International Journal of Advanced Educational Research
International Journal of Advanced Educational Research
ISSN: 2455-6157
Impact Factor: RJIF 5.12
www.educationjournal.org
Volume 3; Issue 2; March 2018; Page No. 298-299
'ksj'kkg lwjh dk 'kklu izcU/k ,oa uhfr;k¡
MkW0 ds'kjh uanu feJ
,lks0 izksQslj¼bfrgkl½] gseorh uUnu cgqxq.kk jktdh; LukrdksŸkj] egkfo|ky;] uSuh] bykgkckn] mÙkj çns'k] HkkjrA
izLrkouk
Qjhn dk tUe iatkc ds gksf'k;kjiqj ftys esa ctokM+k uked
LFkku ij gqvkA mldh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk tkSuiqj esa gqbZA ckn esa
mlds firk us mls fcgkj ds 'kkld cgkj [kk¡ yksgkuh ds ;gk¡
ukSdjh fnyok nhA ogha ,d 'ksj dks ekjus ds dkj.k cgkj [kk¡ us
mls 'ksj[kk¡ dh mikf/k nhA fQj pkSlk ds ;q) esa fot; ds ckn
mlus 'ksj'kkg dh mikf/k /kkj.k dh fQj dUukSt ds ;q) esa fot;
ds ckn og fnYyh o Hkkjr dk 'kkld cu cSBk rFkk f}rh;
vQxku 'kfDr dk laLFkkid gqvkA
xDdj izn's k dh fot; ¼1541½
iatkc eas >sye o flU/kq unh ds mRrj esa xDdj {ks= Fkk ;gk¡ ds
jgus okys xDdjh ywV&ikV djrs FksA vr% 'ksj'kkg lwjh us muds
fo#) vfHk;ku fd;kA muds fonzkgs dks iwjh rjg lekIr rks ugha
fd;k tk ldkA ijUrq bu fonzksgksa dks jksdus ds fy, >sye ds
rV ij jksgrklx<+ nqxZ dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
caxky fonzkgs dk neu vkSj ubZ iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ¼1511½
caxky dh nwjh fnYyh ls vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ vDlj fonzksg
gksrs jgrs FksA 1541 esa caxky ds lwcsnkj f[ktz [kk¡ ds fonzksg dks
nckus ds ckn ;gk¡ ds fonzksgksa dks jksdus ds fy, 'ksj'kkg us ,d
ubZ iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkr dhA mlus lEiw.kZ caxky dks
19 ljdkjksa ¼ftyks½a esa foHkkftr dj fn;kA izR;sd ftys esa 2
izdkj ds vf/kdkjh f'kdnkj&,&f'kdnkjku o eqflQ&,&eaqflQku
dh fu;qfDr dhA buds Åij ,d xSj lSfud vf/kdkjh
vehu&,&caxyk dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA ;g in loZizFke dkth
Qft;kr dks fn;k x;kA
ekyoka fot; ¼1542½
xqtjkr ds 'kkld cgknqj 'kkg dh e`R;q ds ckn ekyoka ds lwcsnkj
eYyw [kk¡ us LOk;a dks dkfnj 'kkg ds uke ls Lora= 'kkld
?kksf"kr fd;kA 'ksj'kkg us vfHk;ku dj bls ijkftr fd;k vkSj
ogk¡ ij lqtkr [kk¡ dh fu;qfDr dhA
jk;lsu fot; ¼1543½
ekyok¡ esa fLFkr jk;lsu ds fdys ij ,d jktiwr iwjuey dk
vf/kdkj FkkA yxHkx 6 eghus ds ?ksjs ds ckn tc 'ksj'kkg bl
fdys dh fot; ugh dj ik;k rc mlus ckrphr ds fy, fdys
}kj [kqyok;k vkSj fQj bldh fot; dj yhA bl izdkj 'ksj'kkg
dh ;g fot; fo'okl?kkr ls dh xbZ fot; ekuh tkrh gSA
mldh miyfC/k;ksa ij ,d /kCck Hkh gSA
ekjokM+ dh fot; ¼1544½
ekjokM+ ds jktwir izrkih 'kkld ekynso dks 'ksj'kkg us laHky ds
izfl) ;q) esa ijkftr fd;kA ;g fot; dkQh eqf'dy ls feyh
FkhA blhfy, fot; ds ckn mlus dgk¡ fd eSaus eqB~Bh Hkj cktjs
ds fy, fgUnqLrku dh lYrur [krjs esa Mky nh FkhA
dkfyatj fot; ¼1545½
;gk¡ dk 'kkld dhjr flag FkkA ck¡nk ftys esa fLFkr dkfyatj
vfHk;ku 'ksj'kkg dk vfUre vfHk;ku Fkk og Lo;a mDdk uke
vku;Lr pyk jgk FkkA fdys dh fot; yxHkx iw.kZ gks pqdh Fkh
rHkh ,d xksyk mlds ikl vkdj fxjk xksys ds QVus vkSj pksV
yxus ls vUrr% mldh e`R;q gks xbZA mlds vfUre 'kCn Fks
^^[kqnk dh n;k gS fd ;g esjh vfUre bPNk Fkh**A
'ksj'kkg dh e`R;q ds ckn fcgkj ds lglkjke fLFkr mlds edcjs
esa mls nQuk fn;k x;kA
'ksj'kkg dk 'kklu&izcU/k
'ksj'kkg dh 5 o"kksaZ dh lcls cM+h miyfC/k mldk 'kklu izcU/k gS
ftlds dkj.k mls vdcj dk vxzxkeh ekuk tkrk gSA bl 'kklu
izcU/k dh tkudkjh ledkyhu bfrgkldkj vCckl [kk ljokuh
dh iqLrd rkjh[ks 'ksj'kkgh ls feyrh gS ijUrq 'ksj'kkg dks
cqyfUn;ksa ij igq¡pkus dk dk;Z ,d vk/kqfud bfrgkldkj ds-vkj-
dkuwuxksa ,oa mudh 'kks/kksa dks tkrk gSA mUgksua s viuh iqLrd
"Shershah and his period" esa 'ksj'kkg dks fdlh ubZ iz'kklfud
O;oLFkk dks izkjEHk djus dk Js; ugha fn;k cfYd iqjkuh O;OkLFkk
dks u;s ls ykxw djus dk Js; fn;kA 'ksj'kkg ds 'kklu izCkU/k esa
,d lfpoky; dk mYys[k feyrk gS ftlesa 4 egRoiw.kZ dsUnzh;
foHkkx Fks %&
1- nhokus ctkjr& jktLo foHkkx A
2- nhokus vtZ& lSU; foHkkxA
3- nhokus jlkry& fons'k foHkkx A
4- nhokus balk& i=kpkj foHkkxA
dsUnz izkUrksa esa foHkkftr Fkk ftls lwck dgk x;k bldk izeq[k
lwcsnkj@QkStnkj FkkA lwcs ftyksa esa foHkkftr Fks ftls ljdkj
dgk¡ x;kA 'ksj'kkg ds le; mlds jkT; esa dqy 66 ftys FksA
ftlesa ls vdsys 19 ftys caxky esa Fks bu ftys esa eq[;rk 2
izdkj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa f'kdnkj&,&f'kdnkjku o
eqafld&,&eqaflQku dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh FkhA blesa
f'kdnkj&,&f'kdnkjku iz'kklfud O;OkLFkk ls vkSj
eaqflQ&,&eaqflQku jktLo O;oLFkk ls lEcfU?kr FkkA ljdkj
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International Journal of Advanced Educational Research
ijxuk@rglhy esa foHkkftr Fks ;gk¡ 2 vf/kdkfj;ksa f'kdjkj o
eqaflQ dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh FkhA iz'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ 4-
xzke Fkh ;gk¡ rhu izdkj ds vf/kdkjh FksA 5- eqnzk O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj& 'ksj'kkg us 'kq) vjch flDds ds vfrfjDr
1- lwr&tehankjA
2- eqd+nne&eqf[k;kA
3- pkS/kjh&HkwjktLo olwyus okyk vf/kdkjhA
'ksj'kkg dh Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk
'ksj'kkg dh 5 o"kksZa dh lcls cM+h miyfC/k mldh Hkw&jktLo
O;oLFkk Fkh ftlds dkj.k mls okLrfod #i esa vdcj dk
vxzxkeh ekuk tkrk gSA 'ksj'kkg us leLr Hkwfe dh eki
xt&,&fldUnjh ls djok;h ftlesa 39 [kkus FksA Hkwfe dh eki
ds ckn rhu Hkkxksa mŸke] e/;e o fuEu esa foHkkftr fd;kA
izR;sd izdkj dh Hkwfe esa [kjhQ o jch dh Qlyksa dks Hkh vuqeku
esa 'kkfey fd;kA blds vkSlr mit dk 1@3 Hkkx HkwjktLo ds
#i esa fy;k x;kA tcfd eqYrku esa bldh ek=k 1@4 FkhA
igyh ckj Qlyksa dks HkwjktLo ds fu/kkZj.k dk vk/kkj cuk;s tkus
dks dgk x;kA Hkwfe dh losZ{k.k ds fy, ,d losZ{k.k 'kqYd
t+jhckuk 2-5 izfr'kr fy;k x;kA tcfd dj laxzg 'kqYd
eqgkflykuk 5 izfr'kr fy;k x;kA izR;sd fdlku dks ,d
dcwfy;r vFkkZr~ iV~Vk fn;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa mlds Hkwfe ds
izdkj vkSj HkwjktLo dh ek=k vkfn dk mYys[k gksrk FkkA bl
izdkj 'ksj'kkg us dcwfy;rukek ds ek/;e ls lh/ks d`"kdksa ls
lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;kA
vU; miyfC/k;k¡
1- 'ksj'kkg us 1700 ljk;ksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftlesa fgUnqvksa o
eqfLyeksa dks Bgjus dh vyXk&vyx o eq¶r O;oLFkk gksrh
FkhA ds0vkj0 dkuwuxksa us bu ljk;ksa dks lkezkT; ds /kefu;ksa
dh laKk nhA ftlls f'kfFky lkezkT; esa jDr lapkj gksrk
FkkA
2- lM+dks dk fuekZ.k&'ksj'kkg dks vusd lM+dksa ds fuekZ.k dk
Js; fn;k tkrk gS blesa ,d lM+d vkxjk ls ekaMw] vkxjk ls
fpykSjk o ykgkSj ls eqYrku dks tksM+us okyh lM+dksa dk
fuekZ.k djok;kA ijUrq mlds }kjk fufeZr lcls cM+h lM+d
caxky ds lksukj xk¡o dks flU/k ls tksM+rh Fkh ftls mlds
le; esa 'ksj'kkg lwjh ekxZ ;k lM+d&,&vkte dgk x;kA
vkxs pydj fczfV'k tujy xoZuj ykMZ vkWDyS.M us bls
th0Vh0 jksM uke fn;kA
Vdlky dk uke Hkh fy[kk gksrk FkkA
v'kjQ&Lo.kZ flDdsA
#i;k&pk¡nh dk flDdk
nke&rk¡cs dk flDdk
'ksj'kkg ds le; esa #i;k o nke ds chp vuqikr 1%64 ;k tcfd
vdcj ds le; esa ;g 1%40 gks x;kA
lSU; lq/kkj
vykmn~nhu ds ckn 'ksj'kkg nwljk 'kkld Fkk ftlus lSfudksa dk
gqfy;k j[kus] ?kksM+ksa dks nkxus o lSfudksa dks uxn osru nsus dh
'kq#vkr dhA
fuekZ.k dk;Z
'ksj'kkg dh :fp fuekZ.k dk;ksZa esa Hkh FkhA mlus nhuiukg dks
rksM+dj] iqjkuk fdyk dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj mlds vUnj
fdyk&,&dqguk eftLn rFkk 'ksje.My uked iqLrdky;
cuok;kA mlus ikVyhiq= dks iVuk uke fn;k rFkk fcgkj ds
lklkjke esa ,d >hy ds vUnj Å¡ps pcwrjsa ij viuk edcjk
cuok;kA 'ksj'kkg us dSFkh fyfi dks vkf/kdkfjd ntkZ iznku
fd;kA mlh ds le; esa tk;lh us in~ekor fy[khA 'ksj'kkg ds
dky esa gh loZizFke VksMjey dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd 'ksj'kkg dh uhfr;k¡ vkt Hkh
dkQh mi;ksxh gSA
lUnHkZ
1- lrh'k pUnzk & esfMdy bf.M;k 3 Ýke lYrur Vw n
eqxy] gj vkUkUn izdk'ku] 2007
2- fMdZ dsfy;j & n xszV eqxy ,.M nh;j bf.M;k] gs gkml
izdk'ku] 2017
3- fofy;e MkfdZEiy & n ykLV eqxy
4- vkFkZj vyh & eqxu bf.M;k% LVMht bu ikWfylh] vkfM;kWt]
lkslkbVh ,.M dYpj] vks0;w0oh0 bf.M;k izdk'ku] 2008
5- vkUnzs VªLdh & vkSjaxtsc% n eSu ,.M n feFk] isfXoau jSMae
gkml bf.M;k izdk'ku] 2017
6- ,l0vkj0 'kekZ & eqxy bEik;j bu bf.M;k] jhM cqDl
izdk'ku] 2007
7- f'kjht eqLoh & ihiqy] VSDls'ku ,.M VsªM bu eqxy bf.M;k]
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl izdk'ku] 2007
8- olq/kk Mkyfe;k & fjfyft;l bUVªDs'ku bu eqxy bf.M;k]
vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl izdk'ku] 2014
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