E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

S EMESTER 1

Solutions to Sheet 4: Determinants and linear equations

1.

1
|A| = 3 
2



0
1
1 
1
0


1
2



0
1
+ 2 
1
0

= 3(0 + 2) 1(0 + 1) + 2(0 1)

=612
=3

0
|B| = 0 
2



2
2 
+ 1 
1
3



2
2 
+ 1 
1
3


0
2

= 0 + 1(6 2) + 1(4 0)
= 4

A1



1 1


+ 2 0 


1
1
1 2
=
adjA = 
2 0
|A|
3


1 2 


+
1 1
T

2 1 1
1
4 2 5
=
3
3 3
3

2
4 3
1
1 2 3
=
3
1 5 3




0
0 1


+ 

1
1 0



3 2
3
 
+ 
1
1 0



3 2 
3



+ 
0 1
0





2 2 
0 2 




+ 2 3 1 3




0 1 
1
1 1 


+
= 
1 3
2 3
4




0 1
1 1


+ 

0 2
2 2
T

4 8
4
1
1 1 1
=
4
2 2
2

4 1 2
1
8 1 2
=
4
4 1 2

B1

A A1

3
1
= 0
3
1

3
1
= 0
3
0

1
1
2
0
3
0

4
1
B1 B = 1 8
4
4
Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

2
2
1 1
0
1

0
0 = I
3
1
1
1

4
2
5

2
0
2 2
2
1

 T
1
2


2

1
1



2 0  T


+
1 2


0 1



1 2 


0 1

+ 
2 0

3
612
1
3 = 0 1 + 1
3
3
22+0

1
0
2

1
4
1
2 = 0
4
3
0

12 2 10 9 + 6 3
02+5
03+3 =
44+0
63+0

0
4
0

0
0 =I
4

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

2.

(a)

S EMESTER 1

Writing as a matrix equation:

2 1 1
x
3
3 2 2 y = 1 ,
1 4 2
z
1
ie Ax = b

2
|A| = 2 
4



3
2

+
1
1

2



3
2

+
1
1

2


2 
4

= 2(4 + 8) + 1(6 2) + 1(12 2)

= 24 + 4 14
= 14

A1




3
 2 2



+ 4 2 1



2
1
1 1
+ 
=

1
14 4 2



2
1 1
 
+ 
3
2 2
T

12 4 14
1
2 3
7
=
14
4 1
7

12 2 4
1
4
3 1
=
14
14 7
7


2
2

1
2

1
2


3
+ 
1

2

1

2
+ 
3

T
2 
4


4

1
2

3
12 2 4
x
1
4
3 1 1
y =
14
1
14 7
7
z

36 + 2 + 4
1
12 3 + 1
=
14
42 7 7

42
1
14
=
14
56
ie x = 3, y = 1, z = 4
(b)

Writing as a matrix equation:

1 2 4
x
27
2 1 1 y = 9 ,
3 2 3
z
27

Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

S EMESTER 1

ie Ax = b

1
|A| = 1 
2



2
1

+
2
3

3



2
1

+
4
3

3


1
2

= 1(3 + 2) + 2(6 + 3) + 4(4 3)

= 1 6 + 4
= 3



2
1 1



+ 2 3 3



1
1
2 4 
= 
+ 
3
2 3
3



1
2 4 
 
+ 
2
1 1

T
1
3
1
1
= 2 15 8
3
2
9
5

1
2
2
1
= 3 15 9
3
1
8 5

A1


1
3

4 
3

4 
1



2 1 T


+
3 2


1 2



3 2 


1 2

+ 
2 1

x
27
1
2
2
1
y = 3 15 9 1
3
z
1
1
8 5

27 18 + 54
1
= 81 + 135 243
3
27 + 72 135

9
1
27
=
3
36
ie x = 3, y = 9, z = 12
3.

(a)

1 2 1
3
1 2
2 2 3

1 2 1
0 2 5
0 7 1

1 2 1
0 2 5
0 0 33

2
1 2 1 2
5 2 2 3 15 R20 = R3
3
1 2 5
15
R30 = R2

2
11 R20 = R2 + 2R1
11
R30 = R3 3R1

2
11
99
R30 = 2R3 + 7R2

R3 33z = 99
z=3
R2 2y + 5z = 11
2y + 15 = 11
y=2
R1 x 2y + z = 2
x 4 + 3 = 2
x = 1
Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

S EMESTER 1

(b)

2
3
4

2
0
0

3
2
2

2
4
3

3
13
0

2
2
99

10
2 3 2 10
3 0 13 2 24 R20 = 2R2 3R1
5
R30 = R3 2R1
0 4
7 15

10
24
99
R30 = 13R3 4R2

R3 99z = 99
z = 1
R2 13y 2z = 24
11y + 2 = 24
y = 2
R1 2x 3y 2z = 10
2x + 6 + 2 = 10
x=1
(c)

1 1 2 2 3
2 1 1 2 0

3 1 2 1 4
1 2 3 1
6

1 1 2 2 3
1 2 3 1
6

2 1 1 2 0
3 1 2 1 4

1 1
2 2 3
0 1
1
3
9

0 3 3 2
6
0 2 4 5
13

1 1 2 2 3
0 1 1
3
9

0 0 0
11 33
0 0 2 11 31

1 1 2 2 3
0 1 1
3
9

0 0 2 11 31
0 0 0
11 33

Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

R20 = R4
R30 = R2
R40 = R3
R20 = R2 R1
R30 = R3 2R1
R40 = R4 3R1

R30 = R3 + 3R2
R40 = R4 + 2R2

R30 = R4
R40 = R3

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

R4

S EMESTER 1

11x4 = 33
x4 = 3

R3

2x3 + 11x4 = 31
2x3 + 33 = 31
x3 = 1

R2

x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 9
x2 + 1 + 9 = 9
x2 = 1

R1

x1 + x2 + 2x3 2x4 = 3
x1 1 + 2 6 = 3
x1 = 2

Check
2x1 x2 + x3 2x4 = 4 + 1 + 1 6 = 0 X
3x1 + x2 + 2x3 x4 = 6 1 + 2 3 = 4 X
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + x4 = 2 2 + 3 + 3 = 6 X
(d)

3 2 1 2 3
0 1 1 1 3

1 1 1
1
4
2 3 1 0
10

1 1 1
1
4
2 3 1 0
10

3 2 1 2 3
0 1 1 1 3

4
1 1
1
1
0 1 3 2 2

0 1 4 5 9
0 1
1 1 3

1 1 1
1
4
0 1 3 2 2

0 0 7 7 7
0 0 4
1 5

1 1 1
1
4
0 1 3 2 2

0 0 1
1
1
0 0 0 3 9

Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

R10
R20
R30
R40

= R3
= R4
= R1
= R2

R20 = R2 2R1
R30 = R3 3R1

R30 = R3 + R2
R40 = R4 R2

R30 = 71 R3
= R4 + 74 R3

R40

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

R4

S EMESTER 1

3t = 9
t=3

R3

z+t=1
z+3=1
z = 2

R2

y 3z + 3 2t = 2
y+66=2
y=2

R1

x+y+z+t=4
x+22+3=4
x=1

Check
2x + 3y z = 2 + 6 + 2 = 10 X
3x + 2y z 2t = 3 + 4 + 2 6 = 3 X
y + z t = 2 2 3 = 3 X
4.
x + 3y 4z = 0

(1)

2x y + 3x = 0

(2)

3x + 4y z = 0

(3)

(1)x = 4z 3y, substitute this into (2) and (3):

2(4z 3y) y + 3z = 0

7y + 11z = 0

(4)

3(4z 3y) + 4y z = 0

5y + 11z = 0

(5)

(5) (4) 2y = 0, z = 0 and x = 0

5.

(a)
kx + y + 2z = 0
x y 3z = 0
4x y + 2kz = 0
For non-trivial solutions the determinant associated with this system must equal zero, ie


k 1
2 

1 1 3  = 0


4 1 2k 






1 3 
1 3 
1 1





=0
k
1
+ 2
1 2k 
4 2k 
4 1
k(2k 3) (2k + 12) + 2(1 + 4) = 0
2h2 k 6 = 0

Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

(2k + 3)(k 2) = 0
3
or k = 2
k=
2

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

S EMESTER 1

When k = 2:
2x + y + 2z = 0

(6)

x y 3z = 0

(7)

4x y + 4z = 0

(8)

Eliminating y:
(6) + (7) :

3x z = 0

(6) + (8) :

6x 2z = 0

3x z = 0

(9)

3x z = 0

(10)

This is the same equation, therefore we have infinite solutions.

Solving (9) and (10): z = 3x x.
Using this in (6)
2x + y + 2z = 0
2x + y + 6x = 0
y = 8x

Hence, the solution is y = 8x, z = 3x for all x.

When k = 32 :
3
x + y + 2z = 0
2

3x + 2y + 4z = 0

(11)

x y 3z = 0

(12)

4x y 3z = 0

(13)

Eliminating x: (NB eliminating y does not work here. Can you see why?)
(11) + 3 (12) :

y 5z = 0

y + 5z = 0

(14)

4 (12) (13) :

3y + 15z = 0

y + 5z = 0

(15)

This is the same equation, therefore we have infinite solutions.

Solving (14) and (15): y = 5z z.
Using this in (12)
x y 3z = 0
x + 5z 3z = 0
x = 2z

Hence, the solution is x = 2z, y = 5z for all z.

(b)
3x + ky 5z = 0
kx 3y + 4z = 0
3x y + z = 0


3
3 
1



k
4


k

3
1


3 k

k 3

3 1


k
4


5

3
1


5
4  = 0
1

3
=0
1

3(3 + 4) k(k 12) 5(k + 9) = 0

3 k 2 + 12k + 5k 45 = 0
k 2 + 17k 42 = 0
k 2 17k + 42 = 0
(k 14)(k 3) = 0 k = 14 or k = 3
Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

S EMESTER 1

When k = 14:
3x + 14y 5z = 0

(16)

14x 3y + 4z = 0

(17)

3x y + z = 0

(18)

Eliminating z:
(16) 5 (18) :

18x + 9y = 0

(17) 4 (18) :

2x + y = 0

2x + y = 0
2x + y = 0

(19)
(20)

This is the same equation, therefore we have infinite solutions.

Solving (19) and (20): y = 2x x.
Using this in (18)
3x y + z = 0
3x + 2x + z = 0
z = 5x x
Hence, the solution is y = 2x, z = 5x for all x.
When k = 3:
3x + 3y 5z = 0

(21)

3x 3y + 4z = 0

(22)

3x y + z = 0

(23)

Eliminating x:
(21) (22) :

6y 9z = 0

2y 3zy = 0

(24)

(21) (23) :

4y 6z = 0

2y 3z = 0

(25)

This is the same equation, therefore we have infinite solutions.

Solving (19) and (20): y = 32 z x.
Using this in (23)
3x y + z = 0
3x 3z + z = 0
2
x = z z
3
Hence, the solution is x = 32 z, y = 32 z for all z.
6.

(a)
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + ky z = 3
3x + 4y + kz = 2
For unique solutions the determinant of the above system is non-zero. Therefore we are interested in values of k such that


1 2 3 


2 k 1 = 0


3 4 k 






k 1
2 1
2 k 

=0




1
2
+ 3
4 k
3 k
3 4
(k 2 + 4) 2(2k + 3) + 3(9 3k) = 0
k 2 13k + 22 = 0
(k 2)(k 11) = 0

Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

k = 2 or

k = 11
k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

S EMESTER 1

When k = 2
x + 2y + 3z = 1

(26)

2x + 2y z = 3

(27)

3x + 4y + 2z = 2

(28)

Eliminating y:
(26) (27) :

x + 4z = 4

(29)

(26) 2 (28) :

x + 4z = 4

(30)

This is the same equation, therefore we have infinite solutions.

Solving (29) and (30): x = 4 + 4z z.
Using this in (26)
x + 2y + 3z = 1
4 + 4z + 2y + 3z = 0
2y = 4 7zy =
Hence, the solution is x =
When k = 11

(4 + 7z)
2

4
+ 4z,

y = (4+7z)
for all z.
2

x + 2y + 3z = 1

(31)

2x + 11y z = 3

(32)

3x + 4y + 11z = 2

(33)

Eliminating x:
5
7
5
3(31) (33) :
2y 2z = 5
y+z =
2
These are two inconsistent statements, therefore there are no solutions.
2(31) (32) :

7y + 7z = 5

y+z =

(b)
kx y + 2z = 1
3x + ky z = 2
2x + kz = 3
For unique solutions the determinant of the above system is non-zero. Therefore we are interested in values of k such that


 k 1 2 


3 k 1 = 0


2 0
1






1 2 
k
 k 1
2 




=0
2 
0
+ 1
k 1
3 1
3 k 
2(1 2k) + k 2 3 = 0
k 2 + 4k 5 = 0
(k 1)(k + 5) = 0
k = 1 or

k = 5

When k = 1

Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

x y + 2z = 1

(34)

3x + y z = 2

(35)

2x + z = 3

(36)
k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk

E NGINEERING M ATHEMATICS E2

S EMESTER 1

Eliminating y:
(34) + (35) :

2x + z = 3

(37)

(35) :

2x + z = 3

(38)

This is the same equation, therefore we have infinite solutions.

Solving (37) and (38): z = 3 + 2x x.
Using this in (35)
3x + y z = 2
3x + y 3 2x = 2
y = 5 + 5x

Hence, the solution is y = 3 + 5x, z = 3 + 2x for all x.

When k = 5
5x y + 2z = 1

(39)

3x 5y z = 2

(40)

2x + z = 3

(41)

Eliminating z
(39) 2(41) :

x y = 5

(40) + (41) :

5x 5y = 5

xy =1

These are inconsistent statements, therefore there are no solutions.

Dr KJ Sandiford
Newton 270

k.sandiford@salford.ac.uk