx ls Hkh gks ldrs gSaA os l‚¶Vos;j tks u rks eq¶r gS vkSj u gh [kqys
gS] dks can lzkrs ;k ç—fr esa ekfydkuk gks ldrk gSA cgqr ls eqDr ¼Free) vkSj
vksiu ¼Open) l‚¶Vos;j ¼Software) ekStwn gSa vkSj muesa ls dqN Linux ¼dekaM
:i esa ;wfuDl ds lkFk½] Android, MySQL, Python, PHP, Open Office,
Postfix, Wordpress vkfn gSaA

60
L=ks
=ksr % fu%”kqYd vkSj lHkh ds fy, miyC/k lkW¶Vos;j

fp= 4-55 % vksiu L=ksr igy

fjpMZ eSF;w LVkyeSu dks 1983 esa th +,u ; + w + çkstsDV dh ?kks"k.kk djus ij Ýh vkSj
vksiu l‚¶Vos;j ds laLFkkid ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA mudh igy ckn esa fyul
V‚okZYM~l }kjk lQy gqbZ tc mUgksaus fyuDl dusZy cuk;kA blh rjg dh vU;
igyksa ds lkFk] tks ckn esa ,d&,d djds vkbZa] vksiu lkslZ igy ¼initiative) dh
LFkkiuk o"kZ 1998 esa gqbZ vkSj ckn esa blh rjg dh pkj vU; bdkb;k¡ Hkh LFkkfir
dh xbZaA gkykafd] dbZ l‚¶Vos;j daifu;ksa ds :i esa FOSS dk cgqr fojks/k gqvk gS
vkSj muds çfrfuf/k;ksa us nkok fd;k fd ;g ,d ckSf)d laink fo/oald gSA tc
gesa FOSS (Free and Open en Sources Software) dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk lkjka'k djuk
gksrk gS] rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks O;fäxr mi;ksx vkSj
vuqdwyu dh Lora=rk gSA blds vykok] tSlk fd bldk lzksr dksM lkoZtfud
Mkseus esa gS] bldh xksiuh;rk vkSj lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr dksbZ HHkh fNis gq, [krjs ugha
gSaA tSlk fd igys dgk x;k gS] bldh eq¶r ;k vf/kdre ykxr] ux.; ykxr ds
lkFk vkrh gS tks vkerkSj ij dsoy l‚¶Vos;j fodkl dk;ksaZ ds fy, ekaxh tkrh
gSA gkykafd ;g /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd FOSS vius lgh ek;uksa esa Lora= ugha
gS D;ksafd ;g vkerkSj ij ykblsal ds lkFk vkrk gS tks vuqe;s la'kks/ku dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS vkSj bl çdkj iwoZfu/kkZfjr <kaps ds Hkhrj la'kks/kuksa dks çfrcaf/kr
djrk gSA ,sls ykblsalksa esa ls ,d gS th +,u +;w + th +ih +,y +¼General Public
Licence½A UNIX ds fy,] lacaf/kr ykblsal dks ch,lMh ykblsal dgk tkrk Fkk
vkSj vU; leku ykblsal vikps ykblsal] ,fDyIl ifCyd ykblsal vkSj eksftyk
ykblsal gSaA FOSS dks eq[; :i ls ekfydkuk l‚¶Vos;j ls çfrLi/kkZ ds lkFk
viuh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, lhfer QafMax ds dkj.k ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk dj djuk iM+
jgk gS tks fu;fer viMsV vkSj etcwr j[kj[kko ra= çnku djrk gSA vHkh Hkh
FOSS us viuh 'kq#vkrh ck/kkvksa ls ,d yack lQj r; dj fy;k gS vkSj ;g
yxkrkj vkSj vkxs c<+ jgk gSA

61
 (Google Play Store)

xwxy Iys LVksj ,d fMftVy lsok gS ftls xwxy }kjk vius ,aMª‚;M eksckby
v‚ijsfVax flLVe ij fodflr vkSj j[kj[kko ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ewy :i
ls ,aMª‚bM jfuax ,fIyds'ku] xse] E;wftd] ewoh jsaVy] bZ&cqDl o dbZ vkSj vf/kd gSa
ftls mi;ksxdrkZ vius ,aMª‚bM eksckby fMokblsl ij czkmt] MkmuyksM vkSj
baLa V‚y dj ldrs gSaA ;s lHkh ,si vkfn ,aMª‚bM l‚¶Vos;j MsoyiesaV fdV ¼¼SDK½
dk mi;ksx djds fodflr fd, x, gSa vkSj xwxy ds ek/;e ls Iys LVksj esa
çdkf'kr fd, x, gSaA
dqN lkefxz;ksa dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS tcfd dqN MkmuyksM djus ds fy,
Lora= gSaA xwxy ;k lacaf/kr
kr ,si Msoyij vyx Hkqxrku fof/k ;k isM lkexzh ds
fy, usVodZ dSfj;j ds ek/;e ls fufnZ"V djrk gSA xwxy Iys LVksj dks igys
,aMª‚;M Market ds :i esa bZ&iqLrdksa ¼Google eBook Store½ vkSj laxhr ¼Google
Music dgk tkrk gS½ ds fy, vyx&vyx vuqç;ksxksa ds lkFk tkuk tkrk FkkA

L=ksr % xwxy
fp= 4-6 % xwxy Iys LVksj

ckn esa xwxy Iys LVksj ij bu rhuksa dh dk;Z{kerk la;qä gks xbZA 'kkfCnd vFkZ ds
vuqlkj] xwxy Iys LVksj dsoy xse ds fy, ugha gSA cfYd ;g vius papy ç—fr
dks n'kkZrk gS fd xwxy us xwxy Iys LVksj dks fMtkbu djus dh ifjdYiuk dh
FkhA tks Hkh ,sIl ds Msoyij xwxy Iys LVksj esa vius ,sIl y‚Up djuk pkgrs gSa]
mUgsa igys xwxy Iys Msoy ds dalksy vdkmaV ij jftLVj djuk gksxkA ,sls
MsoyilZ ;g Hkh fu;af=r dj ldrs gSa fd mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds fy, dkSu ls ns'k esa
muds ,sIl miyC/k gksaxsA ;g /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gS fd xwxy mu ,sIl ds
çdkjksa ij dqN çfrca/k yxk ldrk gS ftUgsa çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk tk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls
;g ;kSu :i ls lEcfU/kr Li"V lkexzh] cky “kks’k.k]] fgalk] /kedkus vkSj mRihM+u]
vHkæ Hkk"kk] tqvk] voS/k xfrfof/k;ksa dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gSA
xwxy le;&le; ij ,sls lHkh xSj& &uSfrd vuqiz;ksx dks fQYVj dj irk yxkrk
gS vkSj gVkrk gSA ,slk vuqeku gS fd xwxy Iys LVksj esa 3-5 fefy;u ls vf/kd
vuqiz;ksx miyC/k gSaA blh rjg] xwxy Iys LVksj dh xwxy Iys xsEl lqfo/kk esa ,dy
f[kykM+h vkSj jh;yVkbe eYVhIys;j xsfeax {kerk nksuksa gSaA xwxy Iys laxhr vkSj
ewoh laxhr ewoh LVªhfeax lsok çnku djrk gS tks dHkh Hkh ekax ij miyC/k gSaA
62
,aMª‚bM ds çR;sd laLdj.k dks tkjh djus vkSj gkMZos;j {kerkvksa ds vkxeu ds
lkFk] xwxy Iys LVksj ,slh lkexzh esa fodflr gqvk gS mi;ksxdrkZvksa dk ekuuk gS
fd vU; eksckby v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds fy, miyC/k leku LVksj dh rqyuk esa
dkQh le`) vkSj etcwr gSaA ;g /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS fd xwxy ds ikl ,d
Lopkfyr ,aVhok;jl ç.kkyh gS] ftls xwxy ckmalj dgk tkrk gS] eSyos;j ds fy,
u, vkSj ekStwnk nksuksa ,si dks LdSu djus ds fy, ftls ckn esa xwxy Iys çksVsDV ds
:i esa fQj ls fy[kk x;kA bu lHkh ds ckotwn] xwxy Iys LVksj dks vlqjf{kr ,sIl
ds fy, ¶ySd dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS
vf/kxzfgr Vsyj esM (tailor Made) l‚¶Vos;j
ftl laxBu dh vko';drk,a vius Lo;a ds O;olk; ds fy, fof'k"V gksrh gSa] rc
os MsoyilZ ls l‚¶Vos;j ds lkFk vkus ds fy, dgrs gSa ftlesa leku fo'ks"krk,a
gksrh gSaA dqN l‚¶Vos;j v‚uykbu miyC/k gSa ftuds eq¶r laLdj.k dk mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bls yacs le; rd mi;ksx djus ds fy,] vafre
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks mUgsa [kjhnus ds fy, dqN dher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA vU; rjhds
Hkh gSa tks l‚¶Vos;j MsoyilZ }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSa tks fd l‚¶Vos;j dh
mi;ksfxrkvksa dks çnku djus ds fy, gksrs gaSA
• Lofu/kkZfjr vkSj dqN fof'k"V dk;ksZa ds fy, vuqdwfyr l‚¶Vos;j dh
vko';drk gksrh gS ftls ,d laxBu / O;fä dks çn'kZu djus dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA bu&gkml MsoyilZ dk mi;ksx djds VsyjesM l‚¶Vos;j fodflr
fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k bls vU; fo'ks"kKksa ls Hkh vkmVlkslZ fd;k tk ldrk
gSA dqN mnkgj.k thesy] ekbØksl‚¶V vkmVyqd gks ldrs gSa]
• mi;ksx djus ds fy, rS;kj ;k iwoZ&fyf[kr l‚¶Vos;j ds uke ls irk pyrk
gS fd l‚¶Vos;j mi;ksx djus ds fy, rS;kj gSA ;s cktkj esa miyC/k jsMhesM
l‚¶Vos;j iSdst gSa ftudk mi;ksx mudh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
• lkoZtfud Mksesu l‚¶Vos;j ¼Public Domain Software) ;s cM+s iSekus ij
turk ds fy, miyC/k l‚¶Vos;j gSaA ;s l‚¶Vos;j vafre mi;ksxdrkZZ dh
cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k x;k gSA
(Language Processor)

bldk mi;ksx çksxzkej ds funsZ'kksa dks ,d ,sls :i esa vuqokn djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS ftls daI;wVj flLVe }kjk O;k[;k vkSj fu"ikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
çksxzkej fofHkUu daI;wVj Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa tks fu"iknu ds fy, Hkk"kk
çkslslj }kjk vuqokfnr gksrs gSaA

Lkzksr dksM vuqoknd mÌs"; dksM fu"iknu

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 rhu vyx&vyx Hkk"kk çkslslj gSa
• ladyd
• nqHkkf"k;k
• la;kstudrkZ
Device Driver)
• bls gkMZo;s j Mªkboj ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS tks daI;wVj ds v‚ijsfVax
flLVe ds lkFk lapkj djus ds fy, ,d ;k vf/kd gkMZos;j midj.kksa dh
enn djrk gSA
• ;g ,d vuqoknd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS tks buiqV / vkmViqV
fMokbl dks ml Hkk"kk esa funsZ'kksa dks laçsf"kr djds esa enn djrk gS ftls
flLVe le> ldrk gSA
• ;qfDr pkyd ¼fMokbl Mªkboj½ ;k rks fuekZrkvksa }kjk çnku fd, tkrs gSa
;k vks ,+ l +(OS) ds ?kVdksa esa varfuZfgr gksrs gSaA
• daI;wVj flLVe ds fy, lqpk: dkedkt ds fy, ;qfDr pkyd ¼fMokbl
Mªkboj½ dk gksuk vko';d gSA
4½
• ,d mi;ksfxrk dk;ZØe ewy :i ls ^^juÞ (RUN) MsLdV‚i çksxzke tSls
fof'k"V dk;ksaZ dks djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gS tks fof'k"V mís';ksa ds fy,
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj okafNr ifj.kke çkIr djus ds fy, dqN dekaM
fn, tkrs gSA
• mi;ksfxrk dk;ZØeksa dk mi;ksx Qkbyksa dks [kkstus] flLVe dh leL;kvksa
dk funku o ejEer djus] gkMZ Mªkbo dks lkQ djus o Qkbyksa dks LVksj
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
• iz;ksx dh tkus okyh dqN mi;ksfxrkvksa esa MsLdV‚i o`f)] Qkby
:ikarj.k] fMLd Lo:i.k] cSdvi] MsVk fjdojh vkfn gSaA

1½ crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku gS ;k

i½ ,aVhok;jl ;wfVfyVh l‚¶Vos;j gSA
ii½ Mªkboj flLVe l‚¶Vos;j gSaA
iii½ foaMkst 10 ,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;j gSA
iv½ D;k ,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe dk mi;ksx Vhoh ij fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
v½ xwxy Iys LVksj dks Vscy daI;wVj ij ,Dlsl ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
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2½ fjDr LFkku Hkjsa
i½ _____ dk mi;ksx fof'k"V dk;Z dks iwjk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
ii½ xwxy _____________ ,d osc czkmtj gSA
iii½ fyuDl __________ gSA

daI;wVj l‚¶Vos;j thou ds fy, e'khu nsrk gSA tks daI;wVj dks dk;Z djus esa
l{ke cukrk gS l‚¶Vos;j nks çdkj dk gksrk gS (i) flLVe l‚¶Vos;j (ii)
,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;jA ;g l‚¶Vos;j daI;wVj flLVe esa vyx dk;Z djrk gSA
flLVe l‚¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx fofHkUu gkMZo;s j dks pykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS]
tcfd ,fIyds'ku l‚¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx fofHkUu ,fIyds'ku tSls oMZ] ,Dlsy]
i‚oji‚baV] ehfM;k Iys;j] ,l +ih ,+ l +,l + (SPSS)] VSyh] QksVks'k‚i vkfn dks
pykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
foaMks v‚ijsfVax flLVe vkerkSj ij vks +,l +(OS) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ;g
yksdfç; xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsl gS tks daI;wVj midj.kksa tSls MsLdV‚i daI;wVj]
ySiV‚i] LekVZQksu] VScysV daI;wVj] LekVZ ?kfM+;ksa vkfn esa ekStwn gSA
,aMª‚bM esa O;kid :i ls eksckby vk/kkfjr v‚ijsfVax flLVe dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA gkykafd] 'kq: esa bls dSejksa ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k Fkk] ijUrq
vktdy ,aMª‚bM vks +,l (+ OS) dk mi;ksx iguus ;ksX; fMokbl] xse dalksy] LekVZ
Vhoh vkfn ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g v‚ijsfVax flLVe xwxy Iys LVksj dk
leFkZu djrk gS tks fofHkUu çdkjksa dks eksckby vuqç;ksx ds MkmuyksM djus ds
fy, fMftVy lsok,a çnku djrk gSA

Computer Software) daI;wVj l‚¶Vos;j MsVk ;k daI;wVj

funsZ'kksa dk ,d laxzg gS tks daI;wVj dks dke djus dk rjhdk crkrk gSA ;g
HkkSfrd gkMZo;s j ds foijhr gS] ftlesa ;ss flLVe cuk;k x;k gS vkSj ;g okLro esa
dke djrk gSA ;g ewy :i ls os ?kVd gSa tks daI;wVj dks dk;Z djus esa l{ke
cukrs gSaA
Operating System): v‚ijsfVax flLVe ,d l‚¶Vos;j gS tks
Qkby çca/ku] eseksjh eSustesaV] çkslsl eSustesaV] gSaMfyax buiqV vkSj vkmViqV tSls
lHkh cqfu;knh dk;ksaZ dks djrk gS] vkSj ifj/kh; midj.kksa tSls fd fMLd Mªkbo vkSj
fçaVj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
(Android):
,aMª‚bM ,d eksckby v‚ijsfVax flLVe gS tks fyuDl dusZy
vkSj vU; vksiu lkslZ l‚¶Vos;j ds la'kksf/kr laLdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gS] tks eq[;
:i ls LekVZQksu vkSj VScysV tSls VpLØhu eksckby midj.kksa ds fy, fMtkbu
fd;k x;k gSA
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 xwxy Iys LVksj (Google Play Store): xwxy Iys iwoZ esa ,aMªksbM ckt+kj ¼Android
Market), xwxy }kjk lapkfyr vkSj fodflr ,d fMftVy forj.k lsok gSA ;g
,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds fy, vkf/kdkfjd ,si LVksj ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS]
ftlls mi;ksxdrkZ ,aMª‚bM l‚¶Vos;j MsoyiesaV fdV ds lkFk fodflr vkSj
MkmuyksM fd, x, ,fIyds'ku dks xwxy ds ek/;e ls czkmt vkSj MkmuyksM dj
ldrs gSaA
Application Software):
,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;j mu çksxzkeksa
dk ,d lewg gS tks daI;wVj flLVe ds lexz dkedkt dks c<+krk gSA ,Iyhds'ku
l‚¶Vos;j flLVe l‚¶Vos;j ij fuHkZj gSA mi;ksxdrkZ ,d daI;wVj flLVe dk
mi;ksx dj ldrk gS tc flLVe l‚¶Vos;j gksrk gS vkSj fQj fof'k"V dk;Z djus
ds fy, ,fIyds'ku l‚¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(System Software) :
flLVe l‚¶Vos;j daI;wVj ç.kkyh vkSj
l‚¶Vos;j vuqç;ksxksa ds chp e/;LFk ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA blesa daI;wVj
gkMZos;j flLVe ds lapkyu vkSj çca/ku dk dk;Z djus okys dk;ZØeksa dk lewg
'kkfey gSA

3½ i½ lgh ii½ lgh iii½ xyr iv½ xyr v½ xyr

1½ ¼i½ lgh ii½ lgh iii½ xyr iv½ lgh v½ xyr

2½ ¼i½ ,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;j ii½ Økse iii½ v‚ijsfVax flLVe

1½ daI;wVj l‚¶Vos;j dh nks eq[; Jsf.k;ksa ds uke vkSj varj crkb,aA

2½ ,fIyds'ku l‚¶Vos;j dks egRoiw.kZ D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\ blds vuqç;ksx ds ckjs
esa foLrkj ls crkb;sA
3½ v‚ijsfVax flLVe vkSj muds çdkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
4½ xwxy Økse ,Iyhds'ku l‚¶Vos;j ds ckjs esa crkb,aA
5½ ,aMª‚bM v‚ijsfVax flLVe nwljs v‚ijsfVax flLVe ls dSls vyx gS \
6½ dqN eq¶r vkSj vksiu l‚¶Vos;j dh mi;ksfxrkvksa dk uke o mudk Li’V
djsaA
7½ ,aMª‚bM vks ,+ l + ds fy, xwxy Iys LVksj egRoiw.kZ ,fIyds'ku D;ksa gS \
;s ç'u vkids vH;kl ds fy, gSaA buds mÙkj fy[kus dk vH;kl djsa fdarq
mŸkjksa dks fo'ofo|ky; esa ewY;kadu ds fy, u HkstsaA ç'uksa ds mÙkj
fy[kdj vki Lo;a viuh izxfr dh tk¡p dj ldrs gSaA

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