çFke&v/;k;

çLrkouk
1.1 ifjp;
f'k{kk gh ,d ,slk lk/ku gS tks euq"; dh tUetkr ikf'od ço`fÙk;ksa dk 'kks/ku djrh gS] ekuo
O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykrh gS] mls thou dh dyk çnku djrh gS rFkk euq"; dks ,d lkekftd çk.kh
cukrh gS A bl çdkj f'k{kk ekuo dk lokaZxh.k fodkl djrh gSA

vjfoan ?kks"k ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk gS]

" f'k{kk ls esjk vfHkçk; ckyd rFkk ekuo esa iw.kZ :i ls 'kkjhfjd ckSf)d ,oa vk/;kfRed
cy dh lokaZxh.k mUufr ls gSA"

le;≤ ij n'kZu 'kkfL=;ksa ,oa f'k{kkfonksa us vf/kxe dks çHkkoh cukus gsrq f'k{kk
dh vusd fof/k;ka ,oa f'k{kk çkfIr ds ek/;eksa dh [kkst dh gSA ,d vkn'kZ ,oa #fpdj ek/;e ls
çkIr Kku LFkkbZ ,oa çHkkodkjh gksrk gS] iwoZ esa ç—fr ds lEidZ esa jgdj] [ksy&[ksy
esa] djds lh[kdj] vuqHko }kjk ,oa vU; lgk;d f'k{k.k lkefxz;ksa dks ç;ksx djds lh[kus ls çkIr
Kku dks nh?kZ dkfyd ekuk tkrk FkkA vkt bl rduhdh ;qx esa f'k{kk ds vf/kxe ds fy, Hkh
rduhd dk ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

f'k{kk O;fäxr] lkekftd ,oa jk"Vªh; fodkl dk ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ ,oa 'kfä'kkyh lk/ku
gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd çR;sd lekt vius ukxfjdksa ds leqfpr fodkl ds fy;s f'k{kk çfØ;k dk
mi;ksx djds muesa Kku] dkS'ky] vocks/k] vfHko`fÙk;ka] ewY; ,oa vkRe çR;; vkfn dk
lekos'k djus dk ç;kl djrk gS ftlls mlds ukxfjd vius lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu
lQyrkiwoZd dj ldsaA

jk"Vª lar vkpk;Z Jh 108 fo|klkxj th egkjkt ds vuqlkj]

Þ fgr dk lt`u vkSj vfgr dk foltZu ;gh f'k{kk dk y{k.k gSAß

vrhr esa Hkkjr esa f'k{kk çlkj dkQh vf/kd Fkk vkSj turk dk ,d cM+k Hkkx bl
lqfo/kk ls ykHkkfUor gks jgk Fkk A blds lkekU; fl)kar Fks & lknk thou] mPp fopkj]
ckSf)d Lora=rk] deZ] xq: f'k"; vuqikr] oS;fäd Hksnksa dk lEeku] f'k{kk dh
eB&vk/kkfjr ç—fr] eqä f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk rFkk fuxjkuh dh O;oLFkk ftlds
dkj.k ,d&,d Nk= ij /;ku nsuk laHko Fkk Hkkjr esa ns'kh f'k{kk dh iwjh ç.kkyh dh lQyrk
vf/kdrj xq: f'k"; lEca/k ij fuHkZj gksrh Fkh ftlesa f'k"; xq: dk vknj vkSj xq: f'k"; ls çse djrk
Fkk fdlh dk dksbZ ekSfæd fgr ugha gksrk Fkk vkSj f'k{kk dksbZ O;kikj ugha gksrh Fkh A
leqnk; vkSj 'kklu] nksuksa dh vksj ls f'k{kd dks lEekutud lkekftd in çkIr FkkA Kku dk

1
ç;ksx vf/kdre ekuoh; fodkl ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk tks ijh{kk;sa mÙkh.kZ djus ds rdktksa ls
ckf/kr ugha jgrk FkkA

f'k{kk dh ;g çxfr 18oha lnh ds vUr rd tkjh jghA ;gka rd fd 19oha lnh ds 'kq: esa Hkh
ns'k esa ns'kh f'k{kk dh ,d O;kid vkSj thoUr ç.kkyh vfLrRo esa FkhA

vaxzstksa ds Hkkjr vkxeu lsiowr çkphu Hkkjrh; i)fr ls f'k{kk nh tkrh Fkh] ftls
xq#dqy ;k _f"kdqy i)fr dgk tkrk gSA vaxzstksa ds vkus ds lkFk gh ml f'k{kk i)fr esa
ifjorZu gksus yxk FkkA u dsoy rc f'k{kk i)fr esa gh ifjorZu gqvk] vfirq f'k{kk ds y{; esa
ifjorZu gqvk vkSj mls ^v‚uykbu f'k{kk i)fr* dgk tkus yxk A oLrqr% ;g vaxzsth f'k{kk dk
Hkkjrh; :ikUrj ek= Fkk A

vaxzstksa dk ,dek= mís'; Hkkjr esa ;su&dsu çdkjs.k vaxzsth jkT; dks lq–< djuk]
ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds fy, fyfid ¼DydZ½ rS;kj djuk vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa ds euksa esa nkl
eukso`fÙk dks c<kok nsuk Fkk A bl fo"k; esa ykMZ eSdkys dk dFku Fkk fd& Þvaxzsth
f'k{kk }kjk vaxzsth jkT; ds lapkyu ds fy, lLrs DydZ iSnk fd, tk,¡] tks 'kjhj ls Hkys gh
Hkkjrh; fn[kkbZ nsa] ijUrq mudks os"k&Hkw"kk] fopkj/kkjk rFkk [kku&iku lHkh
vaxzsth <ax dk gksAß

eSdkys ds mi;qZä dFku ls ,dne Li"V gS fd vaxzsth f'k{kk i)fr ds ewy esa D;k mís';
Fkk\ vr;Ur nq%[k ls dguk iM+rk gS fd LorU=rk ds brus o"kZ chrus ij vc Hkh ogh f?
klh&fiVh f'k{kk i)fr py jgh gS vkSj mls v‚uykbu f'k{kk i)fr dgk tk jgk gSA

lekt ,oa ns'k esa le; ds vulqkj ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSa blfy, f'k{kk ds mís';ksa ij Hkh
le; ds vulqkj ifjorZu gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, oSfnd dky esa osnea=ksa dh f'k{kk dks gh
i;kZIr eku fy;k tkrk Fkk A fdUrq orZeku dky esa euq"; ds fodkl ds fy, O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ij
tksj fn;k tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa lax.kd dh f'k{kk ds fcuk euq"; dks yxHkx gh vf'kf{kr
ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd nSfud thou esa vc lax.kd dk ç;ksx c< jgk gSA

vkt dh f'k{kk gekjh ek= Hkk"kk] lH;rk o laL—fr ls nwj fy, tk jgh gS vkSj gesa
if'peh laL—fr esa thuk fl[kk jgh gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekt esa fo"kerk dh [kkbZ c<+rh tk
jgh gS vkSj egkuxjksa esa tgka vf/kdrj f'kf{kr O;fä jgrs gSa] lekt vius esa gh fldqM+k lk
jgrk gS A orZeku f'k{kk us lkaL—frd ewY;ksa dks lekIr dj vkS|ksfxd ewY;ksa dh
LFkkiuk dh gS A bl f'k{kk us gedks ty] taxy] tehu ds lkFk gekjs iSr`d m|ksx /ka/kksa ls
Hkh vyx dj fn;k gS A vkt çR;sd ekrk&firk dh çcy bPNk ;gh gksrh gS fd vius ckyd dks ,slh
f'k{kk fnyok;sa rkfd og ukSdjh çkIr dj lds A vkt dksbZ fdlku] c<+bZ] yksgkj] feL=h o blh
rjg ds vU; dksbZ dke djus okyk ekrk&firk ;g ugha pkgrs fd mudh larku ih<+h nj ih<+h
pys vk jgs O;olk; ds gquj dks lh[kdj mls vkxs c<+k, o uke dek;s A ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt
gekjs ns'k esa dbZ gquj lekIr gks pqds gSaA

xk¡/kh th us Hkh yksd gquj ls ;qä mís';iw.kZ cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh ckr dgh Fkh A
ysfdu gekjs tgu esa vkt dh f'k{kk dk vFkZ dkxt] dye] fdrkc ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk ls gSA bl

2
çdkj dh f'k{kk dk ,d ek= /;s; ckcw vkSj vQlj rS;kj djuk gSA blls gekjs vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd m}s';ksa dh iwfrZ ugha gksrhA Hkkjr ,d Jeç/kku ns'k gSA ysfdu bl çdkj dh f'k{kk
ls gqujean dkjhxj vius gquj ls] fdlku vius gy vkSj —f"k ls] rFkk Jfed Je dh xfjek ls tqnk
gksrk tk jgk gSA

blds LFkku ij ,slh f'k{kk gksuh pkfg, tks Hkkjrh; laL—fr] Hkkjrh; Je vkSj Je ds mR
—"Vksa dks çfrf"Br dj lds A orZeku f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa dye pykus okys O;fä dh egÙkk
bruh c<+k nh gS fd [ksrh o gLr f'kYi ls tqM+s O;fä dh egÙkk lekIr gks jgh gS A bruk gh
ugha vkt dh f'k{kk es Nk=ksa ds y{; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrs gSaA orZeku f'k{kk dk
cl ,d gh dk;Z gS f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks çek.k i= çnku djuk rkfd T;knk ls T;knk ;qod çfr;ksxh
ijh{kkvksa esa cSB ldsa A tkfgj gS fd v‚uykbu f'k{kk dh blh y{;ghurk ds dkj.k Lukrd
mÙkh.kZ ;qok DydZ dh çfr;ksfxrk ls ysdj Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok rd dh çfr;ksfxrk esa 'kkfey
gks ldrk gS A

Hkkjr ns'k dh vfr çkphu /kkj.kk gS fd

Þ lk fo|k ;k foeqä;s ß

vFkkZr~ fo|k og gS ftlls eqfä çkIr gksA

Þ Kkua r`rh;a euq"; us=a ß

vFkkZr~ Kku p{kq [kqy tkrs gSa] mls vk/;kfRed rFkk vykSfdd çdk'k feyrk gS tks thou dk
y{; gS A

Þekrso j{kfr] firSo fgrs fu;qäs dkUrso pfi Aß

vFkkZr~ fo|k ekrk dh rjg j{kk djrh gS] firk dh rjg ln~ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djus dks çsfjr djrh
gS vkSj iRuh ds leku lq[k nsrh gSA

Hkkjrh; xzUFkksa esa vf'kf{kr euq"; dks Þfo|k foghu i'kqß dh laKk nh xbZ gS A
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk Lo:i çk;% oSfnd ;qx ¼yxHkx 2500 bZ-iw- ls 500 bZ-iw-½ fla/kq?kkVh
lH;rk ds Lo:i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kk dk fodkl ml dky esa Fkk D;ksafd fcuk f"k{kk ds
fodkl dh bruh lkekftd çxfr lEHko ugha Fkh A fo'o ds bfrgkl esa Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd ,oa lkaL
—frd ijaijk çkphure gS A

jk"Vª lar vkpk;Z Jh 108 fo|klkxj th egkjkt ds vuqlkj]

Þftl çdkj —"kd fof/kor dk;Z djrk gS rks Qly ygygk mBrh gS A mlh çdkj dsoy
ckSf)d vk;ke dk uke f'k{kk ugha mldk fof/kor~ ç;ksx Hkh gksuk vko';d gS A

tSls Bksdk&Bkdh fd;s fcuk e`nax] rcyk vkfn esa Loj ugha QwVrs] jax ugha vkrk A
blesa f'kYih ds gkFk dh djkekr gS rtZuh] e/;ek] gFksyh dk ç;ksx vko';d gS] mlh çdkj
f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh ç;ksx vko';d gSA

3
 vkt i<uk Hkh ek= ukSdjh ds fy, dj jgs gSaA ,d ckj esa vFkZ fudy x;k rks larq"V gks
tkrs gSaA tcfd ckj&ckj i<s rks vkSj&vkSj jgL; feysxkAß

1.2 leL;k dFku

'kks/k 'kh"kZd gS &

Þek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa v‚uykbu f'k{kk }kjk mudh l`tukRedrk ,oa
cqf)yfC/k ij çHkko dk v//k;u
¼tcyiqj 'kgj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa½ß

1.3 'kks/k leL;k esa ç;qä 'kCnksa dk

ifjHkkf"kdj.k
1.3.1 ek/;fed Lrj
ek/;fed Lrj ls rkRi;Z gS fd os fo|ky; ftlesa d{kk 6oha ls 8oha rd f'k{k.k lapkyu gksrk
gS A

1.3.2 v‚uykbu f'k{kk

v‚uykbu f'k{kk ç.kkyh vkSj gekjs ns'k ds çkphu xq#dqy f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa dkQh varj
gSA igys tgka cPpk f'k{kk çkIr djus ds fy, xq#dqy esa jgrs Fks og yxHkx 25 o"kZ rd vius
xq# ds lkFk jgrs Fks vkSj xq# gh muds fy, lc dqN gksrs Fks vkSj thfodk pykus ds fy,
fHk{kk vkfn ekaxrs Fks] mlh ls mudk ikyu iks"k.k gksrk Fkk dksbZ fdruk Hkh cMk jktk
dk iq= D;ksa uk gks mu esa dksbZ Hkh HksnHkko ugha gksrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa rhj deku
pykuk] egkiq#"kksa dk Kku vkSj laL—fr dk Kku ,oa dbZ rjg ds Kku fn, tkrs Fks ftlls fo|
kFkhZ dk Hkfo"; mTtoy gksrk FkkA og thou esa ,d vPNk ukxfjd curk FkkA

v‚uykbu f'k{kk ç.kkyh og f'k{kk ç.kkyh gS ] ftlds }kjk fo|kFkhZ vius gh ?kj esa
cSBdj bUVjusV vkSj bysDVª‚fud midj.k tSls daI;wVj] ySiV‚i] LekVZQksu vkSj VscysV
ds }kjk f'k{kk çkIr dj ldsA blesa v‚uykbu gh iqLrdsa] uksV~l vkfn dk bLrseky djds
f'k{kd }kjk le>k;k tkrk gS ;k fQj O;k[;ku fd;k tkrk gSA

oSf'od egkekjh dksjksuk ds nkSjku] Ldwy çca/ku us vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,

v‚uykbu f'k{kk i)fr dks viuk;kA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa ;g ,d u;k ç;ksx Fkk A dksjksuk
us tc Hkkjr esa nLrd nh rc cPpksa dh f'k{kk dks lfØ; djus dh ;kstuk cuus yxhA v‚uykbu
f'k{k.k }kjk cPpksa dks iqu% Ldwy o f'k{kdksa ls tksMk x;kA v‚uykbu f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z
Ldwy] fo|ky; ;k egkfo|ky; esa tkdj tks fu;fer :i ls f'k{kk xzg.k dh tkrh gS mlds foijhr gSA
4
 v‚uykbu f'k{kk esa ohfM;ks dkUÝsaflax vkfn rduhdksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA
v‚uykbu f'k{kk esa baVjusV lqfo/kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku t:jh gS] D;ksafd blds fcuk
v‚uykbu f'k{kk ugha nh tk ldrh A egkekjh us nqfu;k Hkj esa f'k{kk vkSj 'kSf{kd
ç.kkfy;ksa dks vR;f/kd çHkkfor fd;k A dksjksuk ds çHkko dks de djus dh dksf'k'kksa esa
nqfu;k Hkj dh f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks vLFkk;h :i ls can dj fn;k x;k A 1-077 fcfy;u
f'k{kkFkhZ Ldwy can gksus ds dkj.k çHkkfor gq,] fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk dSls xzg.k djsa blds
fy, dbZ cM+h laLFkvksa us bldk ,d gh gy fudkyk & v‚uykbu f'k{kkA

1.3.2.1 vk/kqfud f'k{kk i)fr ds xq.k

 oSdfYid f'k{kk : v‚uykbu f'k{kk daI;Vwj&vk/kkfjr vuqdwyh ijh{k.k çnku djrh gS
vkSj oSdfYid f'k{kk vkSj f'kfojksa dks c<kok nsrh gSA
 v/;;u esa lqyHkrk : v‚uykbu f'k{kk fdlh Hkh le; dgha ls Hkh lyqHk gksrh gSA
Nk=ksa dks ?kj ij gh f'k{kd ,oa iwLrdsa v/;;u grsq lyqHkrk ls çkIr gks tkrh gSaA
 nwjLFk f'k{kk : xzkeh.k bykdksa esa f'k{kk QSykus ds fy, n:LFk f'k{kk igyvksq
dks Hkh c<kok nsrk gSA
 de ykxr esa f'k{kk : v‚uykbu f'k{kk v‚uykbu lek/kku ds ek/;e ls de ykxr ij lsok,a
çnku djrk gSA ;g f'k{kdksa] Ldwyksa vkSj ijh{kk cksMksaZ ds fy, ikBîØe çnku
djus vkSj de ykxr ij ijh{kk vk;ksftr djus vkSj ewY;kadu djus ds fy, midj.k çnku djrk
gSA
 Lo;a lh[kus dh lqfo/kk : v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ vfHkfyf[kr pyfp=ksa
ækjk Lo;a f'k{k.k çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
 rduhdksa ls ifjp; : v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ ubZ rduhdksa ,oa lalk/kuksa
dk ç;ksx djuk lh[kuk tkrs gSaA

1.3.2.2 vk/kqfud f'k{kk i)fr ds nks"k

 Je dk vHkko : fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds thou esa Je dk vHkko gks tkrk gS D;ksafd v‚uykbu
f'k{kk esa Nk=ksa dks ?kj ij cSBs cSBs gh lHkh lalk/ku miyC/k gks tkrsgSaA
 lalk/kuksa dh vknr : fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vf/kdka'k le; lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djus esa
tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k mUgsa lalk/kuksa dh vknr gks tkrh gS vkSj mlds fcuk ,d iy Hkh
jguk muds fy, eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
 iqLrdksa ds egÙo dh deh : Nk=ksa dks fo"k; lEcaf/kr ys[k ,oa tkudkjh v‚uykbu
miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa iqLrdksa dh vko';drk egllw ugha gksrh A ftlds dkj.k
muds thou esa iqLrdksa dk egÙo de gks tkrk gSA
 ekufld ,foa 'kkjhfjd LoLF; ij çHkko : v‚uykbu f'k{kk ls Nk=ksa ds ekufld ,oa
'kkjhfjd LoLF; ij nq"çHkko ns[ksus dks fey jgs gSaA

5
  ifjokj tu ls nwjh : Nk= lalk/kuksa dk vkfn gks tkus ds dkj.k ekrk] firk ,oa ifjokj tu
ds lkFk le; fcrkuk ugha pkgrk gS] vkSj og muls nwj gksrk tkrk gSA
 pkfj= dh deh : v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds ækjk f'k{kdksa dk çR;{k #i ls vHkko gksus ds
dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk pkfjf=d fodkl ugha gks ik jgk gS A
 la;e dh deh : v‚uykbu f'k{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks la;e dh f'k{kk dk vHkko gksus ds
dkj.k muds thou esa la;e dh deh vk jgh gSA
 ewY;ksa esa deh : v‚uykbu f'k{kk esa ijks{k :i ls f'k{kd dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k fo|
kfFkZ;ksa ds thou esa f'k{kdksa dk egÙo de gksrk tk jgk gS ftlds dkj.k muds thou
esa f'k{kd }kjk fn, tkus okys ewY;ksa esa deh vk jgh gSA
 le; dk nq#i;ksx : v‚uykbu f'k{kk esa ç;ksx gks jgs lalk/kuksa dks fo|kFkhZ f'k{k.k
lkefxz;ksa ds vykok vU; oLrqvksa dks n[ksus esa viuk le; O;FkZ djrs gSa blls muds
le; dk nq#i;ksx gksrk gSA
 f'k{kd ds egÙo esa deh : v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lHkh fo"k;
oLrq v‚uykbu miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa f'k{kd dh vko';drk egllw ugha gksrh gS
ftlds dkj.k muds thou esa f'k{kd dk egÙo de gks jgk gSA
 uSfrd f'k{kk dh deh : f'k{kd }kjk nh tkus okys uSfrd f'k{kk dk vHkko Nk=ksa ds
thou esa gks jgk gSA
 ek=Hkk"kk dh mis{kk : v‚uykbu f'k{kk i)fr dk ek/;e vaxzsth gh gSA Nk= v‚uykbu
f'k{kk ls v/;;u djus ds fy, vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks egÙo nsrs gSa vkSj ek= Hkk"kk ,oa
fgUnh Hkk"kk ls nwj gksrs tk jgs gSaA
 lkeatL; dh deh : v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds dkj.k Nk= dks ,dkar esa jgus dh vknr gks tkrh
gS ftlds dkj.k og nlwjksa dslkFk lkeatL; LFkkfir djus esa vlqfo/kk egllw djrk gSA
 baVjusV dk nq#i;ksx : v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds fy, lcls egÙoiw.kZ rÙo bUVjusV gS] ftl
ij lHkh fo"k; dk Kku miyC/k gksrk gS A Nk=ksa dks ,dkar feyus ds dkj.k vkSj laxrh
ds çHkko esa mudh dqps"Vk,a c< tkrh gSa vksj os ugha ns[kus ;ksX; fp=ksa dks
ns[k dj bUVjusV dk nq#i;ksx djrs gSaA
 /;ku dh deh : v‚uykbu f'k{kk esa Nk=ksa dks cgqr ls O;o/kkuksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS ftlls mUgsa v/;;u esa /;ku dsfUær djus esa eqf'dy gksrh gSA
 lHkh dks miyC/k djkuk eqf'dy : Hkkjr esa ,sls dbZ LFkku gS tgk¡ bUVjusV dh
lqfo/kk ugha gksrh gSA bUVjusV dh miyC/krk dh deh ds dkj.k v‚uykbu f'k{kk
lHkh dks miyC/k djokuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA

1.3.3 l`tukRedrk
l`tukRedrk lkfgR;dkjksa fp=dkjksa laxhrKksa bR;kfn dh miyfC/k;ksa ds :i esa ns[kh
tk ldrh gS A mUgksaus viuh l`tu'khyrk ls gh vius dks txr ds u{k= ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k
ysfdu tulk/kkj.k esa Hkh l`tu'khyrk gksrh gS A ftls mudh jkstejkZ dh ftanxh dh xfrfof/k
esa ns[kk vkSj vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gS A mnkgj.k ds :i esa ,d f'k{kd cPpksa dks mR
6
—"V ,oa l`tukRed :i ls bfrgkl dk ikB i<़krk gS fd muesa dYiuk 'kfä ,oa fo"k; ds çfr
vfHk#fp mRiUu gks tkrh gS A ,d L=h cgqr de vk, esa vius ifjokj dks lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls
pyk dj thou esa ,d uohurk ,oa lkSan;Z ykrh gS A ,d ekyh ikS/kksa dh igpku pquko vkSj
ns[kHkky bruh fuiq.krk ls djrk gS fd cxhps dks O;kid :i nsrk gS A bldk rkRi;Z gS fd fdlh
Hkh dk;Z dks djrs gq, l`tu'khyrk ifjyf{kr gks ldrh gS A

l`tukRedrk euq"; dh lkaL—frd miyfC/k gS A okLro esa laL—fr O;fä dh l`tukRed

'kfä dh vfHkO;fä gS A fdlh ns'k dh lkaL—frd] oSKkfud] lkekftd çxfr bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh
gS fd ns'k dh l`tukRedrk dk Lrj D;k gS\ blh l`tukRed ç;kl ds ifj.kke Lo:i Hkkjr viuh thou
vfHkO;fä dh cgqlaiUurk ] viuh çpqj ÅtkZ] thou ds fy, v{k; 'kfä vkSj mYykl esa egku ekuk
tkrk gS A

thou dh l`tukRed 'kfä ds çHkko ds fcuk dksbZ egkurk] mR—"Vrk vkSj iw.kZrk dks
çkIr ugha dj ldrk A 'ksDlfi;j] dkfynkl] okfYedh] yrk eaxs'kdj bR;kfn vufxur O;fäRo blh
çfr:i ds vk/kkj ij x<s x, A orZeku le; esa f'k{kk ckyd ckfydkvksa ds laiw.kZ fodkl ds ç;kl
dh vksj vxzlj gS] ftuesa fuLlansg jpukRedrk dk fodkl ,d vfHkUu vax gS A

çR;sd {ks= esa l`tukRed fparu ds ml {ks= dks lexzrk çnku djrk gS tSls&fp=dkj]
laxhrK] lkfgR;dkj] oSKkfud lHkh vius {ks= esa l`tu'khyrk ds }kjk gh viuk ;ksxnku nsus
esa leFkZ gq, gSa A çR;sd {ks= esa l`tu'khyrk dk fodkl egRoiw.kZ gS A

fo|kFkhZ tks f'k{kk çkIr djrk gS mldk fparu euu djds dqN ekSfyd fu"d"kZ ij igqaprk
gS tks mldh l`tu'khyrk dk çrhd gksrk gS] vr% l`tu'khyrk fopkjksa dh ekSfydrk dk çek.k gS
A

1.3.4 cqf)yfC/k
cqf)&yfC/k çfrHkk dk lwpdkad gSA çfrHkk dh ;g ek=k ;k ekufld vfHko`f)
VjeSu }kjk cuk;h x;h ,oa M‚- eSfjyd }kjk Loh—r dh x;h rkfydk }kjk çnf'kZr dh x;h gS

cqf) dk {ks= bruk foLr`r] O;kid vkSj tfVy gS fd lgt gh mlds ekiu dk dksbZ fuf'pr
iSekuk cukuk ;fn vlaHko ugha rks nq"dj vo'; gS A fdlh Hkh O;fä ds O;ogkj dks ns[kdj ;g
dg ikuk cgqr eqf'dy gS fd og O;fä cqf)eku gS vFkok ew[kZ A gekjs lkeus lqdjkr] :lks]
VSxksj] dkfynkl] ekdZ~l vkfn ,sls vusd mnkgj.k gSa] ftuds —frÙo dk çkjEHk ls frjLdkj
fd;k x;k FkkA vkxs pydj vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks e`R;q ds ckn yksxksa us ,sls egku cqf)eku
egkiq#"kksa dk yksgk ekuk FkkA vke rkSj ij cqf) ijh{k.k ds }kjk çkIr cqf) yfC/k ¼I-Q-½
ds vk/kkj ij gh ge fdlh O;fä dh cqf) dk ekiu djrs gSa] fdUrq ;g fof/k Hkh iw.kZr;k fo'oluh;
ugha dgh tk ldrh A lkekU; rkSj ij 100 cqf)&yfC/k ¼I-Q-½ okys O;fä dks vkSlr cqf) dk
rFkk 100 ls de okys dks {kh.k cqf) dk vkSj 100 ls vf/kd okys dks rhoz cqf) dk ekuk tkrk
gS A fdUrq ;g ekiu okLrfodrk dh dlkSVh ij [kjk ugha mrjrk gS A

7
 vkt ;fn ge fdlh dh cqf) dk ekiu djds mls ew[kZ dh dksfV esa [kM़k dj nsrs gSa] rks
dy ogh lekt ds fy, dksbZ ,slk dk;Z dj ldrk gS] tks egku cqf) dk ifjpk;d cu tk;s A blh çdkj ;fn
fdlh dh cqf)&yfC/k 80 gS vkSj fdlh dh 160 rks ;g dguk cgqr dfBu gS fd ckn okys dh cqf)
igys okys dh vis{kk nksxquh gS A cqf) ds ekiu dks ysdj ;g tfVyrk çkjEHk ls gh ,d ç'u
[kM़k djrh vk jgh gS fd D;k cqf) dk ekiu fd;k tk ldrk gS\ bl ç'u dk mÙkj nsus esa
euksfoKku us gkj ugha ekuh gS A foKku dk ;g fu;e gS fd fdlh jgL; dks tkuus ds fy, og
ç;ksx djrk gS vkSj ç;ksxksa }kjk çkIr fu"d"kZ dks rc rd vafre ekurk gS tc rd dksbZ vU;
fu"d"kZ lkeus u vk tk;s A euksfoKku us Hkh blh fu;e dk lgkjk fy;k vkSj Li"V :i ls ;g dgk
fd cqf) dk ekiu fd;k tk ldrk gS A

cqf)&yfC/k çfrHkk
140&169 vfr çfrHkk'kkyh
120&139 çfrHkk'kkyh
110&119 vfr mR—"V
90&109 mR—"V
80&89 lkekU;
70&79 ean
60&69 fucZy cqf)
50&59 ghu cqf)
25&49 ew[kZ
0&24 tM

1.4 'kks/k v/;;u ds mís';

fdlh Hkh vuqlU/kku esa loZçFke fdlh fof'k"V leL;k rFkk mlds mís';ksa dks
fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds i'pkr~ leL;k dks igpku dj mldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ Li"V fd;k tkrk
gS A blds ckn vuqlU/kkudrkZ vius fof'k"V mís';ksa dk çfriknu djrk gSA mís';ksa dk çR;{k
lEcU/k vuqlU/kku dh {kerk ls gksrk gS A vuqlU/kku ds v/;;u dk çk:i fof'k"V mís';ksa ls
fodflr djus esa vR;f/kd lgk;rk feyrh gS A

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk çLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z ds fuUefyf[kr mís'; gSa&

 v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds mi;ksx ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh l`tu'khyrk ij iMus okys çHkko dks

Kkr djukA
 v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds mi;ksx ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh cqf) yfC/k ij iMus okys çHkko dks
Kkr djukA

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  ek/;fed Lrj ij v‚uykbu f'k{kk ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks gksus okys ykHk dh fLFkfr
Kkr djukA
 ek/;fed Lrj ij v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds mi;ksx dh tkudkjh çkIr djukA
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij v‚uykbu f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gksus okyh miyfC/k dks
Kkr djukA
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v‚uykbu f'k{kk esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks
Kkr djukA
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kd ds egÙo dks Kkr djukA
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds }kjk lalk/kuksa ds lnqi;ksfxrk dks Kkr djukA
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds }kjk v‚uykbu f'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls gksus okys le; dk
lnqi;ksx vFkok viO;; dks Kkr djukA

1.5 'kks/k leL;k dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk çLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z tcyiqj ftys esa gh ugha oju~ laiw.kZ fo'o esa
lapkfyr gks jgs v‚uykbu f'k{k.k ds fy, vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd orZeku dky
esa dksjksuk egkekjh ds pyrs v‚uykbu f'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls gh lEiw.kZ o"kZ fo|
kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{k.k çnku fd;k x;k A bl 'kks/k leL;k ls fo|ky;ksa esa v‚uykbu
f'k{k.k ds fy, ç;ksx esa vkus okys lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks gksus
okys ykHk] muds le; dk lnqi;ksx vFkok viO;;] fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk lalk/kuksa dk
nq#i;ksx] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo"k; oLrq dh le> vkfn dk Kku çkIr fd;k tk ldsxk A
'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk çLrqr 'kks/kdk;Z dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo fuUefyf[kr gSa&
 ek/;fed Lrj ij v‚uykbu f'k{kk dk çHkko fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh l`tu'khyrk ij ns[kk tk
ldsxk A
 v‚uykbu f'k{k.k ls ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh cqf) yfC/k ij gksus okys
çHkko dks ns[kk tk ldsxk A
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v‚uykbu f'k{k.k esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk
Kku çkIr gks ldsxk A
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v‚uykbu f'k{k.k esa ç;ksx gksus okys rdfudh
lalk/kuksa dk ç;ksx djus dh {kerk dks Kkr fd;k tk ldsxk A
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v‚uykbu f'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls nh;s tkus okys
fo"k;oLrq dks le> ikus dh mudh {kerk dks Kkr fd;k tk ldsxk A
 'kks/k leL;k ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh çkIr dh tk ldsxh A
 bu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq lq>ko çLrqr fd, tk,axs A
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1.6 'kks/k ifjdYiuk,¡
leL;k dh vfHkO;fä dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku ifjdYiuk gS A ifjdYiuk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ
gS& iwoZ fparu A fdlh Hkh vuqla/kku esa oSKkfud i)fr dk lgh ç;ksx djus ds fy;s ;g
vko';d gS fd ge ml vuqla/kku vkSj leL;k ls lEcfU/kr dqN çkjfEHkd Kku rFkk
lkekU; vuqHko çkIr dj ys A leqæh tgkt ds deku dks ftl çdkj mldh dqrqcuqek ls vKkr
vKkr fn'kkvksa esa Hkh lgh ekxZn'kZu çkIr gksrk gS] Bhd mlh çdkj vius fopkj ls
vuqla/kkudrkZ Hkh dk;Z o v/;;u esa fn'kk çkIr djrk gS vkSj mlds vuqlkj vkxs c<+rk
gqvk çxfr djrk gS A vuqla/kkudrkZ ds bl çdkj ds fopkj dks gh ifjdYiuk dgk tkrk gS
A oSKkfud 'kks/k dk;ksaZ esa ifjdYiukvksa dk fo'ks"k egÙo gksrk gSA 'kks/k dk
çk:i ifjdYiukvksa ij gh vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A bldk çfriknu nks çdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS&
fn'kk;qä ifjdYiuk rFkk fn'kkfoghu ifjdYiuk A
mi;qZä ifjdYiukvksa dks –f"Vxr j[krs gq, 'kks/kkFkhZ us çLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq
fuEufyf[kr ifjdYiukvksa dk p;u fd;k gS&
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa v‚uykbu f'k{kk dk mudh l`tukRedrk ij lkFkZd
çHkko gksrk gS A
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa v‚uykbu f'k{kk dk l`tukRedrk ds dkjd] ekSfydrk
ij lkFkZd çHkko gksrk gS A
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa v‚uykbu f'k{kk dk l`tukRedrk ds dkjd]
/kkjkçokg'khyrk ij lkFkZd çHkko gksrk gS A
 ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa v‚uykbu f'k{kk dk mudh cqf)yfC/k ij lkFkZd
çHkko gksrk gS A

1.7 'kks/k v/;;u dk ifjlheu

vuqla/kku dk;Z gsrq miyC/k le; ,oa lk/ku lqfo/kkvksa dks fu;e djus dk dk;Z 'kks/k
v/;;u dh lhek,¡ djrh gS A 'kks/k v/;;u esa dbZ ckj fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls çLrkfor
lEiw.kZ {ks= esa miyC/k lHkh bdkbZ;ksa dk ;k lewgksa ij v/;;u djuk lEHko ugh
gks ikrk gS A vr% 'kks/k 'kh"kZd Þek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa v‚uykbu
f'k{kk }kjk mudh l`tukRedrk ,oa cqf)yfC/k ij çHkko dk v//k;u ¼tcyiqj 'kgj ds
fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa½ß dk ifjlheu 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk fd;k x;k gS A
'kks/k {ks= dks v/;;u ds mís';ksa dks –f"Vxr j[kdj fuEukuqlkj ifjyf{kr fd;k x;k gS&
 'kks/k v/;;u esa dsoy lh-ch-,l-bZ- cksMZ ls lac)] fganh ek/;e fo|ky; çfrHkkLFkyh
Kkuksn; fo|kihB]tcyiqj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij ç;ksx fd;k tk,xk A
 'kks/k v/;;u esa dsoy 6oha ,oa 7oha d{kk ds fofHkUu oxksaZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij
ç;ksx fd;k tk,xk A
 'kks/k v/;;u esa dsoy Nk=kvksa ij ç;ksx fd;k tk,xk A
10