Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
kjr
Hk
laLFk
fo|k Hkkjrh laLÏfr f'k{kk laLFkku
fo|k
ku
kf
}kjk lapkfyr
l
s
Q;
o| q Ùk
k ; k fo e
lfpo
fo|k Hkkjrh laLÑfr f'k{kk laLFkku
ç'ui=k dk Lo:i
egkjk"Vª
;qx&iq#"k f'kokth egkjkt dh tUe Hkwfe gS egkjk"Vª A blh Hkwfe ij f'kokth
us fgUnwin ikn'kkgh dh LFkkiuk dj N=kifr dh inoh èkkj.k dhA lar Kkus'oj dh
^Kkus'ojh* ,oa rqdkjke ds ^vHkax* tgk¡ vkt Hkh HkfDr dk lapkj djkrs gS]a ogha leFkZ
xq# jkenkl dk thou izjs .kk dk lzkrs gSA
laLÑfr vkSj izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 'kks/u esa vkiVs] jkeÑ".k xksiky
HkaMkjdj vkSj ik.Mqjax okeu dk.ks tSls iz[kj fo}ku egkjk"Vª us fn;s] rks ;gha ds
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 8 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
egkRek T;ksfrck iqQys vkSj lareuk ds'ko dosZ
us L=kh&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa lEiw.kZ ns'k dks ,d
egkjk"Vª
ubZ fn'kk iznku dh gSA
,sfrgkfld nqxZ o xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl μ
N=kifr f'kokth dh vkjkè;k nsoh rqytkiqj
dh Hkokuh] dqEHk ds rhFkks± esa ls ,d ukfld]
}kn'k T;ksfrfy±xksa esa ls rhu T;ksfrfy±x
=;Ecds'oj] ?k`".ks'oj o Hkhek'kadj Hkh blh
Hkwfe ds izkphu rhFkZ gSaA vk/qfud Hkkjr esa
jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds laLFkkid MkWñ
ds ' ko cfyjke gs M xs o kj rFkk f}rh;
ljla?kpkyd xq# xksyoydj dh deZ LFkyh
ukxiqj esa fLFkr Le`freafnj] MkWñ vkacsMdj }kjk LFkkfir èkEepØizorZu dh
nh{kkHkwfe ukxiqj] egkRek xk¡/h dh iz;ksxHkwfe lsokxzke] lar fouksck Hkkos dh
foJkeLFkyh ioukj ;gk¡ ds uohu rhFkZ gSaA x.ks'kksRlo ;gk¡ dk izeq[k ioZ gSA
jk;x<+] f'kousjh] izrkix<+] flagx<+ vkfn nqxZ ;gk¡ ds xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl dk xq.kxku
djrs gSaA
vkb, bl çns'k dh dqN vkSj tkudkjh izkIr djsa μ
1- lekt lq/kj ds {ks=k esa Hkh egkjk"Vª ds yksxksa us izeq[krk ls Hkkx fy;kA ml
le; egknso xksfoUn jkuMs] yksdekU; fryd vkSj xksikyÑ".k xks[kys tSls
usrkvksa us lEiw.kZ ns'k dks u;k ekxZ fn[kk;kA
2- Lok/hurk laxkz e esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds izjs d o nks vkthou dkjkokl dh ltk ikus
okys iz[kj ØkfUrdkjh fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj blh /jk ds liwr gSAa
3- lu~ 1925 esa MkW- ds'ko cfyjke gsMxsokj us ukxiqj esa fot;kn'keh ds fnu
jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k dh LFkkiuk dh tks fo'o dk lcls cM+k Lo;alsoh
laxBu gSA
4- iañ fo".kq fnxEcj iyqLdj vkSj iañ fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms us Hkkjrh;
'kkL=kh; laxhr dks vk/qfud :i fn;kA
5- ;g izns'k tula[;k ,oa {ks=kiQy nksuksa dh n`f"V ls ns'k esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA
blds if'pe esa flU/q lkxj] mÙkj&if'pe esa xqtjkr] mÙkj ,oa iwoksZÙkj esa
eè;izns'k] nf{k.k esa dukZVd vkSj iwoZ esa vka/z izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+ gSaA
6- blds leqæh rV ij 49 cUnjxkg gSa] ftuesa eqEcbZ ,d fo'kky
cUnjxkg gS] tks bl izns'k dh jktèkkuh gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 9 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
7- ;gk¡ vtUrk ,oa ,yksjk dh fo'o izfl¼ xqiQk,¡ 200 bZ- iw- dh gSa] ftuds
mRÑ"V fHkfÙk&fp=k gtkjksa o"kZ chr tkus ij Hkh [kjkc ugha gq, gSaA
8- pyfp=k m|ksx esa egkjk"Vª vxz.kh gSA
jktLFkku
'kkS;Z ,oa cfynku dk /uh jktLFkku! izrki dh ohjrk vkSj in~feuh ds tkSgj
dh Hkwfe jktLFkku] viuh ,d vuwBh Fkkrh l¡tks, gq, gSA ohj izlwrk bl Hkwfe us
tgk¡ cIikjkoy] egkjk.kk lk¡xk] i`Fohjkt pkSgku o nqxkZnkl tSls uj&iqaxoksa dks tUe
fn;k] ogha gkM+kjkuh] fdj.k nsoh rFkk iÂkèkk; tSlh ohjkaxukvksa dks Hkh viuh dks[k
esa ikyk gSA rHkh rks ;gk¡ dgk x;k gS&
^^ekbZ ,gM+ks iwr t.k tsgM+k jk.kk izrki**
;g ogh Hkwfe gS] tgk¡ i`Fohflag ln`'k
ckyd 'ksjksa ls yM+k djrs FksA ;g ogh Hkwfe
gS] tks vkt Hkh vejflag jkBkSM+ dh dVkj
dh èkkj rFkk Hkkek'kkg dk R;kx Lej.k
djokrh gSA blh Hkwfe us ,d vksj tgk¡
j.kck¡dqjksa ds cfynku ds vkn'kZ izLrqr fd,
gSa] ogha ehjk ds Hktuksa us HkfDr dk ve`r
izokg Hkh cgk;k gSA rHkh rks izR;sd uj ukjh
Lor% gh xquxquk mBrk gS μ
^^esjs rks fxj/j xksiky nwljks uk dksbZ**
vkvks ge lHkh bl ikou Hkwfe dk vkSj vf/d ifjp; izkIr djsaA
rhFkks± dh Hkwfe μ
d- ,dfyax eafnj μ Hkxoku ,dfyaxukFk f'ko esokM+ jktoa'k ds vkjkè; nsork gSAa
;g eafnj mn;iqj ds ikl dSyk'kxzke esa fLFkr gSA vkt Hkh esokM+ jktoa'k ds
egkjk.kk vius vkidks ,dfyax egkjkt dk nhoku dgrs gSAa
[k- ukFk}kjk μ mn;iqj ds ikl fLFkr ;g LFkku oYyHk lEiznk; dk izeq[k
rhFkZLFky gSA ;gk¡ Hkxoku~ JhukFk th dk lqUnj eafnj gSA JhukFkth dh izfrek
ewyr% cztHkwfe esa xkso/Zu ls Lo;a oYyHkkpk;Z th ds iq=k foV~ByukFk th
ysdj vk, FksA
x- egkohj th μ jktLFkku dk ,d loZ çfl¼ fnxEcj tSu vfr'k; {ks=k gSA
bl {ks=k esa LFkkfir Hkxoku egkohj dh ewfrZ vR;ar vfr'k;dkjh gSA bls ,d
,sls Vhys ls fudkyk x;k Fkk tgk¡ ,d Xokys dh xk; ds Fku ls nwèk vius
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 10 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
vki >j tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ o"kZ Hkj yk[kksa rhFkZ;k=kh Hkxoku egkohj ds n'kZukFkZ
vkrs jgrs gSaA
,sfrgkfld&nqxks± dh Hkwfe μ
d- fpÙkkSM+x<+ μ bl x<+ ds lEcU/ esa dqN fo}kuksa dh ekU;rk gS fd bldk
fuekZ.k ik.Moksa us djok;k Fkk vkSj bldk izkphu uke fp=kkdksV gSA txr~
izfl¼ egkjkuh in~feuh dk tkSgj ,oa iÂk/k; ds iq=k&cfynku dk ;g lk{kh
gSA ;g esokM+ jkT; dh jkt/kuh jgk gSA
[k- dqEHkyx<+ μ egkjk.kk dqEHkk }kjk cuk;k gqvk ;g x<+ esokM+ o ekjokM+ dh
lhek ij fLFkr gSA ;gha egkjk.kk izrki dk tUe gqvk FkkA bl fdys dk
ijdksVk phu dh nhokj ds ckn nwljs Øe dh lcls yEch nhokj gSA
x- j.kFkEHkkSj μ lokbZ ek/ksiqj ds fudV fo|eku ;g ,d ,sfrgkfld nqxZ gSA
vykmíhu f[kyth dks ijkftr djus okys jk.kk gEehj dh ;g jkt/kuh FkhA
buds vfrfjDr vtesj (vt;es#) dk nqxZ rkjkx<+] t;iqj esa vkesj dk
fdyk] ukgjx<+ dk fdyk] dksVk&cw¡nh] tks/iqj] tSlyesj o chdkusj ds fdys
Hkh viuh lqn`<+rk o jktiwrh bfrgkl ds lk{kh gSaA
izeq[k i;ZVu&LFky o ,sfrgkfld uxjksa dh Hkwfe μ
d- vcqZnkpy (vkcw ioZr) μ vjkoyh ioZr ekyk ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa fLFkr
;g vfr lqUnj ,oa ifo=k LFkku gSA ;g ikou {ks=k leqæ ry ls 1220 ehVj Å¡pkbZ
ij gSA ;gk¡ ofl"B eqfu dk vkJe FkkA mÙkjh igkM+h ij fo'o izfl¼ nsyokM+k
dk tSu eafnj gSA vkjkoyh ioZr dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh xq#f'k[kj ;gha ij gSA
[k- j.kdiqj μ ikyh ftys esa fLFkr j.kdiqj] izfl¼ tSu eafnj ds fy, fo[;kr
gSA dyk dh n`f"V ls ;g efUnj cstksM+ gSA jktLFkku ds izeq[k i;ZVu LFkyksa
esa ;g Hkh viuk LFkku j[krk gSA
x- tSlyesj μ e#LFkyh; {ks=k dk ân; LFky tSlyesj ,d ,sfrgkfld uxj
,oa i;ZVu LFky gSA ;gk¡ ds ckyw (jsr) ds Vhys i;ZVdksa dks cjcl gh viuh
vksj vkdf"kZr dj ysrs gSAa ^iVoksa dh gosyh* dh ckjhd dkjhxjh ns[kus ;ksX; gSA
?k- mn;iqj μ >hyksa dh bl uxjh dh vuqie NVk Hkh ns[kus ;ksX; gSA
psrd&Lekjd] lgsfy;ksa dh ckM+h] flVh iSysl] çrki xkSjo dsUæ n'kZuh;
LFky gSaA
Ä- t;iqj μ xqykch uxj ds uke ls izfl¼ ;g uxjh jktLFkku dh
jkt/kuh gSA xksfoUn nso th dk efUnj] fcM+yk eafnj] gokegy] tUrj&eUrj]
xkyo ½f"k dk vkJe&xYrkth blds n'kZuh; LFky gSaA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 11 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
e#izns'k dk izos'k }kj ,oa estj 'kSrkuflag dh ekr`Hkwfe tks/iqj] izfl¼ rhFkZ
iq"dj] vtesj esa lezkV i`Fohjkt dk Lekjd] Mhx ds gokegy] izfl¼ ;q¼LFkyh
gYnh?kkVh blh izns'k esa gSaA vyoj] lokbZ ekèkksiqj] Hkjriqj ds vHk;kj.;] /kSyiqj]
dksVk] cw¡nh] Mw¡xjiqj] >kykokM+] fd'kux<+] izrkix<+] 'kkgiqjk] VkSad] ckM+esj] tkyksj
vkSj fljksgh blds vU; izeq[k LFky gSaA
viuh ekr`Hkwfe Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd i`"BHkwfe dks tkuus esa gekjs izn's kksa dk
fof'k"V egÙo gSA vkb;s] buesa ls oqQN izn's kksa dk vè;;u djrs gSa &
fcgkj
Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd i`"BHkwfe esa fcgkj dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA fcgkj dk
ân; ex/ {ks=k gS] ftldk mYys[k gekjs izkphu xzaFkksa esa xkSjo ds lkFk gqvk gSA
jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr esa bl {ks=k dh izeq[k Hkwfedk jgh gSA fefFkyk ds jktk tud
dh iq=kh tkudh us bl izns'k dks xkSjokfUor fd;k gSA tud dh iq=kh lhrk
(tkudh) dk tUe fcgkj ds lhrke<+h ds ikl iqukSjk esa gqvk FkkA egkHkkjr esa ex/
ds nq"V jktk tjkla/ dks JhÑ".k ds funsZ'k ij Hkhe us ekjk FkkA eè;dky esa ;gk¡
ekS;Z lkezkT; LFkkfir gqvkA pUæxqIr us pk.kD; ds ekxZn'kZu esa ;gha ls fons'kh
vkØkUrk fldUnj ds mÙkjkfèkdkjh lsY;wdl dks ijkLr fd;k FkkA lezkV v'kksd Hkh
blh oa'k ds FksA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa Lof.kZe ;qx dgs tkus okys xqIroa'kh; lezkV ;gha
ij gq,A buds 'kklu esa foKku] dyk vkfn dh cM+h mÂfr gqbAZ vk;ZHkV~V ;gha ds FksA
bl jkT; esa ckS¼ /eZ dk lcls igys izpkj gqvk vkSj cgqr ls eB cusA ckS¼
yksx eBksa dks fogkj dgrs gSaA blh fogkj ds uke ij bl jkT; dk uke fcgkj iM+kA
Hkxoku egkohj dk tUe Hkh ;gha gqvk FkkA
fcgkj ds egÙoiw.kZ LFkku μ
iVuk μ izkphu dky esa bldk uke
ikVfyiq=k FkkA ;g ekS;Z dky dk loZJs"B fcgkj
uxj FkkA v'kksd ds 'kklu dky ds [kaMgj
vkt Hkh dqEgjkj esa gSaA ;g fcgkj izns'k dh
jkt/kuh gSA
iVuk lkfgc μ ;g flD[kksa ds n'ke~
xq# xksfoUn flag dk tUe LFkku gSA ;gk¡ ik¡p
r[rksa esa ls ,d fLFkr gSA
ukya n k μ fo'ofo[;kr ukya n k
fo'ofo|ky; dk [kaMgj vkt Hkh ;gk¡ gSA
g"kZo/Zu dky esa phuh ;k=kh àsulkax ;gk¡ N%
o"kks± rd i<+k FkkA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 12 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
cDlj (O;k?kzlj) μ egf"kZ fo'okfe=k dh riLFkyh gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS
fd fo'okfe=k dk fl¼kJe vkSj rkM+dk ou ;gha FksA Hkxoku jke us ;gha ls jk{klksa
ds lagkj dk vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k FkkA
x;k μ izkphu dky ls fgUnqvksa dk izeq[k rhFkZ LFkku gSA ;gha iQYxw unh ds
fdukjs firjksa dks fi.M nku fd;k tkrk gSA
buds vfrfjDr jktx`g] foØef'kyk] lksuiqj] lqYrkuxat] eqaxsj] oS'kkyh]
lhrke<+h] ikokiqjh] cks/x;k vU; egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSaA
egkiq#"k
ohj dq¡vj flag μ budk tUe Hkkstiqj ftys ds txnh'kiqj esa 1782 ds
yxHkx gqvk FkkA lu~ 1857 ds Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa 80 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa ohj
dq¡vj flag us vaxzstksa dks iNkM+k FkkA 26 vizSy 1858 bZú dks ;s 'kghn gq,A
MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn μ budk tUe 1884 bZñ esa fcgkj ds lkj.k esa gqvk Fkk
tks orZeku esa floku ftys esa fLFkr gSA HkkjrjRu MkWú jktsUæ izlkn pEikju
vkUnksyu esa egkRek xk¡/h ds lg;ksxh cusA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku lHkk ds vè;{k vkSj
Hkkjr ds izFke jk"Vªifr cusA budh e`R;q 28 iQjojh 1963 bZñ dks gqbZ FkhA
yksduk;d t;izdk'k ukjk;.k μ 11 vDVwcj 1902 bZñ esa budk tUe
,oa 8 vDVwcj 1979 bZñ esa LoxZokl gqvk FkkA ns'k dh jktuhfr esa ,d ubZ fn'kk
nsus ds dkj.k t;izdk'k ukjk;.k dks yksduk;d dh mikf/ nh x;hA ;s loksZn; usrk
ds :i esa yksdfç; gq,A vkikrdky ds vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro bUgksaus fd;k FkkA
>kj[k.M
15 uoEcj] 2000 dks fcgkj ds nf{k.kh {ks=k (oukapy) ds 18 ftyksa dks
vyx ls >kj[k.M izns'k dk uke fn;k x;k gSA ;g {ks=k [kfut&laink ls ifjiw.kZ
gS] bl {ks=k ds yksxksa us Hkkjr ds Lora=krk
vkUnksyu esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
vkt Hkh Hkkjr dh izkphu laLÑfr ds n'kZu
bl izkUr esa fd, tk ldrs gSaA
>kj[k.M izns'k ds egÙoiw.kZ LFky μ
1- jk¡ph& >kj[k.M dh jkt/kuh ,oa izns'k
dk mPp U;k;ky; ;gha gS a A çfl¼
LorU=krk laxzke lsukuh fcjlk eq.Mk dk
jk¡ph tsy esa fuèku gqvk FkkA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 13 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
2- te'ksniqj μ VkVk LVhy m|ksx rFkk izfl¼ vkS|ksfxd uxjA
bl uxj ds vfrfjDr cksdkjks] pkbZcklk] nso?kj] gtkjhckx] nqedk] xqeyk]
vkfn izfl¼ uxj gSaA
egkiq#"k
fcjlk eqaMk μ 19oha 'krkCnh ds var esa vaxzstksa ds f[kykiQ ouoklh usrk
fcjlk eqaMk us la?k"kZ fd;kA buds R;kx ,oa cfynku ls LorU=krk vkanksyu dks
cy feykA 9 twu 1900 bZú esa jk¡ph tsy esa budh e`R;q gqbAZ
frydk eka>h μ laFkky tkfr ds lsukuh FksA mUgksaus vaxzstksa ds lkFk laxzke
djrs gq, vktknh dh cfyosnh ij vius çk.kksa dh HksaV p<+k nh FkhA
mÙkj izns'k
mÙkj izns'k Hkkjr dk izeq[k izns'k gSA xaxk&;equk] lj;w tSlh ifo=k ufn;k¡ vkSj
muls ifo=k gqvk fo'kky eSnkuh Hkkx rFkk nf{k.k esa foaè;kpy] lHkh oqQN vuks[kk
gSA ;gha v;ksè;k esa Hkxoku Jhjke us tUe fy;kA ;equk fdukjs eFkqjk esa Hkxoku~
JhÑ".k us tUe ysdj czt esa cky ØhM+k,¡ dha
,oa vlqjksa dk lagkj fd;k vkSj ;gha Hkxoku
cq¼ ds mins'kksa dh çFke iwT; uxjh lkjukFk
gSA dk'kh tSlh izkphu uxjh] tgk¡ Hkxoku
fo'oukFk dk fuokl gS] lHkh bls laLÑfr dk
xkSjoe; eafnj ekurs gSaA vk;kZorZ dh ;g
oSfnd ½pkvksa dh Hkwfe larksa ,oa Hkxon~HkDrksa
dk dsUæ jgh gSA dchj] jSnkl tSls larksa vkSj
lwjnkl] rqylhnkl tSls HkDr jpukdkjksa us
JhÑ".k ,oa Jhjke dh dFkkvksa dks lekt esa
izfrf"Br dj rRdkyhu tuekul esa O;kIr uSjk'; ds lEiw.kZ dyq"k dks /ks MkykA
egku~ lekt lsfo;ksa ,oa jktuhfrKksa dh bl Hkwfe dk opZLo vkt Hkh
fu;ked vkSj egÙoiw.kZ gSA bldh jkt/kuh y[kuÅ gS] ftls Jh y{e.k th us
clk;k FkkA bldk ewy uke y{e.kiqjh Fkk] tks dkykarj esa y[kuÅ gks x;kA ;g
vo/ dk dsUæ cudj var esa uokcksa dh jkt/kuh cu x;kA vaxt zs ksa us bls gh la;Dq r
izns'k vkxjk o vo/ dh jkt/kuh cuk;k vkSj ckn esa ;g mÙkj izns'k dh
jkt/kuh cukA
mÙkjk[k.M
mÙkjk[k.M jkT; dh LFkkiuk mÙkjkapy ds uke ls Hkkjr ds 27osa jkT; ds :i
esa 9 uoEcj lu~ 2000 esa gqbZA bl jkT; dks nsoHkwfe ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk
gSA mÙkjkapy dk u;k uke mÙkjk[k.M 1 tuojh 2007 ls gqvk gSA
;gk¡ iaruxj fLFkr ns'k dk çFke Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; gSA cnjhukFk] dsnkjukFk]
xaxks=kh] ;equks=kh] gsedq.V lkfgc] gfj}kj] ½f"kds'k vkfn çeq[k rhFkZ rFkk iapcnjh]
iapdsnkj ,oa iap ç;kx Hkh blh jkT; esa fLFkr gSaA
iwQyksa dh ?kkVh] elwjh] uSuhrky vkfn i;ZVd dsUæ
rFkk jktkth ,oa dkcsVZ us'kuy ikdZ tSls vHk;kj.; Hkh
bl jkT; esa fLFkr gSaA
mÙkj çns'k ds izFke eq[;eU=kh iafMr xksfoUn
oYyHk iar ,oa çÑfr ds lqoqQekj dfo lqfe=kkuUnu
iar dh tUeLFkyh Hkh ;gh Hkwfe gSA
mÙkjk[k.M ds fVgjh ftys esa HkkxhjFkh ,oa fHkyaxuk
unh ds laxe ij ns'k dk lcls fo'kky ck¡èk cuk gS] ftldh Å¡pkbZ 260-5 ehñ gSA
;g feV~Vh ,oa iRFkj ^^jkWdfiQy** ls fufeZr gSA bldh fo'kky >hy dk {ks=kiQy
yxHkx 45 oxZ fdñehñ gS rFkk bldh fo|qr mRiknu {kerk 2000 esxkokV gSA
nsgjknwu bldh jktèkkuh gSA bl jkT; esa xk¡oksa dh la[;k 16]826 gSA
{ks=kiQy & 53]483 oxZ fdñehñ gSA tula[;k & 1]01]16]752
bl jkT; dk jktdh; i'kq & dLrwjh e`x] jktdh; i{kh eksuky] jktdh;
o`{k& cqjka'k rFkk jktdh; iq"i czãdey gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 16 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
ekr`Hkwfe ds lEcUèk esa egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh
d- ufn;ksa dh ifo=k ty&/kjk,¡ lnSo bl ekr`Hkwfe dks flafpr
djrh jgrh gSaA vki crkb;s fdμ
1- fo'o esa lcls l?ku clk gqvk ,oa lcls fo'kky ufn;ksa dk eSnku dkSu&lk gS\
(xaxk&;equk dk eSnku)
2- mÙkj Hkkjr dh N% ifo=k ufn;ksa ds uke crkb;sA
(xaxk] ;equk] flU/q] czãiq=k] xkserh] lj;w)
3- nf{k.k Hkkjr dh N% ifo=k ufn;ksa ds uke crkb;sA
(egkunh] xksnkojh] Ñ".kk] dkosjh] rqaxHkæk] rkezi.khZ)
4- lw;Ziq=kh fdl unh dks dgk tkrk gS\ (;equk)
5- fdl lw;Zoa'kh jktk ds ç;klksa ls Hkkjr&Hkwfe ij xaxk vorfjr gqbZ\
(HkxhjFk)
6- ukjk;.k Hkxoku us xaxks=kh ls ifo=k ty ykdj fdl dq.M dk fuekZ.k fd;k\
(ukjk;.k dq.M] xqtjkr)
7- ueZnk unh dk mn~xe&LFkku dgk¡ gS\ (vejd.Vd] eñizñ)
[k- vkb, ge tkus gekjs ifo=k ioZrksa ds ukeksa dksμ
1- ikfj;k=k fdl ioZr dk laLÑr uke gS\ (vjkoyh)
2- pUnu ds l?ku ou okys ioZr dk D;k uke gS\ (ey; ioZr)
3- cnjhukFk /ke esa fdu ik¡p f'kykvksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\
(ukjnf'kyk] ekdZ.Ms;f'kyk] u`flagf'kyk] ojkgf'kyk] x#M+f'kyk)
4- uhyfxfj ioZr -------------------- izns'k esa gSA (dukZVd)
5- lriqM+k dh igkfM+;k¡ --------------- dh 'kksHkk c<+k jgh gSaA (eè;&çns'k)
6- Hkkjr ds eè; esa ----------------------- ioZr gSA (foUè;kpy)
7- fdruk fo'kky gS fgeky; ioZr! bldh lcls Å¡ph pksVh dk uke-------------gSA
(lxjekFkk@,ojsLV)
8- ueZnk] lksuHkæ vkfn ifo=k ufn;k¡ ----- ioZr f'k[kj ls fudyrh gSAa (vejd.Vd)
(x) vkb,] ge tkusa }kn'k T;ksfrfy±xksa dksA
lkseukFk (xqtjkr)] efYydktqZu (Jh'kSye~] vkUèkzçns'k)] egkdkys'oj
(mTtf;uh] eè;izns'k)] ijes'oj tks fd vkasdkjs'oj ds uke ls izfl¼ gS
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 17 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
(eè;&izns'k)] dsnkjukFk (mÙkjk[k.M)] Hkhe'kadj (egkjk"Vª)] fo'oukFk (dk'kh]
m-iz-)] =;Ecds'oj (ukfld] egkjk"Vª)] oS|ukFk (>kj[k.M)] ukxs'oj (xqtjkr)
jkes'oje~ (rfeyukMq)] ?kq'es'oj@?k`".ks'oj (egkjk"Vª)A
(?k) fuEufyf[kr LFkku dgk¡ fLFkr gSa\
(d) oS".kks nsoh (tEew&d'ehj) ([k) oS'kkyh (fcgkj) (x) r{kf'kyk
(jkoyfi.Mh (ikfdLrku) (?k) dqaHkkuxj (viQxkfuLrku) (Ä)
iatklkfgc (ikfdLrku) (p) yoiqj (ykgkSj) (ikfdLrku)
vius ns'k dh orZeku lhek,¡
x- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, μ
1- mÙkj esa xxupqEch --------------------- ioZr gSA (fgeky;)
2- nf{k.k esa ---------------------------- blds pj.k i[kkjrk gSA (fgUnq egklkxj)
3- nf{k.k&iwoZ esa ---------------- ,oa nf{k.k&if'pe esa --------------- gSA
(xaxklkxj] flU/qlkxj)
4- iwoZ esa ------------------------ gSA (czãns'k ;k E;kaekj)
5- mÙkj&if'pe esa ---------------------- ,oa ------------------ ns'k gSAa
(ikfdLrku] viQxkfuLrku)
6- viQxkfuLrku] cekZ] frCcr ds izkphu ukeA
1--------------------2-------------------------------3---------------------------- gSAa
(mix.kLFkku] czãns'k] f=kfo"Vi)
^^vktkn gh jgsaxs**
pUæ'ks[kj dks idM+us ds fy, ,d iqfyl okyk muds ihNs Hkkxk] ij os
idM+s ugha x,] ysfdu pUnu dk Vhdk yxkus ds dkj.k os 'kh?kz igpku fy, x,A
tc mUgsa U;k;kèkh'k ds lkeus is'k fd;k rks ogk¡ mUgksaus viuk uke vkT+kkn crk;k]
firk dk uke iwNs tkus ij dgk ^^LorU=k** rFkk ?kj dk irk iwNs tkus ij
^^tsy[kkuk** crk;k] bl çdkj ds mÙkj lqudj mUgsa 15 csarksa dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ]
blds ckn os vkT+kkn ds uke ls çfl¼ gq,] vkT+kkn us NksVh&lh mez esa gh çfrKk
dh Fkh %μ
^^nq'eu dh xksfy;ksa dk ge lkeuk djsaxs]
vkT+kkn gh jgs gSa] vkT+kkn gh jgsaxs**A
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds mÙkj fy[ksa μ
1- ^oUns ekrje~* jk"Vªxhr ds jpf;rk dkSu Fks\ (cafdepUæ pV~Vksikè;k;)
2- ^oUns ekrje~* jk"Vªxhr fdl iqLrd esa gS\ (vkuUn eB)
3- ^^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds N% Lof.kZe i`"B** iqLrd ds Økafrdkjh ys[kd dkSu Fks\
(ohj fouk;d lkojdj)
4- vk;qfoZKku ds tUenkrk dkSu Fks\ (èkUoUrfj)
5- ijek.kq fl¼kUr ds vkfo"drkZ izkphu Hkkjrh; ½f"k dkSu Fks\ (d.kkn)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 27 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
6- jktOkqQy esa tUe ysdj Hkh jktkfèkdkj ls oafpr jgsA ftuds cqf¼] dkS'ky]
Kku] uhfr vkSj lR;&opuksa ls çHkkfor gksdj JhÑ".k] nq;ksZ/u ds jktHkksx
NksM+dj buds ?kj dk lkx [kkdj larq"V gq,\ (egkRek fonqj)
egkiq#"kksa dh tUefrfFk;k¡
ge fo|ky; esa egkiq#"kksa dh t;fUr;k¡ eukrs gSa] buesa dqN dh tUefrfFk;k¡
ge ;gk¡ ns jgs gSaA bUgsa vki Lej.k dhft,A
egkiq#"k dk uke tUe frfFk
Hkxoku Jhjke pS=k 'kqDy 9 (uoeh)
Hkxoku egkohj pS=k 'kqDy 13 (=k;ksn'kh)
Hkxoku cq¼ oS'kk[k 'kqDy 15 (iwf.kZek)
osnO;kl vk"kk<+ 'kqDy 15 (iwf.kZek)
Hkxoku JhÑ".k Hkkæin@Jko.k Ñ".k 8 (v"Veh)
egf"kZ vjfoUn ?kks"k Jko.k 'kqDy] ,dkn'kh] foñ lEor~ 1929
xksLokeh rqylhnkl Jko.k 'kqDy 7 (lIreh)] foñ lEor~ 1554
egf"kZ okYehfd vkf'ou 'kqDy 15 (iwf.kZek)
xq# ukudnso dkfrZd 'kqDy 15 (iwf.Zkek)] foñ lEor 1526
Lokeh jkerhFkZ dkfrZd vekoL;k] foñ lEor~ 1930
xq#xksfoUn flag ikS"k 'kqDy lIreh] foñ lEor~ 1723
lar jfonkl ek?k iwf.kZek] foñ lEor~ 1388
Hkkjr dks vius HkDr iq=kksa ij xoZ gS] pkgs Hkxoku dh HkfDr gks] fir` ,oa
ekr` HkfDr gks] xq#HkfDr gks] lHkh {ks=kksa esa Hkkjrh; liwrksa ds mnkgj.k vuwBs gSaA ;fn
geus mUgsa tku fy;k rks Js"B thou dh izsj.kk izkIr gks ldsxhA
v- ckyd ujsUæ us tc ------------ ls iwNk] **vkius bZ'oj dks ns[kk gS\** rks mUgkasus
mÙkj fn;k] ^^gk¡! mlh rjg tSls rqEgsa ns[k jgk gw¡A** (JhjkeÑ".k ijegal)
vk- igys ;s ØkfUrdkjh FksA ckn esa bZ'oj HkfDr esa brus je x, fd ikafMpsjh
vkJe esa jgdj ------------------ dgyk,A (;ksfxjkt vjfoUn)
b- xq# /kSE; ds izfr leiZ.k dk vuqie vkn'kZ izLrqr djus okys f'k"; -------FksA
(vk#f.k)
bZ- ---------------- dh lUrku gksus ls ge ekuo dgykrs gSaA (euq)
Øwj vR;kpkjh eqxy ckn'kkg vkSjaxtsc dh uhan gjke djus okys] phrs tSlh
rsth okys xq.koku Hkkjrh; ;ks¼k ------------ FksA (f'kokth)
------------------ tksj ls cksyk] iQrsgflag 'ksj lk cksyk] ^^j[kks b±Vsa] Hkjks xkjs] fpuks
nhokj gR;kjsA** (t+ksjkoj)
vaxt sz ksa ls yM+r&s yM+rs ns'k dh [k+kfrj ftlus vius izk.kksa dk cfynku dj fn;k
vkSj Hkkjr dh ohj iq=kh gksus dk xkSjo izkIr fd;k ,slh >k¡lh dh ohjkaxuk dk
uke ------------------------------ FkkA (y{ehckbZ)
iz;kx dqaHk ds volj ij lc dqN nku nsus ds dkj.k ------------------dks viuh
cfgu jktJh ls oL=k ek¡xdj iguus iM+s FksA (g"kZo/Zu)
fldUnj ds lsukifr lsY;wdl us ijkftr gksus ij --------------- ds le{k leiZ.k
fd;kA (pUæxqIr ekS;Z)
dEcksfM;k (iqQuku) tkdj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izpkj&izlkj djus okys -----
---------------- FksA (dkSafMU;)
X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa eyk;k ij vkØe.k dj ------------------- us fnfXot; dk Madk
ctk;k FkkA (jktsUæ pksy)
vaxzst esftLVªsV feñ DyhoyS.M dh VDdj ns'kHkDr -----------------------ls gqbZA
(frydk eka>h)
egewn xt+uoh dks ijkftr djus okys ohj dk uke -------------- FkkA
(Hkhenso lksyadh)
viuk Hkkjr fo'oxq# jgk gSA lEiw.kZ fo'o dk ekxZn'kZu ;gk¡ ds liwrksa us
fd;k gSA vius iwoZtksa dh fo}rk ij gesa xoZ gSA vkb,] muds xkSjo dks Lej.k djsa
vkSj mudh ijEijk dks vkxs c<+k,¡ μ
lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ,dRo dk Hkko iznf'kZr djus ds fy;s ½f"k dk vkg~oku gSμ
,rís'kçlwrL; ldk'kknxztUeu%A
Loa Loa pfj=ka f'k{ksju~ i`fFkO;ka loZekuok%AA (euqLe`fr 2@20)
gekjs ns'k ds iwoZtksa us lEiw.kZ fo'o esa viuk Kku iQSyk;kA mUgksaus fo'o dks
viuk ifjokj ekuk vkSj fo'o ds izR;sd izk.kh ek=k dh fpUrk dhA vius Js"B
vkpj.k vkSj pfj=k ds ekè;e ls fo'o ds le{k ekuork ds mnkgj.k izLrqr fd,A
ftuesa egf"kZ vxLr] xq#ukud nso] xkSre cq¼] Lokeh foosdkuUn] Lokeh jkerhFkZ]
egkRek xk¡èkh vkfn egkiq#"k mYys[kuh; gSaA buds ekè;e ls gekjh laLÑfr fo'o
ds vusd ns'kksa esa igqp
¡ hA vkt Hkh vusd ns'kksa esa gekjh laLÑfr ds fpg~u feyrs gSAa
1- dEcksfM;k& vkt dk dEcksfM;k uke oLrqr% ewy ^dEcqt* dk ik'pkR; :i
gSA ;g dEcqt uke dgk¡ ls vk;k\ bl fo"k; esa nloha 'krh dk ,d
f'kykys[k gS fd iwQuku ds vuUrj ds jkt?kjkus dk ewy iq#"k dEcq Lo;aHkqo
FkkA mlds dkj.k ;g ns'k ^dEcqt ns'k* dgdj tkuk tkus yxkA HkooeZu us
fyax ioZr dh ryh esa u;h jktèkkuh LFkkfir dh bldh tkudkjh bl
HkooeZu&fo"k;d f'kykys[k esa feyrh gSA
2- FkkbZySaM μ FkkbZySaM dk izkphu uke ';ke ns'k gS ;gk¡ ds jktk vius uke
ds lkFk jke dh mikfèk yxkrs FksA Jhnso ;gk¡ dh ,d çkphu uxjh FkhA
jkek;.k ;gk¡ dk jk"Vªh; xzUFk gSA ;gk¡ vkt Hkh 'kadj] fo".kq] cq¼ vkfn ds
efUnj gSaA x.kuk ds fy, cq¼ fuokZ.k lEor~] 'kkfyokgu 'kd lEor~ dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 38 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
3- fo;ruke & fo;ruke dk izkphu uke pEik ns'k gSA foØe lEor~ 710 esa
jktflagklu ij cSBus okyk jktk çdk'kèkeZ ,d oS".ko jktk Fkk mlus
foØkUroeZu dh mikfèk èkkj.k dhA og vU; iaFkksa dk Hkh vknj djrk FkkA
foØe lEor~ 911 esa bldh jktèkkuh dk uke bUæiqj FkkA ftls bUæceZu
uked jktk us cuok;k FkkA çkIr f'kykys[kksa ds vkèkkj ij pEik ns'k ds jktk
pEik{kks.kh'oj pEkkiqj ijes'oj vkfn dgykrs FksA
4- ykvksl & vkt dk ykvksl izkphu le; dk yo ns'k gSA bldk uke Jhjke
ds iq=k yo ds uke ij iM+kA blds izFke jktk JqfroeZu FksA ;gk¡ vkt Hkh
ckS¼ fogkj vkSj Lrwi cgqrk;r esa ik, tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ ds yksx x.kuk ds fy,
'kd'kkfyokgu lEor~ dk iz;ksx djrs FksA
5- vkWLVsªfy;k μ vkWLVsªfy;k esa Hkkjr ls lEc¼ dbZ vo'ks"k ik;s tkrs gSaA
ogk¡ ds yksx ^cwejsax* uked gfFk;kj dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] tks ,d uqdhyk 'kL=k
gSA 'k=kq ij izgkj djus ds i'pkr~ og fiQj pØkdkj xfr ls iQsd a us okys ds ikl
okil vkrk gSA ;g lqn'kZu pØ dh gh vuqÑfr gSA
6- tkok&lqek=kk μ ^fgUnqLrku ds bfrgkl* (i`ú 168) esa ,fYiQULVu us fy[kk
gS μ tkok&lqek=kk ds yksx ewyr;k lw;Zoa'kh {kf=k; FksA ogk¡ ds xzaFkksa esa rFkk
nsoky;ksa ds fHkfÙkfp=kkas esa iqjk.k&dFkk,¡ rFkk ,sfrgkfld ohjksa dh dFkk,¡
fpf=kr gSaA vHkh Hkh ogk¡ ij iqjkuk 'kd lEoRlj pyrk gS] ftldk izkjEHk
bZLoh lu~ 78 ls gSA
7- cksfuZ;ks }hi μ cksfuZ;ks }hi esa rks ,sls vusd nsoky; gSa] tgk¡ nhokjksa ij
fgUnw ikSjkf.kd izlax fpf=kr gSaA fdukjs ls 640 fdyksehVj Hkhrj ds nsoky;
rks vR;Ur Js"B okLrqdyk ds fun'kZd gSaA
8- ckyh }hi μ ;gk¡ rks vkt Hkh fgUnqvksa ds oa'kt fo|eku gSaA jkek;.k]
egkHkkjr dh izfr;k¡ mudh Hkk"kk esa Hkh miyC/ gSaA eafnj rFkk jhfr&fjokt
lc fgUnw i¼fr ds gSaA
9- phu μ duZy VkWM ds er esa phu rFkk rkrkjh oa'kkoyh esa ewy iq#"k
dk uke ^voj* fn;k gS] tks iq#jok dk iq=k FkkA phu dh laLÑfr
vk;ksZn~Hkwr gSA ^phu* ;g uke Hkh laLÑr dk gSA
fgUnw thou n`f"V
iq.;deks± ls gh ekuo thou feyk gS] vr% bls ikdj Js"B deZ djsaA
iqutZUe esa gekjk fo'okl gSA vkRek vej gS] vr% e`R;q ls Hk;Hkhr u gksaA
ijksidkj thou dk Js"B /eZ gSA
vkReh;rk
eq>esa vkSj çR;sd çk.kh esa ogh ijekRek lek;k gSA Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k us xhrk
esa Lo;a dgk gS fd ^^e;k rrfena lo± txnO;Dr ewfrZuk** vFkkZr~ eSaus gh vO;Dr
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 44 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
:i ls bl lkjs lalkj dks O;kIr dj j[kk gSA xhrk esa Kkuh vkSj if.Mr mls gh
dgk x;k gS] tks czkã.k] gkFkh] dqÙks vkSj pk.Mky esa ,d gh ije rÙo vkRek dks
ns[krk gSA blfy, dksbZ thou NksVk&cM+k ugha gS] lHkh leku gSaA mldh vkSj esjh
vkRek ,d gh gksus ds dkj.k geesa ijLij vkReh;rk dk Hkko gksuk gh pkfg,A ;gh
fgUnw ekU;rk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd xjhc] nhu&ghu] i'kq&i{kh vkfn lHkh thoksa ds
çfr fgUnw ds eu esa d#.kk vkSj vkReh;rk dk Hkko jgrk gSA phafV;ksa dks vkVk
f[kykuk] eNfy;ksa dks vkVk o [kkus dh oLrq Mkyuk] if{k;ksa dks nkuk nsuk] i'kqvksa
ds fy, pjkxkg] xkS'kkyk cukuk] Hkw[ks&I;klksa dks vUu vkSj ty dh O;oLFkk djukA
dqÙks dks jksVh Mkyuk] Hkkstu djus ls igys xks xzkl fudkyuk] rqylh&ihiy dks
ty nsuk o iwtuk rFkk ufn;ksa vkSj ioZrksa ds çfr Hkh iwtk Hkko j[kuk] mUgsa ç.kke
djuk vkSj ifo=k cuk;s j[kus ds dk;Z djuk fgUnw dh vkReh;rk ds ifjpk;d gSaA
^^vkReor~ loZHkwr"s kq** lHkh çkf.k;ksa ds çfr viukiu gh fgUnw dh fo'ks"krk gSA lalkj
esa ,slh thou&n`f"V fdlh Hkh tkfr dks çkIr ugha gSA
ç'uksÙkj μ
1- ge lc çk.kh fdlds va'k gSa\ (ijekRek ds)
2- ijLij dh vkReh;rk dk vkèkkj D;k gS\ (lcesa ,d gh vkRek dk okl)
3- xhrk esa Kkuh vkSj if.Mr fdls dgk x;k gS\(tks czkã.k] gkFkh] dqÙks vkSj
pk.Mky esa ,d gh vkRek dks ns[krk gS)
4- o`{kksa] unh&ioZrksa dh iwtk djus esa fgUnw ds fdl Hkko ds n'kZu gksrs gSa\
(vkReh;rk ds)
5- ^^vkReor~ loZHkwrs"kq** dk D;k vFkZ gS\
(lHkh çkf.k;ksa esa viuh vkRek ds n'kZu djuk)
^eSa* ls ^ge* dh vksj pysa
jktho vkSj lfork nksuksa ,d gh d{kk esa i<+rs gSaA jktho eè;kodk'k esa viuk
Hkkstu vdsys&vdsys djrk gSA og ugha pkgrk fd mldk Hkkstu dksbZ ns[ks ;k
mlls ,d jksVh ysdj mlds fdlh ,sls lkFkh dks nh tk;s] tks vkt viuk Hkkstu
ugha yk;k] fdUrq lfork dHkh Hkh viuk yk;k Hkkstu Lo;a ugha djrh oju~ mlds
ikl tks Hkh HkS;k@cfgu cSBs gS]a nksuksa vius Hkkstu dks ,d&nwljs dks f[kykrs gSAa iwNus
ij lfork dgrh gS] gesa nksuksa dks ,sls feydj [kkus esa vfèkd vkuUn vkrk gSA
jktho d{kk esa Hkh u rks fdlh dks viuh fdrkc nsrk] u viuh fdrkc i<+us nsrkA
lHkh vkpk;Z lfork dh ç'kalk djrs gSa vkSj mldh fpUrk Hkh djrs gSaA jktho
dsoy ^eSa* dh gh fpUrk djrk gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 45 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
gekjk thou dsoy vius LokFkZ ds fy, ugha oju~ ge lc feydj ,d&nwljs
ds fy, fpUrk djsa] ,d nwljs ds dke vk,¡ vkSj ^^eSa** ls ^^ge** cu dj ft,¡
rks vfèkd vkuUn vk;sxk] lUrks"k vkSj lq[k gksxkA ^^eSa** vkSj ^^esjk** dk fopkj
NksVk gS] LokFkZ Hkjk gS] tcfd ^^ge** lcdk fopkj mÙke vkSj Js"B gSA
Hkkstu&ea=k
'kq¼ vkSj LoPN LFkku ij vklu@pVkbZ@oL=k fcNk dj gkFk&iSj èkks dj dqYyk
djds lq[kklu esa cSBdj 'kkUr fpÙk vkSj çlUu eu ls Hkkstu djuk pkfg,A lkFk esa ty
vo'; ysdj cSBsaA Hkkstu djuss ls iwoZ leosr Loj ls ;g ea=k cksysa&
1- czãkiZ.ka czã gfocZzãkXukS czã.kk gqre~ A
czãSo rsu xUrO;a czãdeZlekfèkuk AA (xhrk vñ 4] 'yksd 24)
vFkZ& ;K esa vkgqfr nsus ds lkèku (lqfp] Ïqok] gkFk dh e`xh] gal] O;k?kz
vkfn eqæk,¡) ^viZ.k* Hkh czã gS] gou djus dk inkFkZ ^gfo* Hkh czã gSA czã:i
vfXu esa czãLo:i gksedrkZ }kjk tks gou fd;k x;k gS] og Hkh czã gSA vr%
czã:i deZ esa lekfèkLFk iq#"k ds }kjk tks çkIr gksus ;ksX; gS] og czã gh gSA
2- lg ukoorq lg ukS HkquÙkqQ lgoh;ZÄ~djokogSA
rstfLoukoèkhreLrq ek fof}"kkogSAA
'kkfUr%! 'kkfUr%!! 'kkfUr%!!! (dBksifu"kn~ 'kkfUrea=k)
vFkZ & (çHkks!) ge nksuksa (xq# vkSj f'k";) dh ,d lkFk j{kk djksA ge
feydj [kk;sa (ns'k esa dksbZ Hkw[kk u jgs) ge lkFk&lkFk feydj 'kkS;Z çdV djsa
(jk"Vª dh j{kk esa ijkØe çdV djsa) ge rstfLork dks èkkj.k djsa_ (gekjk ns'k
laxBu :ih riL;k ls mTToy ,oa çnhIr cusa) ge fo}ku ,oa vè;;u'khy gksaA
ijLij }s"k u djsaA jk"Vª esa 'kkfUr cuh jgsA
'kkfUr%! 'kkfUr%!! 'kkfUr%!!!
çkr% Lej.k
1- djkxzs olrs y{eh% djeè;s ljLorhA
djewys rq xksfoUn% çHkkrs djn'kZue~AA
vFkZ & gkFk ds vxzHkkx esa y{eh] eè; Hkkx esa ljLorh rFkk gkFk ds ewy
Hkkx esa Hkxoku ukjk;.k fuokl djrs gSaA vr% çkr%dky vius gkFkksa dk n'kZu djrs
gq, vius fnu dks 'kqHk cuk,¡A
,dkRerk eU=k
;a oSfndk% eU=kn`'k% iqjk.kk] bUæa ;ea ekrfj'okuekgq%A
osnkfUruks¿fuoZpuh;esda] ;a czã'kCnsu fofufnZ'kfUr AAûAA
'kSok;eh'ka f'ko bR;okspu~] ;a oS".kok fo".kqfjfr LrqofUrA
cq¼LrFkk¿gZfUufr ckS¼tSuk%] lr~Jhvdkysfr p flD[klUr% AAüAA
'kkLrsfr dsfpr~ izÑfr% dqekj%] Lokehfr ekrsfr firsfr HkDR;kA
;a çkFkZ;Urs txnhf'krkja] l ,d ,o çHkqjf}rh;% AAýAA
vFkZ & çkphu dky ds eU=knz"Vk ½f"k;ksa us ftls bUæ] ;e] ekrfj'oku] dgdj
iqdkjk vkSj ftl ,d vfuoZpuh; dks osnkUrh czã 'kCn ls funs'Z k djrs gSa AA1AA
'kSo ftldks f'ko vkSj oS".ko ftldks fo".kq dgdj Lrqfr djrs gSa] ckS¼ vkSj
tSu ftls cq¼ vkSj vg±r~ dgrs gSa] rFkk flD[k lUr ftls lr~Jhvdky dgdj
iqdkjrs gSa AA2AA
ftl txr ds Lokeh dks dksbZ 'kkLrk rks dksbZ izÑfr rks dksbZ dqekj Lokeh
dgrk gSA dksbZ ftldks Lokeh] ekrk] firk dgdj HkfDriwoZd çkFkZuk djrs gSa] og
çHkq ,d gh gS] vf}rh; gS AA3AA
ç'uksÙkj &
1- çkphu ½f"k;ksa dks D;k fo'ks"k.k fn;k x;k gS\ (eU=kæ"Vk)
2- vfuoZpuh; lr~ dks osnkfUr;ksa us D;k uke fn;k gS\ (czã)
3- ml czã dks fo".kq vkSj f'ko fdlus dgk gS\ (oS".ko vkSj 'kSoksa us)
4- ml czã dks lr~Jhvdky fdlus dgk gS\ (flD[k lUrksa us)
5- fHkUu&fHkUu ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkus okyk czã ,d gh gS ;k vusd gSa\
(,d gh gS)
rhFkZ
1- iq"dj μ jktLFkku esa ,sfrgkfld uxj vtesj (vt;es#) ds lehi ^iq"dj*
rhFkZ fLFkr gSA vfXu iqjk.k ds rhFkZ ekgkRE; çdj.k esa vfXunso o.kZu djrs
gSa & ^^czkã.k! iq"dj Js"B rhFkZ gSA iq"dj esa lEiw.kZ nsorkvksa ds lkFk czãkth
fuokl djrs gSaA lc dqN pkgus okys eqfu vkSj nsork Luku djds flf¼ çkIr
dj pqds gSAa iq"dj esa nsorkvksa vkSj firjksa dh iwtk djus okys euq"; v'oesèk
;K dk iQy çkIr djds czãyksd esa tkrs gSaA tks dkfrZd dh iwf.kZek dks ogk¡
vUunku djrk gS] og 'kq¼ fpÙk gksdj czãyksd dk Hkkxh gksrk gSA iq"dj esa
fuokl] ti vkSj Jk¼ djus ls euq"; viuh lkS ihf<+;ksa dk m¼kj djrk gSA**
iq"dj pkjksa rjiQ igkM+ksa ls f?kjk gqvk je.khd LFkku gSA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa
iq"dj esa czãk th dk ikSjkf.kd efUnj gSA czãk th ds efUnj ds ikl gh Å¡ph
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 60 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
igkM+h ij xk;=kh dk efUnj gSA bu efUnjksa ds vykok 30&40 vU; efUnj
Hkh gSaA jaxth dk efUnj cgqr çfl¼ gSA
2- oqQ#{ks=k μ egkHkkjr dky dk çfl¼ ;q¼ {ks=k gSA ;q¼ Hkwfe rks ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds dkj.k cu xbZ Fkh ijUrq dq#{ks=k dk egÙo blds vfr çkphu oSfnddkyhu
rhFkZ&rÙoksa ds dkj.k gSA vfXunso&vfXuiqjk.k ds rhFkZ ekgkRE; esa o.kZu djrs
gSa & ^^eSa oqQ#{ks=k tkÅ¡xk & dq#{ks=k esa fuokl d:¡xkA** tks lnk ,slk dgrk
gS og 'kq¼ gks tkrk gS vkSj mls LoxZykssd dh çkfIr gks tkrh gSA dq#{ks=k esa
fo".kq vkfn nsorkvksa dk fuokl gSA ogk¡ fuokl djus ls euq"; ^Jhgfj* ds
èkke esa tkrk gSA dq#{ks=k ls gksdj gh ljLorh unh cgrh FkhA tks var%lfyyk
gks xbZ Fkh bls vc iqu% izokfgr djus ds iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA Hkædkyh
'kfDrihB] czãljksoj] lfUugr ljksoj] LFkkus'oj egknso] T;ksfrlj (xhrk
misn'k LFkyh)] fo|k Hkkjrh dk laLÑfr f'k{kk laLFkku Hkh oqQ#{ks=k esa gSA
3- iqukSjk μ ;g LFkku mÙkj fcgkj ds lhrke<+h ftyk eq[;ky; ds fudV iqukSjk
xzke esa fLFkr gSA fefFkyk esa nqfHkZ{k iM+ tkus ij jktk tud us gysf"V ;K
ds i'pkr gy&cSy ls Hkwfe&'kksèku fd;k] ;gha Hkwfe 'kks/u ds Øe esa Hkwfe
ls oS'kk[k 'kqDy uoeh lhrk f'k'kq :i esa izdV gqbZA tud us bls Lohdkj
dj ikyu&iks"k.k fd;kA iqukSjk tkudh ds tUe LFkku ds :i esa lqfo[;kr
gSA ;g LFkku iq.Mjhd ½f"k ds vkJe ds ikl Fkk] ftls vkt iqukSjk èkke
dgrs gSaA
4- gfj}kj & jktk HkxhjFk ds çcy ijkØe vkSj riL;k ds iQyLo:i fgeky;
dh T;s"B iq=kh xaxk] fgeky; ioZr dh fodV ?kkfV;ksa vkSj ou [k.Mksa dks
phjrh gqbZ lery Hkwfe ij vorh.kZ gqbZA mlh Hkwfe&[k.M dks fnO; vkRekvksa
us gfj}kj dk uke çnku fd;k vkSj mlh le; ls ifrr ikouh xaxk vkSj
gfj}kj lekukFkZd :i ls tkus tkrs gSaA xaxk gh gfj}kj gSA xaxk dh efgek gh
gfj}kj dh efgek gSA gfj}kj esa gh xaxk loZlkèkkj.k dks lqyHk gSA xaxk Hkksx
vkSj eks{k nksuksa gh dks çnku djkus okyh gSA egkHkkjr ;q¼ ds i'pkr~ blh
xaxk}kj (gfj}kj) ij ;q¼ esa [ksr jgs dkSjo vkSj ikaMo ohjksa dk lk{kkRdkj
Jh osnO;kl th us vius rikscy ls] muds lEcfUèk;ksa dks djk;k FkkA gfj}kj
mÙkjk[k.M çns'k esa fLFkr gSA
5- dk'kh (okjk.klh)& ^o#.kk* vkSj ^vlh* bu nks ufn;ksa ds chp esa
^okjk.klh* clh gqbZ gSA ek¡&ikoZrh ds iwNus ij Hkxoku~ 'kadj us crk;k fd&
xkSjh! bl {ks=k dks eSaus dHkh eqDr ugha fd;k& lnk gh ;gk¡ fuokl fd;k gS]
blfy;s ;g ^vfoeqDr* dgykrk gSA ;gh fo'oukFkiqjh gSA xaxkorj.k ds lkFk
jkepfjrekul
^^Jhjkepfjrekul** esa ge jktk n'kjFk ds pkjksa iq=kksa ds ukedj.k laLdkj ds
lEcU/ esa pkSikbZ;ksa dk vè;;u djsxsa vkSj mUgsa d.BLFk djsxsa&
pkSikbZ& dNqd fnol chrs ,fg Hkk¡rhA tkr u tkfuv fnu v# jkrhAA
ukedju dj vol# tkuhA Hkwi cksfy iB, eqfu X;kuhAA
vFkZ& bl izdkj dqN fnu chr x;sA fnu vkSj jkr tkrs gq, tku ugha iM+rAs rc
ukedj.k laLdkj dk le; tkudj jktk us Kkuh eqfu Jhofl"B th dks cqyk Hkstk AA1AA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 65 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
pkSikbZ& dfj iwtk Hkwifr vl Hkk"kkA /fjv uke tks eqfu xqfu jk[kkAA
bUg ds uek vusd vuwikA eSa u`i dgc Loefr vuq:ikAA
vFkZ& eqfu dh iwtk djds jktk us dgk& gs eqfu! vkius eu esa tks fopkj j[ks gksa]
os uke jkf[k;sA (eqfu us dgk&) gs jktu~A buds vusd vuqie uke gSa] fiQj Hkh
eSa viuh cqf¼ ds vuqlkj dgw¡xkAA 2 AA
pkSikbZ& tks vkuan fla/q lq[kjklhA lhdj rsa =kSyksd lqiklhAA
lks lq[k/ke jke vl ukeA vf[ky yksd nk;d fcJkekAA
vFkZ& ;s tks vkuUn ds leqnz vkSj lq[k dh jkf'k gSa] ftl (vkuUn flU/q) ds ,d
d.k ls rhuksa yksd lq[kh gksrs gSa] mu (vkids lcls cM+s iq=k) dk uke ^jke* gS]
tks lq[k dk Hkou vkSj lEiw.kZ yksdksa dks 'kkfUr nsus okyk gSAA 3 AA
pkSikbZ& fcLo Hkju iks"ku dj tksbZA rkdj uke Hkjr vl gksbZAA
tkds lqfeju rsa fjiq uklkA uke l=kqgu csj izdklkAA
vFkZ& tks lalkj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrs gSa] mu (vkids nwljs iq=k) dk uke ^Hkjr*
gksxkA ftuds Lej.k ek=k ls 'k=kq dk uk'k gksrk gS] mudk osnksa esa izfl¼ ^'k=kq?u*
uke gSAA 4 AA
nksgk& yPNu /ke jke fiz; ldy txr vk/kjA
xq# cfl"V rsfg jk[kk yfNeu uke mnkjAA
vFkZ& tks 'kqHk y{k.kksa ds /ke] Jhjke th ds I;kjs vkSj lkjs txr~ ds vk/kj gSa]
xq# ofl"B th us mudk ^y{e.k* ,slk Js"B uke j[kk AA 5AA
ekrk&firk dh vkKk ekudj tc Hkxoku Jhjke] y{e.k vkSj ekrk lhrk ou
xeu gsrq xaxk rV ij igq¡prs gSa rks os vius fe=k fu"kknjkt dsoV ls xaxk ikj tkus
ds fy, uko ysdj vkus ds fy, dgrs gSaA Jhjke vkSj dsoV ds chp dk ;g laokn
vR;ar ân; Li'khZ gS &
ek¡xh uko u dsoVq vkukA dgb rqEgkj ejeq eSa tkukA
pju dey jt dgq¡ lcq dgbZA ekuq"k djfu ewfj dNq vgbZAA
Jh jke us dsoV ls uko ek¡xh_ ij og ykrk ughaA og dgus yxk& eSaus rqEgkjk
eeZ (Hksn) tku fy;k gSA rqEgkjs pj.kdeyksa dh èkwy ds fy;s lc yksx dgrs gSa
fd og euq"; cuk nsus okyh dksbZ tM+h gSAA
Nqvr flyk Hkb ukfj lqgkbZA ikgu rsa u dkB dfBukbZA
rjfum eqfu ?kfjuh gksb tkbZA ckV ijb eksfj uko mM+kbZAA
ftlds Nwrs gh iRFkj dh f'kyk lqUnj L=kh gks x;h (esjh uko rks dkBdh gS)A
dkB iRFkj ls dBksj rks gksrk ughaA esjh uko Hkh eqfu dh L=kh gks tk;sxh vkSj bl çdkj
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 66 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
esjh uko mM+ tk,xh] eSa yqV tkšxk] ftlls vki ikj u gks ldsxa s vkSj esjh jksth ekjh
tk,xhA (esjh dekus&[kkus dh jkg gh lekIr gks tk,xhA)
,fga çfrikym¡ lcq ifjok:A ufga tkum¡ dNq vmj dck:AA
tkSa çHkq ikj vofl xk pggwA eksfg in inqe i[kkju dggwAA
eSa rks blh uko ls lkjs ifjokj dk ikyu&iks"k.k djrk gw¡A nwljk dksbZ èkaèkk
ugha tkurkA gs çHkq! ;fn rqe vo'; gh ikj tkuk pkgrs gks rks eq>s igys vius pj.k
dey i[kkjus (èkks ysus) ds fy;s dg nksA
NUnμ in dey èkksb p<+kb uko u ukFk mrjkbZ pgkSaA
eksfg jke jkmfj vku nljFk liFk lc lkph dgkSaAA
c# rhj ekjgq¡ y[kuq iS tc yfx u ik; i[kkfjgkSaA
rc yfx u rqylhnkl ukFk Ñikyq ik# mrkfjgkSaAA
gs ukFk! eSa pj.kdey èkksdj gh vki yksxksa dks uko ij p<+kÅ¡xk_ eSa vkils
dqN mrjkbZ ugha pkgrkA gs jke! eq>s vkidh nqgkbZ vkSj n'kjFk th dh lkSxaèk gS]
eSa lc lp&lp dgrk gw¡A y{e.k Hkys gh eq>s rhj ekjsa] ij tc rd eSa iSjksa dks
i[kkj u yw¡xk] rc rd] gs rqylhnkl ds ukFk! gs Ñikyq! eSa ikj ugha mrk:¡xkA
lksñμlqfu dsoV ds cSu çse yisVs vViVsA
fcgls d#uk,su fprb tkudh y[ku ruAA
dsoV ds çse esa yisVs gq, vViVs opu lqudj d#.kkèkke Jh jkepUæ th]
tkudh th vkSj y{e.k th dh vksj ns[kdj g¡lsAA
Ñikflaèkq cksys eqlqdkbZA lksb d# tsfga ro uko u tkbZAA
csfx vkuq ty ik; i[kk:A gksr fcyacq mrkjfg ik:AA
Ñik ds leqæ JhjkepUæ th dsoV ls eqLdjkdj cksys & HkkbZ! rw ogh dj
ftlls rsjh uko u tk,A tYnh ikuh yk vkSj iSj èkks ysA nsj gks jgh gS] ikj mrkj nsA
tklq uke lqfejr ,d ckjkA mrjfga uj Hkoflaèkq vikjkAA
lksb Ñikyq dsoVfg fugksjkA tsfga txq fd; frgq ixgq rs FkksjkAA
,d ckj ftudk uke Lej.k djrs gh euq"; vikj Hkolkxj ds ikj mrj tkrk
gS vkSj ftUgksaus (okeukorkj esa) txr~ dks rhu ix ls Hkh NksVk dj fn;k Fkk (nks
gh ix esa f=kyksdh dks uki fy;k FkkA)] ogh Ñikyq JhjkepUæ th (xaxk th ls
ikj mrkjus ds fy,) dsoV dh çkFkZuk dj jgs gSaA
in u[k fujf[k nsolfj gj"khA lqfu çHkq cpu eksg¡ efr dj"khAA
dsoV jke jtk;lq ikokA ikfu dBork Hkfj ysb vkokAA
çHkq ds bu opuksa dks lqudj xaxk th dh cqf¼ eksg ls f[kap x;h Fkh (fd
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 67 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
;s lk{kkr~ Hkxoku gksdj Hkh ikj mrkjus ds fy;s dsoV dh dSlh euqgkj dj jgs
gSaA) ijUrq (lehi vkus ij viuh mRifÙk ds LFkku) inu[kksa dks ns[krs gh (mUgsa
igpkudj) nsounh xaxk th gf"kZr gks xb±A (os le> xb± fd Hkxoku ujyhyk dj
jgs gSa] blls mudk eksg u"V gks x;k_ vkSj bu pj.kksa dk Li'kZ çkIr djds eSa èkU;
gksÅ¡xh] ;g fopkjdj os gf"kZr gks x;haA) dsoV Jh jkepUæ th dh vkKk ikdj
dBkSrs esa Hkjdj ty ys vk;kA
vfr vkuan mefx vuqjkxkA pju ljkst i[kkju ykxkA
cjf"k lqeu lqj ldy flgkghaA ,fg le iqU;iqat dksm ukghaA
vR;Ur vkuUn vkSj çse esa meaxdj og Hkxoku~ ds pj.kdey èkksus yxkA lc
nsork iwQy cjlkdj gf"kZr gksus yxs fd blds leku iq.; dh jkf'k dksbZ ugha gSA
lksñμ in i[kkfj tyq iku dfj vkiq lfgr ifjokjA
firj ik# dfj çHkqfg iqfu eqfnr x;m ysb ikjAA (2@101)
pj.kksa dks èkksdj vkSj lkjs ifjokj lfgr ml ty (pj.kksnd) dks ihdj
igys (ml egku~ iq.; }kjk) vius firjksa dks Hkolkxj ls ikjdj fiQj vkuUniwoZd
çHkq JhjkepUæ th dks xaxk th ds ikj ys x;kA
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, μ
iz'u % dsoV us xaxk ikj djus ls igys D;k fd;k\
mÙkj % izHkq ds pj.k èkksdj ifjokj lfgr pj.kksnd iku fd;kA
iz'u % xaxk ikj djrs le; Jhjke ds lkFk dkSu&dkSu Fks\
mÙkj % ekrk lhrk] y{e.k vkSj fu"kkn jkt FksA
iz'u % dsoV dks JhjkepUnz th D;k nsuk pkgrs Fks\
mÙkj % dsoV dks JhjkepUæ th uko dh mrjkbZ nsuk pkgrs FksA
iz'u % nso unh xaxk th D;ksa gf"kZr gks xbZ\
mÙkj % JhjkepUæ th lk{kkr~ fo".kq ds vorkj gSa ;g tkudj gf"kZr gks xbZA
iz'u % xaxk th ds eu esa D;k Hkkouk tkx mBh\
mÙkj % xaxk th ds eu esa JhjkepUæ th ds pj.k Li'kZ djus dh Hkkouk tkx
mBhA
nksñ& fcu; u ekur tyfèk tM+ x, rhfu fnu chfrA
cksys jke ldksi rc Hk; fcuq gksb u çhfrAA
bèkj rhu fnu chr x;s] fdUrq tM+ leqæ fou; ugha ekurkA rc Jhjketh
Øksèklfgr cksys& fcuk Hk; ds çhfr ugha gksrhA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 68 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
yfNeu cku ljklu vkuwA lks"kkSa ckfjfèk fcfl[k ÑlkuwAA
lB lu fcu; oqQfVy lu çhrhA lgt Ñiu lu lqanj uhrhAA
gs y{e.k! èkuq"k&ck.k ykvks] eSa vfXuck.k ls leqæ dks lks[k Mkyw¡A ew[kZ ls
fou;] oqQfVy ds lkFk çhfr] LokHkkfod gh datwl ls lqUnj uhfr (mnkjrk dk
mins'k)A
eerk jr lu X;ku dgkuhA vfr yksHkh lu fcjfr c[kkuhAA
Øksfèkfg le dkfefg gfjdFkkA Ålj cht c,¡ iQy tFkkAA
eerk esa iQ¡ls gq, euq"; ls Kku dh dFkk] vR;Ur yksHkh ls oSjkX; dk o.kZu]
Øksèkh ls 'kkfUr dh ckr vkSj dkeh ls Hkxoku~ dh dFkk] budk oSlk gh iQy gksrk
gS tSlk Ålj esa cht cksus ls gksrk gSA
vl dfg j?kqifr pki p<+kokA ;g er yfNeu ds eu HkkokAA
laèkkusm izHkq fcfl[k djkykA mBh mnfèk mj varj TokykAA
,slk dgdj Jhj?kqukFk th us èkuq"k p<+k;kA ;g er y{e.k th ds eu dks
cgqr vPNk yxkA çHkq us Hk;kud (vfXu) ck.k lUèkku fd;k] ftlls leqæ ds
ân; ds vanj vfXu dh Tokyk mBhA
edj mjx >"k xu voqQykusA tjr tarq tyfufèk tc tkusAA
dud Fkkj Hkfj efu xu ukukA fcç :i vk;m rft ekukAA
exj] lk¡i rFkk eNfy;ksa ds lewg O;kdqy gks x;sA tc leqæ us thoksa dks
tyrs tkuk] rc lksus ds Fkky esa vusd ef.k;ksa (jRuks)a dks Hkjdj vfHkeku NksMd
+ j
og czkã.k ds :i esa vk;kA
nksñ & dkVsfga ib dnjh iQjb dksfV tru dksm lhapA
fcu; u eku [kxsl lquq MkVsfga ib uo uhpAA
dkdHkq'kqf.M th dgrs gSa & gs x#M+ th lqfu;s] pkgs dksbZ djksM+ksa mik; djds
lhaps] ij dsyk rks dkVus ij gh iQyrk gSA uhp fou; ls ugha ekurk] og Mk¡Vus
ij gh >qdrk gSA
lHk; flaèkq xfg in izHkq dsjsA Negq ukFk lc voxqu esjsAA
xxu lehj vuy ty èkjuhA bUg db ukFk lgt tM+ djuhAA
leqæ us Hk;Hkhr gksdj çHkq ds pj.k idM+dj dgk & gs ukFk! esjs lc
voxq.k (nks"k) {kek dhft,A gs ukFk! vkdk'k] ok;q] vfXu] ty vkSj i`Foh & bu
lcdh djuh LoHkko ls gh tM+ gSA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 69 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
rc izsfjr ek;k¡ mitk,A l`f"V gsrq lc xzaFkfu xk,AA
izHkq vk;lq tsfg dg¡ tl vgbZA lks rsfg Hkk¡fr jgsa lq[k ygbZAA
vkidh izsj.kk ls ek;k us bUgsa l`f"V ds fy, mRiUu fd;k gS] lc xzUFkksa us
;gh xk;k gSA ftlds fy;s Lokeh dh tSlh vkKk gS] og mlh izdkj ls jgus esa
lq[k ikrk gSA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk
Hkxoku JhÑ".k ds Jheq[k ls fudyh Jhen~Hkoxn~xhrk dk Kku gksus ij
euq"; dk thou iFk lqxe gksrk gSA mlds fy, gesa Øe'k% vkxs c<+uk gksxkA
rr% ÜÒsrSgZ;S;qZÙksQ egfr L;Unus fLFkrkSA
ek/o% ik.MoÜÒSo fnO;kS 'kÄ~[kkS iznèerq% AA (vñ û 'yksd ûþ)
blds vuUrj liQsn ?kksM+ksa ls ;qDr mÙke jFk esa cSBs gq, JhÑ".k vkSj
vtqZu us Hkh vÇkSfdd 'kÄ~[k ctk;sAA
ik×ÓtU;a â"khds'kks nsonÙak /u×t;%A
ikS.Maª nèekS egk'kÄ~[k HkhedekZ o`dksnj%AA (vñ û 'yksd ûÿ)
JhÑ".k us ik×ÓtU; uked] vtqZu us nsonÙk uked vkSj Hk;kud deZokys
Hkhelsu us ikS.Mª uke egk'kÄ~[k ctk;kA
vuUrfot;a jktk dqUrhiq=kks ;qf/f"BjA
udqy% lgnsoÜÓ lq?kks"kef.kiq"idkSAA (vñ û 'yksd ûö)
dqUrhiq=k jktk ;qf/f"Bj us vuUr fot; uked vkSj udqy rFkk lgnso
us lq?kks"k vkSj ef.kiq"id uked 'kÄ~[k ctk;sA
xhrk Kku iz'uksÙkjh&
iz'u % egkHkkjr ;q¼ ds izkjEHk esa Hkxoku JhÑ".k us dkSu&lk 'ka[k ctk;k\
mÙkj % ikÛÓtU;A
iz'u % vtqZu us dkSu&lk 'ka[k ctk;k\
mÙkj % nsonÙkA
iz'u % Hkhelsu us dkSu& lk 'ka[k ctk;k\
mÙkj % ikS.MªA
iz'u % vtqZu ds jFk ds ?kksM+s fdl jax ds Fks\
mÙkj % liQsnA
vf[ky fo'o esa xhrk ekuo dks Js"B thou dh izsj.kk nsus okyk ,oa
iFk&izn'kZu djus okyk xzUFk gSA vè;k; 10 esa Hkxoku JhÑ".k viuh foHkwfr;ksa dk
o.kZu djrs gSa&
vgekRek xqMkds'k loZHkwrk'k;fLFkr%A
vgekfnÜÓ eè;a p HkwrkukeUr ,o pAAüúAA
gs vtqZu! eSa lc Hkwrksa ds ân; esa fLFkr lcdk vkRek gw¡ rFkk lEiw.kZ Hkwrksa
dk vkfn] eè; vkSj vUr Hkh eSa gh gw¡A
vkfnR;kukega fo".kqT;ksZfr"kka jfoja'kqeku~A
ejhfpeZ#rkefLe u{k=k.kkega 'k'khAAüûAA
eSa vfnfr ds ckjg iq=kksa esa fo".kq vkSj T;ksfr;ksa esa fdj.kksa okyk lw;Z gw¡ rFkk
eSa mupkl ok;q nsorkvksa dk rst vksj u{k=kksa dk vfèkifr pUæek gw¡A
osnkuka lkeosnks¿fLe nsokukefLe oklo%A
bfUæ;k.kka euÜÓkfLe HkwrkukefLe psrukAAüüAA
eSa osnksa esa lkeosn gw¡] nsoksa esa bUæ gw¡] bfUæ;ksa esa eu gw¡ vkSj Hkwr çkf.k;ksa
dh psruk gw¡A
#æk.kka 'kÄ~djÜÓkfLe foÙks'kks ;{kj{klke~A
olwuka ikodÜÓkfLe es#% f'k[kfj.kkege~AAüýAA
eSa ,dkn'k #æksa esa 'kadj gw¡ vkSj ;{k rFkk jk{klksa esa èku dk Lokeh oqQcsj
gw¡A eSa vkB olqvksa esa vfXu gw¡ vkSj f'k[kj okys ioZrksa esa lqes# ioZr gw¡A
iz'u % fjDr LFkku iw.kZ djks μ
1- eSa izkf.k;ksa esa fLFkr ------------ gw¡A (vkRek)
2- eaS vkfnR;ksa esa ------------- gw¡A (fo".kq)
3- eaS u{k=kksa esa ------------- gw¡A ('kf'k&pUnzek)
4- osnksa esa eSa ------------- gw¡A (lkeosn)
5- nsoksa esa eSa ------------- gw¡A (bUæ oklo)
6- bfUnz;ksa esa eSa ----------- gw¡A (eu)
7- izkf.k;ksa esa eaS ----------- gw¡A (psruk)
lqHkkf"kr
fuEufyf[kr lqHkkf"kr daBLFk dhft, rFkk vius vkpk;Z (f'k{kd)
th ls buds vFkZ iwfN, μ
d- vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`¼ksilsfou%A
pRokfj rL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ|k;'kkscye~AA
[k- fo|k fooknk; /ua enk; 'kfDr% ijs"kka ifjihMuk;A
[kyL; lk/ksfoZijhresrr~ Kkuk; nkuk; p j{k.kk;AA
x- vylL; dqrks fo|k vfo|L; dqrks /ue~A
v/uL; dqrks fe=ke~ vfe=kL; dqr% lq[ke~AA
?k- ;s"kka u fo|k u riks u nkue~ Kkua u 'khya u xq.kks u /eZ%A
rs eR;Zyksds HkqfoHkkjHkwrk% euq";:is.k e`xk'pjfUrAA
Ä- dkd% Ñ".k% fid% Ñ".k% dks Hksn% fiddkd;ks%A
clUr le;s izkIrs dkd% dkd% fid% fid%AA
larok.kh
eèkqj opu dh efgek
cksypky esa fujUrj eèkqj opuksa dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg;sA dM+os opu Øksèk
vkus ij Hkh ugha cksyus pkfg;sA ok.kh ij vad'q k yxkdj lnk eèkqj opuksa dk ç;ksx
djuk pkfg;sA okd~la;e lq[kh thou dk ewy eU=k gSA
eèkqj cpu gS vkS"kèkh] dVqd cpu gS rhjA
Jo.k }kj àS lapjS] lkyS ldy ljhjAA
dcgq¡ u Hkkf"k; dVq cpu] cksfy; eèkqj lqtkuA
tsfg rsa uj vknj djs] gks; txr dY;kuAA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 74 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
rqylh ehBs cpu rs] lq[k mitr pgq¡ vksjA
clhdju bd ea=k gS] ifjg# cpu dBksjAA
,slh ck.kh cksfy;s] eudk vkik [kks;A
vkSju dks 'khry djS] vkigq 'khry gks;AA
dkxk dkdks èku gjS] dks;y dkdks ns;A
ehBs 'kCn lquk; dfj] tx viuks dfj ys;AA
nksgkoyh
fo|k /u m|e fcuk] dgkS tq ikoS dkSuA
fcuk Mqyk, uk feyS] T;kSa ia[kk dh ikSu AA 1 AA (o`an)
lcS lgk;d lcy ds] dksm u fucy lgk;A
iou txkor vkx dks] nhifg nsr cq>k; AA 2 AA (oa`n)
dfg jghe laifÙk lxs] cur cgqr cgqjhrA
fcifr dlkSVh ts dls] rs gh lkaps ehr AA 3 AA (jghe)
,dS lk/s lc l/s] lc lk/s lc tk;A
jfgeu ewyfga lhafpcks] iQwyS iQyS v?kk; AA 4 AA (jghe)
dfcjk laxr lk/q dh] gjS vkSj dh O;kf/A
laxr cqjh vlk/q dh] vkBkS igj mikf/ AA 5 AA (dchj)
tkfr u iwNks lk/q dh] iwN yhft, KkuA
eksy djks ryokj dk] iM+h jgu nks E;ku AA 6 AA (dchj)
lksuk lTtu lk/qtu] VwfV tqjS lkS ckjA
nqtZu dqaHk dqEgkj dS] ,dS /dk njkj AA 7 AA (dchj)
frudk dcgwa u fuafn,] tks ik¡;u rj gks;A
dcgw¡ mfM+ vk¡f[ku ijs] ihj ?kusjh gks; AA 8 AA (dchj)
rqylh lar lqvac r#] iQwy iQyfga ij gsrA
brrSa os ikgu guSa] mrrSa os iQy nsr AA 9 AA (rqylh)
esjh Hko ckèkk gjks] jkèkk ukxfj lks;A
tk ru dh >kb± ijS] ';ke gfjr nqfr gks; AA 10 AA (fcgkjh)
f'k"Vkpkj
vki cMs+ gksugkj Nk=k gSaA vki vius vPNs O;ogkj ds dkj.k gh rks vius
ekrk&firk ,oa vkpk;ks± ds fiz; gSaA vius lgikfB;ksa ds chp esa vkids xq.kksa dk
lEeku gksrk gSA vkf[kj D;ksa\ bldk mÙkj uhps fy[ks okD;ksa ds fjDr LFkku Hkjus
ls Kkr gks tk;sxk μ
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 75 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
1- vki vkxUrqdksa dks nksuksa gkFk tksM+dj----------djrs gSaA (ueLrs)
2- ?kj esa iwtk&ikB ds le; ij vki Hkh------jgrs gSaA (lgHkkxh)
3- ekxZ esa pyrs le; va/s] ywys] yaxMs+ O;fDr dh vki------------------ djrs gSaA
(lgk;rk)
4- tc nks O;fDr ckr dj jgs gSa rks vki chp esa ugha ------------ gSaA (cksyrs)
5- fo|ky; ds mRloksa ds volj ij vki vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk izR;sd -------
-------- esa lg;ksx djrs gSaA (dk;Z)
6- vki lnSo cM+ksa dk --------------- djrs gSaA (lEeku)
vius fo|k efUnj ds ckjs esa oqQN ckrsa ;gk¡ fy[kh gSaA vki bl lanHkZ esa ^gk¡* ;k
^ugha* esa mÙkj nhft,A
1- D;k fo|k efUnj esa vodk'k ds fnu Hkh tkus dh bPNk gksrh gSA gk¡@ugha
2- fo|k efUnj esa dgha iM+h xUnxh dks D;k vki Lo;a Hkh lkiQ djrs gS\a gk¡@ugha
3- viuh d{kk esa MsLd] dqlhZ] est] nhokj ij fp=k rFkk ekufp=k O;ofLFkr gSa]
D;k ;g vki izfrfnu ns[krs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
4- D;k vki fo|k efUnj ds m|ku esa iQy&iwQy vkSj ikS/ksa dh ns[kHkky djus
esa vkuUn ysrs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
5- D;k fo|k efUnj ds deZpkjh@vkpk;Z@iz/kukpk;Z vkfn ds izfr vkids ân; esa
Lusg@lEeku dh Hkkouk gS\ gk¡@ugha
6- muds uke@irs vkfn dh tkudkjh j[krs gSa D;k\ gk¡@ugha
7- vius ?kj vk;s vfrfFk@lEcfU/;ksa dks D;k vki fo|k efUnj fn[kkus ys tkrs
gS\a gk¡@ugha
8- D;k vki vius fo|k efUnj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ nwljksa dks crkrs gSa\ gk¡@ugha
izR;sd lekt dh lH;rk esa f'k"Vkpkj dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA f'k"Vkpkj ds
vkèkkj ij gh igpku gksrh gS fd fdl ns'k dk ukxfjd fdruk lH; ,oa lqlaLÑr
gSaA ge Hkh fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk è;ku j[ksa%&
1- vkxUrqd dks nksuksa gkFk tksM+dj ueLdkj djsaA
2- vU; cU/qvksa] fe=kksa] lEekfur O;fDr;ksa ds chp LoPN os'k esa O;ofLFkr <ax
ls cSBsaA cksyus ls igys fopkj djsaA
3- fdlh fo"k; dk Kku u gks rks ml ij cgl u djsaA vfirq ml fo"k; dk
Kku izkIr djsaA
4- /kfeZd ,oa jk"Vªh; ioks± ds vk;kstu esa vo'; lfEefyr gksaA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 76 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
5- vius vè;;u&d{k o ?kj dks Hkkjrh; egkiq#"kksa ds fp=kksa ,oa lkaLÑfrd
dykÑfr;ksa ls ltk,¡A
6- fdlh dk;Z ls vki tc ?kj ls ckgj tk,¡ rks cM+ksa ds iSj Nwdj izLFkku djssaA
,slk okil vkus ij Hkh djsaA
7- cl] jsy ,oa vU; HkhM+&HkkM+ okys LFkkuksa ij nwljksa dh lqfo/k dk vo';
è;ku j[ksaA
8- efgyk] o`¼ ,oa cPpksa ds izfr vknj ,oa Lusg dk Hkko j[ksaA
9- izfrfnu Lokè;k; ,oa O;k;ke vo'; djsa vkSj [ksy Hkh [ksysaA
10- izfrfnu izkr% Lej.k ,oa jkf=k&izkFkZuk vo'; djsaA
11- vLoLFk O;fDr dk mipkj djus@djkus esa lg;ksx djsaA
12- vki nwljksa ls ftl izdkj ds O;ogkj dh vis{kk vius fy, djrs gSa] mlh
izdkj dk O;ogkj muds lkFk djuk pkfg,A
13- vius ls cM+ksa ds izfr fou;'khy gksuk pkfg,A fo'ks"k :i ls lkoZtfud
LFkkuksa] clksa] lM+dksa rFkk fo|ky;ksa esa muds lkFk lEekuiw.kZ rFkk fouez
O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A
14- nks O;fDr;ksa ds okrkZyki ds chp esa ugha cksyuk pkfg,A
15- fdlh O;fDr dh oLrq dk mi;kssx mldh vuqefr ds fcuk ugha djuk
pkfg,A
16- fdlh dh O;fDrxr Mk;jh vFkok i=k fcuk mldh vkKk ds ugha i<+uk pkfg,A
17- vius vkpk;k±s ds izfr vknj dk Hkko j[kuk pkfg, rFkk muls feyus ij mUgsa
lEekuiwoZd iz.kke djuk pkfg,A
18- fdlh dk;Z ds fy, ;fn fdlh vU; O;fDr dk lg;ksx fy;k x;k] mlh
ls dk;Z djok;k x;k rks eu] ok.kh ,oa deZ ls mldk vkHkkj ekuuk pkfg,A
('kCnksa esa Hkh ;g izdV gksuk pkfg,A)
19- viuh fdlh Hkh xyrh ij {kek ek¡xus esa ladksp ugha djuk pkfg,A
20- ?kj vk, gq, fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk ;Fkksfpr vknj&lRdkj djuk pkfg,A
21- o`¼ O;fDr;ksa] NksVs cPpksa] efgykvksa] nqcy
Z rFkk chekj yksxksa dk fo'ks"k è;ku
j[kuk] cl esa ;k jsyxkM+h esa mUgsa cSBus dk LFkku nsuk rFkk lM+dksa ij muds
fy, ekxZ nsuk f'k"Vkpkj ds y{k.k gSaA
xq#HkDrksa dh dFkk,¡
vius ;gk¡ xq# dks Hkxoku dk LFkku çkIr gSA D;ksa u çkIr gks\
gekjs ikyu&iks"k.k dk dk;Z gekjs ekrk&firk djrs gSa vkSj gekjs Hkkoh thou dk
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 77 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
fuekZ.k xq#A ½f"kdqy vkSj xq#dqyksa esa Nk=k dks xq# ls ekrk&firk dk Lusg Hkh çkIr
gksrk Fkk vkSj og fo|k Hkh çkIr gksrh Fkh ftlds vk/kj ij Nk=k vius Hkkoh thou
dk fuekZ.k djrk FkkA rHkh rks dgk x;k gS μ
xq#czZãk xq#foZ".kq% xq#nsZoks egs'oj%A
xq#% lk{kkr~ ijczã rLeS Jh xqjos ue%A
uhps dqN xq#HkDrksa ds thou dh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu gS] mlds vkèkkj ij
ml f'k"; dk uke fjDr LFkkuksa esa vafdr dhft,A
,d ckj lEor~ 1712 esa tc f'kokth egkjkt lkrkjk esa FksA rc muds xq# Jh
leFkZ jke nkl Lokeh djt xk¡o ls pydj fHk{kk ek¡xrs gq, jkt}kj ij igq¡psA
f'kokth egkjkt us mUgsa lk"VkÄõ iz.kke djds ,d i=k fy[kdj mudh >ksyh esa
Mky fn;k] ftlesa ;g fy[kk Fkk fd ^vktrd eSaus tks dqN vftZr fd;k gS] og
lc Lokeh ds pj.kksa esa lefiZr gSA* nwljs fnu f'kokth egkjkt Hkh vius xq# Lokeh
jkenkl ds lkFk >ksyh yVdkdj fHk{kk ek¡xus yxs] ijarq tc Jh leFkZ us mUgsa
le>k;k fd ^jkTk djuk gh rqEgkjk /eZ gS*] rc Jh f'kokth egkjkt us vius gkFk
esa 'kklulw=k ys fy;k vkSj xq# Lokeh leFkZ ds vkns'kkuqlkj jktdk;Z l¡Hkkyus yxsA
1- ^^eSua s rqEgsa xk;ksa dk nw/ ihus ls euk fd;k gS] fiQj rqe D;k [kk&ihdj fnu
fcrkrs gks\** xq# us f'k"; --------- ls ç'u fd;kA f'k"; us cMs+ uez Loj esa mÙkj
fn;k] ^^xq#nso eSa cNM+kas ds nw/ ihrs le; fxjs >kx dks pkVdj viuh {kqèkk 'kkUr
djrk g¡Aw ** (mieU;q)
2- vkdk'k esa dkyh ?kVk f?kjh vkSj rst o"kkZ çkjEHk gks xbZA xq# /kSE; fpUrkeXu
Fks fd /ku ds [ksrkas dh esaM+ dks rksM+dj ikuh ckgj u fudy tk;sA muds
f'k"; ----------------- us mudh bl fpUrk dks nwj djus gsrq ikuh esa Lo;a ysVdj
ikuh dks [ksr esa ls fudyus ls jksdkA (vk#f.k)
fe=k ,oa Hkzkr`&çse
tu&tu ds ân; ij 'kklu djus okys Hkxoku JhÑ".k us }kjiky ds eq¡g ls
tSls gh vius fe=k dk uke lquk] uaxs iSjksa nkSM+ iMs+ vkSj tk fyiVs vius fe=k lqnkek
ls] iwQV&iwQV dj jksrs gq, dgus yxs μ
^^gk; egk nq%[k ik;ks l[kk rqe vk;s brS u fdrS fnu [kks;sA**
jke&y{e.k dk Hkzkr`&izes vuqdj.kh; gSA firk ls Hkh vf/d HkkbZ ls çse djus
okys jke ds gh eq¡g ls lqfu, μ
tkS tursm¡ cu cU/q fcNksgwA firk cpu eursm¡ ufga vksgwA
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 78 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
lqr fcr ukfj Hkou ifjokjkA gksfga tkfga tx ckjfga ckjkAA
vl fcpkfj ft; tkxgq¡ rkrkA feyfga u txr lgksnj HkzkrkAA
vkb,] fe=k&izse ,oa Hkzkr`&izse ds fy, gekjs çsj.kk&lzksr cuus okys dqN
egkiq#"kkas ds thou ds çlaxksa ij n`f"V MkysaA
,d ckj egkjk.kk izrki dks taxy esa eqxyksa dh lsuk us mUgsa ?ksj fy;k FkkA
ml le; egkjk.kk izrki vdsys FksA muls cpus ds fy, egkjk.kk izrki dks ,d
ukyk ikj djuk FkkA muds ?kk;y ?kksM+s psrd us ukyk ikj rks dj fy;k ijUrq vius
izk.k R;kx fn, FksA rc muds HkkbZ 'kfDr flag us viuk ?kksM+k ns fn;kA vkxs&vkxs
egkjk.kk izrki ihNs eqaxy lSfudA jk.kk ds flj vkSj 'k=kq dh ryokj us dqN gh bap
dh nwjh Fkh ijarq iyd >idrs gh 'k=kq lSfud dh ck¡g ryokj lfgr 'kjhj ls
vyx tk fxjh vkSj flj /M+ ls vyx gks x;kA bl izdkj 'kfDr flag us vius cM+s
HkkbZ jk.kk izrki ds iz.kksa dh j{kk ds fy, Loa; dks ladV esa Mky fn;kA
1- vius fiz; fe=k lqnkek ds ?kj ds pkoyksa dks ----------- us cM+s izseiwoZd [kk;kA
(JhÑ".k)
2- ^^rqEgkjs gh HkkX; ls Jhjke ou dks tk jgs gSaA gs iq=k! nwljk dksbZ dkj.k ugha
gSA lEiw.kZ iq.;ksa dk lcls cM+k iQy ;gh gSA** ekrk lqfe=kk dh vkKk izkIr
gksus ij ------Jhjke ds lkFk ouokl dks pysA (y{e.k)
3- 'kfÙkQ yxus ls ewfNZr HkkbZ y{e.k dks xksn esa ysdj ----------------- us izfrKk dh
fd fcuk NksVs HkkbZ ds og ?kj ykSVdj ugha tk;saxsA (Jhjke)
4- v;ksè;k dk jktk cuuk vLohdkj dj -------- us ------- dh iknqdk,¡ jkT; flagklu
ij j[kha vkSj lsod dh Hkk¡fr jkT; dk lapkyu fd;kA (Hkjr] Jhjke)
5- egkjk.kk izrki ds ?kksM+s dk uke -----------------FkkA (psrd)
4- egkjk.kk izrki ds NksVs HkkbZ dk uke--------------FkkA ('kfDr flag)
vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ ds xq.k
;s os xq.k gSa] tks vPNs fo|kFkhZ esa vo'; gksus pkfg,A fjDr LFkkuksa
dh iwfrZ dhft;s μ
1- lw;ksnZ ; ls ---------------------- mBukA (iwoZ)
2- mBdj ekrk&firk ds ---------- Li'kZ djukA (pj.k)
3- fuR; nk¡r ---------------------- djukA (LoPN)
4- fuR; 'kkSpkfn ls ----------------------gksuk pkfg,A (fuo`Ùk)
5- fuR; ------------- o ---------------- djukA (Luku] Hkxon~Hktu)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 79 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
6- 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus ds fy, fuR; ------------ djukA (O;k;ke)
7- lnk ----------------------- iguukA (LoPN diMs+)
8- xq#tuksa dk ----------------- djukA (vknj)
9- ekrk&firk vkSj xq# dh ---------------- dk ikyu djukA (vkKk)
10- lcls lnk ---------- cksyukA (fç; ok.kh)
11- vPNs fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ------------------ j[kukA (fe=krk)
12- egkiq#"kksa dh -------------- i<+ukA (thouh)
13- ijksidkjh dk;ks± esa lnSo---------------jgukA (vkxs)
14- fuR; dqN le; egkiq#"kksa dh thofu;k¡] vPNs xhrksa rFkk dgkfu;ksa dh -----
-------------------------------- vo'; i<+ukA (iqLrdsa)
15- ekrk dgs tkus okys ------- ds ikS/s esa ty vo'; nsuk pkfg,A (rqylh)
16- lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds çfr dY;k.k&Hkko gksus ds dkj.k gesa ---------------- dks jksVh rFkk
------------ dks vkVk f[kykuk pkfg,A (xk;] phaVh)
lw;Z ueLdkj&ea=k
lw;Z ueLdkj iw.kZ O;k;ke gS] vr% fuEu ea=kksa ds lkFk lw;Z ueLdkj djsa rks
'kjhj LoLFk jgrk gSA
1- ¬ fe=kk; ue% 2- ¬ jo;s ue%
3- ¬ lw;kZ; ue% 4- ¬ Hkkuos ue%
5- ¬ [kxk; ue% 6- ¬ iw".ks ue%
7- ¬ fgj.;xHkkZ; ue% 8- ¬ ejhp;s ue%
9- ¬ vkfnR;k; ue% 10- ¬ lfo=ks ue%
11- ¬ vdkZ; ue% 12- ¬ HkkLdjk; ue%
13- ¬ Jhlfor`lw;Zukjk;.kk; ue%
bu ea=kksa dks ;kn j[kus ds fy, ;g 'yksd d.BLFk djsa &
fe=k jfo lw;Z Hkkuq [kx iq"; fgj.;xHkZA
efjpkfnR; lfo=kkdZ HkkLdjsH;ks ueks ue%AA
xk;=kh ea=k
HkwHkqZo% Lo% rRlforqoZjs.;a
HkxksZnsoL; /hefg f/;ks ;ks u% izpksn;kr~AA
vFkZ % ml izk.kLo:i] nq%[k uk'kd] lq[k Lo:i] Js"B] rstLoh] ikiuk'kd]
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 80 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
nsoLo:i ijekRek dks ge vUrjkRek esa /kj.k djsaA og ijekRek gekjh cqf¼;ksa dks
lUekxZ esa izsfjr djsa &
la[;k ls tqMs+ 'kCn
,d & czã
nks i{k & Ñ".k i{k] 'kqDy i{kA
rhu xq.k & lÙoxq.k] jtksxq.k] reksxq.kA
rhu rki & nSfgd] nSfod] HkkSfrdA
rhu nks"k & diQ] okr] fiÙkA
rhu ½.k & fir`½.k] ½f"k½.k] nso½.kA
rhu yksd & i`Foh] vkdk'k] ikrkyA
pkj vkJe & czãp;Z] x`gLFk] okuizLFk] laU;klA
pkj /ke & cnjhukFk] txUukFkiqjh] jkes'oje~] }kjdkiqjh] A
pkj ;qx & lr;qx] =ksrk;qx] }kij;qx] dfy;qxA
pkj iq#"kkFkZ & /eZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{kA
pkj osn & ½d~] ;tq%] lke] vFkoZA
ik¡p ve`r (iapke`r)& nw/] ngh] ?kh] 'kDdj] 'kgnA
iap rÙo & vkdk'k] ok;q] vfXu] ty] i`FohA
iap ;K & czã ;K] nso ;K] fir` ;K] vfrfFk ;K]
Hkwr ;K (cfyoS'onso)A
ik¡p KkusfUæ;k¡ & vk¡[k] ukd] dku] ftàk] RopkA
iapdks'k & vUue; dks'k] izk.ke; dks'k] eukse; dks'k]
foKkue; dks'k] vkuUne; dks'kA
N% ½rq,¡ & clUr] xzh"e] o"kkZ] 'kjn~] gseUr] f'kf'kjA
N% osnkax & f'k{kk] dYi] O;kdj.k] fu#Dr] NUn] T;ksfr"kA
N% n'kZu & oS'ksf"kd] lka[;] ;ksx] U;k;] ehekalk] osnkUrA
N% 'k=kq & dke] Øks/] en] yksHk] eksg] eRljA
lkr Loj & "kMt] ½"kHk] xka/kj] eè;e] iape] /Sor] fu"kkn~A
lIr ½f"k & vf=k] d';i] xkSre] tenfXu] fo'okfe=k] ofl"B]
Hkj}ktA
Hkkjrh; os'k&izrhd
gekjh laLÑfr ds vfHk vax ds :i esa Hkkjrh; os'k&izrhd jgk gSA vkt dk
f'kf{kr oxZ vKku ds dkj.k bu lc fpg~uksa dk ifjgkl djrk gSA ge mUgsa ik'pkR;
fopkj/kjk ls izHkkfor gksus ls cpk,¡A
fryd& fryd yxkus dh ifjikVh fgUnw lekt esa vukfn dky ls gSA fryd
'kksHkk] fu"Bk] Ük`axkj ,oa foHkwfr dk izrhd gSA vkKkpØ dks ckg~; fo|qr&rajxksa
ls cpkrk gSA
ekyk& ekyk gekjs xys esa iM+dj ân; ij ifo=k izHkko Mkyrh gSA ;g
:æk{k] rqylh] LiQfVd] in~edk"B] deyxêðk] 'ka[k o lwr dh gks ldrh
gSA jDr izokg dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA
n.M& fgUnw laLÑfr esa laU;klh o vU; ds fy, n.M /kj.k ls mls deZ
ds U;kl dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA
xSfjd oL=k& xSfjd oL=k oSjkX; dk izrhd gSA bl jax esa oSKkfud o
jklk;fud xq.k gSaA ;g gesa R;kx o cfynku dh vksj izsfjr djrk gSA
;Kksiohr& miu;u laLdkj ls ;Kksiohr /kj.k djuk gksrk gSA ;Kksiohr ds
lkFk gesa xk;=kh ti dk vf/dkj izkIr gksrk gS vkSj ;g rhuksa ½.kksa (nso]
fir` vkSj ½f"k ½.k) ls m½.k gksus dk Lej.k djkrk gSA
egkHkkjr
egkHkkjr gekjk ,d bfrgkl xzUFk gSA thou esa fojks/&Hkko] fo}s"k vkSj Øks/
ls dHkh liQyrk izkIr ugha gksrhA vlR; ij lnSo lR; dh fot; gksrh gSA bldk
izR;{k mnkgj.k gS ^egkHkkjr*A leLr HkkSfrd 'kfDr;ksa ls lEiUu dkSjoksa ij ik.Moksa
dh fot; gqbZ] D;ksafd ik.Moksa dk èkeZ ij fo'okl FkkA vkb,] egkHkkjr ls
lEcfU/r bu rF;ksa dks ;kn djsa vkSj blesa of.kZr egkiq#"kksa dks Lej.k dj Lo;a
esa mu tSls xq.kksa dk n'kZu djsa μ
1- egkHkkjr xzUFk ds ioks± ds uke crkb, μ
1- vkfn ioZ] 2- lHkk ioZ] 3- ou ioZ] 4- fojkV ioZ] 5- m|ksx ioZ]
6- Hkh"e ioZ] 7- æks.k ioZ] 8- d.kZ ioZ] 9- 'kY; ioZ] 10- lkSfIrd
ioZ] 11- L=kh ioZ] 12- 'kkfUr ioZ] 13- vuq'kklu ioZ] 14- vk'oesfèkd
ioZ] 15- vkJeokfld ioZ] 16- ekSly ioZ] 17- egkçkLFkkfud ioZ]
18- LoxkZjksg.k ioZA
2- egkHkkjr dh ikou dFkk dk o.kZu egf"kZ ---------------- us fd;kA (osnO;kl)
N=kifr f'kokth
Hkkjr esa tc ?kksj frfej Fkk pgq¡ vksj Nk;k]
ix&ix ij fgUnqRo tk jgk Fkk tc Bqdjk;kA
gj.k gksrk ckykvksa dk] cktkjksa ds chp fuR; cèk gksrk xk;ksa dkA
VwVrs Fks efUnj Hkkjh] rc N=kifr f'kojkt Hk;s Hkkjr esa vorkjhAA
egkjkuh thtkckbZ dh dks[k ls tUes 'kkgth Hkksalys ds iq=k ns'k] èkeZ] xk;]
czkã.k vkSj ukjh ds lEeku dh j{kk djus okys fgUnwin ikn'kkgh ds laLFkkid]
N=kifr f'kokth dk tUe f'kousjh nqxZ esa 16 vçSy 1627 bZñ esa gqvk FkkA ekrk
thtkckbZ] nknksth dksaMnso] leFkZ Jh jkenkl ,oa lUr rqdkjke tSls egkiq#"kksa vkSj
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 89 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
lUrksa ds laj{k.k esa f'kokth vkSjaxtsc ds fy, ,d pqukSrh cudj Hkkjr ds ekufp=k
ij pedsA chtkiqj (fot;iqj) ds nqxks± ij fot;] eqxy lsukifr viQty [kk¡ dk
oèk] 'kkbLrk [kk¡ dh ijkt;] lwjr fot;_ f'kokth ds vn~Hkqr laxBu&dkS'ky ds
ToyUr mnkgj.k gSaA lsukifr fetkZ jktk t;flag ds lkFk ijke'kZ ds i'pkr~
vkSjaxtsc ds njckj esa tkuk vkSj vius dkS'ky ds cy ij dSn ls fudy vkuk]
buds vn~Hkqr lkgl vkSj jktuSfrd dkS'ky ds mnkgj.k gSaA
6 twu 1674 bZñ esa jk;x<+ nqxZ esa egkjkt f'kokth dk jkT;kfHk"ksd gqvkA bl
volj ij iqrZxkyh vkSj çQkalhlh O;fDr;ksa us Hkh Hkkx fy;k rFkk egkjktk f'kokth
dks HksaV çLrqr dhA f'kokth dHkh fdlh efLtn] dqjku vFkok fdlh Hkh èkeZ dks
ekuus okyh L=kh dks gkfu ugha igq¡pkrs FksA dgk tkrk gS fd ,d ;q¼ esa lSfudksa
us dY;k.k ds lwcsnkj dh iq=koèkw ije lqUnjh xkSgj ckuks dks cUnh cukdj egkjkt
ds lEeq[k çLrqr fd;kA egkjkt us ekrk ds leku mldk vknj fd;k vkSj
lEekuiwoZd mls mlds ?kj igq¡pk;kA vius lSfudksa dks iQVdkj yxkbZ fd fdlh
efgyk dk Hkfo"; esa vieku u fd;k tk,A
53 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 13 vçSy lu~ 1680 bZñ dks jk;x<+ nqxZ esa bl N=kifr
us viuk 'kjhj NksM+kA
dklh gw¡ dh dyk tkrh eFkqjk elhr gksrhA
f'kokth u gksrs rks lqUur gksrh lcdhA
cky ØkfUrdkjh
Lok/hurk Lo;eso izkIr gksus okyh dksbZ lgt miyfCèk ugha gksrh gS] cfYd
;g mu LoIu&æ"Vkvksa dh fo"kn ifjdYiuk gS] ftUgksaus Lora=krk dh cfy&osnh ij
viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj dj bls lkdkj fd;k gSA ek¡ dh pj.k&jt esa Lo;a dks
lefiZr djus okys egku ØkfUrdkfj;ksa esa dqN ,sls Hkh Fks tks thou dh izFke
ngyht ^cpiu* esa gh ^^tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lh** dk Hkko fy;s
ekr`Hkwfe dh cfy&osnh ij vius izk.kksa dk mRlxZ dj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds xkSjoe;
i`"Bksa ij Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr gks x;sA vkb,] ge bu dqN cky ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk Lej.k djsμ
a
d- lhrkjke vkSj <ksaMh lUrw μ egkjk"Vª ds lkaxyh ftys ds eaxjksy xk¡o ds
fuoklh rFkk nfyr ifjokjksa ls lacaf/r 12 o"kZ dh vYik;q ds ckyd Fks]
ftUgksaus vius xk¡ookfl;ksa dks fiQjaxh iqfyl ds vR;kpkj ls cpkus ds fy,
Lo;a dks cfynku dj fn;kA
çÑfr laj{k.k
fgUnw laLÑfr ds vuqlkj o`{k gekjs fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gSaA mudk
vkS"k/h; mi;ksx rks gS gh] nSfud thou esa Hkh os gekjk laj{k.k djrs gSaA bUgsa
fofHkUu nsoh@nsorkvksa dk izrhd ekuk tkrk gSA bu o`{kksa dh iwtk gesa D;ksa djuh
pkfg, μ
1- fcYo (csy) μ csy o`{k dh ifÙk;k¡] Nky] tM+] iQy dk mi;ksx jl rFkk
pw.kZ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds iÙkksa dk jl iqjkus ?kko] lwtu] isV nnZ] isV
ds dhMs+] dCt vkfn dks Bhd djus esa dke vkrk gSA f'kofyax ij iwtk esa
csyi=k p<+k, tkrs gSaA
2- dsyk μ dk"Bh; ruk foghu ;g o`{k ekaxfyd voljksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls
mi;ksxh gSA ;g o`{k Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa fof'k"V LFkku j[krk gSA blds dPps
rFkk ids iQy LokLF;o/Zd gSaA
3- veyrkl μ Toj] ân;jksx] jÙkQfiÙk] okrO;kf/] 'kwy dks gjus okyk gSA
bldk iQy dq"B] fiÙkjksx ,oa diQ jksx esa mi;ksxh gSA
4- uhacw μ uhacw ls lc ifjfpr gSa] uhacw dk mi;ksx vpkj] pVuh] 'kjcr cukus
çsjd çlax
Hkkjrh; oSKfud izksñ txnh'k pUæ clq
,d ckj izksñ txnh'k pUnz clq dks vius vuqla/kuksa ij xgjk fo'okl FkkA
mUgksaus ;g fl¼ djus ds fy, fd isM+&ikSèkksa esa Hkh thou gksrk gSA vius bl iz;ksx
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 97 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
dks mUgksaus lkoZtfud djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA cM+h la[;k esa oSKkfud o lkekU;
tu mudk iz;ksx ns[kus ds fy, vk,A mUgsa ;g lkfcr djuk Fkk fd isM+&ikS/ksa dks
Hkh ihM+k gksrh gS vkSj fo"k nsus ls os Hkh ej tkrs gSAa clq us ikS/a s esa tgj dk batDs 'ku
yxk;kA vuqeku ds vuqlkj pan {k.kksa esa ml ikS/s dks eqj>k tkuk Fkk] ij isM+ T;ksa
dk R;ksa [kM+k jgkA
dqN yksx g¡lus Hkh yxs ij clq fopfyr ugha gq,A mUgksaus rqjUr dgk fd
vxj ;g fo"k ikS/s dks uqdlku ugha igq¡pk ldrk rks ;g eq>s Hkh uqdlku ugha
igq¡pk ldrk gS vkSj vius vki dks ml fo"k dk batsD'ku nsus ds fy, rS;kj gks
x,A
rHkh ,d vkneh lkeus vk;k vkSj mlus viuh 'kjkjr Lohdkj dhA mlus fo"k
dh txg mlh jax dk ikuh 'kh'kh esa Hkj fn;k FkkA tc clq us ml ikS/s dks vlyh
fo"k dk batsD'ku yxk;k rks ikS/k 'kh?kz gh eqj>k x;kA bl iz;ksx }kjk mUgksaus fl¼
fd;k fd ouLifr;ksa esa Hkh thou gksrk gSA
HkkSjksa dh lh[k
gekjk lkSHkkX; gS fd gekjs ns'k ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr MkWñ ,-ih-ts-vCnqy dyke
fo'o ds ,d lEekfur oSKkfud Hkh FksA mudk cPpksa o ;qokvksa ds çfr fo'ks"k
yxko FkkA os izR;sd izkIr volj ij cPpksa o ;qokvksa ls laokn djuk ugha Hkwyrs
FksA bl lokan esa os oqQN çsjd tkudkjh Hkh ns gh nsrs FksA ckjgoha jk"Vªh; cky foKku
dkaxzsl xqokgkVh esa gqbZ Fkh mlesa mUgksaus tks mn~cksèku fn;k mlesa tks çsjd ckr gS
mls le>sa μ
mUgksaus dgk & ^^ok;qxfr ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj HkkSajs dks ugha mM+ ikuk pkfg,A
mlds ia[kksa ds iwjs vkdkj ds lEcUèk esa muds 'kjhj ds vkdkj] Hkkj vkSj cukoV
dks ns[krs gq, mM+uk oSKkfud n`f"V ls vlaHko gSA HkkSajk oSKkfud fl¼kUr ls vKku
jgrs gq, vius ia[kksa dks iQM+iQM+krk gSA bl mPp vko`fÙk ds nksyu esa ,d Hk¡oj iSnk
gksrh gS tks bls mM+us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA n`<+ fu'p; ls vki LFkkfir ekU;rkvksa
ds fo#¼ ges'kk liQyrk çkIr dj ldrs gSa] HkkSajs ls oqQN lhf[k,A**
iwoZ jk"Vªifr th us fr#DoqQ:y ds dfo lUr fr:oYywj }kjk 2200 o"kZ iwoZ
fyf[kr dfork dh iafÙkQ;ksa dh ;kn fnykbZA dfork dk vFkZ gS fd unh] >hy
vFkok rkykc dh xgjkbZ pkgs ftruh Hkh gks] ikuh dh n'kk pkgs tSlh Hkh gks oQey
dk iwQy ges'kk f[kyrk gS vkSj viuh NVk fc[ksjrk gSA blh rjg ;fn fdlh y{;
dks çkIr djus dh n`<+ bPNk gS rks leL;k pkgs ftruh fo'kky D;ksa u gks liQyrk
vo'; feysxhA
T;ksfr"k foKku
ge tkurs gh gSa fd gekjk uoo"kZ tc çÑfr vkuUn eukrh gS pkjksa vksj uohu
mYykl Nkrk gS rc pS=k 'kqDy çfrink ls çkjaHk gksrk gSA pS=k ekg dk uke fp=kk
uked u{k=k ds dkj.k iM+k gSA blh çdkj gekjs 12 ekgksa ds uke ,d fo'ks"k u{k=k
ds dkj.k iM+s gSa tks bl çdkj gSa &
u{k=k dk uke ekg u{k=k dk uke ekg
fp=kk pS=k vf'ouh vkf'ou
fo'kk[kk oS'kk[k ÑfÙkdk dkfrZd
T;s"Bk T;s"B e`x'kh"kZ ekxZ'kh"kZ
iwokZ"kk<+k vk"kk<+ iq"; ikS"k
Jo.k Jko.k e?kk ek?k
Hkkæin Hkkæin iwokZ iQkYxquh iQkYxqu
vUrfj{k foKku
pUæ fot; vfHk;ku μ Hkkjr us 22 vDVwcj 2008 dks viuk igyk ekuo
jfgr ;ku pUnzek dh vksj Hkstk ftldk uke pUnz;ku&1 fn;k x;kA blus dsoy 23
fnuksa esa gh] 14 uoEcj 2008 dh jkf=k dks 8%31 feuV ij pUnzek dh lrg ij frjaxk
èot iQgjk fn;kA
eaxy vfHk;ku μ ;g Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlèa kku laxBu dh ,d egRokdka{kh
vUrfj{k ifj;kstuk gSA bl ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr 5 uoEcj 2013 dks 2 ctdj 38
feuV ij eaxy xzg dh ifjØek ds fy, ,d mixzg vkaèkz izns'k ds JhgfjdksVk
fLFkr lrh'k èkou varfj{k dsUnz ls /zqoh; mixzg iz{ksi.k ;ku (ih,l,yoh)
laLÑfr Kku ijh{kk 99 ç'uksÙkjh eè;ek
lh&25 ds }kjk liQyrkiwoZd NksM+k x;kA blds lkFk gh Hkkjr Hkh vc mu ns'kksa
esa 'kkfey gks x;k gS ftUgksaus eaxy ij vius ;ku Hksts gSaA oSls vc rd eaxy dks
tkuus ds fy;s 'kq: fd;s x;s nks frgkbZ vfHk;ku vliQy gh jgs gSa ijUrq 24
flrEcj 2014 dks eaxy dh d{kk esa igqp ¡ us ds lkFk gh] Hkkjr fo'o esa vius izFke
iz;kl esa gh liQy gksus okyk igyk ns'k cu x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr ;g eaxy
ij Hkstk x;k lcls lLrk fe'ku Hkh gSA
&&&&
÷ gekjs jk"Vªuk;d