JPSC

State Civil Services

Jharkhand Public Service Commission

(Preliminary & Main)

isij & 3

Hkkjr ,oa >kj[k.M dh vFkZO;oLFkk

 JPSC
Hkkjr ,oa >kj[.M dh vFkZO;oLFkk
fo”k;&lwph

1. jk”Vªh; vk; ,oa mRikn 1

2. eqnzk LQhfr Hkfo”; ds cktkj fofÙk; lekos’ku 17

3. foÙk cktkj 28

4. yksd foÙk 40

5. oLrq o lsokdj] dj Vkyuk 52

6. Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad o cSafdx {ks= 57

7. Hkkjr ds oSnsf’kd {ks= 73

8. fons’kh O;kikj uhfr 78

9. vUrjkZ”Vªh; vkfFkZd laxBu 87

10. lekos’kh fodkl 97

11. Hkkjrh; Ñf”k ls lacfU/kr fofHkUu egRoiw.kZ fcUnq 101

• Ñf”k lfClMh 101

• i'kqikyu dk vFkZ’kkL= 128

• Hkwfe lq/kkj 132

12. ljdkjh ctV ls tqMs+ fofHkUu igyw o vU; vo/kkj.kk;sa 146

13. vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa fuos’k eaMy 160

14. ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkj 170

15. vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij çHkko 175

16. xjhch 185

17. csjkstxkjh 191

18. [kk?k lqj{kk 195

19. oSf’od ifj–‘; es Hkkjr 201

20. >kj[k.M dh vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa tula[;k 203

21. >kj[k.M esa Hkwfe lq/kkj ls lacaf/kr dkuwu 207

22. >kj[k.M dh çeq[k uhfr;k¡ 217

23. dsUnz ljdkj dh fofHkUu tu dY;k.k dkjh ;kstuk;sa 250

 jk"Vªh; vk; ,oa mRikn
National income & Product
çLrkouk%&
vFkZO;LFkk esa jk”Vªh; vk; ,d egÙoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk gS A vFkZ’kkL= ,oa fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh le> ds
fy, jk”Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ls tqMh vo/kkj.kksa dk Li”V gksuk vko’;d gS A oSls rks bldk irk
lkekU; rkSj ij ns’k vkSj ogka ds yksxksa dh [kq’kgkyh vkSj mudh izlUurk ls yxkrs gS A ;g rjhdk
vkt Hkh bLrseky gksrk gS gkyk¡fd ge ;g tku pqds gS fd vk; ls fdlh Hkh lekt ds csgrj vkSj
dq’ky gksus dk vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gS A bl jk; ds ihNs dbZ otgsa Hkh gSa] tc 1990 ds
‘kq:vkrh lkyksa esa ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dh ‘kq:vkr gqbZ A bl lwpdkad esa fdlh Hkh ns’k esa izfr
O;fDr vk; dks dkQh izkFkfedrk nh xbZ Fkh A ysfdu lekt esa f’k{kk vkSj LokLF; dh fLFkfr rHkh
csgrj gksrh gS tc bu {ks=ksa esa Hkh cMss iSekus ij fuos’k fd;k tkrk gkss A ;gh otg gS fd fodkl ;k
ekuo fodkl dk dsanz fcanq vk; dks ekuk tkrk gS A

vFkkZr~ &
• fdlh ns'k esa gksus okyh lHkh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk ;ksx jk"Vªh; vk; dgykrk gS] vFkkZr~ vFkZO;oLFkk
ds lHkh {ks=kas dh vk; dk ;ksx jk"Vªh; vk; dgykrk gS A

ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) :- ,d foÙk esa fdlh ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk ns'k dh vkfFkZd lhek esa
mRikfnr vafre oLrq vkSj lsokvksa dk ekSfnzd ewY; th-Mh-ih- dgykrk gS A

vafre oLrq ,oa lsok&

• mRiknu izfØ;k ls ckgj vkus okyh oLrq,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gS A
¼1½ e/;LFk oLrq,¡& ,slh oLrq,¡ tks fdlh vU; oLrq ds mRiknu ds fy, dPps eky ds :i esa
dke esa yh tkrh gS] e/;LFk oLrq,¡ dgykrh gS vFkkZr~ ;g oLrq,¡ vafre miHkksDrk }kjk miHkksx
esa ugha yh tkrh A tSls& dkj dk batu A

¼2½ vafre oLrq,¡ & ,slh oLrq,¡ ftudk miHkksx vafre miHkksDrk }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ buesa
mRiknu dh izfØ;k iw.kZ gks pqdh gksrh gS vkSj mRiknu laHko ugha gksrk gS A vfUre oLrq,¡
dgykrh gS A tSls & dkj
• nksgjh x.kuk ls cpus ds fy, e/;LFk oLrqvksa dks NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS vkSj dsoy vafre oLrqvksa dks
fy;k tkrk gS A
Hkkjr dh th-Mh-ih- x.kuk varjkZ"Vªh; izpyu ds vuq:i cukus ds fy, bls ldy ewY; lao)Zu
¼GVA½ vk/kkfjr cuk;k x;k A
(1) GVAfc = Rent + Interest + Wages + Profit
(2) GVAbp = GVAfc$ mRiknu dj & mRiknu lfClMh
(3) GDPmp = GVAbp$ mRikn dj & mRikn lfClMh

• og ewY; ftl ij ljdkj }kjk vafre miHkksDrk ls dj olwys tkrs gS] vk/kkj ewY; dgykrk gS A

1
foÙk o"kZ %&
• 1 vizSy ls ysdj 31 ekpZ rd 12 eghus dh vof/k foÙk o"kZ dgykrh gS A
• foÙk o"kZ dks ifjofrZr djus dh laHkkouk <wa<us ds fy, fuEu desfV;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;k A
¼1½ csYch vk;ksx
¼2½ ,y-ds- >k lfefr
¼3½ nkfuZ'k okpk lfefr
¼4½ 'kadj vkpk;Z lfefr ¼gky gh esa fufeZr½

mRiknu dj & mRiknu izfØ;k ds nkSjku yxus okyk dj A tSls& dPps eky ij yxus okyk dj
mRiknu lfClMh& mRiknu izfØ;k ds nkSjku feyus okyh lfClMh mRiknu lfClMh dgykrh gS A tSls&
Lons'kh dPps eky ij lfClMh
mRikn dj& vafre mRikn dj izfr bdkbZ ij yxk;k tkus okyk dj A tSls&mRikn ‘kqYd, xqM~l ,.M
lfoZl VSDl vkfn A ;g dj vafre miHkksDrk ls olwyk tkrk gS tcfd mRiknu dj mRiknd ls fy;k
tkrk gS A
mRikn lfClMh & vafre mRikn ij miHkksDrk dks nh tkus okyh lfClMh tSls & cSVªh dkj ij lfClMh
A

thMhih ds fofHkUu mi;ksx fuEu gS %&

1- th-Mh-ih- esa gksus okyk okf”kZd izfr’kr ifjorZu gh fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f) nj ¼o`f) nj½ gS
tSls & fdlh ns’k dh th-Mh-ih- :- 107 gS vkSj ;g chrs lky ls :- 7 T;knk gS rks ml ns’k
dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f) nj 7 izfr’kr gS A tc ge fdlh ns’k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks xzksbax bdkWukseh
dgrs gS rks eryc ;g gksrk gS fd ns’k dh vk; ifjek.kkRed :Ik ls c< jgh gS A
2- ;g ifjek.kkRed n`f”Vdks.k gS A blds vkdkj ls ns’k dh vkarfjd ‘kfDr dk irk pyrk gS A ysfdu
blls ns’k ds vanj mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk ds Lrj dk irk ugh py ikrk gS A
3- varjkZ”Vªh; eqnzk dks”k vkSj fo’o cSad dh vksj ls lnL; ns’kksa dk rqyukRed fo’ys”k.k blds vk/kkj
ij gh fd;k tkrk gS A

'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn (NDP) :-

• ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa ls ewY; àkl ?kVkdj bldh x.kuk dh tkrh gS A
• fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ewY; àkl dh x.kuk vyx&vyx fof/k;ksa ls dh tkrh gS A blfy, ‘kq) ?kjsyw
mRikn dk vk/kkj izR;sd ns'k esa leku ugha gksrk A
• bl dkj.k ‘kq) ?kjsyw mRIkkn dk mi;ksx ?kjsyw mn~ns’;ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
vU; ‘kCnksa esa %&
‘kq) ?kjsyw mRikn ¼NDP½] fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dk og thMhih gS] ftlesa ls ,d o”kZ ds nkSjku gksus
okyh ewY; dVkSrh dks ?kVkdj izkIr fd;k tkrk gS A okLro esa ftu lalk/kuksa }kjk mRiknu fd;k tkrk
gS mi;ksx ds nkSjku muds ewY; esa deh gks tkrh gS ftldk eryc ml lkeku dk f?klus
¼Depreciation½ ;k VwVus&QwVus ls gksrk gS A blesa ewY; dVkSrh dh nj ljdkj fu/kkZfjr djrh gS
A Hkkjr esa ;g QSlyk dsUnzh; okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx ea=ky; djrk gS A ;g ,d lwph tkjh djrk gS
ftlds eqrkfcd fofHkUu mRiknks esa gksus okyh ewY; dVkSrh ¼f?klkoV½ dh nwjh r; gksrh gS A
bl rjg ls ns[kaas rks NDP = GDP & f?klkoV

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,sls tkfgj gS fd fdlh Hkh o”kZ esa fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,uMhih ges ’kk ml lky dh thMhih ls
de gksxh A voewY;u dh ‘kwU; djus dk dksbZ Hkh rjhdk ugh gS A ysfdu ekuo lekt bl voewY;u
dks de ls de djus ds fy, dbZ rjdhcsa fudky pqdk gS A
ewY; àkl %& mRiknu izfØ;k ds nkSjku] mRiknu esa iz;ksx esa yh xbZ lEifÙk;ksa o e'khuksa esa f?klkoV
gksrh gS] bl dkj.k buds ewY; esa vk;h deh ewY; gzkl dgykrh gS A

‘kq) ?kjsyw mRikn dk vyx&vyx iz;ksx fuEu gS %&

¼1½ ?kjsyw bLrseky ds fy, bldk bLrseky f?klkoV ds pyrs gksus okys uqdlku dks le>us ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS A bruk gh ugh [kkl le;kof/k ds nkSjku m|ksx /ka/ks vkSj dkjksckj esa vyx&vyx
{ks= dh fLFkfr dk vanktk Hkh blls yxk;k tk ldrk gS A
¼2½ vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl ds {ks= esa vFkZO;oLFkk dh miyfC/k dks n’kkZus ds fy, Hkh bldk bLrseky
fd;k tkrk gS A
ysfdu ,uMhih dk bLrseky nqfu;k dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk ds fy, ugha fd;k tkrk gS A
,slk D;ksa gS \ bldh otg gS fd nqfu;k dh vyx&vyx vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ vius ;gkWa ewY; dVkSrh
dh vyx&vyx njsa fu/kkZfjr djrh gS A ;g nj ewy :i ls rkfdZd vk/kkj ij r; gksrh gS A

ldy jk”Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½ %&

fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ldy jk”Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½ ml vk; dks dgrs gS tks thMhih esa fons’kksa ls gksus
okyh vk; dks tksM+dj gkfly gksrk gS A blesa ns’k dh lhek ls ckgj gksus okyh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa
dks Hkh ‘kkfey fd;k tkrk gS A ;k]

ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP) :- ,d foÙk o"kZ ds nkSjku ns'k ds lHkh ukxfjdksa }kjk mRikfnr vafre
oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk ekSfnzd ewY; ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn dgykrk gS A
(1) GNPmp = GDPmp + Net factor Income from abroad (NFIFA)
(2) NFIFA = Income of Indian Citizen outside India – Income earned by foreigner
in India

fons'kksa ls gksus okyh vk; esa fuEukafdr igyw ‘kkfey gSa %&
1- futh izs”k.k ¼Private Remittances½
2- fons’k dtsZ ij C;kt ¼Interest of The External Loans½
3- fons’k vuqnku ¼External Grants½

lkekU;r% QkeZwys ds eqrkfcd ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn, ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn $ fons’kksa ls gksus okyh vk;
ds cjkcj gS] ysfdu Hkkjr ds ekeys esa fons’kksa ls gksus okyh vkenuh ds cnys gkfu gksrh gS A fygktk
Hkkjr dk ges’kk fons’kksa ls gksus okyh vkenuh ds cjkcj gksrk gS

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ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn ds fofHkUu mi;ksx fuEu izdkj gS &
i. blls jk”Vªh; vk; ds eqrkfcd varjkZ”Vªh; eqnzk dks”k ¼vkbZ,e,Q½ nqfu;k ds ns’kksa dh jSafdax r;
djrk gS A blds vk/kkj ij vkbZ,e,Q ns’kksa dks mudh Ø; ‘kfDr rqY;rk ¼PPP½ ds vk/kkj ij
jSad djrk gS A
ii. jk”Vªh; vk; dks vk¡dus ds fygkt ls ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn] ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn dh rqyuk esa
foLr`r iSekuk gS D;ksafd ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dh ifjek.kkRed ds lkFk&lkFk xq.kkRed rLohjsa Hkh is’k
djrk gS A fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkrafjd ds lkFk&lkFk ckgjh rkdr dks Hkh crkrk gS A
iii. ;g fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds iSVuZ vkSj mlds mRiknu ds O;ogkj dks le>us esa dkQh enn djrk
gS A ;g crkrk gS fd ckgjh nqfu;k fdlh ns’k ds [kkl mRikn ij fdrus fuHkZj gS vkSj og mRikn
nqfu;k ds ns’kksa ij fdruk fuHkZj gS A

‘kq) jk”Vªh; mRikn ,u,uih ¼NNP½ %&

ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn ¼GNP½ esa ls ewY; dVkSrh dks ?kVkus ds ckn tks vk; cprh gS] mls gh fdlh
vFkZO;oLFkk dk ‘kq) jk”Vªh; mRikn ¼NNP½ dgrs gS A
;k
'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn (NNP) :-
• bldh x.kuk ds fy, ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn esa ls ewY; gzkl dks ?kVk;k tkrk gS A
• Hkkjr esa dkjd ykxr ij ‘kq) jk”Vªh; mRIkkn dks jk"Vªh; vk; ekuk tkrk gS A
• cktkj ewY;@orZeku ewY; ij jk"Vªh; vk; dks 'kq) jk"Vªh; vk; (NNI) dgk tkrk gS A
• NNPmp = GNPmp & ewY; àkl ¼Depreciation½
• NNPfc = NNPmp & vizR;{k dj $ lfClMh
• izfr O;fDr vk; ¾ jk"Vªh; vk; NNPfc
tula[;k tula[;k
• GDPcp = GDPmp & eqnzkLQhfr ¼CP = fLFkj ewY;½
• GDPcp dks okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRIkkn Hkh dgk tkrk gS A
• cktkj ewY; ij ldy ?kjsyw mRIkkn dks ukeek= dk ldy ?kjsyw mRIkkn Hkh dgk tkrk gS A
Nomial GDP GDPmp
GDP Deflator =
Real GDP
/ GDPcp
‘kq) jk”Vªh; mRIkkn ds fofHkUu mi;ksx fuEu izdkj gS %&
i. ;g fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dh jk”Vªh; vk; ¼National Income½ ¼NI½ gS A ;|fi th-Mh-ih-
] ,u-Mh-ih- vkSj th-,u-ih- lHkh jk”Vªh; vk; gh gS ysfdu us’kuy bude ¼NI½ ds rkSj ij
ugha fy[kk tkrk A
ii. ;g fdlh Hkh ns’k dh jk”Vªh; vk; dks vkadfyr djus dk lcls csgrjhu rjhdk gS A
iii. tc ge NNP dks ns’k dh dqy vkcknh ls Hkkx nsrs gS A rks mlls ns’k dh izfr O;fDr vk;
dk irk pyrk gS] ;g izfrO;fDr lkykuk vk; gksrh gS] ;gk¡ ,d ewy ckr ij Hkh /;ku nsus
dh t:jr gS fd ;g vyx&vyx ns’kksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gS A ,sls esa fdlh ns’k esa ewY;
dVkSrh dh nj T;knk gksus ij izfr O;fDr dh vk; esa deh gksrh gS A

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• Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh la?kBu }kjk dh tkrh gS A
• jk"Vªh; vk; ds fy, vkdM+ksa dk ladyu jk”Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k dk;kZy; (NSSO) vkSj dsUnzh;
lkaf[;dh la?kBu (CSO) }kjk fd;k tkrk gS A
• ;g nksuksa laLFkk,¡ lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=ky; (MOSPI) ds vUrxZr dk;Z djrh gS
A
¼1½ lkaf[;dh ,oa dk;ZØe fØ;kUo;u ea=ky; (MOSPI = Ministry of Statistics & Program
Implementation)

¼2½ jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ laxBu (NSSO = National Sample Survey Office/Organization)

• jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk pkj ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS A

(1) dkjd ykxr
(2) cktkj ewY; & og ewY; ftl ij vafre miHkksDrk }kjk oLrq,¡ [kjhnh tkrh gS cktkj ewY;
dgykrk gS A bls orZeku ewY; Hkh dgk tkrk gS A
(3) vk/kkj ewY; &
& jk"Vªh; vk; dh rqyuk ds fy, fdlh ,d o"kZ dks vk/kkj o"kZ ekuk tkrk gS A
& Hkkjr esa 2011&12 dks vk/kkj o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A
& fdlh oLrq dk vk/kkj o"kZ dk ewY; vk/kkj ewY; dgykrk gS A
(4) fLFkj ewY;&
& ;fn cktkj ewY; esa ls eqnzkLQhfr dk izHkko gVk fn;k tk;s rks og fLFkj ewY; dgykrk
gS A
& jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk ds fy, fuEu vo/kkj.kk,¡ izpfyr gSa& ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] ldy
jk”Vªh; mRikn] fuoy ns’kh; mRIkkn] ‘kq) jk”Vªh; mRIkkn

ekSfæd jk"Vªh; vk; (Nominal National Income)

bls çpfyr ;k pkyw ewY;ksa ij jk"Vªh; vk; (National Income at Current Price) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
blesa vkèkkj o"kZ dh dherksa dk ç;ksx ugÈ fd;k tkrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa mRiknu dks ysdj oLrqfLFkfr
dk irk ugÈ yx ikrk A vr% bl jk"Vªh; vk; dks vfèkd egRo ugÈ fn;k tkrk A

bls fuEu lw= ls Kkr fd;k tkrk gS&

𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑮𝑵𝑷
𝑮𝑵𝑷 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 =
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑮𝑵𝑷

GNP Deflator – ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn viLQhfrdkjd

Nominal GNP – ukeek= dk ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn
Real GNP – okLrfod ldy jk”Vªh; mRikn

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;fn ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn viLQhfrdkjd dks çfr'kr ds :i esa vfHkO;ä djuk gks rks blds ewY; dks
100 ls xq.kk dj fn;k tkrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn fdlh o"kZ gsrq ldy jk”Vªh; mRIkkn viLQhfrdkjd
dk ewY; 1-25 gks rks çfr'kr esa cnyus ds fy, 100 ls xq.kk dj fn;k tk,xk ,oa bldk eku 125
vk tk,xk A bldk vfHkçk; ;g gksxk fd pkyw ewY; ij th,uih okLrfod th,uih ds ewY; dk 125%
gksxk A

lao`f) ,oa fodkl (Growth and Development)

lao`f) ¼Growth½ ek=kRed gksrh gS rFkk jk"Vªh; vk; vFkok mRiknu esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks çnÆ'kr
djrh gS A fodkl xq.kkRed rFkk thou dh xq.koÙkk dks çnÆ'kr djrk gS A
thou ds vPNs xq.koÙkk esa vk; vFkok xzksFk dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS A ysfdu vk; vFkok xzksFk
}kjk thou dh xq.koÙkk dks iw.kZ Li"V ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gS A dqN vU; ckrksa dh vko';drk gksrh
gS tSls & Kku] vPNk LokLF; vkfn A

thou dh xq.koÙkk (Quality of Life)

vk;
Kku
thou Lrj

lekurk esa ewY;

tkslsQ fLVxfyV~t
LokLF; vkfn

lao`f) rFkk fodkl ,d&nwljs ds fojksèkh ugÈ gS A ;g ,d&nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSa] tSls& ;fn ,d
jk"Vª esa vPNh lao`f) gS rks mlesa dj laxzg dk Lrj Å¡pk gksxk] ftlds }kjk lacafèkr ljdkj f’k{kk,
LokLF; ij lkekftd O;; c<+k ldrh gS A

blh çdkj la;qDr jk”Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ds ,d fjlpZ ds vuqlkj ;fn lk{kjrk dh nj dks 20% ls
c<+k fn;k tkrk gS rks lacafèkr jk"Vª dh lao`f) nj esa 5% rd dh c<+ksrjh gks ldrh gS A

ekuo fodkl lwpdkad HDI (Human Development Index)

fodkl xq.kkRed gksrk gS blfy, mls xf.krh; :i ls ugÈ ekik tk ldrk gS ysfdu eksVs :i esa
bldh fLFkfr ,oa fn'kk dks le>us ds fy, ;w,uMhih }kjk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dk fuekZ.k fd;k
tkrk gS A

ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds fuekZ.k esa ikfdLrku ds LoxÊ; vFkZ'kkL=h çksQslj egcwc my gd dh
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gS A gkyk¡fd muds fy, çksQslj veR;Z lsu dh okLrfod xjhch dh ladYiuk
çsj.kk dk lzksr jgh gS A çksQslj veR;Z lsu ds vuqlkj {kerkvksa dk vHkko xjhch gS A muds vuqlkj
fodkl Lora=rk çnk;d gksrk gS vkSj ,d {kerkoku O;fä gh Lora= gks ldrk gS A

6
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds fuekZ.k esa fuEu vk;keksa rFkk lwpdksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A

1- vk;ke (Dimension) lwpd (Indicators)

nh?kZ ,oa LoLFk thou thou çR;k'kk (Life Expeciancy) 168 o"kZ

2- Kku Ldwy ds vkSlr o"kZ (Mean years of schooling)

(5-4 o"kZ)

Ldwy ds çR;kf'kr o"kZ (11-7 o"kZ)

3- thou Lrj%& okLrfod ldy jk”Vªh; vk; (Real per capita GNI)
;w-,l-Mh- ¼la;qDr jkT;½ ¼USD: United State½
Dollors: PPP
vk/kkj : $5497

uksV :-
1. ldy jk”Vªh; vk; GNI (Gross National Income)-
dks fudkyus ds fy, lw= dk ç;ksx&
GNPmp = Indirect taxes + Subsidy

GNPfc= GNI

2- ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd 2010 ls igys UNDP }kjk GDPfc dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu
2010 esa ;w,uMhih }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k dà jk"Vªksa dk thou Lrj fons'kh
lkèku vk; ls çHkkfor gks jgk gS A blfy, fons'kh lkèku vk; dk è;ku j[kuk t:jh gS A vr%
mlds }kjk 2010 esa th- ,u- vkÃ- ds ç;ksx dks 'kq: dj fn;k x;k A

3- fofue; nj (Exchange Rate) nks çdkj dh gksrh gS A

& pkyw&fofue; nj A
& Ø; 'kfä vkèkkfjr fofue; nj A

pkyw fofue; njsa eqækvksa dh Ø; 'kfä esa varj dks Bhd ls çnÆ'kr ugÈ dj ikrh A tSls & vesfjdu
MkWyj dh ek¡x dsoy mldh Ø; 'kfä dks ysdj ugÈ gksrh gS A mldh ek¡x fuos'k ,oa vU; dkj.kksa
ls Hkh gksrh gS] ftlds pyrs mldh fofue; nj dkQh Å¡ph tk ldrh gS A ,slh voLFkk esa Ø;
'kfä vkèkkfjr fofue; nj dk ç;ksx vfèkd mi;qZä gksrk gS A
;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;w-,u-Mh-ih- }kjk 'kkfey fd, tkus okys lHkh jk"Vªksa dh ldy jk”Vªh;
vk; dks vesfjdu MkWylZ esa cnyk tkrk gS A

7
4- ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dk ewY; 0&1 ds chp esa gksrk gS vkSj tSl&
s tSls ,d dh fn'kk esa ekuo
fodkl lwpdkad dk ewY; cnyrk gS rks ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ekuo fodkl c<+ jgk gS A ekuo
fodkl lwpdkad 2015 ds vuqlkj 2014 ds fy, Hkkjr dh ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dk ewY; 0-
609 ik;k x;k A Hkkjr dk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad eè;e ekuo fodkl dks çnÆ'kr djrk gS A

fo"kerk lek;ksftr, (Inequality Adjusted) -

bls o"kZ 2010 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k A ;g ekuk x;k fd fo"kerk,¡ thou Lrj ij foijhr çHkko Mkyrh
gS A ,slh voLFkk esa ,p Mh vkà esa mudk lek;kstu t:jh gSA
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad fudkyus ds fy, ekuo fodkl lwpdkad esa 'kkfey fd, x, çR;sd ekuo dks ysdj
lacafèkr jk"Vª esa fo"kerkvksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk gS ,oa muds vkèkkj ij ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds ewY;
dks uhps yk;k tkrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn Hkkjr dks è;ku esa j[kk tk, ,oa fo"kerkvksa dks
lek;ksftr fd;k tk, rks ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dk ewY; 0-435 vk,xk ¼2014 ds fy,½ bl çdkj
fo"kerkvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr dk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ewY; 28-6 % uhps pyk tkrk gS A

fyax fodkl lwpdkad GDI (Gender Development Index):-

;g efgykvksa ds ekuo fodkl dks iq#"kksa ds ekuo fodkl ds lkFk lkisf{kd :i ls çLrqr djrk gS
bls fuEu lw= }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS &

HDI for Females(0.525)

= 0.795
HDI for Males (0.660)

lq[kh xzg lwpdkad HPI (Happy Planet Index):-

ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ewY; dh ,d eq[; detksjh ;g gS fd blesa mPp thou Lrj ds dkj.k
i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk ij iM+us okys udkjkRed çHkko dks è;ku esa ugÈ j[kk tkrk A bl deh dks lq[kh
xzg lwpdkad }kjk nwj fd;k x;k gS A lq[khxzg lwpdkad dk fuekZ.k ubZ vkfFkZd uhao (;w-ds-) }kjk fd;k
tkrk gS A bls fudkyus ds fy, fuEu lw= dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
uksV :-

1- ^^vPNh rjg ls vuqHko fd;k tk jgk** ds varxZr yksxksa }kjk orZeku —f"k ds Lrj dks çnÆ'kr fd;k
tkrk gS A bl lanHkZ esa 10 esa ls dksà vad nsus iM+rs gSa A

2- ikfjfLFkfrdh; Hkkstu fizaV] çk—frd iw¡th (Natural Capital) ds mi;ksx dks fn[kkrk gS tks yksx vius
orZeku thou Lrj ij dj jgs gksrs gSa A bls çfr O;fä Gha(Global Hactare) esa çnÆ'kr fd;k
tkrk gS A ;fn ikfjfLFkfrdh; Hkkstu fizaV dk ewY; vfèkd gksrk gS] rks lq[kh xzg lwpdkad dk ewY;
de gksxk ysfdu ikfjfLFkfrdh; Hkkstu fizaV thou Lrj ds Å¡pk gksus ls c<+sxk bl çdkj ge dg
ldrs gSa fd tgk¡ ,d vksj mPp thou Lrj gky&pky dks c<+krk gS ogÈ nwljh vksj lexz Hkwfe ds
Lrj ij ¿lanHkZ es½a [kq’kh ds Lrj dks de djrk gS A

8
uksV & 2
1- o"kZ 2016 dh fjiksVZ esa ubZ vkfFkZd uhao }kjk mijksä ekudksa esa fo"kerkvksa dks Hkh lek;ksftr fd;k
x;k gS A

2- fjiksVZ 2016 esa Hkkjr ds lq[kh xzg lwpdkad dk ewY; 29-2@100 ik;k x;k vkSj Hkkjr dk bl lanHkZ
esa 50oka LFkku gS A dksLVkfjdk igys LFkku ij gS blds }kjk dqy ÅtkZ dk 99% uohdj.kh; L=ksr
ls çkIr djrk gS A dksLVkfjdk esa vkeÊ dks gVk fn;k x;k rFkk ml ij gksus okys [kpZ dks isU’ku,
LokLF;, f’k{kk dh vksj eksM+k x;k gS A

Sustainable Development
bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx igyh ckj 1983 easa czqUMySaM deh’ku }kjk 1983 esa gekjk lkekU; Hkfo”; uked
fjiksVZ esa fd;k x;k A vk;ksx ds vuqlkj& “Inter generation equity in resource use including
environment is Sustainable development.”

lrr fodkl 'kCn dks yksdfç; cukus esa eq[; Hkwfedk 1968 esa jkse dk Dyc dh jgh gS A blds
}kjk 1972 esa ,e-vkbZ-Vh- oSKkfudksa }kjk rS;kj dh xà ,d fjiksVZ&fodkl dh lhek dks tkjh fd;k x;k
ftldk lkajk'k ;g Fkk fd nqfu;k esa yxkrkj thMhih esa o`f) ugÈ dh tk ldrh A

lrr~ fodkl ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk vfèkd çpkj feyrk gS&

1- ‘kwU; o`f) (Zero Growth):- bldk HkkokFkZ ;g gS fd fyÇox LVS.MMZ vfèkd ugÈ c<+k;k tk, rFkk
thMhih dks ,d Lrj ij cuk, j[kk tk, A

2- vukfFkZd o`f) Uneconomic Growth:- ,slh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ls çkIr dh xà o`f) ftuesa
lalkèkuksa dk vfèkd ç;ksx gqvk gS ysfdu ekuo thou gsrq mudh dksà fo'ks"k mi;ksfxrk ugÈ gS A

3- izfr{ksi izHkko Rebound effect:- blesa ;g dgk x;k fd rduhdh dk fodkl gksus ls lalkèkuksa
dh cpr ugÈ gksrh] cfYd mudk vR;fèkd rst nksgu gksrk gS A uà rduhdh ls mRikndrk c<+rh gS]
vfèkd mRikndrk ls vk; c<+rh gS] vfèkd vk; ls miHkksx c<+rk gS vkSj vfèkd miHkksx ds fy,
vfèkd mRiknu gksrk gS A
Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr ds ykxw gksus ds ckn iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkfn jkT;ksa esa Hkwfe ds vfr nksgu dks
c<+kok feyk A

xzhu thMhih-
thMhih - thMhih dh mRifÙk ds Øe esa i;kZoj.k dks igq¡ph {kfr dk vuqeku ;k vuqekfur ewY; A

ldy jk”Vªh; [kq’kh GNH (Gross National Happiness):-

;g voèkkj.kk 1972 esa HkwVku ujs'k }kjk nh xà A
;g voèkkj.kk fuEu ckrksa ij vkèkkfjr gS&

9
 (dkcZu ØsfMV)
;g ,d foÙkh; bdkbZ gksrh gS tks i;kZoj.k ls 1 Vu CO2 dks gVkus ds ç;klksa dks çnÆ'kr djrh gS
A bl lanHkZ esa lacafèkr daifu;ksa ;k jk"Vªksa }kjk xzhu izkstsDV (iou ÅtkZ, lkSj ÅtkZ vkfn) esa fuos'k fd;k
tkrk gS A
• blh çdkj dksà Hkh jk"Vª ;k daiuh D;ksVks çksVksdkWy ds varxZr vkoafVr fd, x;s AAU(Assigned
Among Unit) dh rqyuk esa CO2 dk de mRltZu djrk gS] rks mUgsa dkcZu ØsfMV feyrs gSa A
• ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ,d AAU 1 Vu CO2 ;k CO2e dks i;kZoj.k esa mRlÆtr djus dh NwV
nsrk gS A
• ;fn dksà jk"Vª vkoafVr AAU dh rqyuk esa vfèkd mRltZu djrk gS rks mls dkcZu ØsfMV [kjhnus gksaxs
;k LoPN izkS|ksfxdh esa fuos'k djuk gksxk A
• bl çdkj dkcZu ØsfMV dh voèkkj.kk mu daifu;ksa ds fy, çsjd gksrh gS tks vfèkd çnw"k.k djrh
gS ,oa muds fy, çsjd gksrh gS tks de çnw"k.k djrh gSa A miHkksäkvksa }kjk vius vki de dherksa
ds ekè;e ls mu oLrqvksa }kjk [kjhnk tk,xk ftudk mRiknu LoPN izkS|ksfxdh ds ekè;e ls gks jgk
gS A
• dkcZu ØsfMV dk O;kikj Hkh fd;k tkrk gS A Hkkjr esa igyh ckj MCX, (Multi Commodity
Exchange) eqacà }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk A

dkcZu VSDl :-
çnw"k.k dkjh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ;k muds foØ; ij yxk, tkus okys djksa dks dkcZu VSDl dgk tkrk
gS buds ekè;e ls mRikn ewY; fu/kkZj.k i;kZoj.kh; ykxr yk;k tk ldrk gS tks lkekU;r% cktkj ugÈ
dj ldrs gSa A
bdks losZ 2016&17 & Hkkjr ,dek= jk"Vª gS tks dks;ys ij dkcZu VSDl yxkrk gS A Hkkjr bls LoPN
i;kZoj.kh; midj ds uke ls vkjksfir djrk gS A

xzhu ckW.M :-
daifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa }kjk fudkys tkus okys ,sls ckW.M ftuls çkIr dh xà èkujkf'k dk ç;ksx xzhu
izkstsDV esa fd;k tkrk gS A
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij oYMZ cSad bl çdkj ds ckW.M dks çksRlkfgr dj jgk gS A ckW.M ds }kjk daifu;ksa
vkfn fuos'kdksa ls _.kksa ds :i esa iw¡th ,d= djrs gSa A

xzhu elkyk ckW.M :- fons’kksa esa Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa] cSadkas vkfn ds }kjk tkjh fd, tkus okys :ih vLohd`r
ckW.M dks elkyk ckW.M dgrs gSa ;fn elkyk ckW.M ls çkIr èku dk ç;ksx xzhu izkstsDV esa fd;k tkrk gS
rks ,sls ckW.M dks xzhu elkyk ckW.M dgrs gSa A ,pMh,Qlh }kjk 2016 essa yanu LVkWd ,Dlpsat ij bu
ckW.M dks fyLV djok;k x;k A bl lanHkZ esa ,pMh,Qlh Hkkjr dh igyh daiuh gS A

;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd IFC }kjk lcls igys xzhu elkyk czzkWM dks LSE ij fyLV djok;k x;k A
fons'kh ljdkjksa }kjk Hkh bUgsa fudkyk tk ldrk gS A o"kZ 2016 esa fczfV'k dksyafc;k çkarh; ljdkj
}kjk bUgsa fudkyk x;k A

10
Greenex:-
;g ch-,l-bZ- ls tqM+k gqvk ,d 'ks;j lwpdkad gS tks ÅtkZ n{krk esa lcls vxz.kh 25 daifu;ksa ds
'ks;j ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey djrk gS A bls 2012 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk bldh vkèkkj frfFk 1 vDVwcj
2008 ekuh xà A bl frfFk dks bldk ewY; :- 1000 ekuk x;k A

Environmental Kuznets Curve :-

bls fuEu çdkj çnÆ'kr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
iznw”k.k vlekurk (Pollution/Inequality)

dqtusV oØ (Kuznets curve)

0 x0 fodkl dk LRkj (Level of Development)

mi;qZä oØ ls ;g irk yxrk gS fd PCI ds x0 Lrj rd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk çnw"k.k c<+rk gS ysfdu
x0 ds ckn esa fodkl ds lkFk çnw"k.k de gksus yxrk gS A

vfèkdka'k fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa esa i;kZoj.k ls lacafèkr fu;eksa dks <hyk j[kk tkrk gS rkfd vkS|ksfxd fodkl
dks c<+kok feys blls vkjafHkd nkSj esa çnw"k.k c<+us yxrk gS A

vkÆFkd leL;kvksa ls tqM+s dqN egÙoiw.kZ 'kCn &

1- de xfr (Slow Down)
blesa thMhih dh xzksFk jsV de gks tkrh gS ysfdu og ldkjkRed cuh jgrh gS A de xfr esa thMhih
c<+rh gS ysfdu c<+us dh nj de gks tkrh gS A
tSls&
t1 t2 t3
GDP 100 rks 105 108 110
5% 3% 1.5%

tSls & Hkkjr esa 2015&16 esa thMhih xzksFk jsV 7-6% jgh tcfd 2016&17 esa blds 7% jgus dk
vuqeku yxk;k tk jgk gS A

2- ladqpu (Contraction)
blesa thMhih de gksus yxrk gS A tc fdlh o"kZ dh igyh frekgh esa igyh ckj o`f) nj, udkjkRed
gks tkrh gS rks bls ladqpu dgrs gSa A

11
 tSls &
2016&17 2015&16
Q1(Apr-June)5% Q1
Q2 3% Q2
Q3 Q3
Q4 Q4

3- eanh (Recession)
tc fdlh ns'k esa] fdlh o"kZ esa yxkrkj de ls de 2 frekgh ds fy, thMhih dh o`f) nj
udkjkRed cuh jgrh gS] rks bl fLFkfr dks eanh dgk tkrk gS A

4- eanh (Depression)
blesa jkstxkj ds xq.k jgrs gSa ysfdu mlds lkFk&lkFk oLrqvksa dh dhersa fxjus yxrh gS A blesa
eanh ds lkFk oLrqvksa dh dhersa fxjus yxrh gS vFkkZr~ eanh esa eanh + viLQhfr dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks
tkrh gS A ;g fLFkfr dkQh xaHkhj gksrh gS D;ksafd blesa csjkstxkjh QSyus yxrh gSA bl voLFkk esa
csjkstxkjh rst voLFkk esa c<+rh gS ftldk eq[; dkj.k ost LVhdusl gksrk gS tks uhps dh vksj gksrk
gS A
blesa eanh ds lkFk oLrqvksa dh dhersa fxjus yxrh gSa A vFkkZr~ eanh esa eanh + viLQhfr dh fLFkfr mRiUu
gks tkrh gSa A ;g fLFkfr dkQh xaHkhj gksrh gSa A D;ksafd blesa csjkstxkjh QSyus yxrh gSa A

Price are Inflexible

Wages are not flexible

5- esYV Mkmu :-
'ks;j cktkjksa dk rst xfr ls fxjuk vFkkZr~ fdlh ns'k esa foÙk cktkj rst xfr ls fxjus yxs rks bl
fLFkfr dks esYV Mkmu dgk tkrk gS A

izksRlkgu (Stimulus):-
,d vFkZO;oLFkk dks Lyks Mkmu, ladqyu] eanh vkfn fLFkfr;ksa ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy, ljdkj dh vksj
ls fn;k tkus okyk ekSfæd ,oa jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa dk ,d feyktqyk iSdst A ;g lexz jk"Vªh; Lrj
ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS bl çdkj ;g csy vkmV ls vyx gksrk gS tks fo'ks"k daifu;ksa vFkok {ks=ksa ij
ykxw fd;k tkrk gS A vesfjdk tSls jk"Vªksa esa izksRlkgu ,oa csy Mkmu nksuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
eqnzk ,d ckdsV ;k LVksj gSa A

Hkkjr ns'k jk"Vªksa esa izksRlkgu ,oa csy vkmV nksuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tcfd Hkkjr tSls jk"Vªksa esa
lkekU;r% izksRlkgu dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk A
12
GDP dk lexz ek¡x –f"Vdks.k%&
dÈl ds vuqlkj eanh dk dkj.k lexz ek¡x esa deh gksrk gS] muds vuqlkj lexz ek¡x gh thMhih dks
fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
1- dÈl ds vuqlkj thMhih] jkstxkj vkfn dk Lrj lexz ek¡x ij fuHkZj djrk gS A
lexz ek¡x%
AD= C + I + G + (X-M) ∴ X-M N×(Net export)
NX
C= miHkksx& yksxksa }kjk larqf"V ds fy, fd;k tkus okyk ,d [kpZ A
I= fuos'k& mRiknu {kerk c<+kus ds fy, fd;k tkus okyk [kpZ A
G= Government Expenditure for Social Welfare
X= fu;kZr /Export& fons'kh yksxksa }kjk Lons'kh oLrqvksa ij fd;k tkus okyk [kpZ A
M= vk;kr /Import& Lons'kh yksxksa }kjk fons'kh oLrqvksa ij fd;k tkus okyk [kpZ A

uksV :-
1- yksxksa dh vk; ,oa miHkksx esa lhèkk lacaèk gksrk gS ysfdu vk; esa ifjorZu dh rqyuk esa miHkksx esa
de ifjorZu gksrs gSa A bldk dkj.k ;g gksrk gS fd yksxksa }kjk vk; ds ,d Hkkx dh cpr dj
yh tkrh gS A
2- fuos'k ,oa C;kt nj ds chp esa foijhr lacaèk gksrk gS] bls fuEu çdkj çnÆ'kr fd;k tk ldrk
gS&

13
mi;qZä fp= ls ;g irk yxrk gS fd Å¡ph C;kt njksa ij fuos'k dk Lrj de gks tkrk gS A tcfd
fuEu C;kt nj ij fuos'k dk Lrj Å¡pk gksrk gS A ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd Lyks Mkmu fjls’ku vkfn
esa fuos'k dh de C;kt njksa ds çfr çfrfØ;k detksj gks tkrh gS A rduhdh 'kCnksa esa fuos'k vypdnkj
gks tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k ekSfæd uhfr dh Hkwfedk detksj gks tkrh gS bls fuEu çdkj çnÆ'kr fd;k
tk ldrk gS &

mijksä fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr ds varxZr fuos'k lfClMh dk ç;ksx dj
ldrh gSa A fuos'k lfClMh ds dkj.k lHkh C;kt njksa ij fuos'k dk Lrj Å¡pk gks ldrk gS A

uksV :- ;fn fdlh Hkh çdkj ls fuos'k Bhd ls ugÈ c<+rk gS A rks ljdkj vius [kpks±a dks c<+k ldrh
gS fo'ks"k :i ls vuqoknd [kpks± dks& 7th Pay Commission, Universal Basic Trans.

mi;qZä ds vykok] ljdkj }kjk çR;{k ,oa vçR;{k djksa dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS A çR;{k djksa
dks de djus ls yksxksa dh [kpsZa ;ksX; vk; c<+rh gS] tcfd vçR;{k djksa dks de djus ls oLrqvksa
dh dher de gksrh gS ftlls ek¡x c<+ ldrh gS A

can vFkZO;oLFkk (Closed Economy) :-

;fn dksbZ vFkZO;oLFkk varjkZ”Vªh; O;kikj ugha djrh rks mls can bdksukWeh ;k Øwlks bdksukWeh dgk tkrk
gS blss Fkzh lsDVj bdksukseh Hkh dgrs gSa D;ksfa d blesa lexz ek¡x dk fuEu lw= ç;qä gksrk gS A
AD = C+ I + G

[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk (Open Economy):-

tks vFkZO;oLFkk varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj djrh gS] mls vksiu bdksukseh dgrs gSa bls pkj lsDVj bdksukWeh Hkh
dgrs gSa D;ksafd blesa lexz ek¡x fuEu çdkj gksrh gS &
AD = C + I + G + (X-M)
& ,d [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk esa thMhih ,oa vk;krksa ds chp esa lh/kk laca/k gksrk gS bldk fufgrkFkZ gqvk
fd ;fn dksbZ jk"Vª thMhih c<+krk gS rks bls c<+s gq, vk;keksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A

14
vesfjdk dk vk;kr ?kVk & ftlls gekjk fu;kZr izHkko 2008 esa ghjk m|ksx esa eanh & ,y-ih-th- ds
ek/;e ls thMhih fu;kZrksa dks çHkkfor ugha djrk gkyk¡fd fu;kZr thMhih dks çHkkfor djrs gS A
7% if’peh GDP eas ;ksxnku fu;kZr djsa D;ksa Gap - USA GDPA] fu;kZr

U.P.S.C.
;fn dksbZ jk"Vª fu;kZrksa dks dsaæ esa j[kdj thMhih dks c<+kok nsrk gS] rks bls fu;kZr ds usr`Ro okyk
dgk tkrk gSA bl ekWM+y dk ç;ksx phu }kjk ,d yacs le; rd fd;k x;k ysfdu bls cM+h
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa }kjk vf/kd le; rd mfpr ugha ekuk tkrkA phu gky gh esa [kir dk usr`Ro fd;k
fodkl ekWMy dh vksj pyk x;k A dqN lhek rd Hkkjr ds esd bu bafM;k dk;ZØe dks bl ekWM+y dk
ifjpk;d ekuk tk ldrk gS A

bl ekWM+y ds pqukSfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkh j?kqjke jktu }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd Hkkjr ds fy,
esd bu bafM;k vf/kd mi;qZä gksxk A ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd fo’o vFkZO;oLFkk esa detksjh vkrh
jgrh gS rFkk vf/kdka'k jk"Vª laj{k.koknh uhfr;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSa tSlk fd Vªai }kjk [kjhn vesfjdh
vkSj mPp vesfjdh ds ukjs dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k A
& ;fn dksbZ jk"Vª lao`f) dks c<+kok nsrk gS] rks mlds dkj.k vk;kr c<+rk gS A ;fn c<+rs gq, vk;rksa
dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, fu;kZrksa dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS rks bls fodkl ds fu;kZr dk usr`Ro
ekWMy dgrs gS A

ljdkjh ?kkVs
1- jktLo ?kkVk (Revenul Deficit):-
dqy jktLo [kpksaZ dk dqy jktLo çkfIr;ks ij vkf/kD; jktLo ?kkVk dgykrk gS A dsUnzh; ctV
2017&18 esa bldk vuqeku thMhih ds 1-9 izfr’kr ij yxk;k x;k gS A

2- iw¡thxr ?kkVk (Capital Deficit):-

dqy iw¡thxr [kpksaZ dk dqy iw¡thxr çkfIr;ksa ij vkf/kD; iw¡thxr ?kkVk dgykrk gS A

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3- jktdks"kh; ?kkVk (Fiscal deficit):-
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktdks"kh; ?kkVk dqy [kpksZ ¼jktLo iw¡thxrÀ dk dqy çkfIrvksa ij vkf/kD; gksrk gS
tcfd iw¡thxr çkfIrvksa esa cktkj ls m/kkj ,oa ns;rkvks dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k A bl fo"k; ij xfBr
jaxjktu lfefr }kjk bl ckr dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ Fkh A 14oas foÙk vk;ksx }kjk Hkh bl oxhZdj.k
dks lekIr djus dks dgk x;k Fkk A Iyku vkSj ukWu Iyku ds oxhZdj.k dks fuEu çdkj fn[kk;k tk
ldrk gS &

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