Tai Lieu Cung Cap Dien Hay

1
Li Ni u.
Trong s nghip cng nghip ho - Hin i ho ca nc
ta, cng nghip in lc gi vai tr c bit quan trng, bi v
in nng l ngun nng lng c dng rng ri nht trong
cc ngnh kinh t quc dn. Tuy nhin trong s nghip hin i
ho, cng nghip ho t nc th vic s dng in nng sao cho
va tit kim va m bo yu cu cung cp in l mt vn
ang cn gii quyt.
p ng nhu cu s dng in ngy cng tng v s
dng tt ngun pht sao cho vic cung cp in, phn phi in
c an ton nhanh chng v lin tc. i hi phi pht trin v
ci to mng in, nng cp li in.
gip sinh vin nghin cu tt hn v mn hc ny chng
ti bin son cng mn hc cung cp in 1. chc chn khng
trnh khi sai st, rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn
c cun sch ny c hon thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Ngy 01 thng 12 nm 2006.
Nhm bin son

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software
http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

2

Chng I : KhI qut v cung cp in

1.1 c im ca cung cp in x nghip cng nghip.
*. c im ca in nng.
- in nng sn xut ra khng d tr c n mang tnh ng thi ( tr
mt s trng hp c bit vi cng sut nh nh pin, c quy). Ti mi lc ta
phi m bo cn bng gia in nng c sn xut vi in nng tiu th k c
tn tht do truyn ti.
- in nng c to ra t cc ngun nng lng khc v ngc li.
- Qu trnh v in xy ra rt nhanh.
V d: Sng in t lan truyn trong dy dn vi tc ~ 3.10
8
m/s. Qu trnh
qu xy rt nhanh. V vy i hi s dng cc thit b t ng trong vn hnh
v trong iu khin mt cch c hiu qu.
- Cng nghip in lc c lin quan cht ch n hu ht cc ngnh kinh
t quc dn. l mt trong nhng ng lc tng nng sut lao ng to ln s
pht trin nhp nhnh trong cu trc kinh t.
- Vn u t ln.
- Thi gian hon thnh lu.
*. c im ca cung cp in x nghip cng nghip.
- Vic cung cp in phi m bo tnh ng thi cng vi qu trnh sn
xut.
S khc bit so vi mng in nng thn, th c th hin
L nhng h tiu th in tp trung cng sut ln .
in nng cp cho x nghip t cc trm trung gian bng cc ng dy
trung p.
1.2 Cc dng ngun in.
Trong qu trnh sn xut v tiu th in nng th tn ti rt nhiu dng
ngun in.
V d: Nh my thu in, nhit in, in nguyn t, my pht in Diezen, cc
trm s dng nng lng in ca gi v mt tri
1.2.1 Nh my nhit in:
*. Nguyn l hot ng:
Nh my hot ng da trn nguyn l sau: nhit c to ra do t nhin
liu( than, du ) s lm nng hi nc ti thng s cao: ( p sut P =130 240
Kg/cm
2
, t
o
= 540 565
0
c) ri a n tua bin quay my pht dn n in nng.
*. u nhc im:
- u im:
+ Tn dng ngun nguyn liu sn c.
+ Vic sn xut ti u c a ngay ln li in cao p.

- Nhc im:
+ Tnh linh hot km.
+ Vic khi ng v tng ph ti c
+ Hiu sut thp 30% 40%.

3
+ Khi lng nguyn liu ln, lm nhim mi trng.
1.2.2 Nh my thu in.
*. Nguyn l hot ng: L s dng ngun nc lm quay tua bin thu nng,
chy my pht in, c bn l: Thu nng dn n c nng, dn n in
nng.
Cng sut nh my c xc nh: P ~9.8/QHq.
Trong Q: l lu lng nc ( m
3
/sec )
H: l chiu cao ct nc ( m)
q : l hiu sut tua bin.
*. u nhc im:
- u im:
+ Gi thnh in nng r.
+ Mc t ng ho c thc hin d dng.
+ M my nhanh ln p ng c nhu cu.
+ t s c.
+ Vn hnh n gin.
+ Hiu sut cao trn 80%.
- Nhc im:
+ So vi nh my nhit in c cng cng sut th vn u t nhiu hn.
+ Thi gian xy dng lu hn.
+ Ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit do lu lng nc v.
1.2.3 Nh my in nguyn t.
*. c im: L qu trnh sn xut in nng t nhit nng do phn ng ht
nhn to ra.
*. Nguyn l hot ng: Nhit nng do phn ng ht nhn to ra s bin thnh
c nng v t c nng bin thnh in nng.
*. u, nhc im:
- u im:
+ Kh nng lm vic c lp.
+ Tn t nhin liu.
+ Vn hnh linh hot, hiu sut.
+ Khng thi kh ra ngoi kh quyn.
- Nhc im:
+ Vn xy dng ln.
+ Nguy him cho ngi v thit b do phng x.
*. Nhn xt:
in nng l mt dng nng lng c bit khng d tr c ( Vic sn
xut lun ng hnh cng vi tiu th). Hin nay trn th gii ni chung v Vit
Nam ni ring, vic sn xut in nng l rt phong ph, ngoi cc nh my nh
nhit in (Ung b) thu in ( Sn la), in nguyn t, ta cn s dng nng
lng gi, mt tri sn xut nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi
tiu dng.
1.3 Mng li in cng nghip.
*. Khi nim v mng in: Bao gm cc trm bin p v cc ng dy ti
in.

4
- Mng li in cng nghip l mt phn nm trong nhim v truyn ti v
cung cp in nng.
- Trong qu trnh sn xut ra sn phm i hi phi n nh v lin tc ca in
nng. Vic cung cp cho mng phn phi ring l cn thit.
- Tu theo nhu cu s dng m vic cung cp in cho khu cng nghip l khc
nhau.
1.4 Hi tiu th v phn loi.
*. Khi nim: Hi tiu th l tt c cc my mc, dng c dng bin i in
nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc.
*. Phn loi: Tu theo tm quan trng trong nn kinh t v x hi, hi tiu th
c cung cp vi in vi mc tin cy khc nhau v c phn ra lm 3 loi.
- H tiu th loi 1:
c im l nhng h tiu th m khi ngng cung cp in s dn n tn
tht v kinh t e do n tnh mng con ngi hoc nh hng n chnh tr
quc gia.
Phng n cung cp cho ph ti loi ny t ngun c lp, thi gian mt
in cho php bng thi gian ng thit b d tr. Tc n yu cu cn phi nng
cao tnh lin tc cung cp in n ti a.
- H tiu th lo2:
c im l nhng h tiu th m nu ngng cung cp in ch lin quan
n hnh lot sn phm khng sn xut c dn n thit hi v mt kinh t do
h hng sn phm, ngng tr sn xut, lng ph lao ng..cc phn xng c
kh, x nghip cng nghip nh thng l loi 2.
Qua y ni ln tm quan trng trong vic cung cp in h 2 ny v thit hi
ch yu v mt kinh t.
Phng n cung cp c hoc khng c ngun d tr, vic chn phng n
cn da vp kt qu so snh gia vn u t phi tng thm v gi tr thit hi
kinh t do ngng cung cp in v thi gian mt in cho php bng thi gian
ng ngun d tr bng tay.
- H tiu th loi 3 :
c im l nhng h cn li cho php vi mc tin cy thp( khu nh
, nh kho, trng hc) cho php mt in trong thi gian sa cha, thay th
thit b s c nhng thng khng cho php qu 1 ngy m ( 24h).
Phng n cung cp in ta c th dng mt ngun in.
Nhn xt: Vic phn loi v nh gi mt cch ng n h tiu th, l kt
qu bc u. Qua la chn phng n cung cp in cho hp l, ph hp
nht c v mt kinh t v k thut. xc nh loi h tiu th in nng ca
cc ngnh sn xut khc nhau ta cn nghin cu cc c im u cu v nhng
hng dn cn thit ca ngnh
1.5 Nhng yu cu v ni dung ch yu khi thit k cung cp in.
Mc tiu chnh ca thit k cung cp in l m bo cho h tiu th lun
lun in nng vi cht lng nm trong phm vi cho php.
1.5.1 Mt phng n cung cp in x nghip, cng nghip c xem l hp
l khi tho mn nhng nhu cu sau.
- Vn u t nh, ch tit n tit kim.
- Chi ph vn hnh hng nm thp.

5
- m bo tin cy cung cp in cao tu theo tnh cht h tiu th.
- m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
- Thun tin cho vn hnh, sa cha
- Cht lng in p c nh gi 2 ch tiu( U v f ) .sai s nm trong
phm vi gi tr cho php so vi nh mc.
1.5.2 Nhng ni dung ch yu khi thit k cung cp in.

Cn tun th cc bc sau:
- Bc 1: Thu thp d liu ban u.
+ Nhim v, mc ch thit k cung cp in.
+ c im quy trnh cng ngh ca chng trnh s c cung cp in.
+ D liu v ngun in, cng sut hng cung cp in, khong cch
n h tiu th.
+ D liu v ph ti, cng sut phn b v phn loi h tiu th.
- Bc 2: Tnh ton ph ti.
+ Danh mc thit b in.
+ Tnh ph ti ng lc, chiu sng.
- Bc 3: Chn trm bin p, trm phn phi.
+ Dung lng, s lng, v tr ca trm bin p.
+ S lng, v tr phn phi, t ng lc mng h p.
- Bc 4: Xc nh phng n cung cp in.
+ l mng cao p, h p.
+ S li dy ca trm bin p, phn phi.
- Bc 5: Tnh ton ngn mch.
+ Tnh ton ngn mch trong mng cao p, h p.
- Bc 6: La chn cc trang thit b in.
+ La chn my bin p.
+ La chn thit b dy dn.
+ La chn thit b ng vi in p cao, h p.
- Bc 7: Tnh ton chng st v ni t.
+ Tnh ton chng st cho chm bin p.
+ Tnh ton chng st cho ng dy cao p.
+ Tnh ton ni t trung tnh ca my bin p h p.
- Bc 8: Tnh ton tip kin in v nng cao h s cng sut cos.
+ Cc phng n tip kim v nng cao h s cos.
+ Phng php b bng t in: Trc ht ta phi xc nh dung lng t
v phn phi hp l.
- Bc 9: Bo v rle v t ng ho.
+ Bo v rle cho my bin p, n dy cao p, cc thit b in cng
sut ln l cn thit.
+ Cc bin php t ng ho.
+ Cc bin php thng tin iu khin.
- Bc 10: H s thit k cung cp in.
+ Bng thng k cc d liu ban u.
+ Bng v mt bng cng trnh v phn b ph ti.
+ S nguyn l.

6
+ Bn v chi tit cc b phn bo v rle, o lng t ng ho, ni t,
thit b chng st.
+ Cc ch dn v vn hnh v qun l h thng cung cp in.

Cu hi n tp:
Cu 1: c im ca mng in x nghip cng nghip c g ging
v khc so vi mng in khc nh nng thn, th ?
Cu 2: Khi qut chung u nhc im ca cc dng ngun in ?
Cu 3: Trnh by khi qut chung v h thng cung cp in ?

Chng II: ph tI in

2.1 Khi nim chung: Gm h tiu th in v ph ti in.
- H dng in l tt c cc thit b my mc dng c dng bin i in
nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc.
- Ph ti in: L i lng biu th mc tiu th ca cc h dng in nh I,
U, P, A.
2.1.1 Phn loi ph ti in.
2.1.1.1 Theo tin cy cung cp in.
- Ph ti loi 1:
c im l nhng h tiu th m khi ngng cung cp in s dn n tn
tht v kinh t e do n tnh mng con ngi hoc nh hng n chnh tr
quc gia. Khong thi gian mt in cho php bng thi gian ng thit b d
tr.
Phng n cung cp in cho ph ti ny t hai ngun c lp.
- Ph ti loi 2:
L nhng ph ti khi mt in ch dn n thit hi v kinh t do h hng
sn phm, ngng tr sn xut v lng ph lao ng.Khong thi gian mt in
cho php bng thi gian ng in bng tay.
Phng n cung cp in t mt hoc hai ngun.
- Ph ti loi 3:
L nhng h cn li cho php cung cp in vi mc tin cy thp.
V d: Khu nh , phng hc, nh kho
Cho php mt in trong thi gian thay th sa cha.
2.1.1.2 Theo gc s dng in.
- Ph ti cng nghip.
- Ph ti nng nghip.
- Theo ch lm.
- Theo mc in p v tn s.
2.2 Cc i lng v thng s thng gp khi tnh ton ph ti in.
2.2.1 Cng sut nh mc ( P
m
).
- L thng s chnh v c ghi trn thit b hoc l lch ca my.

7
- i vi ng c in khng ng b, ng c mt chiu, cng sut nh mc
kW ( cng sut tc dng ).
- i vi ng c ng b, my bin p c o bng kVA ( cng sut biu
kin) v nh mc.
2.2.2 Cng sut t ( P
).
- L cng sut u vo ca thit b.

P
n

P
=
q
n

Trong : q
n
: Hiu sut nh mc ca ng c.
Vi q
n
= 0.80.95
V q
n
kh cao ln ly P
~ P
m

*.Ch : i vi cc thit b in lm vic ch ngn hn lp li nh: Cn
trc, my hn. Khi tnh ph ti in ca chng, ta phi quy i v cng sut nh
mc lm vic di hn, tc l quy i v ch lm vic c h s tip in
c%=100%. Cng thc quy i nh sau:
+ i vi ng c in P
m
= P
m
.

\c m

+ i vi my bin p hn P
m
= S
m
.co s
\c m

Trong :
P
m
:L cng sut nh mc quy i v ch lm vic di hn, P
m
,
S
m
, Co s
m
.
c
m
: Cc tham s nh mc cho trong l lch my.
2.2.3 Ph ti trung bnh:
- L mt c trng tnh ca ph ti trong mt khong thi gian no .
Ph ti trung bnh tnh theo cng sut ph ti tiu th trung bnh trong khong
thi gian bt k.
P
tb
=
t
dt t p
t
}
0
) (
; Q
tb
=
t
dt t Q
t
}
0
) (

Trong : Q(t); P(t): l hm bin thin theo ph ti.
t: thi gian kho st (h).
Trn thc t ph ti trung bnh c th xc nh theo mc tiu thu in nng.

A
p
A
q
P
tb
= Q
tb
=

t t
i vi mt nhm thit b .
P
tb
=
=
n
i 1
p
tbi
(kW) ; Q
tb
=
=
n
i 1
Q
tbi
(kVAr)
Trong :A
p
,A
q
: l in nng tc dng v phn khng ca ti trong t
Ph ti trung bnh tnh theo dng in:
Vi li in 3 pha:

8
\P
2
tb
+ Q
2
tb

I
tb
=
U
n
. \3
Vi li in 1 pha :
\P
2
tb
+ Q
2
tb

I
tb
=
U
n
2.2.4 Ph ti cc i: (P
max
)

a. ph ti cc i n nh:
- L cng sut tiu th ln nht trong khong thi gian 30 pht.

- y l cng sut nh gi ch lm vic v Chn cc thit b in theo
in pht nng cho php.
b. ph ti cc i nh nhn:
- L cng sut hin thi gian ngn 1-2 (s) v thng xut hin khi khi ng
ng c. Gi tr ny kim tra dao ng in p, iu kin t khi ng
ng c.
- Nu s ny xut hin ph ti ny cng ln th mc nh hng ti s lm
vic bnh thng ca cc thit b khc trong mng cng cao.
2.2.5 Cng sut phn khng(Q).
- Khi mt thit b lm vic n tiu thu mt lng cng sut in dung Q
c
trao
i vi in trngv mt cng sut in cm Q
l
trao i vi t trng.
- Ngoi ra Q cn thit cho qu trnh iu chnh in p v d tr cng sut
trong h thng in.
2.2.6 Ph ti tnh ton: P
tt
; Q
tt
; S
tt
.
- L ph ti gi thit khng i lu di ca cc phn t trong h thng cung cp
in (my bin p, ng dy) tng ng vi ph ti thc t bin i theo
iu kin tc dng nhit nng n nht.
- Ph ti tnh ton dng la chn my bin p, cc thit b in pht nng
cho php.
Quan h gia phu ti tnh ton v cc ph ti tnh ton khc.
P
tb s
P
tt
s P
ma x

2.3 Cc h s trong tnh ton ph ti.
2.3.1H s s dng(k
sd
)

P
tb
k
sd
= (i vi mt thit b)
P
m
P
tb
=
n
i 1
p
tbi
k
sd
= = (i vi nhiu thit b)
P
m
=
n
i 1
p
mi

Nu c th ph ti nh hnh v.


9
p1
p2
p3
pn
t1 t2 t3 tn

p

t
P
1
t
1
+ P
2
t
2
++ P
n
t
n
k
sd
=
P
m
(t
1
+t
2
++t
n
)

H s s dng ni ln mc s dng, mc khai thc cng sut ca thit
b trong khong thi gian xt.
2.3.2 H s cc i : (k
ma x
).
P
tt
k
ma x
=
P
tb

H s cc i ph thuc vo s thit b hiu qu v k
sd
.
2.3.3 H s ng thi.
L t s gia ph ti cc i na gi tnh tng ti nt kho st ca phn
xng hay nh my vi tng cc ph ti cc i na gi ca nhm h tiu th
ring bit hay phn xung ring bit.

P
30
phn xng
i vi phn xng: k
t
=

=
n
i 1
P
30
nhm h tiu th i
P
30
nh my
i vi nh my: k
t
=

=
n
i 1
P
30
nhm phn xng th i
Kt lun: K
t
l t s gia cng sut tc dng tnh ton cc i ti nt kho st
ca h thng cung cp in vi tng cc cng sut tc dng tnh ton cc i ca
cc nhm h tiu th ring bit ni vo nt .

P
tt

k

t
=

10

=
n
i 1
P
tti
H s ng thi phn nh s x dch ph ti cc i na gi ca ph ti
ring bit vi ph ti cc i na gi chung ca tng cc thit b.
i vi ng dy cao p k
t
= 0,851
i vi thanh cI ca tram h p v ng dy pha bn ngoi x nghip
k
t
= 0,9 1.
Ch : P
tt
khng c nh hn P
tb
ti nt .
2.3.4 H s nhu cu: k
nc
s 1
L t s gia cng sut t ca nhm tiu th .
P
tt
P
tt
P
tb
k
nc
= = . = k
ma x
.k
sd
P
m
P
m
P
tb

1 - k
sd

k
nc
= k
sd
+

n
hq

2.3.5 H s in kn th ph ti.
L t s gia cng sut trung bnh vi cng sut cc i trong thi gian kho
st.
P
tb
k
k
=
P
ma x

Nu ly P
tt
=P
ma x
th ta c:
P
tb
1
k
t
= =
P
tt
k
ma x

H s k
t
l thng s nh gi th ph ti. Nu k
t
cng ln th chnh lch
cng sut gia ph ti ti thi im cc tiu cng nh.
2.3.6 H s ng in h tiu dng.
T

k
=
t
c
L t s ng in vi thi gian kho st.
2.3.7 S thit b hiu qu: (n
hq
)
S thit b tiu th in nng hiu qu. Gi thit c mt nhm gm n thit b
c cng sut nh mc v ch lm vic khc nhau, ta gi n
hq
l s thit b tiu
th iin nng hiu qu ca nhm . y l mt s quy i gm n
hq
thit b c
cng sut nh mc v ch lm vic nh nhau v to nn ph ti tnh ton
bng ph ti tiu th bi n thit b tiu th.

11
Ta c: |
=
n
i 1
P
mi
|
2

n
hq
=

=
n
i 1
(P
mi
)
2

Cng thc trn ch dng tnh khi s thit b n s 5 nu ln hn ta phi tnh theo
trnh t sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh tng s thit b trong nhm (n )
Bc 2: Xc nh tng cng sut nh mc ca nhm (
P
ni
).
Bc 3: Xc nh s thit b n
1
( l thit b c cng sut ln hn 1/2 cng sut
ln nht )
Bc 4: Xc nh tng cng sut ca n
1
thit b (
P
m
n
1
).
Bc 5: Xc nh n
*
n
1
P
m
n
1

n
*
= ; P
*
=
n
P
m
n
Bc 6: Tra bng tm c n
*
hq
.n
V d: Xc nh n
hq
vi nhm thit b gm 3 ng c c P = 120 kW, 4 ng c
mi ng c c P = 90 kW, 3 ng c c P = 50 kW, 6 ng c c P = 20 kW v
12 ng c mi ng c c P = 10 kW.
Phng php:
Ta c n = 3+4+3+6+12 = 28
n
1
= 3+4 = 7
n
*
= 7/28 = 0.25

P
m
n
1
=3.120 + 4.90 = 720 kW

P
m
n = 3.120 + 4.90 + 3.50 +6.20 +12.10 = 1110 kW.

P
m
n
1

P
*
= = 720/1100 = 0.65

P
m
n
n
hq
*
= 0.51 n
hq
= n
hq
*
. n = 14.
2.4 Cc phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton.
2.4.1 Phng php sut tiu hao in nng trn mt n v sn phm.
M
ca
. W
0

P
tt
=
T
ca
Trong M
Ca
: s lng sn phm sn sut trong 1 ca.
T
ca
: thi gian ca ca c ph tI ln nht ( h).
W
0
: Sut tiu hao in nng trn mt n v sn phm (kW h / 1 vsp
).
Khi bit W
0
v tng sn phm sn xut trong mt nm M ca phn xng ta c
M. W
0

P
tt
=
T
max

12
Trong T
max
: l thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht ( h).
2.4.2 Phng php sut ph ti trn mt n v din tch sn xut.
P
tt
= P
0
. F
Trong : F: l din tch b tr nhm h tiu th ( m
2
).
P
0
: l sut ph ti trn mt n v din tch sn xut l 1 m
2
(kW / m
2
).
Nhn xt: Phng n ny c sai s ln, ch c dng tnh ton cho cc phn
xng c mt my mc tng i ng u nh xng dt, may v tnh ton
chiu sng.
2.4.3 Phng php cng sut P
v h s nhu cu k
nc
.
a) phng php tnh:
P
tt
= k
nc
.
=
n
i 1
P
i
P
tt
= k
nc
.
=
n
i 1
P
I
.k
mt

Q
tt
= P
tt
. tg ( nu cng cos ).
Q
tt
= P
tt
. tg
tb
( nu cos khc nhau ).

=
n
i 1
P
i
. cos
i
Trong : cos
tb
=

=
n
i 1
p
i
b) V d: xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho mt nhm cc thit b ng lc cho
trong bng sau
STT Tn Thit b S Lng P
m
(kW) Cos k
sd

1 My bo 3 2.8 0.8 0.62
2 My Tin 2 4.5 0.75 0.6
3 My mi 1 6 0.7 0.57
4 My Khoan 1 10 0.65 0.38
5 Qut 2 4 0.85 0.7
6 My BA hn 1 12 ( kVA) 0.4 0.5
Phng php: Quy i my bin p hn v ch lm vic di hn.
P
n
= S
n
. Cos
n
. c
Vi c = 0.25
P
n
= 12 *0.4* 25 . 0 = 2.4 (kW).
Tng s thit b n = 10

P
n
= 3*2.8 + 2*4.5 + 1*6 + 1*10 + 2*4 + 1*2.4 = 43.8 (kW)
n
1
= 1+1 = 2

P
n1
= 1*10 + 1*6 = 16 (kW)
n
*
= n
1
/ n = 2/10 = 0.2.

P
n1
16
P
*
=

= = 0.371 (kW)

P
n
43.8
n
hq
*
= 0.8 n
hq
= n
hq
*
. n = 0.8 *10 = 8 thit

13

1- k
sd

M k
nc
= k
sd
+

\ n
hq

=
n
i 1
P
ni
* k
sdi
3*28*0.62 + 2*4.5*0.6.
k
sd

= = = 0.5

=
n
i 1
P
ni
43.8
k
nc
= 0.5 + 1- 0.5 = 0.68
8

P
tt
= k
nc
*
P
n
= 0.68 * 43.8 = 29.8 ( kW)

=
n
i 1
P
i
. cos
i
cos
tb
= = 0.62

=
n
i 1
p
i
tg
tb
= 1.26 Q
tt
= P
tt
* tg
tb
= 37.55 ( kVA)

S
tt
= P
tt
/ cos
tb
= 29.8 /0.67 = 48.061 ( kVA)

Nhn xt: Phng php ny tnh ton n gin thun tin, nhng chnh xc
khng cao. Nn s dng phng php ny trong cc trng hp tnh ton s b.
2.4.4 Phng php h s cc i (k
m a x
) v cng sut trung bnh(P
tb
).
a)phng php tnh.
P
tt
= k
m a x
.P
tb
=k
ma x
.k
sd
.
Pdm
Q
tt
= P
tt.
tg

S
tt
= \Q
tt
2
+P
tt
2
= P
tt
/ cos ;

Vi
=
n
i 1
P
i
. cos
i
cos
tb
=
=
n
i 1
p

b)VD: Xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho mt nhm thit b ng lc c s thit b
sau: K
sd
= 0.15
STT Tn thit b S liu P (kW)
Co s
1 My tin 3 4 0,7
2 My bo 2 8 0,7

14
3 My phay 2 7 0,8
4 My doa 2 12 0,75
5 MBA hn 1 14 0,4
6 Chiu sng 1 3 1

Phng php quy i MBA hn: P
n
=S
m
.Cos . c
= 14 . 0,4 . 25 . 0 = 2,8 (kW)
S thit b: n =11(thit b).
P
n m
=3.4+2.8+2.7+2.12+1.14+3.1 =71.8 (kW).

P
ma x
=12 (kW) Ta c :n =2+2+2 = 6( thit b).
n
1
6

n
*
= = = 0,54
n 11

P
m n1
= 2.7+2.8+2.12 =54 (kW).
54
P
*
m
= = 0,75
71,8
Tra bng ta c: n
*
hq
=0.82 n
hq
=n
*
hq
.n =9(thit b)

Tra bng ta c. k
ma x
=2,2

P
tt
= k
ma x
.k
sd
. P
nm
=2,2.0,15.71.8 =23,6 (kW).

=
n
i 1
P
i
. cos
i
cos
tb
= = 0.74 tg =0,91

=
n
i 1
p
i

Ta c: Q
tt
=P
tt
. tg =21,5 (kVA r).
S
tt
= P
tt
/ cos
tb
=23,69/ 0.74 =32 (kVA)

Nhn xt: Phng php cho bit kt qu tng i chnh xc v khi xc nh n
hq
tnh n hng lot s thit b trong nhm.
2.5 th ph ti in.
2.5.1 Khi nim: th ph ti l ng biu din mi quan h gia ph ti vi
thi gian tiu th (I , P ).
i vi mi loi h tiu th ca mt ngnh cng nghip u c th mt dng
th ph ti in hnh.
ngha: th ph ti c ngha rt to ln trong thit k v vn hnh mng in.

15
- Xc nh c cc tham s T
ma x
, k
t
. Thng qua cc thng s ny cho php ta
chn thit b, xc nh lng tiu th, nh gi ch lm vic ca mng in
v la chn phng thc vn hnh hp l kinh t.
- Da vo th ph ti ngi ta lp k hoch d tr nhin liu sa cha nh k
cc t my khng gy thiu ht cng sut trong h thng.
- Cn c vo th ph ti lin kt cc nh my in vi nhau nhm gim
cng sut cc i chung v san bng th ph ti, do nng cao c hiu
sut lm vic ca nh my v gim gi thnh in nng.
- Ngi ta chn c ngun cung cp v s cung cp in ph hp.
2.5.2 Thu thp v x l s liu.
a)Thu thp s liu:
Vic thu thp thng tin v th ph ti phi m bo theo di lin tc, trong
thi gian di m bo tin cy. Tu tng iu kin c th ta c th chn
nhng phng php thu thp s liu sau:
- Phng php o m t xa:
Cc thit b o m v cc b cm bin c t nhng ni quan st tn hiu v
n t ng ghi v truyn v trung tm x l thng tin. Phng php c chnh
xc cao v cp nht nhanh song yu cu chi ph vn ln.
- Phng php bn t ng.
- Phng php gin tip.
- Phng php o m trc tip.
b)X l s liu :
s liu sau khi thu thp cn c x l s b loi b nhng sai s c th
xut hin trong cc php o v sp xp trong cc bng biu thch hp. Sau ta
xy dng th ph ti ngy.
2.5.3 th ph ti ngy.
L th ph ti trong mt ngy m 24h.
th ph ti ngy sau khi x l s b s liu ta s biu din ph ti trn trc
tung tng ng vi thi gian trn trc honh di dng bc thang.

2.5.4 th ph ti thng.
c xy dng theo ph ti trung bnh hng thng. T th ta c th bit
c nhp lm vic ca h tiu th v t y c th nh ra lch vn hnh sa
cha thit b in hp l p ng c yu cu sn xut.

16

2.5.5 th ph ti nm.
th ph ti hng nm c xy dng da trn th ph ti ngy m ma
h v th ph ti ngy m ma ng.
Vi mt nm c 365 ngy th c 190 ngy ma h + 175 ngy ma ng.
Cch v:
K ng thng i qua im cao nht ca th ph ti ngy m v xc nh
thi gian tc ng ca ph ti trong nm tc l ng vi P
1
ta s c.

T
1
= T
1
he
+T
1
ong

Tip theo k ng bc thang th hai xc inh P
2

P
1
tng ng vi T
1
= 190T
1
he
+175T
1
ong
P
2
tng ng vi T
2
= 190T
2
he
+175T
2
ong
P
n
tng ng vi T
n
= 190T
n
he
+175T
n
ong

2.6 Phng php tnh mt s ph ti c bit.
2.6.1 Xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho thit b mt pha.
a) Cng sut khng cng bng 15% tng cng sut ba pha th cc thit b mt
pha c coi nh thit b ba pha c cng sut tng ng.
b) Cng sut khng cn bng > 15% tng cng sut ba pha th ph ti tnh ton
c qui i v ba pha P
tt(max)
ca thit b mt pha c tnh ton nh sau:
- Thit b mt pha ni vo in p pha ca mng in th :
P
tt 3pha
=3 . P
tt 1pha max

Trong : P
tt 1pha max
:l tng cng sut thit b mt pha ca pha c ph ti ln
nht.
- Thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy ca mng.
P
tt 3pha
= 3 . P
tt 1pha


17
- Trng hp trong mng va c thit b mt pha ni vo in p pha va c
thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy th ta qui i cc thit b ni vo in p dy
v thit b ni vo in p pha nh sau:
P
q
= P
i j
.p
i j
; Q
q
= Q
q
.q
ij

Trong : P
q
; Q
q
: Cng sut phn khng v qui i.

P
i j
; Q
i j
: Cng sut gia pha i v pha j.
p
i j
; q
i j
: Cc h s qui i ph thuc h s cos cho bng sau :

H s qui i 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
P
(ab) a ;
P
(bc) b
;P
(ac) c
1.17 1 0.89 0.84 0.8 0.72 0.64 0.5
P
(ab) b ;
P
(bc) c
;P
(ac) a
-0.17 0 0.11 0.16 0.2 0.28 0.36 0.5
Q
(ab) a
;Q
(bc) b
;Q
(ac) c
0.86 0.58 0.38 0.3 0.22 0.09 -0.5 -0.29
Q
(ab) b
;Q
(bc) c
;Q
(ac) a
1.14 1.16 0.96 0.88 0.8 0.67 0.52 0.29

2.6.2 Xc nh ph ti nh nhn.
a) Ni dung phng php.
Ph ti nh nhn thng c tnh di dng dng in nh nhn.
- i vi mt my dng in nh nhn chnh l dng m my.
I
m
= I
mm
= K
mm
. I
m
(K
mm
: bi s m my ng c)
- Khi ng c c s liu chnh xc th K
mm
c ly nh sau:
ng c KB r to lng sc: K
mm
= 57
ng c mt chiu v ng c KB dy qun K
mm
= 2.5
- i vi mt nhm my dng in nh nhn xut hin khi c dng m my
ln nht trong nhm m my.
I
m
= I
mm max
+ ( I
tt
- K
sd
. I
m max
)

Trong :
I
tt
: Dng in tmh ton ca nhm my.
K
sd
: Ca ng c c dng in m my ln nht.
I
m max
: Dng in nh mc ca ng c c dng in m my ln.

b)V d :
Tnh ton ph ti nh nhn ca ng dy cung cp cho ph ti c s liu
sau.

ng c P
m
(k w)
c(%)
cos I
m
(A) K
mm

Nmg hng 14 25 0.66 27.5 5.5
Xe con 6 15 0.72 8.45 2.5
Xe ln 12 15 0.75 16.3 2.5
Bit U=380/220 V ;K
sd
=0.1
Phng php: ng c nng hng c I
mm max
= 27,5 .5,5 = 151 (A)
Ph ti tnh ton ca nhm qui i.
P
tt
= P
m
= P

= 14. 25 . 0 +6 . 15 , 0 +12 . 15 , 0 = 13.97( kW)
Q
tt
= P
tt.
tg = 19.95 (kVA r)

18
S
tt
= \Q
tt
2
+P
tt
2
= 19.95 (kVA)
I
n max
= 25 . 0 . 27,5 = 13,7(A)
y l dng nh mc ca ng c qui i di hn .
S
tt
I
tt
= = 30,1(A)
3 . U
n
Ta c: I
m
= 151 + ( 30,1 - 0,1 . 13,75) = 179,9(A)

2.7 Xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho phn xng, x nghip.
a) Ph ti chiu sng : Xc nh theo phng php gn ng.
- Sut tiu hao in nng trn mt n v din tch.
- H s nhu cu (k
nc
)
Trong trng hp i vi cac phn xng s c k
nc
khc nhau.
+ i vi ph ti nh k
nc
= 1
+ i vi ph ti ln k
nc
= 0,95
+ i vi ph ti va k
nc
= 0,8
+ i vi trm bin p k
nc
= 0,6

b) Ph ti ng lc :
Ty theo nhu cu ca bi m ta chn mt trong phng php bit.
Cng sut tc dng:
P
tt lc
= P
tt 1
+ P
tt 2
+ + P
tt n

Cng sut phn khng:

Q
tt lc
= Q
tt 1
+ Q
tt 2
+ + Q
tt n

Ph ti tng hp cho phn xng theo h s ng thi.
S
tt phn xng
= \(P
tt l
+P
cs
)
2
+Q
2
tt l

Thit b lm vic ch di hn K
t
= 0,9
Thit b lm vic ch ngn hn K
t
= 0,85
Cng sut tnh ton gi tr cao p ca trm bin p phn xng.
S
tt px
= S
tt px
+ AS
mba
+ AS
t

2.8 Xc nh ph ti tnh ton x nghip.
Sau khi xc nh c phn xng ta tng hp cc phn xng.
P
tt cao p
= P
tt h p
+ AP
d
+A TBA

2.9 Xc nh trung tm ph ti in.
2.9.1 Mc ch.
Xc nh tm ph ti l nhm xc nh v tr hp l nht t cc t phn
phi, t ng lc. Ti cc v tr th tn tht in p v tn tht cng sut l
nh nht. Chi ph kim loi mu l hp l nht. Tuy nhin vic la chn cui
cng cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh:
- m bo tnh m quan

19
- Thun tin khi vn hnh
- An ton trong thao tc v.v
2.9.2 Cng thc tnh xc nh tm ph ti.
=
=
=
n
i
dmi
n
i
dmi i
P
P X
X
1
1
) * (
;
=
=
=
n
i
dmi
n
i
dmi i
P
P Y
Y
1
1
) * (

Trong : X,Y - l honh v tung ca tm ph ti.
X
i
,Y
i
- l honh v tung ca ph ti th i.
P
dmi
- l cng xut ca thit b th i.
2.10 Mt vi nt v d bo ph ti in.
D bo ph ti rt quan trng, nu chng ta d bo khng chnh xc, sai lch
qu nhiu kh nng cung cp hoc v nhu cu nng lng th s dn n hu qu
khng tt cho nn kinh t.
Nu d bo ph ti qu tha th dn n hu qu huy ng ngun vn ln,
tng vn u t.
Nu d bo ph ti thp so vi nhu cu th s khng nng lng cung cp
cho cc h tiu th trong tng lai gn dn n gy thit hi cho nn kinh t.
Thng thng c ba loi d bo ch yu:
- D bo tm ngn: Khong 1 n 2 nm (sai s 5 n 10%).
- D bo tm va : Khong 3 n10 nm (sai s 10 n 20 % ).
- D bo tm xa hay di hn: Khong 10 n 20 nm hoc di hn (sai s 10
n 20 %).
Ngoi d bo ngn hn v di hn ta cn gp d bo iu , tm d bo
khong vi gi,vi ngy, vi tun (sai s 3 n 5 %).
2.11 Bi tp v xc nh ph ti in.
1. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton ca phn xng gia cng ngui ca nh my c kh
Cho bit s
0
= 0,3 kVA/m
2
. Din tch phn xng F = 1300 m
2
.
2. Tnh ph ti tnh ton ca nhm my kh nn. Bit rng trong mt nhm my
sn xut c 312.10
6
m
2
kh nn. in nng tiu th cho 10
3
m
3
kh nn l
W
0
=100kWh/10
3
m
3
. Thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht T
m a x
= 7000h.
3. Xc nh ph ti ca mt nhm thit b ng lc c cc tham s cho trong
bng sau theo hai phng php: h s nhu cu v h s cc i, nh gi sai s
gia hai phng php v cho nhn xt.

P
n
,kw 3 4,5 5,6 6,3 8 10 12 14
k
sd
0,64 0,54 0,48 0,48 0,62 0,67 0,43 0,53

4. Mt phn xng sn xut gm cc thit b c cc tham s cho trong bng sau.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20
P
n
,kW 2.8 3.5 4 6.3 7 8 10
k
sd
0.76 0.65 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.48 0.52
c
n

- 0.8 - - 0.75 - -
cos 0.8 0.78 0.78 0.74 0.74 0.7 0.74

CHNG III: trm bin p
3.1 Khi qut v phn loi.
Khi qut : Trm bin p dng bin i in nng t cp in p ny sang
cp in khc, n ng vai tr rt quan trng trong h thng cung cp in.
Phn loi : 2 loi.
Trm bin p trung gian hay cn gi l trm bin p chnh. Trm ny nhn in
t h thng in p 35 220 kV bin i thnh cp in p 10kV hay 6kV hoc
0,4kV.
Trm bin p phn xng: Trm ny nhn in t bin p trung gian bin i
thnh cc cp in p thch hp phc v cho ph ti phn xng. Pha s cp
thng l 10kV, 6kV hoc 15kV hoc 35k, cn pha s cp c cc loi in p
220/127V, 380/220V hoc 600V.
3.2 Chn v tr, s lng, dung lng trm bin p.
Khi chn v tr, s lng trm trong x nghip ta cn phi so snh kinh
t- k thut.
V tr ca trm phi tho mn cc yu cu sau y:
- Gn trung tm ph ti, thun tin cho ngun cung cp in a n.
- An ton, lin tc cung cp in.
- Thao tc vn hnh v qun l d dng.
- Tit kim vn u t v chi ph vn hnh hng nm b nht.
- Ngoi ra nu c yu cu c bit nh c kh n mn, bi bm nhiu, mi
trng d chy
Phng php xc nh v tr t trm bin p.
To ca trng tm ph ti c coi l v ch ca trm bin p v c xc
nh theo biu thc:

s
i
x
i

s
i
y
i
X = ; Y =

s
i
s
i
Trong :
X, Y - to ca tm ti
x
i ,
y
i
- to ca im ti th i
S
i
- cng sut ca im ti th i
Khi xc nh s lng trm ca x nghip, s lng v cng sut ca my bin
p trong mi trm chng ta cn ch n mc tp trung hay phn tn ca ph
ti trong x nghip v tnh cht quan trng ca ph ti cung cp in. Chng ta
cn tin hnh so snh kinh t k thut ngay khi xc nh phng n cung cp
in.

21
Khi xc nh s lng cng sut ca my bin p c xc nh theo
cc tiu chun kinh t k thut sau:
- An ton, lin tc cung cp in. Tnh lin tc an ton cung cp in l ta c th
thm mt my d tr, trong trng hp s c my ny c a vo vn hnh.
- Vn u t b nht. Ni n s lng my t trong trm phi t nht a n
s n gin ho s in, tip kim c thit b ng ct, dng c o lng
v thit b bo v rle, ng thi nng cao c tin cy cung cp in.
Vic s dng hp l dung lng qu ti ca my bin p cho php ta
gim c cng sut t v do tip kim c vn u t.
- Chi ph vn hnh hng nm b nht.
Khi xc nh s lng v dung lng ca my bin p trong mt trm,
chng ta cn ch n mc tp chung hay phn tn ca ph ti trong x
nghip v tnh quan trng ca ph ti v phng din cung cp in.
Tm li : Khi chn s lng v cng sut ca my bin p trong trm bin p ta
phi thc hin nh sau.
- Xc nh s lng my bin p (mt hay hai), tu thuc vo mc m bo
yu cu ca h tiu th.
- Xc nh cng sut in p theo iu kin vn hnh ti u (chi ph vn hnh b
nht), ng thi cng lu n vic hn ch s chng loi my bin p.
- Kim tra cng sut ca my bin p c chn, theo quan im kh nng qu
ti ca my bin p cn li trong trng hp s c my bin p ca trm.
- Kim tra kh nng m nhn khi ph ti tng ln theo yu cu pht trin trong
tng lai.
- Kim tra xem tr s dng in ngn mch phn in p thp c thch ng vi
nhng c im ca kh c in c b tr hay khng.
3.3 S ni trm bin p phn xng.
Thng thng khi cung cp in cho trm bin p phn xng cp
in p 6 15 kV. Trm ny c trang b vi 2 hay nhiu my bin p.
Trm h p vi mt my bin p: Thng trm ny phc v cho h tiu th loi
2 hay loi 3.
Trng hp ngoi tr l: Nu c ng dy d tr t li in p thp
ly t ni khc n v b ch t ng ng ngun d tr ny, th trm c th
phc v cho h tiu th loi 1 vi ph ti khng ln.
Trm h p vi nhiu my bin p : Thng phc v cho tt c cc h dng
in, S ca n khc nhau tu theo s lng ca my bin p tu mc an
ton yu cu.
3.3.1 Trm c mt my bin p.
c im: i vi trm h p phn xng mt my bin p, ta ni trm bin
p n ng dy in p cao.
6 -10kV

22

Nhn xt: Vic bo v qu ti thc hin bng cu ch in p cao khng m
bo c nhy. Vi cch ni qua dao cch ly, cu ch v my ct ph ti.
Vic t hp gia cu ch v my ct ph ti to nn tnh m bo cao ging nh
i vi my ct nhng gim c vn u t cho trm. v b phn dp tt h
quang ca my ct ph ti c cu to n gin ln my ct ph ti ch ng ct
c dng in ph ti, cn vic ct dng in ngn mch do cu ch m
nhim.
3.3.2 Trm c hai my bin p.
Vic b tr hai my bin p trong mt trm cung cp cho x nghip cng
nghip i hi tnh lin tc trong cung cp in v p ng yu cu ph ti. S
ph hp v kinh t phi da trn c s m bo cc yu cu k thut. Vic b
tr hai my bin p phc v ny c u song song vi nhau ly t mt l
hoc t hai l c lp cung cp a n.
S nguyn l cng tng t i vi mt my.

6 10kV


23
0.4kV

3.4 S ni trm bin p trung gian.
S ni dy pha s cp ph thuc vo nhiu thng s: in p cung cp
a ti, cng sut v s lng my bin p, ch lm vic v mc m bo
yu cu
ca h tiu th, c trm pht in ring khng, s phn phi pha bn trong
x nghip, chng trnh pht trin ca x nghip do vy ta c rt nhiu phng
n gii quyt v cng rt kh chn c phng n tho mn mt cch y
cc yu cu trn.
Thng thng, cc trm ny c thc hin theo dng sau
- Ni n h thng nng lng bng mt hay hai l vi in p nh
mc bao gm gia 15, 35 v 110 kV.
- Pha in p t h thng a n, ngi ta dng s khng c thanh
ci (khi n hay hai khi, c hay khng c ng dy ni ngang qua
).
- Pha in p th cp ( Pha in p phn phi) ngi ta dng s vi
thanh ci n hay vi thanh ci kp.
- S lng my bin p c bin thin gia mt v ba. Song thng
thng nht l trm vi hai my bin p.

3.5 S ni dy trm bin p phn phi chnh.
Trm phn phi in nng chnh thng c b tr trn mnh t ca
x nghip.
i vi cc x nghip cng nghip c nhiu xng nm ri rc v phn tn
th theo quan im kinh t - k thut vic cc trm bin p phn xng khng
c cung cp t trm phn phi chnh m t mt trm phn phi trung gian bi
v nh vy ta s gim tiu tn kim loi mu i vi dy dn v lm n gin ho
c s ca trm phn phi chnh.
3.6 Cu trc ca trm.
Nhn chung cc trm h p chnh v cc trm phn phi ca x nghip cng
nghip khng khc nhiu so vi cc trm in ca h thng nng lng.
i vi trm h p phn xng, khi thit k lun lun phi c cch nhn gii
hn ti thiu cc trang thit b in v cc vt liu tiu dng trong vic lp rp v
xy dng v nh vy i vi xy dng trm. Trong mt s trng hp chng ta
cn phi m bo kh nng pht trin phn phi v sau ny.
tho mn c nhng iu kin k thut trn th ngoi vic thit k ng
t c cht lng xy dng v lp gip trm th ta phi:
- La chn ng trang thit b in tu theo cc tham s v in m ta bit
phi lp rp trm ng theo ng quy phm v ng vi tt c yu cu vn hnh
thun tin.
- Phi tn trng khong cch gia cc pha v gia cc phn dn in n cu
trc ni t v xung quanh.
- Kh nng loi nhanh ho hon v cc s c xy ra trang b in.
- Thun tin vn chuyn cc trang thit b in lp rp v sa cha.
- Phi thc hin ni t bo v.

24
- Phi s dng cc tn hiu cn thit.
3.6.1 Trm h p phn xng loi ngoi tri.
i vi cc x nghip cng nghip nh, thng thng y li in ca h
thng cung cp l ng dy trn khng, do ngi ta hay dng cc trm h p
loi ngoi tri kiu trn khng.
i vi cc my bin p ln hn 240 kVA s khng treo trn ct v trng
lng ca chng qu ln, hoc i vi my bin p ba pha ch to cng chung
li thp c dung lng b hn 240kVA cng khng treo trn ct.
3.6.2 Trm h p phn xng loi trong nh.
i vi cng sut ln hn (320 kVA hay nhiu hn ) cng nh trong trng
hp c nhiu thun li trong vn hnh hoc trong iu kin c th nh: Khng
kh c hi ca qu trnh sn xut, khng gian b tr trm qu t, th ngi ta
khng xy dng trm h p phn xng loi trong nh.
Trm h p phn xng loi ly c s ni dy n gin v thng dng s
khi, ngi ta ch dng s c thanh ci khi c hai hay ba my bin p hay
khi trm c h tiu th in p cao.
3.6.3 Trm h p phn xng loi c ch to sn thnh t.
Loi ny gm c : Mt hay hai my bin p (cng sut ti a 750 kVA cho
mi my), c t trong bung bng kim loi hoc h (nu loi bin p
du), h thng phn phi in p cao (6 hay 10 kV) gm mt hay nhiu t con
c gia cng v lp t sn theo mt s ni no . Mt h thng phn phi
in p 380/220 V hay 220/127V cng gm cc t cu kin gia cng sn.
Nhng trm ny c t trc tip trong phn xng sn xut ca cc x
nghip.
3.7 Kim tra trong trm bin p.
a) Kim tra thung xuyn.
i vi trm c cng nhn trc c cch nhau na gi hay mt gi phi i kim
tra ph ti ca my bin p v cc ng dy.
b) Kim tra nh k.
i vi my bin p ang vn hnh hay d tr v cc thit b khc trong trm
u phi c ch kim tra nh k.
c) Kim nghim.
i vi my bin p, my ct in du, cc cp in phi c ch kim
nghim nh k cch in.
3.8 Vn hnh trm bin p.
Thit k v vn hnh c quan h mt thit vi nhau. Ngi vn hnh cn
hiu thit k v cn chp hnh cc qui trnh d nh thit k pht huy
cc yu im ca phng n thit k.
Trnh t thao tc:
Thc hin thao tc my ct in v dao cch ly cn phi tn trng cc th t
sau:
+ ng ng dy cung cp in:
ng dao cch ly thanh ci.
ng dao cch ly ng dy.
ng my ct in.
+ ng ng dy cung cp in:

25
M my ct in.
M dao cch ly ng dy.
M dao cch ly thanh ci.
+ ng my bin p ba dy qun.
ng dao cch ly thanh ci trn phn in cao p, phn in p chung v
phn in p thp( in h p ).
ng my ct in pha cun dy cao, chung, h p.
+ M my bin p 3 dy qun.
M my ct in trn phn in p h, in p chung v in p cao.
M dao cch ly thanh ci trn phn in p h p,trung v in p cao.
Nu ngi vn hnh thc hnh thao tc sai, khng ng th t nu trn s gy
nn tai nn cho ngi gy thit hi thit b.

CHNG 4: MNG IN X NGHIP
4.1 Vai tr v nhng yu cu ca mng in x nghip.
Vai tr ca mng in x nghip:
- p ng in nng tiu th trong qa trnh sn xut cng nh trong sinh
hot .
- To iu kin thc y tng nng sut, tng li nhun v pht huy c ht
kh nng ca x nghip.
Nhng yu cu ca mng in.
- m bo cht lng in, tc m bo tn s v in p nm trong phm
vi cho php.
- m bo tin cy, tnh lin tc cung cp n ph hp vi yu cu ph
ti.
- Thun tin trong vn hnh lp rp v sa cha.
- C ch tiu kinh t hp l.
4.2 Cc cp in p dng cho mng in x nghip.
Cc x nghip cng nghip l nhng h tiu th in tp trung, cng sut ln.
in nng cp cho x nghip c ly t cc trm bin p trung gian bng cc
ng dy trung p. Tu theo cng sut ca x nghip v khong cch t x
nghip ti trm bin p trung gian c th chn dng cp in p 10 (kV), 22(kV)
hoc 35(kV) cho thch hp.
4.3 S ni dy mng in x nghip.
4.3.1 S ni dy mng cao p.
Khi chn s ni dy ca mng in, chng ta phi cn c vo cc yu cu
c bn ca mng in, vo tnh cht ca h dng in, vo trnh vn hnh
thao tc ca cng nhn, vo vn u t. Vic la chn s ni dy phi da
trn c s tnh ton so snh k thut.
C hai dng c bn sau:
- S hnh tia :
*.u im: L ni dy r rng, mi h dng in c cung cp t mt ng
dy, cung cp in tng i cao d thc hin cc bin php bo v v t
ng ho ,d vn hnh bo qun.
*. Khuyt im: L vn u t ln. V vy thng c dng cung cp in cho
cc h tiu th loi 1v 2.

26
- S phn nhnh: C u khuyt im ngc li so vi s hnh tia. V
vy thng c dng khi cung cp in cho cc h tiu th loi 2 v 3.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng kt hp hai dng s ny c bn ny li
nng cao tin cy v tnh linh hot.

a) b)
S cung cp in
a) S hnh tia; b) S phn nhnh

4.3.2 S ni dy mng h p.
c im: Mng in h p y c hiu l mng phn xng bao gm
mng ng lc hoc chiu sng trong phn xng in p thng l 380/220V
hoc 220/127V.
4.4 Kt cu ca mng in x nghip.
4.4.1 ng dy trn khng.
Nhn xt: ng dy trn khng c s rt rng ri v ph bin bi vn u
t t hn d thi cng, d pht hin v sa cha v.v
Theo in p nh mc v phm vi s dng, ngi ta phn chia lm ba cp sau
y:
Cp I : ng dy c U
m
=35 220 kV
Cp II : ng dy c U
m
=1 22 kV
Cp III : ng dy c U
m
s 1 kV
Nhng b phn chnh ca ng dy trn khng l: dy dn, ct, s cch in.

27
1) Dy dn:
Yu cu i vi dy dn l dn in tt v bn. Dy dn in thng c cc
loi: dy ng, nhm, nhm li thp v thp. ng dn in tt nhng ng t
tin, him, nn t dng. Ph bin nht ca ng dy trn khng l dng dy
nhm bi r tin v nh hn ng.
tng cng bn ngi ta thng dng loi dy nhm li thp. Phn thp
li dng tng bn cho dy dn.
Mt s k hiu loi dy nhp t Nga thng dng t nc ta.
M - Dy ng gm mt hay nhiu si ng cng ng knh vn thnh dy
xon.
A - Dy dn nhm gm by si hay nhiu vn thnh dy xon.
AC- Dy dn nhm m li l cc si dy thp trng km.
2) Ct in:
Tu theo mc ch s dng, ct ng dy c th phn loi sau: Ct trung gian,
ct no, ct gc, ct cui, ct chuyn v ct chuyn dng. Theo c tnh lm
vic, ct ng dy trn khng chia lm hai loi: ct no v ct trung gian.
Ct no: Dng kp cht dy dn mt s im trn ng i ca ng dy
trn khng v phi chu ton b lc ko dy dn v dy chng xt gia cc ct
no.
Cc loi ct ny yu cu cng v bn .
Ct trung gian: C cu trc bnh thng.
Ngi ta thng dng ba loi ct chnh : Ct g, tre. Ct b tng, ct st. Ct
st thp.
3) S cch in :
L b phn quan trng cch in gia dy dn v b phn khng dn in
nh x ngang, ct.
S phi c tnh nng cch in cao,chu c in p ca ng dy lc lm vic
bnh thng cng nh khi b st nh (c hin tng qu in p ).
Thng thng c hai loi s :S ng v s bt (treo thnh chui thng dng
trong trng hp ng dy U
mm
35kV).

Khong cch gia cc dy dn b tr trn ct quy nh nh sau:
Nu: U
m
s 1 kv th D = 0.4 0.6 m
U
m
= 6 10 kv D = 0.8 1.2m
U
m
= 35 kv D = 14 m
U
m
= 110 220 kv D = 4 6 m
4.4.2 ng dy cp.
c im ca cp l cch in tt. Cp c t di t v trong nhng
hm ring ln trnh c cc va trm do c kh v nh hng trc tip ca kh
hu nh nng, lnh, ma gi. in khng ca cp rt b so vi ng dy trung
tm cng tip din ln gim c tn tht cng sut v tn tht in p ( x
0
ca
cp trung bnh l 0.08 O/km, cn x
0
ca ng dy trn khng trung bnh l
0.4O/km ). Cp c chn di t ln t nh hng n giao thng v m bo
c m quan.
Nhc im:

28
r
- Gi thnh t ln t c dng ph bin m ch dng nhng ni tng
i quan trng.
- Trong qu trnh thi cng t cp th vic thc hin r cp gp nhiu kh
khn i hi phi c th in bc cao v t cp.
- Do cp t trong hm hay chn ngm di t ln vic xy ra h hng,
s c kh pht hin. Vic sa cha tn km m i hi nhiu thi gian.

CHNG 5: CHIU SNG CNG NGHIP
5.1 Khi nim m u.
5.1.1 nh sng.
l nhng bc x in t c chiu di sng nm gia khong 400 v760nm
hay m .( 1nm = m =10
-9
m) m mt con ngi c th cm nhn trc tip; l
nh sng nhn thy hoc gi n gin l nh sng.
5.1.2 Quang thng.
i lng o quang c bn l quang thng, n lin quan n thng lng bc
x thng qua ng cong tng i c th nhn c ca mt bnh thng.
5.1.3 Cng sng.
Cng sng I candela (cd). ca mt ngun sng dng im theo mt
phng l t l gia quang thng d| pht t trong mt gc c bn xung quanh
hng ny v gi tr dO ca gc t ny:
d| 1lm
I = Hay 1 cd =
dO 1sr

Trong : d| l thng lng bc x
5.1.4 ri E; n v lux, vit tt l lx.
ri E ca mt in tch ti mt im, l t s gia quang thng d|
nhn c bi mt vi phn in tch xung quanh im ny vi din tch ca n.

d| 1lm
E = ; Do vy 1lu x =
ds m
2
Khi s chiu sng trn b mt khng ng u nn tnh trung bnh s hc
cc im khc nhau tnh ri trung bnh, sau xin gii thiu mt s gi tr
thng thng khi chiu sng t nhin hoc nhn to.
- Ngoi tri, bui tra tri nng: 100.000 lx
- Tri c my 2000 n 10.000 lx
- Trng trn 0.25 lx
- Phng lm vic 400 n 600 lx
- Nh 159 n 300 lx
- ng ph c chiu sng 20 50 lx
n

29

o I o ds
dO

Gi s c mt ngun sng 0, din tch c chiu sng ds c php tuyn n.
Thng lng ca ngun 0 i qua din tch ds l : d| = IdO.
Gi o l gc hp bi php tuyn n ca ds vi phng r. Gc t dO chn trn
mt hnh cu bn knh r, mt din tch bng ds coso.
ds coso d|
dO = =
r
2
I
T y suy ra:
d| I coso
E = =
ds r
2
Kt lun : ri thay i vi nghing tng i ca b mt v t l nghch
vi bnh phng khong cch r.
5.2 Dng c chiu sng.
5.2.1 n nung sng.
a)Cu to:
- Si t: Ch yu c lm bng vol fam. V n nng chy 3650
o
K v
s bc hi chm ca n ( p sut ca bc hi 5.10
-6
mmHg 2800
0
K) ng thi
sc bn c kh ln ca dy t. Dy ny c gia cng theo phng php tng
hp v c ko nh n ng knh 0.01 mm. Dy t c son kp l cng
ngh ph bin nht cho php t hiu qu nh sng t 1020 lm/W, tui th
trung bnh l 1000h. Hiu qu nh sng t 2027lm/W v tui th trung bnh
2000h .
- Bng n: Cc bng n chiu sng thng dng 15150W, thng lm
bng thu tinh c thm ch v c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau.
- ui n: ui ngnh tr cho cng sut nh hn 150W
ui xoy vi mi cng sut.
b) Nguyn tc lm vic:
Da trn c s bc x nhit khi dng in i qua si dy tc dy tc s pht
sng v pht quang.
c) u, nhc im:
u im:
- Ni trc tip vo li in .
- Kch thc nh.
- Gi r.
- Bt sng ngay.
- To ra mu sc m p.
- H s cos cao ( =1).
Nhc im: Tn in, pht nng v tnh nng ca n thay i ng k theo
bin thin in p ngun.
5.2.2 n hunh quang.

30
a)Cu to:
- Bu n: Lm bng thu tinh dng hnh tr, ng knh v chiu di ph thuc
vo cng sut ca n. Mt trong ca n c trng mt lp bt hunh quang.
- in cc : Lm bng vol fam c ph lp Oxt kim th lm gim cng thot
in t v tng mt bc x in t. Khng gian trong bu n cha Agon v
mt cht thu ngn, p sut trong bnh khong 3mmHg.
b)Nguyn l hot ng:
Nguyn tc pht quang ca loi n ny da trn c s phng in ca cc cht
kh. Khi ng in hai u cc ca Stc-te c in th kh ln lm cho Stc-te
phng in, mch in c ni lin. Hai in cc A v B ca bng c t
nng, dy tc nng ln 800900
0
C tc dng lm gim cng thot in t, sau
12s cp in cc ca Stc-te ngui i v tip im ca Stc-te m ra, lc ny p
trn n tng cao c th gp 23 ln U
ngun
bt u chuyn mch L - C v to
bc x t ngoi kch thch bt pht quang trn thnh ng lm chng pht sng.

c) u, nhc im:
u im:
- Hiu sut nh sng ln.
- Tui th cao.
- in tch pht quang ln.
- Khi in p thay i trong phm vi cho quang thng gim t(1%).
Nhc im:
- Ch to phc tp, gi thnh cao, Cos thp .
- Quang thng ph thuc vo nhit , phm vi pht quang cng ph
thuc vo nhit . Khi nhit di 15
o
c th Stc-te lm vic kh khn.
- Khi ng in n khng sng ngay.
5.2.3 n thu ngn cao p.
a) Cu to : Bu n c lm bng thu tinh chu nhit, thnh trong bu ph
lp bt pht quang, bn trong t mt gi c gn ng phng in v cc ph
kin khc ng phng in lm bng thu tinh thch anh, cho xuyn qua bc x
t ngoi
v nh sng nhn thy trong ng phng c thu ngn, kh Argon v cc in cc
ph. in cc chnh lm bng Vol fam c ph lp Oxt kim th gim cng
thot in t.
Khong trng bn trong bu cha kh Co
2
bo ton tnh cht bt pht quang
v cn bng p sut hai bn thnh bu.
b) Nguyn l hot ng:
Giai oi mi n: Khi ni n vo n, in p li t ln cc cp cc chnh
ph to phng in trong khng gian gia chng. Cc in tch c to ra v
cc cc tng ng v thc y qu trnh In ho cht khi cho n khi chuyn
sang ch phng in h quang trong hi thu ngn.

31
Giai on pht x: p sut lm vic trong ng phng in cao c 310at to
ln bc x t ngoi sng di v c nh sng nhn thy c bc sng = 578nm.
Lp bt bn bu ngoi c nhy cao vi bc x t ngoi phat ra t bu trong
v pht ra nh sng vng , n c tc dng hon thin ph mu v tng hiu
qu pht sng.
c) u, nhc im:
u im:
- n c cng sut cao t 801000W, p ng rt tt cho chiu sng khng
gian rng, c cao treo n ln.
- Ph mu c cht lng kh.
- Nng sut pht sng t 4050lm/W ( gp 2 ln n si t).
- Ch lm vic lm vic n nh, khng nh hng mi trng ngoi (t
o
,
m)
- Kch thc nh ,s ni n gin.
Nhc im:
- Nhit bu ngoi ti 300
0
c phi c chp bo v .
- Thi gian mi n lu khong2 pht,v khi n tt phi ch ngui mi mi
li c khong 510 pht.
5.2.4 Cc loi n khc.
- n vn nng c chp bng thu tinh v tn bng st. Hiu sut t 55%
n 59% y l loi n chiu sng trc tip, c th dng cc ni t hi nc,
bi v khi. Cng sut t 200 n 500W chiu sng chung cho phn xng.
- n chiu su pha trong chao n c trng mt lp phn x nh sng.
Quang thng c tp trung trong khong khng gian 0
0
-50
o
. Hiu sut 58% n
61%. Dng vi bng n c cng sut 200, 500 v 1000W hay dng cho phn
xng.
- n phng bi, nc n c cu to chc chn, kn. Bng n lp sn bn
trong c cng sut di 200W. Thng dng nh my ho cht hm m v
nhng ni nhiu bi, nhiu hi nc .
- n dng trong phng lm vic loi n ny c chao thu tinh m, c
s dng ni lm vic ,sinh hot t bi ,thng c cng sut di 200W. Hiu
sut 83%.
- n chiu sng cc b thng dng vi bng 75W. Hiu sut 50%.
5.3 Yu cu v tiu chun chiu sng.
*. m bo ri ti thiu (E
min
)
ri ph thuc vo nhiu yu t.
- H s phn x ca b mt lm vic, h s ny cng ln th chi do
nn cng ln th E
min
cng nh.
- T s gi kich thc nh nht ca vt cn quan st khong cch t mt
ti vt.
- tng phn cn quan st v nn.
- Thi gian quan st, thi gian cng lu th ri cng ln.
Bng sau qui nh ri ti thiu E
min
cho tng i tng :(l x)

Loi phng n si t n huynh
quang
Mt phng xc nh
di

32
Phng phng sinh hot 50 100 Mt ngang cch
sn0.8m
Phng lm vic 100 200 Mt ngang cch
sn0.8m
Phng v sinh 30 75 Mt ngang cch
sn0.8m

Hnh lang,cu thang 10 50 Mt ngang cch
sn0.8m

Tri chn nui 20 - 30

Sn
Phng hc

300 Mt bn
*. Khng lo mt: V vi cng nh sng mnh s lm cho mt c cm lo
thn kinh b cng thng, th gic mt chnh xc.
*. Khng lo do phn x : mt s vt cng tc c tia phn x kh mnh v trc
tip.
Do khi b tr n cn phi ch trnh.
*. Khng c bng ti. ni sn xut, cc phn xng khng nn c bng ti m
phi sng ng u quan st c ton b phn xng.
*. ri yu cu phi ng u nhm mc ch khi quan st t v tr ny sang v
tr khc mt ngi khng iu tit qu nhiu, gy mi mt.
*. Phi to c nh sng ging nh sng bn ngy th gic nh gi c
chnh xc.
5.4 Cc phng php tnh cng sut chiu sng.
5.4.1 Phng php h s s dng quang thng.
Phng php ny dng tnh ton chiu sng chung, khng ch n h s
phn x ca tng, ca trn v ca vt cnh. Thng dng tnh chiu sng cho
cc phn xng c din tch ln hn 10m
2
, khng thch hp tnh chiu sng
cc b v chiu sng ngoi tri.
Trnh t cc bc tnh nh sau.
Bc 1: xc nh H = h ( h
1
+ h
2
)
Bc 2: xc nh L (Khong cch gia 2 n k nhau theo t l hp l L/ H
Bng 7.4 ca gio trnh cung cp in ).
Bc 3: xc nh ch s phng c din tch : S = a.b
S
=
H ( a + b )
Bc 4: xc nh h s phn x trn:
trn,
,
tng

- i vi trn trng, tng trng, ca s tre dm trng: =70
- Tng trng, ca s khng che, trn trng : = 50
- Trn gh, b tng, tng c ca s : = 30
- Tng v trn trong bung nhiu bi, gch : = 1 0
Bc 5 : T
trn,
,
tng
v xc nh k
sd
tra bng P L 35. Trang 212.
Bc 6 : Xc nh quang thng ca n .
E S k Z
|
tt
=
n k
sd

33
Trong :
|
tt
- L quang thng ca mi n, lu-men.
E - ri .
S - din tch cn chiu sng ,m
2
.
k - h s d tr.
n - s bng n.
k
sd
- h s s dng ca n, n ph vo loin, kch thc v iu
kin ca phn x ca phng.
Z = E
tb
/ E
mim
- h s tinh ton, E
min
cho trong bng 13- 36 v 13 -
37. H s Z ph thuc vo loi n v t s L/H
Thng thng ly Z = 0,8 1,4.
Bc 7: Tra bng 7.2 tm cng sut ca bng c | |
tt

Nhn xt: dng cho n si t.
V d :Cho mt phng a = 28 m, b =16 m, cao=4.5 m, U=220V.
Xc nh cng sut n s dng n Y
m
. yu cu E ti thiu l 30lx .
k=1.3, h
c
=0,7, H =3, h
lv
=0,8 .

Bi gii:
Tra bng 7.4 ta chn c L/H =1,8; suy ra L=5,4 m(ly L=5 m) .Cn c
vo mt bng ca cn phng ta b ch n nh hnh v.
Ly h s phn x ca tng v trn: :
trn,
=30% ,
tng
=50%

S 28 .16
C h s phng : = = =3,5
H(a+b) 3(28 +16)

S dng bng tra mt s loi n ca Lin X c tm c h s s dng
k
sd
=0,46 v ly Z=1,2.
Quang thng ca mt n :

E S k Z 30 .448 .1,3 .1,2
|
tt
= = =2520 lu-
men
n k
sd

18.0,46

Chn n 200W c ( | |
tt
) vi | = 2528 lu -men


34

Hnh v.

5.4.2 Phng php tnh tng im.
Phng php ny dng tnh chiu sng cho cc phn xng c yu cu
quan trng v khi tnh khng quan tm n h s phn x. n gin trong
tnh
ton ngi ta coi n l mt im sng p dng c nh lut bnh phng
khong cch. Trong phng php ny ta phi phn bit tnh ri cho ba
trng hp in hnh sau:

35
- Tnh ri trn mt phng ngang ( E
ngang
).
- Tnh ri trn mt phng ng ( E

).
- Tnh ri trn mt phng nghing mt gc ( E
nghieng
).
5.4.3 Phng php tnh gn ng.
Phng php ny thch hp tnh ton chiu sng cho cc phng nh
hoc ch phng nh hn 0,5; yu cu tnh ton khng cn chnh xc lm. Phng
php gn ng ny cng c hai cch tnh.
Cch tnh th nht : Phng php ny kh thch dng trong khi thit k v
tnh ton s b. S dng phng php ny ch cn xc nh cng sut nh sng
trn n v din tch (W/m
2
) theo tng yu cu chiu sng khc nhau, sau
nhn vi din tch cn chiu sng l c cng sut tng. c cng sut tng
ri mi xc nh s n, loi n v treo cao ca n khi cn thit th kim tra
li tiu chun theo phng php tnh ri tng im nu trn.
P
tng
=p.S (W)
Trong : p L cng sut trn n v mt vung W/m
2

S Din tch cnchiu sng m
2
.
Cch tnh th hai: Cch tnh ny ch yu da vo mt bng tnh ton
sn vi cng sut 10W/1m
2
. Khi thit k nu ly ri ph hp vi ri trong
bng tnh sn th khng phi hiu chnh. Nu khc nhau v ri th cng
sut phi hiu chnh theo biu thc.
10.E
min
.k
P =
E
Trong : E
min
- ri ti thiu cn c i vi ni tnh ton chiu sng.
E - ri tra bng tnh sn vi tiu chun 10W/m
2
, vi cc bng
n khc nhau (bng13 49 sch cung cp in ).
K - H s an ton.
Sau khi tnh ton c P ta phi nhn vi din tch ca phng m ta thit k
c cng sut t P
. T y ta tm c cng sut n tng ng vi cng sut

d tnh khi s dng bng.
P

S lng n n =
p

5.5 Thit k chiu sng cng nghip.
5.5.1 Nhng vn chung.
Trong bt k x nghip no, ngoi chiu sng t nhin cn phi chiu sng
nhn to, ph bin nht l dng n in chiu sng nhn to. Khi chiu sng
cng nghip phi p ng yu cu v ri v hiu qu ca chiu sng i vi
th gic. Ngoi ra chng ta cn phi quan tm n mu sc nh sng la chn
cc chao chp n, s b ch chiu sng va m bo kinh t k thut v phi
m bo m quan. Thit k chiu sng cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Khng lo mt : v vi cng nh sng mnh s lm cho mt cm gic
lo ,thn kinh b cng thng, th gic mt chnh xc.
- Khng lo do phn x.

36
- Khng c bng ti: ni sn sut, cc phn xng khng nn c bng ti
m phi sng ng u c th quan st c ton b phn xng.
- ri yu cu phi ng u : Nhm mc ch khi quan st t v tr ny
sang v tr khc mt ngi khng phi iu tit qu nhiu, gy mi mt.
- Phi to c nh sng ging nh sng ban ngy: th gic nh gi
c chnh xc.
5.5.2 Nhng s liu ban u.
Mun thit k chiu sng cn c s liu sau :
- Mt bng ca x nghip, ca phn xng, v tr cc my t trn mt bng
phn xng.
- Mt bng v mt ct nh xng xc nh v tr treo n.
- Nhng c im ca qu trnh cng ngh (lm vic chch xc, cn phn
bit mu sc). Cc tiu chun v ri ca cc khu vc lm vic.
- S liu v ngun in, ngun vt t.
5.5.3 B tr n.
Chiu sng cc b kh n gin v phi cn c vo hon cnh c th
quyt nh. Di y s trnh by cch b tr n cho chiu sng chung.
Chiu sng chung s phi dng nhiu n.Vn t ra l phi xc nh
c v tr hp l ca cc n v khong cch gia n vi trn nh v mt cng
tc.
C hai cch b tr n trong chiu sng chung hay c s dng
- B tr theo hnh ch nht: Nu b tr theo phng php ny m ri t yu
cu cng ngh th cng sut chiu sng s l nh nht.
- B tr theo hnh thoi: Trong thc t vic b tr n cn ph thuc vo cc
x ngang ca xng, ng i di chuyn ca cu trc trong phn xng.


37
CHNG 6: NNG CAO H S CNG SUT COS
6.1 Khi nim chung.
H s cng sut cng sut Cos l ch tiu nh gi x nghip dng in
c hp l v tit kim hay khng. Vic s dng hp l v tit kim in nng c
ngha to ln v mt sn xut in nng phi tn dng ht kh nng ca cc nh
my pht in sn sut ra c nhiu in nng nht s dng in nng phi
ht sc tit kim, gim tn tht in nng n mc nh nht.
6.2 ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut Cos.
Nng cao h s cng sut Cos l mt trong nhng bin php quan trng
tit kim in nng.
- Gim c tn tht cng sut trong mng.
Ta bit : Q
=acgtg ; Nu tng Cos th gim vi P khng i th Q
gim
P
Q
2
+ P
2

M AP = R AP gim
U
2
- Gim c tn tht in p trong mang in.
PR + QX PR QX
AU = = + = AU
p
+ AU
q
gim.
U U U

- Tng kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy v my bin p.
\ P
2

+ Q
2

I =
3 U
Biu thc ny chng t rng vi cng mt tnh trng pht nng nht nh
ca ng dy v my bin p (I l hng s ) chng ta c kh nng truyn ti
cng sut tc dng P ca chng bng cch gim cng sut phn khng Q m
chng ta phi ti i.
Ngoi ra khi tng Cos cn a n nhiu hiu qu khc l gim chi ph
kim loi mu gp phn lm n nh in p, tng kh nng pht in ca my
pht in

6.3 Cc bin php nng cao h s cng sut Cos t nhin.
- Thay i v ci tin quy trnh cng ngh cc thit b lm vic ch
hp l nht.
- Thay th nhng ng c khng ng b lm vic non ti bng ng c c
cng sut nh hn.
- Hn ch ng c chy non ti.
- Gim in p ca nhng ng c lm vic non ti.
- Thay th nhng my bin p chy non ti bng nhng my bin p c
cng sut nh hn.
- Dng phng php b cng sut phn khng nng cao Cos.

38
Vic b Q ngoi mc ch nng cao Cos cn iu chnh v n nh in
p ca mng cung cp.Thit b b ch yu l t in v my b ng b.
6.4 Cc bin php nng cao h s cng sut Cos nhn to.
6.4.1 Xc nh dung lng v chn thit b b.
a) Xc nh dung lng b.
c xc nh theo cng thc sau.
Q
b
=P (tg
1
+tg
2
)o (kVAr).
Trong : P - ph ti tnh ton ca h tiu th (kW)

1
- Gc ng vi h s cng sut trung bnh trc khi b.

2
- Gc ng vi h s cng sut mun t c sau khi b.
o = 0,9 1 ,h s xt n kh nng nng cao Cos.
H s cng sut Cos
2
ni trn thng ly bng h s cng sut do c quan
qun l h thng in quy nh cho mt h tiu th phi t c, thng nm
trong khong Cos = 0,8- 0,95.
Ch : ng v mt tn tht cng sut tc dmg ca h dng in, th dung
lng b c th xc nh theo quan im ti u sau y:
Do b c th tit kim c mt lng cng sut tc dng l :
AP
tk
=k
kt
Q
b
- k
b
Q
b
=Q
b
(k
kt
- k
b
).
Trong :k
kt
Dng lng kinh t ca cng sut phn khng (kW/kVAr)
k
b
Sut tn tht cng sut tc dng trong thit b b (kW/kVAr)
Nh vy AP
tk
=f(Q
b
), t chng ta c th tm c dung lng b ti u ng
vi AP
tk
t cc i l :
Q
b.t ,u
=Q U
2
k
b
/2R.
Nhn xt : Q
b.t ,u
khng nht thit trng vi Q
b
. ng trn phng din ca h
tiu th th nn b mt lng bng Q
b.t,u
l kinh t hn c.

b)Chn thit b b.
Thit b b phi c chn trn c s tnh ton so snh v kinh t - k thut.
Bng sau trnh by cc thit b b v sut tn tht cng sut tc dng ca chng .

Loi thit b b k
b,
kW/kVWAr
T in 0,003- 0,005
My b ng b S =5000 30.000 kVA 0,002 - 0,027
My b ng b S < 5000 kVA 0,03 - 0,05
ng c dy qun c ng b ho 0,02- 0,08
My pht ng b dng lm my b 0,1 - 0,15
My pht ng b dng lm my b, khng tho
ng c s cp.
0,15 - 0,3

- T in : L loi thit b in tnh, lm vic vi dng in vt trc in p do
n c th sinh ra cng sut phn khng Q cung cp cho mng.
*. u im:
+ Sut tn tht cng sut tc dng b, khng c phn quay nn lp gip bo
qun d dng.

39
+ Vic ch to thnh tng n v nh, v th m chng ta ghp dn t in
vo mng tu theo s pht trin ca ca ph ti. Nhm tng hiu sut s dng v
khng phi b qua nhiu vn u t ngay mt lc.
*. Nhc im:
+ Nhy cm vi s bin ng ca in p t ln cc t in. V Q do t
in sinh ra t l vi bnh phng ca in p.
+ T in cu to km chc chn, d b ph hng khi xy ra ngn mch
khi in p tng n 110% U
m
th t in d b chc thng .
+ Khi ct t in ra khi mng, trn t vn tn ti in p d c th gy
nguy him cho ngi vn hnh.
- My b ng b : L mt ng c ng b lm vic ch khng ti do
khng c ph ti trn trc nn my b ng b c ch to gn nh v r hn
so vi ng c ng b cng cng sut, ch qu kch thch my b sn sut ra
cng sut phn khng cung cp cho mng, cn ch thiu kch thch mp b
tiu th cng sut phn khng ca mng. Ngoi cng dng b cng sut phn
khng my b cn l thit b rt tt iu chnh in p.
*. Nhc im: ca my b l c phn quay ln lp gip, bo qun, vn hnh
kh khn. cho kinh t my b thng c ch to vi cng sut ln my b
ng b thng c dng nhng ni cn b tp trung vi dung lng ln.
- ng c khng ng b dy qun c ng b ho khi cho dng in mt
chiu vo r to ca ng c khng ng b dy qun, ng c s lm vic nh
mt ng c ng b vi dng in vt trc in p. Do n c kh nng
sinh ra cng sut phn khng cung cp cho mng.
*. Nhc im: Ca loi ng c ny tn tht cng sut kh ln, kh nng qu
ti km .V vy thng ng c ch c lm vic vi 75% cng sut nh
mc.Vi l
do trn, ng c khng ng ng b r to dy qun c ng b ho c coi
l loi thit b b km nht, n ch c dng khi khng c sn cc thit b b
khc.
*. Nhn xt: Ngoi cc thit b k trn, cn c th dng ng c ng b lm
vic ch qu kch t hoc dng my pht in lm vic ch b lm
my b. Nh cc x nghip c nhiu t my Diezen-my pht lm ngun d
phng, khi cha dng n c th lm my b ng b.
6.4.2 Phn phi dung lng b trong mng in.
1. V tr t thit b b.
Sau khi tnh dung lng b v chn thit b b th vn quan trng l b tr
thit b b vo trong mng sao cho t hiu qu kinh t nht. Thit b b c th
c t pha in p cao (ln hn 1000V) hoc pha in p thp ( nh hn
1000V).
a) T in din p cao (6-15 kV) c t thanh ci ca trm bin p trung
gian hoc trm phn phi.
*. u im:
- Nh c t tp trung nn vic theo di vn hnh cc t in d dng v c
kh nng thc hin vic t ng hoiu chnh dung lngb.
- Tn dng c ht kh nng ca t in, ni chung cc t in vn hnh lin
tc nn chng pht ra cng sut b ti a.

40
*. Nhc im:
- Khng b c cng sut phn khng mng in p thp, do khng c
tc dng gim tn tht in p v cng sut mng in p thp.
b) T in in p thp (0,4 kV) c t theo ba cch:
- t tp trung thanh ci pha in p thp ca trm bin p phn xng.
c dng trong trng hp dung lng b kh ln hoc khi c yu cu t ng
iu chnh dung lng b n in p ca mng.
*. Nhc im: Khng gim c tn tht trong mng phn xng.
- t thnh nhm t phn phi ng lc .V cc t c t thnh tng nhm
nn chng khng chim din tch ln, c th t trong nhng t phn phi ng
lc, hoc trn x nh cc nh phn xng.
*. Nhc im: Do cc t in b tr phn tn khin vic theo di chng trong
khi vn hnh khng thun tin v kh thc hin vic t ng iu chnh dung
lng b.
- t phn tn tng thit b dng in. ng v mt gim tn tht in nng
m xt th vic t phn tn cc t b tng thit b c li hn c.
*. Nhc im: Vi cch t ny khi thit b in ngh th t cng ngh theo, do
hiu sut s dng khng cao. Phng n ny ch c dng b cho nhng
ng c khng ng b c cng sut ln.
Lu : Trong thc t tu tnh hnh c th m chng ta phn phi c ba phng
n t t in k trn.
2) Phn phi dung lng b trong mng hnh tia.
Gi s trong mng hnh tia c n nhnh, tng dung lng b l Q
b
, hy phn
phi dung lng b trn cc nhnh sao cho tn tht cng sut tc dng do cng
sut phn khng gy ra l nh nht hiu qu b l ln nht.
Gi dung lng b c phn phi trn cc nhnh l Q
b 1
, Q
b 2
Q
b n
. Ph
ti phn khng v in tr ca cc nhnh ln lt l Q
1
,Q
2
Q
n
v r
1
, r
2
r
n
.
Tn tht cng sut tc dng do cng sut phn khng gy ra c tnh theo
biu thc sau:
( Q
1
- Q
b 1
)
2

( Q
2
- Q
b 2
)
2
( Q
n
- Q
b n
)
2

AP = r
1
+ r
2
+ +
U
2
U
2
U
2
= f(Q
b 1 ,
Q
b 2
Q
b n
)

Vi iu kin rng buc v cn bng cng sut b l .
(Q
b 1 ,
Q
b 2
Q
b n
)

=Q
b 1
+Q
b 2
+Q
b n
= 0

thun tin trong vn hnh v gim bt cc thit b ng ct, o lng cho cc
nhmm t, ngi ta qui nh rng nu dung lng b ti u ca mt nhnh no
nh hn 30kVAr th khng t t in nhnh m nn phn phi dung
lng b sang cc nhnh ln cn.
3) Phn phi dung lng b trong mch phn nhnh.
Gi s mt mng phn nhnh do nhiu mng hnh tia ghp li.
Dung lng b ca nhnh th n c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(Q
(n -1) .n
- Q
b t n
) .R
tdn

Q
b n
= Q
n
-

r
n


41

Trong : Q
n
- Ph ti phn khng th n.
Q
(n -1) .n
- Ph ti phn khng chy trn on t im(n-1) ti im
n.
Q
b t n
- Dung lng b t ti im n.
R
tdn
- in tr tng ng ca mng k t im n tr v sau.

4) Phn phi dung lng b pha s cp v th cp ca my bin p phn
xng.
Khi bit dung lng b ca mt nhnh lo , cn xc nh xem nn phn
phi dung lng b v pha s cp v th cp ca my bin p phn xng
nh th l no t c hiu qu ln nht.Vic t t in pha in p thp
li gim c tn tht cng sut nhiu hn so vi vic t t in pha cao p.
Gi Q
b thp
l dung lng b pha in p thp. Chnh lch vn u t khi t
Q
b thp
pha in p thp so vi khi t mt dung lng b nh vy pha in
p cao.
AV = (a
thp
a
cao
) Q
b ,thp

Trong : a
thp
,a
cao
gi thnh 1kVAr t in p thp v cao.
S tin tit kim c mi nm do t t in pha in p thp l.
[Q
2

(Q - Q
b,thp
)
2
] (R
B
+R
td
)k|t
V =
U
2
.10
3

Trong :Q - Ph ti phn khg ca my bin p phn xng (bao gm cAQ
trong my bin p ).
Q
b,thp
- Dung lng b pha in p thp.
R
B
- in tr ca my bin p c qui i v pha in p thp.
R
td
- in tr tng ng ca mng in p thp.
K - H s xt n ca lm vic trong ngy (1ca, k =0,3;2ca, k =0,55 ;
3ca, k =0,75)
| - Gi tr kWh in nng.
t - S gi lm vic trong nm .
U - in p nh mc ca mng in p thp (kV).
6.4.3 Chn t in v iu chnh dung lng b.
a) Chn t in.
T in ch yu c chn theo in p nh mc. S lng t in ph
thuc vo dung lng b. Dung lng t sinh ra c tnh theo biu thc.
Q
td
= 2tfU
2
C = 0,314U
2
C
Trong : U - in p t nn cc t in (kV)
C - in dung ca t in (F)
V cng sut phn khng do t sinh ra t l vi bnh phng in p t ln cc
ca n nn chng ta cn cho t lm vic ng in p nh mc ca n.
T in p thp thng c ch to thnh t ba pha, ba phn t ca n c ni
thnh hnh tam gic. T in p cao thng c ch to thnh t mt pha
chng c ghp li thnh hnh tam gic, c cu ch bo v cho tng pha.


42
b) iu chnh dung lng b.
iu chnh dung lng b ca t in cho ph hp vi ph ti phn khng t
c hiu qu kinh t cao nht.
Vic iu chnh dung lng b c th c thc hin bng tay hay t ng.
Vic iu chnh t ng dung lng b ca t in thng c t ra trong
trng hp b tp chung vi dung lng ln.
C bn cch iu chnh dung lng b theo nguyn tc in p, theo thi gian
theo dng in ph ti v theo hng i ca cng sut phn khng. iu chnh
dung lng b theo in p v thi gian hay c dng.
- iu chnh dung lng b theo in p: Nu in p ca mng st di in
p nh mc, c ngha l mng thiu cng sut phn khng, th cn phi ng
thm t in vo lm vic v ngc li. Phng php ny va gii quyt c
yu cu b cng sut phn khng, nng cao h s cng sut Cos, va c tc
dng n nh in p.
- iu chnh dung lng b theo nguyn tc thi gian: Cn c vo s bin i
ca ph ti phn khng trong mt ngy m ngi ta ng hoc ct bt t in.
Phng php ny c dng khi th ph ti phn khng hng ngy bin i
theo qui lut tng i n nh.
- iu chnh t ng dung lng b theo dng in ph ti c dng trong
trng hp ph ti thng bin i t ngt.
Khi dng in ph ti tng cn ng thm t in vo lm vic, khi dng in
ph ti gim cn ct t in ra.
- iu chnh dung lng b theo hng i ca cng sut phn khng thng
c dng khi trm bin p cui ng dy v xa ngun. Nu cng sut phn
khng chy t ngun n ph ti cn cng sut ngun.
6.4.4 Vn hnh t in .
T in phi c t ni cao gio, t bi bm, khng d n, d chy v
khng c kh n mn.
T in in p cao phi c t trong phng ring, c bin php chng chy
v n. Phng phi c ca ra vo thun tin trnh khi xy ra s c t in n,
ngi vn hnh c ng s tn nhanh khi ni nguy him.
Khi vn hnh t in m bo hai iu kin:
- iu kin t
0
: Phi gi cho nhit khng kh xung quanh t in khng vt
qu +35
0
C.
-iu kin U: Phi gi cho in p trn cc ca t in khng vt qu
110%U
m
. Khi in p mng vt qu gii hn cho php ni trn th phi ct t
in ra khi mng.
Cn ch : trnh nh hng ca dao ng in p, mt s t in c ch
to vi in p nh mc cao hn in p nh nc ca mng l 5%.
Trong lc vn hnh nu thy t in b phnh ra th phi ct ngay ra
khi mng, v l hin tng ca s c nguy him, t in c th b n.


43
Bi kim tra sau mi hc trnh.
Hc trnh 1. (thi gian 45 pht)
Cu 1: Th no l h tiu th in v c my loi?
Cu 2: Hy xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo phng php h s cc i v cng
sut trung bnh.

S TT Tn my P
m
(kW) S lng Cos
1 Cu trc ( % 36 = c ) 14 1 0,6
2 Bin p hn( %) 49 = c 12 1 0,6
3 My mi th 10 2 0,6
4 My mi tinh 7 2 0,6
5 My tin 5,5 3 0,6
6 My khoan 4,5 3 0,6
7 Qut gi 1,7 1 0,6

Hc trnh 2. (thi gian 45 pht)
Cu 1: Hy nu nhng yu cu c bn ca mng in x nghip?
Cu 2: Hy xc nh v tr t ca trm bin p trung gian, bit cc thng tin v
v tr vph ti ca cc im ti nh sau.
im ti Cng sut
kVA
To ,km
x
To , km
y
1 46 7,4 1,2
2 52,5 33 5
3 35 2 23
4 56,3 21 20
5 38 19 12
6 42,7 36 9
7 37 22 35
Hc trnh 3.(thi gian 45 pht)
Cu 1: Hy nu ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut cos ?
Cu 2:Thit k chiu sng cho mt phng nh c din tch 100 m
2
, p
0
=30W
bng phng php chiu sng trn mt n v sn sut .


44
Bi thi ht hc phn.
Thi gian : 120 pht
s 1.
Cu1: Em hy nu ngha ca vic nng cao h s cos ?
Cu2 : Xc nh ph ti ng lc c cc tham s cho trong bng sau theo 2
phng php: H s nhu cu v h s cc i, nh gi sai s gia 2 phng
php v cho nhn xt.

P
n
,kW 3 4,5 5,6 6,3 8 10 12 14
k
sd
0,64 0,54 0,48 0,48 0,62 0,67 0,43 0,53

Cu 3: Thit k chiu sng cho mt nh xng c kch thc a-b*H = 18 * 8,5
*4m vi trn mu trng, tng mu vng v sn tri plastic.
Khi dng n hunh quang.

s 2.
Cu 1: Em hy nu cc bin php nng cao h s cos ?
Cu 2: Xc nh ph ti ng lc c cc tham s cho trong bng sau theo 2
phng php : H s nhu cu v h s cc i, nh gi sai s gia 2 phng
php v cho nhn xt.

P
n
, kW 2,2 7,5 5,5 10 13 10 3 13
k
sd
0,76 0,68 0,82 0,72 0,64 0,67 0,68 0,58

Cu 3: Thit k chiu sng cho mt nh xng c kch thc a-b*H = 18 * 8,5
*4m vi trn mu trng, tng mu vng v sn tri plastic.
Khi dng n si t.


45
Ti liu tham kho
- ) Sch gio trnh chnh:
1. Nguyn Xun Ph, Nguyn Cng Hin, Nguyn Bi Khu Cung
cp in Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut / H Ni 2003.
2. Gio trnh cung cp in Ng Hng Quang- Nh xut bn gio
dc/ H Ni - 2002
- )Sch tham kho:
1. Nguyn Cng Hin Cung cp in cho x nghip cng nghip
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut / H Ni 1992.
2. L Kim Hng Bo v rle v t ng ho h thng in Nh xut
bn i hc v gio dc chuyn nghip/ H Ni 1999.
3. Ng Hng Quang, V Vn Tm Thit k cung cp in Nh xut
bn khoa hc v k thut / H Ni 2001.
4. L Vn Doanh Cm nang thit b ng ct ABB Nh xut bn
khoa hc v k thut / H Ni 1998
5. Nguyn Cng Hin, ng Ngc Dinh.. Gio trnh cung cp in
NXB i hc v THCN, 1984
6. L Vn Doanh V ng Vn o dch t ting php quyn K thut
chiu sng Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut,1996.
7. Bi Ngc Th Mng Cung cp v phn phi in Nh xut bn
khoa hc k thut, 2002.
8. Trn Quang Khnh Bi tp cung cp in Nh xut bn khoa hc
v k thut/ H Ni 2005.


46

Mc lc

Trang
Chng I : KhI qut v cung cp in
1.1 c im ca cung cp in x nghip cng nghip .............................................4
1.2 Cc dng ngun in ............7
1.2.1 Nh my nhit in: ..7
1.2.2 Nh my thu in. ...8
1.2.3 Nh my in nguyn t. .........8
1.3 Mng li in cng nghip. ...9
1.4 Hi tiu th v phn loi. ......................9
1.5 Nhng yu cu v ni dung ch yu khi thit k cung cp in........10
1.5.1 Mt phng n cung cp in x nghip, cng nghip c xem l hp l.
1.5.2 Nhng ni dung ch yu khi thit k cung cp in.........................................10
Chng II: ph tI in

2.1 Khi nim chung: Gm h tiu th in v ph ti in....12

2.1.1 Phn loi ph ti in............12

2.1.1.1 Theo tin cy cung cp in...12
2.1.1.2 Theo gc s dng in. .....12
2.2 Cc i lng v thng s thng gp khi tnh ton ph ti in .........12
2.2.1 Cng sut nh mc ( P
m
) .......12
2.2.2 Cng sut t ( P
).......13
2.2.3 Ph ti trung bnh: .......13
2.2.4 Ph ti cc i :(P
max
) .........14
2.2.5 Cng sut phn khng(Q). .......14
2.2.6 Ph ti tnh ton: P
tt
;Q
tt
;S
tt
. ....14
2.3 Cc h s trong tnh ton ph ti. ...15
2.3.1 H s s dng(K
sd
) ....................15
2.3.2 H s cc i : (K
ma x
). .....15
2.3.3 H s ng thi : .......................15
2.3.4 H s nhu cu :K
nc
s 1 .......16
2.3.5 H s in kn th ph ti . ....16
2.3.6 H s ng in h tiu dng. ....17
2.3.7 S thit b hiu qu :(n
hq
) ........17
2.4 Cc phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton. ....18
2.4.1 Phng php sut tiu hao in nng trn mt n v sn phm18
2.4.2 Phng php sut ph ti trn mt n v din tch sn xut..18
2.4.3 Phng php cng sut P
v h s nhu cu K
nc
.....19
2.4.4 phng php h s cc di(K
m a x
)va cng sut trung bnh(P
tb
)....21
2.5 th ph ti in. ...........22
2.5.1 Khi nim: ...22
2.5.2 Thu thp v x l s liu. .....22
2.5.3 th ph ti ngy. ...23
2.5.4 th ph ti thng....23
2.5.5 th ph ti nm. ............24

47
2.6 Phng php tnh mt s ph ti c bit. .....24
2.6.1 Xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho thit b mt pha. ....24
2.6.2 Xc nh ph ti nh nhn . ...25
2.7 Xc nh ph ti tnh ton cho phn xng, x nghip. .....26
2.8 Xc nh ph ti tnh ton x nghip. .............27
2.9 Xc nh trung tm ph ti in . ....27
2.9.1 Mc ch. ...27
2.9.2 Cng thc tnh xc nh tm ph ti. 27
2.10 Mt vi nt v d bo ph ti in. ......28
2.11 Bi tp v xc nh ph ti in .....28
CHNG III: trm bin p
3.1 Khi qut v phn loi. ..30
3.2 Chn v tr, s lng, dung lng trm bin p. ..30
3.3 S ni trm bin p phn xng.....31
3.3.1 Trm c mt my bin p: ....32
3.3.2 Trm c hai my bin p: ..32
3.4 S ni trm bin p trung gian. ..33
3.5 Trm s bin p phn phi chnh...34
3.6 Cu trc ca trm bin. ..35
3.6.1 Trm h phn xng loi ngoi tri. ....35
3.6.2 Trm h p phn xng loi trong nh . ....35
3.6.3 Trm h p phn xng loi c ch to sn thnh t. ..35
3.7 o lng v kim tra trong trm bin p. .36
3.8 Vn hnh trm bin p. ..36

CHNG IV: MNG IN X NGHIP
4.1 Vai tr v nhng yu cu ca mng in x nghip . ....37
4.2 Cc cp in p dng cho mng in x nghip. ....37
4.3 S ni dy mng in x nghip . ..37
4.3.1 S nidy mng cao p . ...37
4.3.2 S ni dy mng h p. .....38
4.3.3 S ni dy mng chiu sng . ..38
4.4.1 ng dy trn khng. ...38
4.4.2 ng dy cp. .....40
CHNG V: CHIU SNG CNG NGHIP
5.1 Khi nim...41
5.2 Dng c chiu sng. ...42
5.2.1 n nung sng. .42
5.2.2 n hunh quang. ....43
5.2.3 n thu ngn cao p. .....43
5.2.4 Mt s n khc 44
5.3 Yu cu v tiu chun chiu sng . .45
5.4 Cc phng php tnh cng sut chiu sng. ....45
5.4.1 Phng php h s s dng quang thng. ..45

48
5.4.2 Phng php tnh tng im. .....48
5.4.3 Phng php tnh gn ng. ..48
5.5 Thit k chiu sng cng nghip . ....49
5.5.1 Nhng vn chung. ...49
5.5.2 Nhng s liu ban u . .....49
5.5.3 B tr n . ..49
5.6 Bi tp v thit k chiu sng....50
CHNG VI: NNG CAO H S CNG SUT COS
6.1 Khi nim chung. ....51
6.2 ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut cos . ...51
6.3 Cc bin php nng cao h s cng sut cos t nhin . ...52
6.4 Cc bin php nng cao h s cng sut cos nhn to. ..52
6.4.1 Xc nh dung lng v chn thit b b. .....52
6.4.2 Phn phi lng b trong mng in . .54
6.4.3 Chn t in v iu chnh dung lng b . ...56
6.4.4 Vn hnh t in . ..57
7. Cc thi kim tra cui mi n v hc trnh v kt thc mn hc..................58


49


Tai Lieu Cung Cap Dien Hay

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Tai Lieu Cung Cap Dien Hay

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

1

. T y ta tm c cng sut n tng ng vi cng sut

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi