Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPITRE
Elasticit et ses
Applications
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Dans ce chapitre,
nous rpondons aux questions suivantes
Un scenario
Vous designez des sites web pour des entreprises
locales.
Votre tarif est de $200 par site web, et actuellement vous
vendez 12 sites web par mois.
Vos cots augmentent (y compris votre cot dopportunit
du temps de travail), Admettons donc que vous dcidez
daugmenter votre tarif $250.
La loi de la demande stipule que vous nallez plus vendre
autant de sites web aprs laugmentation du tarif.
Comment votre vente va-t-elle tre affecte?
De combien votre revenu va-t-il baisser, ou augmenter?
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Elasticit
Ide de base:
Llasticit mesure de combien une variable
varie suite une modification dune autre
variable.
Un exemple est la mesure de la quantit de
sites web que vous allez perdre suite
laugmentation de votre tarif.
Dfinition:
Llasticit est une mesure numrique de la
ractivit de Qd ou Qs un de ses
dterminants.
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Variation en % de Qd
Variation en % de P
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Variation en % de Qd
Variation en % de P
P
Exemple:
Elasticit de la
demande gal
:
15%
= 1.5
10%
P de
10%
P2
P1
D
Q2
Q1
Q de
15%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Variation en % de Qd
Le long de D, P and Q
bougent dans des directions
opposes, entrainant une
lasticit prix ngative.
Variation en % de P
P
P2
P1
On considre souvent
llasticit en valeur absolue
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
D
Q2
Q1
Demande
pour les sites
web
$250
x 100%
Passons de A B,
la variation en % de P =
$200
D
8
12
($250$200)/$200 = 25%
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
P
$250
Problme :
La mthode standard donne
des rsultats diffrents selon
le point de dpart.
Demande
pour les sites
web
De A B,
P de 25%, Q de 33%,
llasticit = 33/25 = 1.33
B
A
$200
De B A,
P de 20%, Q de 50%,
Q
llasticit = 50/20 = 2.50
D
8
12
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
x 100%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
$250 $200
x 100% = 22.2%
$225
La variation en % de Q est gale :
12 8
x 100% = 40.0%
10
Llasticit prix de la demande est gale :
40/22.2 = 1.8
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
10
ENTRAINEMENT
Calcul de lElasticit
Utiliser les informations
suivante pour
calculer llasticit
prix de la demande
de chambres
dhtels:
Si P = $135, Qd = 8600
Si P = $165, Qd = 7400
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
stefanolunardi/Shutterstock.com
ENTRAINEMENT
13
EXEMPLE 1
14
EXEMPLE 2
15
EXEMPLE 3
16
EXEMPLE 4
17
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
18
Courbe D :
verticale
Consommateurs
sensibles au prix
non
Elasticit:
0
0%
10%
=0
P1
P2
P baisse
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1
Q varie
de 0%
19
Demande Inlastique
Variation en % de Q
< 10%
Elasticit prix
< |1|
=
=
de la demande
Variation en % de P
10%
Courbe D :
Relativement raide
Consommateurs
sensibles au prix
Relativement faible
Elasticit:
< |1|
P1
P2
D
P baisse
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1 Q2
Q augmente
moins de 10%
20
Elasticit:
|1|
10%
= |1|
Courbe D :
Moyennement plate
Consommateurs
sensibles au prix
Moyennement
10%
P1
P2
P baisse
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1
Q2
Q augmente
de 10%
21
Demande Elastique
Variation en % de Q
> 10%
Elasticit prix
> |1|
=
=
de la demande
Variation en % de P
10%
Courbe D :
Moyennement flatte
Consommateurs
sensibles au prix
Moyennement
Elasticit:
>|1|
P1
P2
P baisse
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
D
Q1
Q2
Q augmente de
plus de 10%
22
Courbe D :
horizontale
Consommateurs
sensibles au prix
extrme
Elasticit:
infini
P2 = P1
P varie de
0%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1
Q2
Q varie
de tout %
23
0.1
Sant
0.2
Riz
0.5
Logement
0.7
Viande
1.6
Restaurant
2.3
Boissons gazeuses
4.4
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
24
200%
E =
= 5.0
40%
$30
67%
E =
= 1.0
67%
20
40%
E =
= 0.2
200%
10
$0
20
40
60
La pente
dune
courbe de
demande
linaire est
constante,
mais pas
son
lasticit.
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
25
26
Variation en % de Q
Variation en % de P
Recette = P x Q
Si demande est lastique, donc
> 1
Variation en % de Q > Variation en % de P
La baisse des recettes cause dune plus faible
Q est plus leve que laugmentation des
recettes grce un P plus lev,
par consquent, le revenu total baisse.
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
27
Demande de
sites web
recette
P supplmentaire
avec P plus
lev
$250
Perte de
recette
car plus
faibleQ
$200
Si P = $250,
Q = 8 et
recette = $2000.
Si D est lastique,
une augmentation du prix
cause une baisse de
recette.
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
12
28
Variation en % de Q
Variation en % de P
Recette = P x Q
Si demande est inlastique, donc
< 1
Variation en % de Q < Variation en % de P
La baisse du recette cause dune plus faible Q
est plus faible que laugmentation du recette
grce un P plus lev,
par consquent, la recette totale augmente.
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
29
Demande de
sites web
Si P = $200,
Q = 12 et revenu
= $2400.
Si P = $250,
Q = 10 et
revenu = $2500.
Revenu
supplmentaire
P avec P plus
lev
$250
Perte de
revenu
car plus
faibleQ
$200
Si D est inlastique,
une augmentation du prix
induit une augmentation
du revenu.
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
10
12
30
ENTRAINEMENT
Elasticit et Recette
A. Les pharmacies augmentent le prix de linsuline
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
ENTRAINEMENT
Rponses
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
ENTRAINEMENT
Rponses
APPLICATION: Linterdiction de la Drogue augmentera-t-elle ou baissera-telle les crimes qui lui sont lis?
34
Politique 1: Interdiction
Linterdiction
Prix de la
rduit la
drogue
fourniture de
la drogue.
P2
La demande de la
grogue est
inlastique,
P1
P augmente plus
proportionellement
que la baisse de Q.
Nouvelle valeur
des crimes lis
S2
D1
Rsultat: augmentation
des recettes de la drogue et
des crimes lis
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
S1
Valeur
initiale des
crimes lis
Q2 Q1
Quantit
Drogue
35
Politique 2: Education
Lducation Prix de la
drogue
reduit la
demande de
la drogue.
Nouvelle valeur
des crimes lis
D2
D1
S
P et Q baissent.
Rsultat:
Baisse des
recettes de la
drogue et des
crimes lis
Valeur
initiale des
crimes lis
P1
P2
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q2 Q1
Quantit
Drogue
36
Variation en % de Qd
Variation en % de P
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
37
Variation en % de Qs
=
Variation en % de P
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
38
Variation en % de Qs
=
Variation en % de P
P
Exemple:
Elasticit
prix de
loffre est
gale :
16%
= 2.0
8%
P
P2
augmente
P1
de 8%
Q1
Q
augmente
de 16%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q2
39
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
40
Courbe S :
verticale
Vendeurs sensibles
au prix
non
Elasticit:
0
0%
10%
=0
P2
P1
P augmente
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1
Q varie
de 0%
41
Inlastique
< 10%
Elasticit prix Variation en % de Q
<1
=
=
de loffre
Variation en % de P
10%
P
Courbe S :
Relativement raide
Vendeurs sensibles
au prix
Relativement faible
Elasticit:
<1
S
P2
P1
P augmente
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1 Q2
Q augmente
de moins de 10%
42
Elastique Unitaire
Elasticit prix Variation en % de Q
=
=
de loffre
Variation en % de P
10%
=1
Courbe S :
Pente moyenne
Vendeurs sensibles
au prix
Moyennement
Elasticit:
=1
10%
P2
P1
P augmente
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1
Q2
Q augmente
de 10%
43
Elastique
> 10%
Elasticit prix Variation en % de Q
>1
=
=
de loffre
Variation en % de P
10%
P
Courbe S :
Relativement plate
Vendeurs sensibles
au prix
Relativement leve
Elasticit:
>1
S
P2
P1
P augmente
de 10%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1
Q2
Q augmente
de plus de 10%
44
Courbe S :
horizontale
Vendeurs sensibles
au prix
extrme
Elasticit:
infini
P2 = P1
P varie de 0%
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q1
Q2
Q augmente
de tout %
45
46
ENTRAINEMENT
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
ENTRAINEMENT
Rponses
Quand loffre
est inlastique,
une
augmentation
de la demande
a un plus
grand impact
sur le prix que
sur la quantit.
D1 D2
P2
P1
Q1 Q2
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
ENTRAINEMENT
Rponses
Quand loffre
est lastique,
une
augmentation
de la demande
a un plus
grand impact
sur le quantit
que sur le prix.
Nouveaux vhicules
(offre lastique):
P
D1 D2
S
P2
P1
B
A
Q1
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Q2
S
lasticit
<1
$15
12
lasticit
>1
4
$3
100 200
Q
500 525
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
50
Autres Elasticitis
Elasticit Revenu de la demande: mesure de la
ractivit de Qd un changement du revenu du
consommateur
Variation en % de Qd
Elasticit Revenu
de la demande = Variation en % du Revenu
Rappel du Chapitre 1: Pour un bien normal, une
augmentation du revenu implique une
augmentation de la demande.
Donc, pour un bien normal, llasticit revenu > 0.
Pour un bien infrieur, llasticit revenu < 0.
2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
51
Autres Elasticitis
Elasticit Prix-Crois de la demande:
mesure de la raction de la demande dun bien
un changement du prix dun autre bien.
Elasticit croise
=
de la demande
52