klod frederik bastia

1801 - 1850

kanoni
is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

dawerilia 1849 da 1850 wlebSi - exeba dRevandelobas

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
noemberi, 2007

klod frederik bastias klasikuri naSromebis winamdebare

qarTuli gamocema momzadebulia ekonomikuri codnis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba axali ekonomikuri skola
saqarTvelos mier, katonis saxelobis institutTan
(vaSingtoni, aSS) TanamSromlobiT.
Targmnilia frangulidan. Ooriginalis stili daculia.
saredaqcio jgufi madlobas uxdis yvelas, vinc
monawileoba miiRo da dagvexmara am wignis momzadebasa da
gamocemaSi, gansakuTrebiT katonis saxelobis institutis
vice-prezidents saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebSi
dr. tom palmers.
saredaqcio sabWo:
paata SeSeliZe
gia jandieri
nino gorgaZe
tom palmeri
mTavari redaqtori, biografiuli cnobebis da garekanis
dizainis avtori
paata SeSeliZe
mTargmneli
Teona oZelaSvili
stilisturi redaqtori
sesili xanjalaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori
Tamar xvTisiaSvili
damkabadonebeli
irakli SeSeliZe
axali ekonomikuri skola _ saqarTvelos gamocemaTa
seria Tavisuflebis klasika, 2007.
gamomcemloba wignis saxelosno, 2007.
ISBN 978-9941-0-0204-5

CLAUDE FRDRIC BASTIAT

1801 -1850

LA LOI
CE QU'ON VOIT ET CE QU'ON NE VOIT PAS

Ecrit en 1849-1850 Lactualit daujourdhui

TBILISSI, GORGIE
NOVEMBRE, 2007

La publication gorgienne de luvre littraire de Claude Frdric Bastiat est prpare par la socit pour la propagation de la
connaissance scientifique Lcole conomique nouvelle
Gorgie coopration avec Cato Institu, Washington, .U.
La traduction est fait de la langue Franais. Le style original est
gard.
Le group de rdaction voudrait exprimer la gratitude tout le
monde qui a aid et particip a la publication. La gratitude spcial a Dr. Tom Palmer Vice-prsident de Cato Institu.
Le conseil de rdaction
PAAT CHECHELIDZ
GI JANDIERI
NINO GORGADZ
TOM PALMER
Le rdacteur eu chef, lauteur des notes biographique et le dsigner de la couverture
PAAT CHECHELIDZ
Le traducteur
TEON ODZELACHVILI
Le rdacteur stylistique
SESILI KHANJALADZ
Le rdacteur technique
TAMAR KHVTISIACHVILI
taler
IRAKLI CHECHELIDZ

La srie des publication de lcole conomique nouvelle

Gorgie
Les uvres classiques de la libert 2007
La maison ddition Tsignis sakhelosno

ISBN 978-9941-0-0204-5

CLAUDE FREDERIC BASTIAT

1801 -1850

THE LAW
THAT WHAT IS SEEN AND THAT WHAT IS NOT SEEN

written in 1849 and 1850 - just as true today

TBILISI, GEORGIA
NOVEMBER, 2007

Georgian publication of classical writing of Claude Frdric

Bastiat is prepared by the Society for Dissemination of
Economic Knowledge New Economic School Georgia in
cooperation with Cato Institute, Washinton, USA.
Translation is made from French. Original style is preserved.
Editorial group would like to express its gratitude to everyone
who participated in and helped with the preparation of this
publication, special thanks to Dr. Tom Palmer, Vice President of
the Cato Institute for International Affairs.
Editorial board:
PAATA SHESHELIDZE
GIA JANDIERI
NINO GORGADZE
TOM PALMER
Editor in Chief, Author of Biographical Notes and Cover
Designer
PAATA SHESHELIDZE
Translator
TEONA ODZELASHVILI
Stylistic Editor
SESILI KHANJALADZE
Technical Editor
TAMAR KHVTISIASHVILI
Layout
IRAKLI SHESHELIDZE
Series of Publications of New Economic School - Georgia
Classics of Freedom. 2007.
Publishing House Tsignis sakhelosno 2007.
ISBN 978-9941-0-0204-5

sarCevi
redaqtoris winasityvaoba. paata SeSeliZe.............................. 9
winasityvaoba bastias pirveli qarTuli
gamocemisTvis. tom palmeri............................................................... 11
gafrTxileba me-19 saukunidan. gia jandieri.......................... 12
kanoni.............................................................................................................. 14
sicocxle RvTis saCuqaria............................................................... 15
ra aris kanoni......................................................................................... 15
samarTliani da mtkice mmarTveloba .......................................... 16
kanonis sruli gaukuRmarTeba........................................................ 17
kacobriobis damRupveli midrekileba....................................... 17
sakuTreba da Zarcva............................................................................ 18
dakanonebuli Zarcvis msxverplni................................................ 18
dakanonebuli Zarcvis Sedegebi...................................................... 19
arakonformistebis bedi................................................................... 20
vin gansjis?............................................................................................ 20
saarCevni uflebis SezRudvis mizezebi...................................... 21
pasuxi kanonis SezRudvaSi mdgomareobs.................................... 21
dakanonebuli Zarcvis damRupveli idea.................................... 22
gaukuRmarTebul kanons dapirispirebamde mivyavarT.......... 22
monoba da sabaJo tarifebi Zarcvaa.............................................. 23
Zarcvis ori forma............................................................................... 23
kanoni Zarcvas icavs............................................................................ 24
rogor amovicnoT dakanonebuli Zarcva?.................................. 24
dakanonebul Zarcvas bevri saxeli aqvs...................................... 25
socializmi dakanonebuli Zarcvaa................................................ 25
arCevani Cvens winaSea...........................................................................26
kanonis jerovani funqcia................................................................. 26
socializmis macduri momxibvleloba......................................... 27
iZulebiTi Zmoba Tavisuflebas anadgurebs.............................. 27
sakuTrebis unebarTvo miTviseba Zaladobaa............................. 27
mZarcvelobis sami sistema................................................................ 28
kanoni Zalaa............................................................................................. 28
kanoni Tavis TavSi akrZalvas gulisxmobs.................................. 29
politikuri midgoma........................................................................... 29
kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba.................................................................... 30
kanoni da ganaTleba............................................................................. 30
kanoni da morali................................................................................... 31
abdaubda terminebi.............................................................................. 31
socialisti mwerlebis zegavlena.................................................. 31
socialistebs RvTis rolis TamaSi surT................................... 32
socialistebi kacobriobas gmoben................................................ 33
savaldebulo Sromis dacva.............................................................. 34

mamobrivad mzrunveli mTavrobis dacva................................... 34

pasiuri kacobriobis idea............................................................. 35
socialistebi mizezebs da faqtebs uaryofen......................... 35
7

 socialistebs adamianebis yazarmebSi ganawileba surT....... 36

cnobili saxeli da boroti ganzraxva.......................................... 37
Sedegad, kanons yovelgvari simdidris ganawileba marTebs...... 37
sazareli idea......................................................................................... 38
demokratebis lideri......................................................................... 39
socialistebs iZulebiTi Sesabamisoba surT........................... 40
kanonmdeblebs kacobriobis gamoZerwva surT........................ 40
kanonmdeblebma ician rogor marTon adamianebi.................... 41
droebiTi diqtatura.......................................................................... 42
socialistebs qonebrivi Tanasworoba surT........................... 43
socialisti mwerlebis Secdoma......................................................43
ra aris Tavisufleba?......................................................................... 44
filantropuli tirania..................................................................... 44
socialistebs surT diqtatura..................................................... 45
diqtatoruli qedmaRloba............................................................... 46
despotizmTan arapirdapiri miaxloeba..................................... 47
napoleons pasiuri kacobrioba sWirdeboda............................ 47
socializmis mankieri wre................................................................. 48
demokratebis doqtrina.......................................................................49
socialisturi warmodgena Tavisuflebaze...............................50
socialistebs yovelgvari Tavisuflebis eSiniaT.................. 50
zeadamianis idea.................................................................................... 51
socialistebi Tavisufal arCevans uaryofen.......................... 51
safrangeTis revoluciis mizezi................................................... 52
mTavrobis giganturi Zalaufleba............................................... 52
politika da ekonomika....................................................................... 53
WeSmariti sakanonmdeblo funqciebi............................................ 54
kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba erTi da igive ar aris........................ 54
mTavari gezi komunizmisken.............................................................. 55
stabiluri mmarTvelobis
safuZveli................................................................................................ 55

samarTlianoba Tanaswor uflebebs gulisxmobs..................... 56

gza keTilSobilebisa da progresisken....................................... 57
ideis mtkicebuleba............................................................................. 57
sxvebis marTvis survili....................................................................58
neba mogveciT, vcadoT ra aris Tavisufleba............................ 58
is rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans
60
Sesavali.................................................................................................... 61
Camsxvreuli fanjara........................................................................... 62
jaris daTxovna...................................................................................... 63
gadasaxadebi............................................................................................ 66

unda dauWiros Tu ara saxelmwifom mxari xelovnebas?....... 68

saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili samuSao adgilebi......................... 72
Suamavlebi............................................................................................... 74
SezRudvebi.............................................................................................. 79
manqanebi.................................................................................................... 82
krediti..................................................................................................... 86
alJiri.................................................................................................. 89
danazogi da fufuneba.......................................................................... 92
visac muSaobis ufleba aqvs, mogebis uflebac aqvs............... 96
8

redaqtoris winasityvaoba
frederik bastias Sromebis winamdebare qarTuli Targmani katonis
saxelobis institutis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis vice-prezidentis doqtor tom palmeris iniciativiT da finansuri mxardaWeriT gakeTda. misi azriT, romelsac mec viziareb, bastias sibrZne, romelsac
fasi ar aqvs, rac SeiZleba met enaze da rac SeiZleba ufro srulad unda iTargmnos.
ratom aris bastias Sromebi fasdaudebeli?
ubralod imitom, rom mis eseebsa da pamfletebSi logikurad, sxartad, cxovrebiseuli magaliTebiTa da gonebis gamomacocxlebeli iumoriT aris axsnili sazogadoebis warmatebebis mizezebi, pirovnuli
Tavisuflebisa da kerZo mesakuTreobis mniSvneloba.
bastiam meurneobis marTvis Seswavlas axalgazrdobaSive ekonomikis Seswavla amjobina. istoriam mas sakadrisi pativi miago. is ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Caurevlobis momxre im
frangi liberalebis mowinave warmomadgenlad aRiares, romlebsac Jan
batist sei, Jak tiurgo, aleqsis da tokvli, kondensie da sxvebi ganekuTvnebian. inteleqtualurad, is Tanamedrove politikuri msoflmxedveloba libertarianizmis erT-erT winamorbedad da e.w avstruli ekonomikuri skolis wevrad moiazreba.
man kalami sakamod gvian, 1844 wels, misi megobrisa da Tanamoazris
riCard kobdenis gavleniT mosinja, rodesac ekonomikur Jurnal Le Libre
change-s (vaWrobis Tavisufleba) redaqtori gaxda. iozef Sumpeteris
azriT, is yvelaze didebuli Jurnalistia, visac ki odesme ucxovria.
bastias mTavari damsaxureba ekonomikuri mecnierebis gaxalxurebaa: man SeZlo moeZebna ena da literaturuli xerxebi, romlebic
yvelasTvis da yovel droSi gasagebi aRmoCnda. is mraval Temas Seexo:
mcdari ekonomikuri warmodgenebis mxilebas man ekonomikuri sofizmebi miuZRvna. proteqcionizmis kritikas _ mesanTleebis peticia;
biurokratiul usamarTlobas _ gadasaxadebis amkrebi; ekonomikuri
kanonzomierebebis axsnas _ ekonomikuri harmonia. samarTlebrivi
Teoriis safuZvlebs _ kanoni. saxelmwifos Teoriis safuZvlebs _
saxelmwifo da a.S.
man moaxerxa, rom sakuTari Sromebi erTi mTliani koncefciis Semadgenel nawilebad eqcia: bastias politekonomia kerZo sakuTrebas,
Tavisufal vaWrobasa da saxelmwifos mxridan Caurevlobas efuZneba.
misi azriT, arsebobs bunebrivi harmonia sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi: adamianebi usasrulo moTxovnilebebis SezRuduli resursebiT dakmayofilebas cdiloben. sazogadoeba _ esaa gacvlebze agebuli sistema, romlic efuZneba TiToeuli adamianis pirad interess,
kerZo sakuTrebas da konkurencias. kerZo mesakuTreoba adamianebs me9

warmeobis, SemoqmedebiTobis, muyaiTobis, momWirneobis, SorsmWvretelobisa da mSvidobisken ubiZgebs. vaWroba da Sromis danawileba sazogadoebis erTianobas amtkicebs. nebayoflobiTi saqonelgacvlebiT
yvela mogebuli rCeba. erTis mogeba yvelas mogebaa. materialuri keTildReoba yvelasTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba. am process ar
sWirdeba marTva, is spontanurad yalibdeba da momxmareblis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiskenaa mimarTuli. Tavisufal bazarze momxmarebeli batonobs da mTeli warmoeba mis samsaxurSi dgas. momxmareblis Wirveuloba da mimwodeblebis konkurencia SezRudul resursebs
minimaluri danaxarjebiTa da maqsimalurad Sesabamisi xarisxiT gamoyenebisken mimarTavs.
mTavroba gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa xarjze arsebobs. sameurneo urTierTobebSi misi Careva sxva araferia, Tu ara momxmareblebis fulis
xarjva da bevris xarjze mcire jgufis uzrunvelyofa. gadanawileba
ar zrdis dovlaTs, aramed erTis magivrad sxvas amdidrebs. rodesac
yvela xedavs, rom mTavroba aSenebs, cota amCnevs, rom gadasaxadebis
gadamxdeli veRar awarmoebs imas, risi SeZenac momxmarebels surs. is,
vinc ixdis, rogorc gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, cdilobs, dakarguli saxelmwifo dakveTebiT, SeRavaTebiTa da subsidiebiT miiRos ukan.
sameurneo urTierTobebSi saxelmwifos nebismieri Careva adamianebs
warmoebis nacvlad korufciaSi CarTvas aiZulebs. mewarmeobas biurokratia anacvlebs. ekonomikur Tavisuflebas _ saxelmwifo regulireba. akrZalvebi ukanonobas amkvidrebs. nebismieri SezRudva, licenziebiT dawyebuli, importis tarifebis CaTvliT, xelovnurad
zrdis danaxarjebs, gavlenas axdens fasebze da, Sesabamisad, dovlaTis
warmoeba da sayovelTao keTildReoba iklebs.
sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba imitom ki ar arsebobs, rom es
kanoniTaa dadgenili, aramed, piriqiT, sicocxle, Tavisufleba da
kerZo sakuTreba ganapirobebs, rom sazogadoeba kanoniT mmarTvelobis pirvelmniSvnelobas aRiarebs. Tavad kanonis safuZveli adamianis
bunebaa. imisaTvis, rom icocxlos, adamiani saWiroebs Tavisuflebas
da kerZo sakuTrebas, bunebis aTviseba rom SeZlos. kanoni, romelic
zRudavs Tavisuflebas da sakuTrebas, aris ara kanoni, aramed Zaladoba, Tanmdevi qaosiT da siduxWiriT.
bastia svavs kiTxvas: rogori ekonomikaa xelsayreli xalxisTvis?...
da pasuxobs, rom xalxs Tavisufali bazari da mTavrobis mxridan Caurevlobis politika sWirdeba, radgan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi aqvT saSualeba, kerZo sakuTreba sakuTari SexedulebiT gankargon.
am azrs mec veTanxmebi da vfiqrob, Cven am wignis yvela mkiTxvelic
SemogvierTdeba.

paata SeSeliZe
axali ekonomikuri skola - saqarTvelos
prezidenti
10

winasityvaoba bastias pirveli qarTuli gamocemisTvis

frederik bastia msoflioSi aRiarebulia, rogorc ekonomikis da
politikis erT-erTi saukeTeso eqsperti. misi Sexedulebani erTdroulad Rrma da advilad gasagebia yvelasTvis, iqnebian isini nobelis premiis laureatebi, premier-ministrebi, taqsis mZRolebi, mewarmeebi, studentebi Tu diasaxlisebi... mokled rom vTqvaT, nebismierisTvis visac saRi azrovneba da survili aqvs, rom Seicnos Tu rogor
moqmedebs msoflio.
bastia safrangeTis parlamentis wevri iyo, sadac man SeZlo Zlieri
argumentebi warmoedgina proteqcionizmis, imperializmis da komunizmis winaaRmdeg, ramac, bevris azriT, 1848 wels safrangeTSi komunizmis damkvidrebis SeCereba ganapiroba.
misi iaraRi misive Wkua da dauRalavi energia iyo, romelic socialisturi ideebis absurdulobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. misi
saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizani iyo adamianebisTvis im saSiSroebaTa Sesaxeb Seetyobinebina, romlebic nebayoflobiT gacvliT urTierTobebSi Zalismier Carevas mohyveboda. bastias mixedviT, saxelmwifos daniSnuleba sabaziso kanonebis dacva da keTildReobis mizniT momxmareblebs, mwarmoeblebsa da mewarmeebs Soris Tavisufali gacvlis
uzrunvelyofaa. misi Sexedulebani mkacrad gaakritika karl marqsma,
romelmac mas imaTi klasikuri warmomadgeneli uwoda, vinc Tavisufal gacvlas Rirebulebis Semqmnelad miiCnevs.
bastiam yvela ekonomists imis magaliTi aCvena, Tu martivi da gasagebi eniT rogor unda axsna is principebi, romlebic umniSvnelovanesia Tanamedrove msoflios gasagebad. misi Sexedulebebi mdidari da
Tavisufali sazogadoebis inteleqtualur safuZvels qmnis.
moxaruli var, rom SemiZlia bastias naSromebi qarTul enaze vixilo da msurs Tarjimnebs, redaqtorebsa da gamomcemlebs es warmateba
mivuloco.

tom palmeri
katonis saxelobis institutis
vice-prezidenti saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

11

gafrTxilebebi me-19 saukunidan

swored ase SeiZleba daarqva frederik bastias Semoqmedebas. Tavisi
saqmianoba man mTlianad imas miuZRvna, rom adamiani saxelmwifo-politikuri utopiebisagan daecva, iseTis, rogoricaa savaWro da warmoebiTi proteqcionizmi, subsidiebi, savaWro deficitis safrTxe, mamasaxelmwifo, gadasaxadebis sikeTe da ase Semdeg.
socialuri da saxelmwifo populizmis zrdis epoqaSi bastiam gagvafrTxila: saxelmwifo diadi fiqciaa, romlis saSualebiTac yvela
sxvis xarjze cxovrebas cdilobs (saxelmwifo; fr. bastia). korufcia, meqrTameoba, Zalmomreoba, Zalauflebis gadameteba, usaqmuroba,
gaflangva, privilegiebi, sxva aTasgvari garyvnileba, es swored saxelmwifo aparatis cxovrebis wesia. am yvelafris arseboba mxolod imitomaa SesaZlebeli, rom adamianebi xSirad scodaven da, advili lukmis
misaRebad an pasuxismgeblobis mosaxsnelad, saxelmwifo aparatis arsebobas da gaZlierebas uWeren mxars.
Cveni droc mdidaria zemoaRniSnuli gamocdilebiT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba ganviTarebul evropul qveynebs, sadac mTavroba adamianebis mier Seqmnili dovlaTis naxevars moixmars, anu, rogorc bastia
am SemTxvevaSi ityoda: dakanonebulma Zarcvam mosaxleobis Semosavlebis naxevars miaRwia (bedis ironia isaa, rom es yvelaze metad safrangeTs, bastias samSoblos exeba). axla es ganviTarebuli erebi
ganuviTareblebs uxsnian da mouwodeben, rom swored aseT WaobSi
gadaeSvnen.
niSandoblivia, rom swored im dros, rodesac bastia gamalebul
brZolas eweoda saxelmwifo aparatis gavlenis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg, evropaSi socialurma revoluciebma ifeTqa. swored im periodSi Seiqmna mTavari ideologiuri doqtrina am revoluciebis gasamarTleblad _ komunizmi. misi mTavari idea yovlismomcveli saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo, sadac pirovneba aRar aris Rirebuleba da mxolod
WanWikia naTeli momavlis Semoqmed saxelmwifo manqanaSi. samwuxarod, am doqtrinis moqmedebis savalalo Sedegebi, aTobiT milioni adamianis sicocxlis xelyofis CaTvliT, sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda msofliosTvis _ gamorkveuliyo saRaTas Zilidan. umravlesi kritika mxolod im liderebs Seexo, romlebmac ubralod kargad isargebles Seqmnili mdgomareobiT, xolo doqtrina praqtikulad xelSeuxebeli
darCa.
bastiam aseve gvirCia, yovelTvis vecadoT ar vimsjeloT movlenebze mxolod maTi myisieri, xilvadi niSnebiT, aramed SevecadoT gaverkvioT im SedegebSi, romelic momavalSi gvelodeba. es rCeva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imisTvis, rom davinaxoT _ politikuri institutebi da saqmianoba moklevadian miznebs emsaxureba da amis gamo maTi
12

efeqti ver gascdeba Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mcdelobas. gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWiro politikur dapirebasTan dakavSirebiT _ politikosebi sakuTar xarjze aravis arafers da arasdros
hpirdebian. maTi nebismieri axali dapireba Cvens, gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis, jibeSi mTavrobis xelis kidev ufro Rrmad Cayofaa...
frederik bastias drouli da brZnuli gafrTxilebebi arasdros
gauferuldeba civilizaciisTvis.

gia jandieri
axali ekonomikuri skola - saqarTvelos
vice-prezidenti

13

klod frederik bastia

kanoni

1849

kanoni frederik bastiam 1849 wels, safrangeTis mesame revoluciidan erTi wlis Semdeg gamoaqveyna.
TiToeul adamians sakuTari sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis dacvis bunebiTi ufleba aqvs;
saxelmwifos adamianebi Tavdacvis erToblivi organizebis mizniT qmnian da misi arseboba gamarTlebulia mxolod manam, sanam is
am funqcias asrulebs;
kanoni bunebrivi wesrigis manifestacia unda iyos: is samarTliania, Tuki yoveli adamianis sicocxles, Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebas Tanabrad icavs, xolo usamarTloa, rodesac adamianebis
erT jgufs sxvebis xarjze proteqcias uwevs;
yvelas aqvs ufleba sakuTari riskiT da xarjiT icxovros, magram
aravis aqvs ufleba sakuTari Sexedeulebebi da maTi ganxorcielebisTvis saWiro xarjebi sxvebs ZaliT moaxvios Tavs;
Zarcvis dakanoneba civilizacias kraxs uqadis.

14

kanoni

kanoni gaukuRmarTda! masTan erTad saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi wesrigi Seiryvna. kanonma ara mxolod dakarga Tavisi WeSmariti arsi, aramed sruliad sawinaaRmdego mizans emsaxureba. igi sixarbis iaraRad gadaiqca. danaSaulis SeboWvis
nacvlad Tavad gaxda im borotebis wyaro, romelic unda aRmoefxvra!
Tu es simarTlea, maSin Cems zneobriv movaleobad mimaCnia Cemi Tanamemamuleebis yuradReba mivapyro am faqts.
sicocxle RvTis saCuqaria
is Cven RvTisgan saCuqrad miviReT, romelic Tavis TavSi yvela
danarCens moicavs, es saCuqaria sicocxle _ fizikuri, inteleqtualuri da moraluri.
magram sicocxles damoukideblad ar SeuZlia arseboba. Cven Semoqmedma dagvakisra misi gafrTxilebis, ganviTarebis da gaumjobesebis pasuxismgebloba. xolo imisTvis rom es movaleoba pirnaTlad SevasruloT, man araCveulebrivi niWiT dagvajildova da bunebrivi resursebis mravalferovnebaSi mogvaqcia. Cven am niWs bunebriv resursebze mivmarTavT da maT Semdgomi gamoyenebisTvis
saWiro produqtebad gardavqmniT, es procesi aucilebelia, rom
cxovrebam Tavisi geziT iaros.
adamians sicocxle, niWi da warmoeba, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
TviTmyofadoba, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba qmnis. miuxedavad politikuri liderebis moxerxebuli eSmakobisa, RvTisgan boZebuli
es sami saCuqari sazogadoebaSi miRebul nebismier kanonmdeblobas
uswrebs da masze maRla dgas.
sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba imitom ki ar arsebobs,
rom adamianebma kanonebi Seqmnes. aramed piriqiT, sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis arsebobam ganapiroba, rom adamianebma
kanonebi wamowies win.
ra aris kanoni?
maSin ra aris kanoni? es aris pirovnuli uflebebis samarTlebrivi dacvis koleqtiuri organizebis forma.
15

frederik bastia
TiToeul Cvengans RvTisgan aqvs miniWebuli Tavisi TviTmyofadobis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis dacvis bunebrivi ufleba, rac
arsebobis sami ZiriTadi pirobaa. yoveli maTgani erTmaneTze damokidebuli da xelSeuxebelia. maSin raRaa Cveni niWi Tu ara Cveni
TviTmyofadobis gagrZeleba, xolo sakuTreba _ Cveni niWis gagrZeleba?
Tu TiToeul Cvengans aqvs ufleba sakuTari Tavi, Tavisufleba
da sakuTreba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki daicvas, maSin, aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom adamianTa jgufs SeuZlia
Zalebi am uflebebis mudmivi dacvis mizniT gaaerTianos. amis mixedviT, koleqtiuri uflebis principi, misi arsebobis mizani da kanoniereba dafuZnebulia individualuri uflebis principze. xolo saerTo Zalisxmevas, romelic icavs koleqtiur uflebebs, ar
SeiZleba hqondes sxva logikuri daniSnuleba an misia, garda imisa,
ris damcveladac gvevlineba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom pirovnebas
meore pirovnebis TviTmyofadobis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis
winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba ar SeuZlia, arc saerTo Zalisxmeva SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli sxva pirovnebis an jgufebis TviTmyofadobis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg.
Zalis amgvari borotad gamoyeneba, orive SemTxvevaSi, Cvens winapirobebs ewinaaRmdegeba. Zalaufleba sakuTari Tavis da uflebebis dacvis mizniT mogvaniWes. vin gabedavs da ityvis, rom Zala Cveni
moZmeebis uflebebis fexqveS gaTelvisTvis mogvces? gana iqidan,
rom kanoniT arc erT pirovnebas ar SeuZlia sxvaTa uflebebis Selaxvis mizniT Zala gamoiyenos, logikurad ar gamomdinareobs ki is
faqti, rom saerTo ZalisxmevasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sxva araferia Tu ara individualuri Zalis organizebuli kombinacia, igive
principi moqmedebdes?
Tu zemoTqmuli marTalia, maSin cxadze ucxadesia, rom kanoni _
es aris samarTlebrivi dacvis bunebrivi uflebebis organizaciis
forma. igi aris individualuri Zalisxmevis saerTo ZalisxmeviT Canacvleba. xolo saerTo Zalisxmeva mowodebulia akeTos is, risi keTebac kanonieri da bunebrivi uflebebiT individualur Zalisxmevas aqvs miniWebuli, esenia: TiToeuli adamianis Tavisuflebis da
sakuTrebis dacva, TiToeulis uflebebis dacva, kanonierebis damyareba da yvela Cvenganze misi gabatoneba.
samarTliani da mtkice mmarTveloba
eri rom zemoTqmul principebs efuZnebodes, maSin adamianebis
azrebsa da urTierTobebSi wesrigi damyardeboda. Cemi azriT, amgvar saxelmwifoSi, politikuri formis miuxedavad, iseTi momWirne, SezRuduli, aradespoturi, samarTliani da mtkice mmarTveloba iqneboda, romlis warmodgenac ki SesaZlebelia.
msgavsi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi yvelasTvis naTeli iqneboda,
16

kanoni
rom gaaCniaT rogorc uflebebi, ise movaleobani. mTavrobas aravin
SeewinaaRmdegeboda, radgan yvela darwmunebuli iqneboda sakuTar
xelSeuxeblobaSi, agreTve imaSi, rom misi Sroma Tavisufalia, xolo Sromis nayofi ki yovelgvari usamarTlobisgan daculi. warmatebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos aRar gadavuxdiT madlobas da warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi misi dadanaSaulebis iseTive safuZveli
gveqneboda, rogorc aqvT fermerebs setyvis an yinvis dros. saxelmwifo Cven mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc usafrTxoebis garantia.
amis Sedegad SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom saxelmwifos Caurevlobis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni zraxvebi da maTi ganxorcielebis gzebis Zieba
logikurad urTierTkavSirSi iqneboda. aRar SevxvdebodiT Rarib
ojaxebs, romlebic ar elodebian werilobiT miTiTebebs Tu rogor
gamoacxon puri; qalaqebs, romelTa mosaxleoba sasoflo dasaxlebebis xarjze izrdeba da piriqiT; sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze kapitalis, samuSao Zalis da mosaxleobis gadaadgilebas.
saxelmwifos mier gamowveuli am gadanacvlebebiT, Cveni arsebobis wyaroebi saeWvo da arasaimedo xdeba. amas garda, es qmedebani saxelmwifos met pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs.
kanonis sruli gaukuRmarTeba
samwuxarod, kanoni sulac ar ifargleba misTvis Sesaferisi
funqciebiT, xolo am CarCodan gamosvlis Semdeg, kanoni ara marto
araTanmimdevruli da sadavo gaxda, aramed ufro metic, is Tavis ZiriTad daniSnulebas daupirispirda. kanoni misive miznis gasanadgurebel iaraRad iqca: im samarTlianobis gasaTelad, romelic mas
unda SeenarCunebina da im uflebebis SesazRudad, romlebic mas unda daecva. kanonis meSveobiT koleqtiuri Zalaufleba usindiso
adamianebis xelSi aRmoCnda, romlebsac sxvaTa TviTmyofadobis,
Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis eqspluatacia surT. man Zarcva TviT
am Zarcvis dacvis mizniT daakanona, xolo samarTlianobis dacva
danaSaulad gamoacxada misi aRkveTis mizniT.
rogor da ra SedegebiT dasrulda kanonis gaukuRmarTeba?
kanonis gaukuRmarTeba ori erTob gansxvavebuli mizezis _ briyvuli sixarbis da TvalTmaqcuri filantropiis gavleniT moxda.
modiT jer pirvelze vimsjeloT, Semdgom ki meoreze.
kacobriobis damRupveli midrekileba
TviTgadarCena da TviTganviTareba adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveulebrivi miswrafebania. Tu yvelas eqneboda SesaZlebloba
SeuzRudavad gamoeyenebina TavianTi uflebebi da Sromis nayofi,
maSin socialuri progresi uwyveti, Seuqcevadi da unaklo iqneboda.
17

frederik bastia
magram adamianebs kidev erTi midrekileba axasiaTebT. roca ki es
SesaZlebelia, isini sxvebis xarjze cxovrebasa da gancxromas
cdiloben. es arc windauxedavi braldebaa da arc pirquSi da mzakvruli sulis nayofi. amas kacobriobis istoria _ mudmivi omebi,
masobrivi migracia, religiuri devna, sayovelTao monoba, upatiosno vaWroba da monopoliebi _ adasturebs. es damRupveli
survili adamianis bunebidan momdinareobs; im pirvelyofili, sayovelTao da udreki instinqtidan, romelic adamianebs aiZulebs, TavianTi moTxovnilebebi naklebi ZalisxmeviT daikmayofilon.
sakuTreba da Zarcva
adamians cxovreba da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SeuZlia
muxlCauxreli SromiT, Tavisi niWis da bunebrivi resursebis uwyveti gamoyenebiT. es procesi sakuTrebas uqmnis safuZvels.
magram isic simarTlea, rom adamians cxovreba da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba sxvisi Sromis produqtis miTvisebis xarjze
SeuZlia. es ki Zarcvis sawindaria.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom adamianis buneba dasabamidan miiswrafvis gverdi auaros tanjvas, xolo Sroma ki tanjvaa, adamianebi
yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWeben Zarcvas, rodesac es Sromaze iolia. istoriaSi msgavsi magaliTebi mravladaa, am pirobebSi misi SeCereba arc religias SeuZlia da arc morals.
rodis wydeba Zarcva? es maSin xdeba, roca igi Sromaze ufro
rTuli xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi naTelia, rom kanonis mTavari mizani
qurdobis winaaRmdeg koleqtiuri Zalisxmevis gamoyenebaa. kanoni
mowodebulia, rom sakuTreba yvela SesaZlebeli gziT daicvas, xolo Zarcva dasajos.
kanons, rogorc wesi, erTi adamiani an adamianTa garkveuli jgufi qmnis. magram kanons gabatonebuli Zalis Tanxmobisa da mxardaWeris gareSe moqmedeba ar SeuZlia, Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblebi
aseTi Zalis ndobiT unda aRiWurvon.
kanonis gaukuRmarTebis process xsnis is faqti, rom adamianebi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas rac SeiZleba naklebi ZalisxmeviT cdiloben. martivia imis axsnac, rom usamarTlobasTan
brZolis nacvlad, kanoni usamarTlobis iaraRad gadaiqca da rom
kanoni kanonmdeblebis xelSi saSiS iaraRad gadaiqca, romelic adamianebis damoukideblobas tyveobiT, Tavisuflebas _ represiebiT
da sakuTrebas _ ZarcviT anacvlebs da anadgurebs. amas ki sargebeli moaqvs imaTTvis, vinc kanons qmnis, maTive Zalauflebis proporciulad.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis msxverplni
bunebrivia, adamianebi im usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreben,
romlis msxverplnic xdebian. Sesabamisad, roca Zarcva kanonmdeb18

kanoni
lebis sasargeblodaa organizebuli, yvela dazaralebuli jgufi,
mSvidobiani Tu revoluciuri gziT, kanonis SeqmnaSi monawileobis
miRebas cdilobs. dazaralebuli jgufebi, maTi ganaTlebis donis
Sesabamisad, politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad or, radikalurad gansxvavebul mizans isaxaven: isini an dakanonebuli Zarcvis SeCerebas, an masSi monawileobis miRebas cdiloben.
ubedureba ewveva im ers, roca dakanonebuli Zarcvis msxverplTa umravlesobis mizani es ukanaskneli gaxdeba da isini Tavad
daeuflebian Zalauflebas, rom kanonebi Seqmnan.
sanam es ar momxdara, dakanonebuli Zarcvis praqtikas umciresoba umravlesobis mimarT iyenebs. es Cveulebrivi praqtikaa, roca
kanonis Seqmnis procesSi monawileobis ufleba adamianTa mcire
jgufis prerogativaa. magram Semdeg am procesSi monawileoba sayovelTao xasiaTs Rebulobs da adamianebi TavianT konfliqtur interesebSi oqros Sualedis mignebas sayovelTao ZarcviT cdiloben. usamarTlobis aRmofxvris nacvlad, mas sayovelTaos xdis.
rogorc ki gaZarculi klasi politikur Zalauflebas moipovebs,
isini sxva klasebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli represiebis sistemas qmnian. isini sulac ar ibrZvian dakanonebuli Zarcvis winaaRmdeg (rac ganaTlebis ufro maRal dones moiTxovs), aramed, piriqiT, TavianT winamorbedebs swored ZarcvaSi ejibrebian, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es maT interesebSi ar Sedis.
sanam samarTlianoba izeimebdes, TiTqos yvelasTvis aucilebelia Tavis Tavze gamoscados sastiki bedisweris buneba, zogma Tavisi borotebis da zogmac Tavisi miuxvedrelobis gamo.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis Sedegebi
araferi ar uqadis sazogadoebas ufro did borotebas da cvlilebebs, vidre kanonis Zarcvis iaraRad gadaqceva.
ra Sedegebi mohyveba amgvar gaukuRmarTebas? pasuxs tomebi dasWirdeba, amitom axla yvelaze sayuradReboze SevCerdebiT.
upirveles yovlisa, is TiToeulis gonebaSi samarTlianobasa da
usamarTlobas Soris gansxvavebas Slis.
sazogadoebas kanonebis pativiscemis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. kanonebis pativiscemis miRwevis yvelaze sando gza maTi pativsacemi formiT Camoyalibebaa. roca kanoni da morali erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, moqalaqeebi mZime arCevanis winaSe dganan: maT
an morali unda uaryon, an kanonebis pativiscema. es ori boroteba
Tavisi SedegebiT msgavsia da adamians arCevanis gakeTeba gauWirdeboda.
kanonis arsi samarTlianobis dacvaSi mdgomareobs. saqme isaa,
rom adamianTa gonebaSi kanonis da samarTlianobis arsi erTi da
igivea. yvela Cvengans aqvs midrekileba irwmunos, rom is, rac kano19

frederik bastia
nieria, aseve samarTliania. amis rwmena imdenad gavrcelebulia,
rom bevri raRacas SecdomiT samarTlianad miiCnevs, radgan is kanoniTaa gansazRvruli. aqedan gamomdinare, Zarcva kanonieri da
xelSeuxebeli rom gaxdes, aucilebelia, kanonma saTanado gadawyvetilebebi asaxos da neba darTos. monobas, ukanono SezRudvebs
da monopolias damcvelebi hyavs ara marto maT Soris, vinc maTi saSualebiT xeirobs, aramed mis msxverplTa Sorisac.
arakonformistebis bedi
Tu Tqven eWvs SeitanT am institutebis zneobriobaSi, Tqven gamogacxadeben saSiS novatorad, utopistad, Teoretikosad, kanonis
damaqcevlad, romelic sazogadoebas safuZvels aclis.
xolo Tu Tqven zneobasa da politikur mecnierebaze leqciebs
waikiTxavT, maSin aucileblad gamoCndebian oficialuri organizaciebi, romlebic mTavrobas STaagoneben, rom am mecnierebis Seswavla Tavisufal vaWrobasTan (Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis da
samarTlianobis) mimarTebaSi aRar SeiZleba, rogorc es aqamde iyo
da rom momavalSi es mecniereba unda iswavlebodes im faqtebTan da
kanonebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic frangul warmoebas aregulireben (faqtebs da kanonebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba Tavisuflebas,
sakuTrebas da samarTlianobas). saxelmwifo dafinansebiT Seqmnil
samuSao adgilebze momuSave profesorebma Tavi unda Seikavon, rom
Tundac mcire doziT safrTxis qveS daayenon arsebuli kanonebi.
ese igi, Tu arsebobs kanonebi, romelTa mixedviTac monoba da monopolia, Cagvra da qurdoba sanqcirebulia, maTi xsenebac ki ar
Rirs. radganac rogor SeiZleba maTi xseneba imis pativiscemis xelSeuxeblad, romelsac isini STagvagoneben? morali da ekonomikuri
politika am kanonis mixedviT unda iswavlebodes im daSvebiT, rom
is samarTliania, radganac kanonia.
kanonis tragikuli Seryvnis sxva damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom is gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs politikur vnebaTaRelvas da TviTon politikas.
zemoTqmulis dasamtkiceblad uamravi faqtis moyvana SeiZleba,
magram sailustraciod erTi maTganiT Semovifarglebi. esaa sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba, romelmac bolo xans yvela Cvenganis
goneba daipyro.
vin gansjis?
rusos filosofiuri skolis mimdevrebi, romlebic sakuTar
Tavs progresul moazrovneebad miiCneven da romlebsac piradad me
oci saukunis winandeli azrovnebis mimdevrebad vTvli, ar dameTanxmebian qvemoT TqmulSi. arCevnebSi monawileobis sayovelTao
ufleba, mkacri gagebiT, sulac ar warmoadgens im xelSeuxebel
dogmaTagan erT-erTs, romelSic eWvis Setana an misi gadamowmeba
20

kanoni
danaSaulad unda iTvlebodes. sinamdvileSi ki, sakmaod seriozuli
argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba arCevnebSi monawileobis sayovelTao uflebis winaaRmdeg.
jer erTi, is, rom sityva sayovelTaos Sinaarss did gaugebrobamde mivyavarT. safrangeTSi 36 milioni mcxovrebia, xolo imisTvis rom saarCevno ufleba iyos sayovelTao, amomrCevelic 36 milioni unda iyos. Tumca es ricxvi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi 9 milions aRwevs, maSasadame, oTxidan sami adamiani gamoricxulia da, metic, isini meoTxis mier arian gamoricxuli. meoTxe ki danarCeni samis gamoricxvis mizezad maT unarSezRudulobas asaxelebs. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, arCevnebSi monawileobis sayovelTao ufleba
mxolod unarianebze vrceldeba. ismis kiTxva Tu vin aris es xalxi?
arian ki uunaroebi mxolod arasrulwlovnebi, qalebi, Seuracxadni da damnaSaveni?
saarCevno uflebis SezRudvis mizezebi
sakiTxs Tu CavuRrmavdebiT, davinaxavT im motivs, romlis mixedviTac saarCevno ufleba unarianobis princips efuZneba. motivis
arsi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom amomrCeveli am uflebas ara mxolod TavisTvis iyenebs, aramed yvelaze avrcelebs.
amis mixedviT yvelaze sajaro da yvelaze daxuruli saarCevno
sistemebi erTmaneTis msgavsia, gansxvaveba unarianobis gansazRvraSia, rac ara imdenad principis, ramdenadac xarisxis sakiTxia.
imis mixedviT, rasac Tanamedrove berZnul-romauli filosofiuri skolis mimdevari respublikis momxreebi amboben, rom saarCevno ufleba adamians dabadebidan aqvs miniWebuli, usamarTlobaa
qalebs da bavSvebs arCevnebSi monawileoba aukrZalo. ratom ekrZalebaT maT es? radganac isini uunaroebad arian miCneulni. da
ratomRa aris uunaroba saarCevno uflebis CamorTmevis motivi?
imitom rom, arCevanis Sedegebi ara mxolod amomrCevelze, aramed
mTel sazogadoebaze vrceldeba; imitom rom, sazogadoebis wevrebs aqvT ufleba moiTxovon im qmedebebis garantiebi, romlebzec
maTi keTildReoba da arsebobaa damokidebuli.
pasuxi kanonis SezRudvaSi mdgomareobs
CemTvis gasagebia Tu ra pasuxi SeiZleba gaeces zemoT Tqmuls,
ra argumentebi SeiZleba moviyvanoT da a.S. Tumca axla ar CavuRrmavdebiT am sakiTxebs, mxolod erTs davamatebdi, rom sayovelTao
saarCevno uflebasTan dakavSirebuli es aJiotaJi TiTqmis mTlianad dakargavda mniSvnelobas kanoni yovelTvis is rom yofiliyo,
rac unda iyos.
sinamdvileSi, kanoni adamianebis, maTi Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis dacviT rom ifarglebodes; kanoni realurad individualuri uflebebis organizacia rom iyos, romelic TviTdacvaze
21

frederik bastia
aris mimarTuli; kanoni TiToeuli Cagvris da Zarcvis winaaRmdegi
da damsjeli rom iyos, nuTu maSinac vikamaTebdiT, Cven moqalaqeni,
saarCevno uflebis masStabebze?
nuTu am SemTxvevaSi saarCevno xmis uflebis zRvrebi safrTxis
qveS daayenebda uzenaes faseulobas sazogadoebriv simSvides?
nuTu ganyenebuli jgufebi uars ityodnen mSvidad dalodebodnen
TavianT xmis uflebas? nuTu aseTi uflebis miRebis Semdeg isini
gulmodgined daicaven TavianT privilegiebs?
kanoni Tavisi WeSmariti funqciebiT rom Semoifarglebodes, maSin TiToeulis interesi kanonisadmi erTnairi iqneboda. nuTu cxadi ar aris, rom am situaciaSi amomrCevlebi araamomrCevlebs raime
saxis uxerxulobebs ver Seuqmnidnen.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis damRupveli idea
magram, meore mxriv, warmovidginoT Semdegi situacia: organizebis, regulirebis dacvis an waxalisebis mizniT kanoni erTs arTmevs
sakuTrebas da mas meores aZlevs; kanoni qonebas arTmevs yvelas da
umciresobas aZlevs, magaliTisTvis an fermerebs, an mrewvelebs, an
gemis mepatroneebs, an mxatvrebs, an msaxiobebs. am pirobebSi logikuria, yvela jgufi kanonis marTvas Seecdeba.
ganyenebuli jgufebi daJinebiT moiTxoven saarCevno xmis uflebas da amisTvis sazogadoebasac ki Searyevdnen, maTxovrebi da mawanwalebic ki dagimtkiceben, rom maTac imavenairi saarCevno xmis
ufleba aqvT, rogorc Tqven. isini getyvian: Cven ar SegviZlia viyidoT Rvino, Tambaqo an marili gadasaxadebis gadauxdelad, xolo
gadasaxadebi, romlebsac Cven vixdiT, kanoniT, Cvenze mdidrebs gadaecemaT, rogorc privilegia da subsidia. sxvebi kanons iyeneben
purze, xorcze, rkinasa da tansacmelze fasebis gasazrdelad, xolo radganac kanons yvela Tavisi interesebisTvis iyenebs, Cvenc
gvindeba misi Cveni interesebisTvis gamoyeneba. kanonisgan Cven SeRavaTebis uflebas moviTxovT e.i. Zarcvis uflebas gaWirvebulebis sasargeblod. am uflebis mosapoveblad ki Cvenc unda gvqondes xmis ufleba, rom Cveni jgufis SeWirvebulobis demonstrireba movaxdinoT, rogorc Tqven mogiwevT Tqveni jgufis dacvis
organizeba. amitom nuRar gvetyviT, rom Tqven Cvens interesebs daicavT da 600 000 franks gasaCumeblad gadmogvigdebT, rogorc es
batonma mimerelma gaakeTa. Cven sxva moTxovnebi gvaqvs da nebismier
SemTxvevaSi gvinda, rom garigeba CvenTvis momgebiani iyos, rogorc
amas sxva jgufebi akeTeben.
ras upasuxebdiT aseT arguments?
gaukuRmarTebul kanons dapirispirebamde mivyavarT
sanam sazogadoebis wevrebi eTanxmebian, rom kanonis WeSmariti
miznebidan acdena SeiZleba, rom kanons sakuTrebis dacvis nacvlad
22

kanoni
masze Zaladoba SeuZlia, maSin yvelas gauCndeba survili monawileoba miiRos kanonis SeqmnaSi, rom an Tavi Zarcvisgan daicvas, an is
ZarcvisTvis gamoiyenos. politikuri sakiTxebi yovelTvis damRupveli, gabatonebuli da yovlismomcveli iqneba. sakanonmdeblo palatis win gaimarTeba Cxubebi da aranaklebi moxdeba mis SigniT. amis
gasagebad saWiroa SeviswavloT is, rac frangul da inglisur kanonmdeblobaSia Cadebuli; radganac Tu sakiTxi gvesmis, maSin
pasuxic viciT.
aris ki aucilebeli davasaxeloT kanonis gaukuRmarTebis Sedegebis sazogadoebaze damRupveli zemoqmedebis magaliTebi, da Tu
vinmes es sWirdeba, moviyvanoT aSS-s magaliTi, sadac kanonma maqsimalurad SeinarCuna Tavisi WeSmariti miznebi: TiToeuli adamianis Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis dacva, Sesabamisad, msoflioSi ar
arsebobs sxva qveyana, sadac socialuri wesrigi ufro myar safuZvelze idges, vidre SeerTebul StatebSi. magram SeerTebul StatebSic aris iseTi ori sakiTxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi simSvidisTvis did safrTxes warmoadgens.
monoba da sabaJo tarifebi Zarcvaa
monoba da sabaJo tarifebi es ori sakiTxia, romlebTan mimarTebaSi kanonma SeerTebuli Statebis respublikis saerTo suliskveTebis sawinaaRmdegod mZarcvelis buneba gamoamJRavna.
monoba _ es aris dakanonebuli Zaladoba Tavisuflebaze, xolo
damcavi sabaJo tarifi Zaladoba sakuTrebaze.
yvelaze saintereso ki isaa, rom es ori dakanonebuli danaSauli,
romelic Zveli samyaros memkvidreobas warmoadgens, SeiZleba SeerTebuli Statebis daSlis mizezi gaxdes. marTlac rom SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis gulSi ufro gansacvifrebeli faqtis warmodgena, rogoricaa: kanonis usamarTlobis iaraRad gadaqceva. da Tu
am faqts SeuZlia SeerTebul StatebSi saSineli Sedegebis motana,
sadac kanonis mTavari miznidan gadaxveva gamoixateba mxolod monobis da sabaJo tarifebis arsebobaSi, ra SeiZleba moxdes maSin evropaSi, sadac kanonis damaxinjeba principi da sistemaa?
Zarcvis ori forma
batonma montalamberma batoni karlies cnobil proklamaciaSi
Cadebuli azris Sesaxeb Tqva: Cven unda vebrZoloT socializms.
batoni Sarl dupenis mier gansazRvruli socializmis cnebis mixedviT is gulisxmobda Semdegs: Cven unda vebrZoloT Zarcvas.
magram romeli Zarcvis Sesaxeb saubrobda is? radganac Zarcvis
ori forma arsebobs: dakanonebuli da ukanono.
ara mgonia, ukanono Zarcva, rogoricaa qurdoba an TaRliToba,
romelsac gansazRvravs, iTvaliswinebs da sjis sisxlis samarTlis
debulebebi, SeiZleba socializmad iyos aRqmuli. es ar aris is
23

frederik bastia
forma, romelic sazogadoebis safuZvels sistematurad emuqreba.
asea Tu ise, Zarcvis am formisadmi omis dasawyebad brZanebas aravin
dalodebia. mis winaaRmdeg omi dasabamidan daiwyo. 1848 wlis Tebervlis revoluciamde bevrad adre, socializmis warmoSobamde
bevrad ufro adre, safrangeTSi ukve arsebobda policia, mosamarTleni, Jandarmeria, cixeebi, sapyrobileebi da eSafotebi,
romlebic ibrZondnen amgvari Zarcvis winaaRmdeg. kanoni Tavad uZRveba am oms da Cemi piradi survili da mosazrebaa, rom kanons
Zarcvis winaaRmdeg mudam aseTi damokidebuleba hqondes.
kanoni Zarcvas icavs
magram es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. zogjer kanoni araTu icavs
Zarcvas, aramed monawileobs masSi. ase rom, mosargebleebi sircxvilis, xifaTis da sindisis qenjnisgan Tavisufldebian, rac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT qcevaze gavlenas moaxdenda. zogjer kanoni mZarcvelebis samsaxurSi ayenebs mosamarTleebs, policias,
cixeebis zedamxedvelebs da Jandarmerias da msxverpls, romelic
Tavis dacvas cdilobs, ise epyroba, rogorc damnaSaves. mokled
rom vTqvaT, es dakanonebuli Zarcvaa da batoni montalamberi swored amis Sesaxeb saubrobda.
kanonmdeblobaSi dakanonebuli Zarcva SeiZleba erTaderTi Savi
laqa aRmoCndes. Tu es asea, maSin jobs, rom dainteresebuli mxareebiis mier atexili xmauris miuxedavad, is naklebi laparakiT da gankiTxvis gareSe CamovrecxoT.
rogor amovicnoT dakanonebuli Zarcva?
magram Sedegis miRwevas danaSaulis Cadenis gareSe ver SeZlebda.
maSin saswrafod gavauqmoT es kanoni, is ara marto Tavad aris
boroteba, aramed is borotebis nayofieri wyarocaa, radgan is
imarjvebs represiebze. Tu aseTi kanoni, romelic SeiZleba calke
SemTxveva iyos, saswrafod ar gauqmebula, is gavrceldeba, gamravldeba da sistemad Camoyalibdeba. rogor amovicnoT dakanonebuli Zarcva? Zalian martivad. es xdeba maSin, roca kanoni arTmevs
adamianebs imas, rac maT ekuTvniT da aZlevs imaT, visac es ar
ekuTvnis, roca kanoni moqmedebs erTi moqalaqis interesebis sasargeblod, radgan es moqalaqe imave Sedegs danaSaulis gareSe ver
miaRwevda.
pirovneba, romelic am kanonidan xeirobs, Tavisi monagari uflebebis dasacavad did ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams. is daiwyebs
mtkicebas, rom saxelmwifo valdebulia daicvas da waaxalisos misi
warmoeba, da rom amisgan saxelmwifo isargeblebs, radganac dacul
warmoebas metis daxarjva da Raribi mSromelebis ufro maRali
xelfasebiT uzrunvelyofac SeuZlia.
yuradRebas nu miaqcevT amgvar sofizms, am argumentebis aRi24

kanoni
areba dakanonebul Zarcvas sistemad Camoayalibebs, rac faqtobrivad ukve moxda. dRevandelobis iluzia imis mcdelobaa, rom yvela sxvebis xarjze gamdidrdes, Zarcva sayovelTao gaxdes misi organizebis mizniT.
dakanonebul Zarcvas bevri saxeli aqvs
ase rom, axla ukve dakanonebuli Zarcva SeiZleba mravali gziT
ganxorcieldes. aqedan gamomdinare, misi organizebis mravali saSualeba gvaqvs, kerZod tarifebi, proteqcionizmi, pensiebi, subsidiebi, waxalisebebi, progresuli gadasaxadebi, sazogadoebrivi
skolebi, garantirebuli samuSao adgilebi, garantirebuli Semosavlebi, minimaluri xelfasis norma, SeRavaTebi, Sromis iaraRebis
gamoyenebaze uflebebis gacema, muqTa krediti da a.S. isini, mTlianobaSi, Zarcvis dakanonebiT cdiloben socializmis damyarebas.
am gansazRvrebiT, roca socializmi doqtrinebis erTobliobas
warmoadgens, ra SegviZlia movimoqmedoT mis winaaRmdeg Tu ara omis gamocxadeba am doqtrinebisTvis? Tu Tqven migaCniaT, rom socialuri doqtrina yalbi, uazro da borotebis gansaxierebaa, maSin
ukuagdeT igi. rac ufro metad yalbi, uazro da borotebaa igi, miT
ufro advilia misi uaryofa. xolo Tu gsurT iyoT Zlieri, maSin
amoZirkveT socializmis umciresi Canasaxic ki, romelsac SeiZleba
Tqvens kanonmdeblobaSi fesvebi gaedga. da es ar iqneba martivi.
socializmi dakanonebuli Zarcvaa
batoni montalamberi daadanaSaules imaSi, rom is socializms
uxeSi meTodebiT ebrZoda. mas unda movuxsnaT es braldeba, radganac man naTlad ganacxada: brZola, romelsac socializmis winaaRmdeg veweviT, unda iyos harmoniaSi kanonTan, Rirsebasa da samarTlianobasTan.
magram ratom ver SeniSna batonma montalamberma, rom mankier
wreSi moeqca? gana kanons socializmis winaaRmdeg gamoviyenebT?
socializmi xom TavisTavad am kanonzea dafuZnebuli? socialistebs samarTlianobis dacva ki ara, aramed Zarcvis dakanoneba
surT. socialistebs, rogorc monopolistebs, surT kanoni Tavis
iaraRad aqcion. roca erT mSvenier dRes kanoni socializmis mxares dadgeba, rogor mivmarTavT mas socializmis winaaRmdeg? xolo
mZarcvelebs, romelTa saqmianobasac kanoni axalisebs, aRar eSiniaT sasamarTloebis, Jandarmeriis da cixeebis. metic, sakuTari
Tavis dasacavad maTi moxmobac ki SeuZliaT.
es rom aRgekveTaT SeuSlidiT xels socializms kanonmdeblobis
SeqmnaSi monawileobis miRebaSi an sakanonmdeblo palataSi SesvlaSi? me geubnebiT, rom Tqven ver miaRwevT sawadels manam, sanam
Zarcvis dakanoneba kanonis mTavar saqmianobas warmoadgens. sawinaaRmdegos mtkiceba alogikuri da absurdulicaa.
25

frederik bastia
arCevani Cvens winaSea
dakanonebuli Zarcvis problema erTxel da samudamod unda gadaiWras da amis sami gza arsebobs:

umciresoba Zarcvavs umravlesobas;

yvela Zarcvavs yvelas;
aravin aravis Zarcvavs.

Cven unda avirCioT Zarcvis SezRudvas, misTvis sayovelTao xasiaTis micemasa da mis srul aRmofxvras Soris. kanonic am samidan
erT-erTs daicavs.
SezRuduli dakanonebuli Zarcva: es sistema maSin Camoyalibda,
roca saarCevno xmis ufleba SeizRuda. saWiroa gavauqmoT es sistema, raTa SevaCeroT socializmis damkvidreba.
sayovelTao Zarcvis dakanoneba: Cven yvela aRmovCndiT am sistemis muqaris qveS mas Semdeg, rac msgavsi privilegia sayovelTao gaxda. am privilegiaminiWebulma umravlesobam gadawyvita kanonis dafuZneba Zarcvis dakanonebis igive principebze, romelsac maTi winaprebi iyenebdnen, roca xmis ufleba iyo SezRuduli.
dakanonebuli Zarcvis aRmofxvra: es aris samarTlianobis, mSvidobis, wesrigis, stabilurobis, harmoniis da logikis principi.
sikvdilamde am princips mudam xmamaRla davicav, Cemi filtvebis
dauzogavad (romlebic vai, rom Zalian sustia).
kanonis jerovani funqcia
gulwrfelni rom viyoT, SeiZleba ki kanonisgan sxva ramis moTxovna, garda Zarcvis aRkveTisa? gana SesaZlebelia kanonis, romelic Zaladobas aucileblobidan gamomdinare mimarTavs xolme, racionaluri gamoyeneba yvelaferSi, adamianebis uflebebis dacvis
garda? Tavs davdeb, rom aravis ar ZaluZs am miznis CarCoebidan gamosvla misi gaukuRmarTebis da Zalis uflebebis sawinaaRmdegod
Semobrunebis gareSe. es aris yvelaze ufro metad damRupveli da
alogikuri socialuri gaxrwna, ris warmodgenac ki SesaZlebelia.
unda SevTanxmdeT, rom sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis arealSi WeSmariti gamosavali, romelsac amdeni xani veZebdiT, Cadebulia am
martiv frazaSi: kanoni _ es organizebuli samarTlianobaa.
aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom: roca samarTlianoba organizebulia kanoniT e.i. ZaliT, es gamoricxavs kanonis (Zalis) gamoyenebis
daSvebas adamianis nebismieri saqmianobis regulirebaSi, iqneba es
Sroma, qvelmoqmedeba, soflis meurneoba, vaWroba, mrewveloba, ganaTleba, xelovneba Tu religia. romelime CamoTvlili saqmianobis
organizebis mcdeloba kanonis mier, upirobod gamouTxrida Zirs
fuZemdeblur organizacias samarTlianobas. sinamdvileSi,
rogor SegviZlia warmovidginoT Zalis gamoyeneba moqalaqeebis
Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg da, Sesabamisad, samarTlianobis wi26

kanoni
naaRmdegac, e.i. Tavisi WeSmariti miznis winaaRmdeg?
socializmis macduri momxibvleloba
aq me gadavawydi Cveni droebis Zalian popularul cdomilebas:
is, rom kanoni unda iyos samarTliani, ar aris sakmarisi, kanoni aseve unda iyos filantropuli. aseve ar aris sakmarisi, rom kanoni TiToeul moqalaqes aZlevdes maTi SesaZleblobebis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis garantias fizikuri, gonebrivi da moraluri TviTganviTarebisTvis; piriqiT, iTxoven, rom kanonma uSualod uzrunvelyos keTildReoba, ganaTleba da morali.
swored es aris socializmis macduri momxibvleloba. me kvlav
gavimeoreb: kanonis am ori saxiT gamoyeneba erTmaneTs pirdapir
ewinaaRmdegeba. Cven maT Soris arCevani unda gavakeToT. moqalaqes
ar SeuZlia, rom erTdroulad iyos da Tan arc iyos Tavisufali.
iZulebiTi Zmoba Tavisuflebas anadgurebs
erTxel batonma lamartinma Semdegi momwera: Tqveni doqtrina
Cemi programis mxolod naxevaria, Tqven Tavisuflebaze gaCerdiT,
me ki win mivdivar Zmobamde. razec mas vupasuxe: Tqveni programis
meore naxevari pirvels gaanadgurebs.
sinamdvileSi warmoudgenlad meCveneba sityva Zmobis sityva nebayoflobiTisgan gansxvaveba. me ar mesmis, Tu rogor SeiZleba Zmoba iZulebiT iqnes Tavs moxveuli kanonis mier, Tuki kanonis mier ar
iqneba ganadgurebuli Tavisufleba da Sesabamisad, kanonis mierve
ar gaiTeleba samarTlianoba.
Zarcvis dakanonebas ori Ziri aqvs. erT-erTi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, adamianis sixarbea, xolo meore _ cru filantropia. am gagebiT, vfiqrob, unda ganvmarto, Tu ras vgulisxmob sityva ZarcvaSi.
sakuTrebis unebarTvo miTviseba Zaladobaa
me ar viyeneb sityva Zarcvas, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme, gaugebari, araswori, miaxloebiTi an gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. me mas
mecnierulad aRiarebuli mniSvnelobiT: sakuTrebis (xalfasis, miwis, fulis an sxv.) sawinaaRmdego arsis gamosaxatavad viyeneb. rodesac erTi piris qonebis nawili, misi Tanxmobis da kompensaciis gareSe, ZaladobiT an motyuebiT gadaecema sxvas, romelsac is ar
ekuTvnis, maSin me vacxadeb, rom sakuTrebaze ganxorcielda Zaladoba: moxda Zarcva.
me vambob, rom es is aqtia, romelic kanonma yvelgan da yovelTvis unda aRkveTos. magram, roca kanoni Tavad sCadis imas, risi aRkveTac evaleba, maSin Zarcvas aqvs adgili da davamateb, rom sazogadoebisa da misi keTildReobisTvis, uflebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresia uaresic kia. dakanonebuli Zarcvis SemTxvevaSi piri,
romelic misgan xeirobs, Zarcvaze pasuxs ar agebs. dakanonebul
27

frederik bastia
Zarcvaze pasuxismgebloba kanons, kanonmdebels da Tavad sazogadoebas akisria. amaSi ukve politikuri saSiSroeba Zevs.
samwuxarod, sityva Zarcva zogisTvis SeiZleba gamaRizianebeli
naTqvami aRmoCndes. uSedegod vcdilobdi sxva sityvis SerCevas,
radgan arasdros da gansakuTrebiT axla ar minda, rom Cvens diskusiebSi raRac sityvebis CarTviT gaRizianeba gamoviwvio, ar vici
ramdenad damijereben, magram ar msurs sxvaTa ganzraxvis da moralis winaaRmdeg gamovide. me ufro im ideis winaaRmdegi var, romelic yalbad mimaCnia, im sistemis, romelic usamarTlo meCveneba,
im usamarTlobis, romelic imdenad Tavisufalia piradi ganzraxvebisgan, rom TiToeuli Cvengani misiT sargeblobs survilisda miuxedavad da misgan itanjeba ise, rom arc ki icis tanjvis mizezi.
mZarcvelobis sami sistema
aq ar ganvixilavT imaTi gulwrfelobis sakiTxs, vinc proteqcionizms, socializms an komunizms icavs. yvela avtori, romelsac
amis survili eqneba an politikuri sulis, an politikuri SiSis gavlenis qveS imyofeba, Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom proteqcionizmi,
socializmi da komunizmi, saerTo jamSi, erTi da igive mcenarea _
zrdis gansxvavebul stadiebze. risi Tqmac SeiZleba isaa, rom komunizmis SemTxvevaSi dakanonebuli Zarcva ufro TvalsaCinoa, radgan
mas sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs. sakamod xelSesaxebia protqcionizmis
SemTxvevaSic, radgan is garkveul jgufebs da sawarmoebs moicavs.
Sesabamisad, am sami sistemidan socializmi yvelaze ufro gaurkveveli, gaubedavi da ganviTarebis yvelaze ufro gulwrfeli stadiaa. magram aq calkeuli adamianebis gulwrfeloba-aragulwrfelobis sakiTxi ar dgas. me ukve aRvniSne, rom faqtobrivad dakanonebuli Zarcva nawilobriv filantropiazea damyarebuli, maSinac ki, Tu is yalbia.
aseTi ganmartebis Semdeg, im popularuli survilis mniSvneloba, warmomavloba da tendencia ganvixiloT, romelic miznad
sayovelTao keTildReobis miRwevas sayovelTao Zarcvis organizebis gziT isaxavs.
kanoni Zalaa
iqidan gamomdinare, rom kanoni samarTlianobas uzrunvelyofs,
socialistebi amboben, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba, rom Sromis, ganaTlebis da religiis organizebac kanoniT moxdes.
ratom ar gamoviyenoT kanoni am miznebisTvis? imitom, rom kanons ar SeuZlia maTi organizeba samarTlianobis darRvevis gareSe. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kanoni Zalaa da, Sesabamisad, misTvis
Cveuli funqciebi ar SeiZleba Zalis gamoyenebis sazRvrebs gascdes kanonis darRvevis gareSe.
rodesac kanoni da Zala adamians samarTlianobis CarCoebSi
28

kanoni
aqcevs, isini mas tvirTad ar awvebian, garda imisa, rom isini adamians avaldebuleben, sxvebs ziani ar miayenon. isini ar Zaladoben arc
mis pirovnebaze da arc mis sakuTrebaze, isini am yvelafers icaven.
atareben ra dacviT xasiaTs, Tanabrad icaven yvelas uflebebs.
kanoni Tavis TavSi akrZalvas gulisxmobs
kanonis daniSnulebis uvnebloba da samarTlebrivi Tavdacvis
aucilebloba aSkara, sargebloba cxadi da kanoniereba ki udavoa.
rogorc erTxel erTma Cemma megobarma SeniSna, kanonSi Cadebuli
SemzRudveli Sinaarsi imdenad marTalia, rom mtkiceba, TiTqos kanonis daniSnuleba samarTlianobis batonobis uzrunvelyofaa, ar
aris swori. unda vamtkicoT, rom kanonis daniSnuleba usamarTlo-

bis gabatonebis ardaSvebaa.

sinamdvileSi ukanonoba arasamarTliania. samarTlianoba miiRweva mxolod ukanonobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
magram, roca kanoni Tavisi Seucvleli agentis _ Zalis gamoyenebiT adamianebs udgens Sromis regulirebis normebs, ganaTlebis
meTods an Temas, religiur mrwamss an Sexedulebas, maSin kanons
ukve aRar aqvs akrZalviTi xasiaTi; is pozitiurad moqmedebs adamianebze. anacvlebs kanonmdeblebis survilebs da iniciativebs maTi survilebiT da iniciativebiT. roca es moxdeba adamianebs aRar
aqvT kamaTis, Sedarebis, dagegmvis saWiroeba, maT nacvlad amas kanoni akeTebs. inteleqti adamianebisTvis usargeblo xdeba, isini
nel-nela Sordebian adamianobas, kargaven TavianT TviTmyofadobas, Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebas.
SeecadeT warmoidginoT Sromis regulireba Zalis mier, romelic Tavisuflebaze Zaladoba ar aris, an keTildReobis ganawileba Zalis mier, romelic sakuTrebaze Zaladoba ar aris. Tu
Tqven ver SeZlebT am winaaRmdegobrivi movlenebis dakavDSirebas,
maSin aqedan unda daaskvnaT, rom kanons ar SeuZlia Sromis da
keTildReobis organizeba ukanonobis organizaciis gareSe.
politikuri midgoma
roca politikosi Tavisi kabinetidan uyurebs sazogadoebas, mas
danaxuli uTanasworoba ancvifrebs. is dastiris im xelmokleobas,
romelic sazogadoebaSia gabatonebuli, xelmokleobas, romelic
fufunebis da simdidris fonze bevrad ufro damTrgunvelia.
SesaZlebelia, politikosma hkiTxos Tavis Tavs es mdgomareoba
warsuli dapyrobebiT da Zarcva-glejiT xom ar aris gamowveuli,
an iqneb arc ise Soreuli dakanonebuli ZarcviT? SesaZlebelia, man
Semdegi moifiqros: radgan yvela keTildReobisa da srulyofilebisken miiswrafvis, xom ar iqneboda kanoni sakmarisi piroba progresis da maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli Tanasworobis miRwevis gzebis
stimulirebisTvis individualur pasuxismgeblobasTan SeTan29

frederik bastia
xmebiT? iqneboda es im pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis cnebasTan SeTanxmebuli, romelic, RvTis wyalobiT, adamianebs arCevanis saSualebas aZlevs mankierebas da saTnoebas da, Sesabamisad, sasjelsa da
jildos Soris.
magram politikoss arasdros axasiaTebs msgavsi filosofiuri
azrovneba. misi goneba mimarTulia kanonieri Tu TiTqmis kanonieri
organizaciebis, kombinaciebis da SeTanxmebebisken. is cdilobs
boroteba misi gamomwvevi mizezis _ dakanonebuli Zarcvis sivrcis
gazrdiT da misi ukvdavyofis gziT gamoasworos. rogorc vnaxeT,
kanoni Tavis TavSi akrZalvas gulisxmobs. arsebobs ki am kanonis gamoyenebis romelime gza, romelic ar gulisxmobs Zarcvas?
kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba
Tqven ityviT: arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac ar aqvT fuli
da mimarTavT kanons. magram kanoni ar aris mkerdi, romelic TavisiT ivseba rZiT da arc sarZeve sadinarebi aqvs, romlebsac rZe sazogadoebis gareT arsebuli wyarodan miewodeba. araferi moxvdeba
sazogadoebriv xazinaSi erTi moqalaqis an jgufis sasargeblod,
sanam sxva moqalaqeebi an klasebi iZulebiT ar gaiReben saTanado
Tanxebs. Tu xazinidan yvela imdens iRebs, ramdenic Cado, maSin kanoni aravis ar Zarcvavs. magram es procesi arafris momcemia maTTvis, visac ar aqvs fuli. is ar uzrunvelyofs Semosavlebis Tanasworobas. kanoni SeiZleba gaxdes Tanasworobis miRwevis iaraRi, Tu
is waarTmevs konkretul pirovnebebs da miscems sxvebs. roca kanoni
ase iqceva, is ukve Zarcvis iaraRia.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT gadaavleT Tvali proteqcionistul tarifebs, subsidiebs, garantirebul mogebas, garantirebul samuSao
adgilebs, daxmarebebis da keTildReobis programebs, sazogadoebriv ganaTlebas, progresul gadasaxadebs, ufaso kredits da sazogadoebriv samsaxurebs.ASeniSnavT, rom isini kanonier Zarcvaze,
organizebul usamarTlobazea damyarebuli.
kanoni da ganaTleba
Tqven ityviT: arseboben arasakmarisad ganaTlebuli adamianebi da mimarTavT kanons. magram kanoni TavisTavad ar aris codnis lampari. kanoni vrceldeba mTel sazogadoebaze, sadac zogs
aqvs ganaTleba, zogs ki ara, sadac zogs sWirdeba swavla da sxvebs
SeuZliaT maTTvis am momsaxurebis miwodeba. am SemTxvevaSi ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi kanons ori arCevani aqvs: mas SeuZlia
dauSvas Tavisufali da nebayoflobiTi damokidebuleba moswavlemaswavleblebs Soris an imoqmedos adamianTa survilis sawinaaRmdegod _ waarTvas adamianebs imdeni, ramdenic saWiroa maswavlebelTa anazRaurebisTvis, romlebic mTavrobis mier ufaso swavlebis uzrunvelsayofad iniSnebian.
30

kanoni
kanoni da morali
Tqven ityviT: arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac akliaT morali
da religiuri mrwamsi da kanons mimarTavT. magram kanoni Zalaa da
saWiroa ki imis Sexseneba, Tu ramdenad damTrgunveli da uSedegoa
Zalis gamoyeneba moralis da religiisadmi?
TiTqos socialistebs, Tundac TviTdamSvidebulebs, ar SeuZliaT, rom ar SeniSnon es saSineli dakanonebuli Zarcva, romelic
am sistemidan da mcdelobebidan gamomdinareobs. magram ras akeTeben socialistebi? isini Wkvianurad niRbaven kanonier mZarcvelobas sxvebisgan da sakuTari Tavisganac, macdunebeli cnebebiT,
rogorebicaa: Zmoba, erToba, organizebuloba da TanamSromloba.
radganac Cven ase cotas viTxovT kanonisgan, mxolod samarTlianobas, socialistebi amtkiceben rom amiT Cven uarvyofT Zmobas, erTobas, organizebulobas da TanamSromlobas. isini individualistebad gvacxadeben.
magram Cven varwmunebT socialistebs, rom uarvyofT mxolod
iZulebiT organizacias da ara bunebrivs.
Cven ukuvagdebT TanamSromlobis iZulebiT formebs da ara Tavisufals.
Cven uarvyofT iZulebiT Zmobas da ara wrfels.
Cven uarvyofT xelovnur erTobas, romelic adamianebs individualuri pasuxismgeblobisgan aTavisuflebs, Cven ar uarvyofT sazogadoebis bunebriv erTobas.
abdaubda terminebi
socializmi, im Teoriebis msgavsad, romlebsac is efuZneba,
mTavrobis da sazogadoebis cnebebs erTmaneTSi urevs. mokled, yovelTvis, roca mTavrobis ama Tu im qmedebas vewinaaRmdegebiT, socialistebi Tvlian, rom zogadad am qmedebas vewinaaRmdegebiT.
Cven ar vamarTlebT saxelmwifo ganaTlebas. am SemTxvevaSi socialistebi acxadeben, rom Cven saerTod ganaTlebis winaaRmdegni
varT. ar vamarTlebT saxelmwifo religias, maSin isini amboben, rom
saerTod nebismieri religiis winaaRmdegni varT. Cven ar migvaCnia
swored saxelmwifos mier iZulebiTi Tanasworoba da isini acxadeben, rom Tanasworobis mowinaaRmdegeni varT da a.S. da a.S. es ise
JRers brali rom dagvdon, TiTqosda ar gvinda adamianebi ikvebebodnen, radgan ar gvinda rom marcvali saxelmwifos mohyavdes.
socialisti mwerlebis zegavlena
rogor mividnen politikosebi aseT uazro daskvnamde, rom TiTqos kanoni imis uzrunvelsayofad Seiqmna, rac mis bunebaSi ar Zevs.
kerZod, simdidris, mecnierebisa da religiis, rac gavrcelebuli
TvalsazrisiT keTildReobis safuZvlebia? nuTu es Cveni Tanamed31

frederik bastia
rove mwerlebis gavleniT moxda, romlebic sazogadoebriv sakiTxebze weren?
Tanamedrove mwerlebi, gansakuTebiT ki socialisturi filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi, TavianT Teoriebs saerTo hipoTezaze ageben: isini adamianebs or nawilad yofen. pirvel jgufs qmnian adamianebi mwerlebis gamoklebiT, xolo meore da bevrad ufro
mniSvnelovan jgufs TviT mwerlebi. ra Tqma unda, es aris yvelaze
ufro warmoudgeneli da ampartavnuli ganmarteba, romelic ki
adamians odesme mosvlia TavSi. sinamdvileSi, mwerlebi uSveben,
rom maT garda aravis ar aqvT gamWriaxoba, moqmedebis motivacia.
isini adamianebs aRiqvamen inertul masad, pasiur nawilad, umoqmedo atomebad, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi raRac mcenaris msgavs arsebebad, romlisTvisac sul erTia arsebobis sakuTari meTodi. maT
miaCniaT, rom xalxi advilad eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS.
ufro metic, TiToeuli am mweralTagani, romlebic saxelmwifo
marTvis Sesaxeb weren, uyoymanod warmoidgens _ organizatoris,
aRmomCenis, kanonmdeblis an damaarseblis uflebamosilebis Sesabamisad _ rom Tavad warmoadgens im survils, dasabuTebul Zalas,
Semoqmed energias, romlis umaRlesi misia sazogadoebis damtvreuli da daqucmacebuli materiisgan adamianis gamoZerwvaa.
socialisti mwerlebi ise uyureben adamianebs, rogorc mebaReebi _ Tavis xeebs. rogorc mebaRe xeebisgan qmnis araCveulebrivi
piramidebis, qolgebis, kubebis, larnakebis, maraoebis da sxv. formebs, zustad aseve socialisti mwerlebi araCveulebriv formebs
qmnian adamianebisgan: jgufebi, centrebi, qvecentrebi, samuSao
razmebi da sxv. da rogorc mebaRes sWirdeba najaxi, saWreli kakvebi, xerxi da makrateli, aseve sWirdeba socialist mwerals Zala,
romelic mxolod kanonSi arsebobs. am miznis misaRwevad is SeimuSavebs kanons tarifebis Sesaxeb, kanons gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, kanons
Semweobebis Sesaxeb da kanons skolebis Sesaxeb.
socialistebs RvTis rolis TamaSi surT
socialistebi adamianebs ganixilaven, rogorc masalas, romlisganac SeiZleba socialuri kombinaciebis Seqmna. eWvgareSea, Tu socialistebi uecrad daeWvdebian am kombinaciebis warmatebaSi, isini
moiTxoven rom kacobriobis mcire nawili am eqsperimentis farglebs gareT darCes. sakmaod cnobilia yvela sistemis mosinjvis
popularuli idea. socialistebis erTma liderma saxeli imiT gaiTqva, rom konstituciur asambleas seriozulad mosTxova misTvis
mcire zomis kar-midamo gadaecaT, iqauri mosaxleebiTurT, Tavisi
eqsperimentis Casatareblad.
aseve iqceva gamomgonebeli, romelic realuri manqanis Seqmnamde, jer models akeTebs; axali ideis gamosacdelad, qimikosi
qimiur nivTierebebs azavebs, xolo fermeri Tesls miwaSi rgavs.
32

kanoni
magram ra gansxvavebaa mebaRes da mis xeebs, gamomgonebels da manqanas, qimikossa da mis elementebs, fermersa da Tesls Soris! gulaxdilad rom vTqvaT, socialisti msgavs gansxvavebas mxolod Tavis Tavsa da kacobriobas Soris xedavs.
araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom me-19 saukunis mwerlebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc kanonmdebeli geniis mier xelovnurad
Seqmnil arsebas. am ideam, klasikuri ganaTlebis nayofma, moicva
Cveni qveynis yvela inteleqtuali da cnobili mwerali, romlebsac
adamianebs da kanonmdebels Soris urTierToba webos da Tixas Soris urTierTobis msgavsi hgoniaT.
amas garda, roca isini SeTanxmdnen eRiarebinaT adamianis gulidan momdinare moqmedebis unari da misi gonebidan momdinare gamWriaxoba, sabolood is RvTis mier boZebul damRupvel ZRvnad
miiCnies. maT gadawyvites, rom adamianebs am ori ZRvenis zemoqmedebis Sedegad gauCndebodaT fataluri midrekileba TviTganadgurebisken. isini Tvlian, rom Tu kanonmdeblebi adamianebs mianiWeben uflebas Tavisuflad gayvnen TavianT midrekilebebs, maSin
adamianebi religiis nacvlad aTeizmamde mivlen, codnis nacvlad,
ucodinrobamde, warmoebis da gacvlis nacvlad ki _ siRaribemde.
socialistebi kacobriobas gmoben
am avtorebis mixedviT, marTlac sasixaruloa, rom RmerTma zogierT adamians _ mmarTvelebs da kanonmdeblebs, sruliad sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi mianiWa, ara marto maTi, aramed danarCeni samyaros sasargeblodac! maSin, roca kacobrioba borotebisken ixreba, kanonmdeblebs sikeTe swyuriaT, roca kacobriobas bneleTi
moicavs, kanonmdeblebi ganaTlebisken miiswrafvian, xolo roca
adamianebi mankierebisken ixrebian, kanonmdeblebi saTnoebas mimarTaven. mas Semdeg, rac maT CaTvales, rom es aris swori mdgomareoba,
isini Zalis gamoyenebas iTxoven adamianebis midrekilebebis maTi
midrekilebebiT CanacvlebisTvis.
alalbedze gadaSaleT nebismieri wigni filosofiaze, politikaze an istoriaze da naTlad dainaxavT Tu ra Rrmad gaidga Cvens
qveyanaSi fesvebi am ideam klasikuri swavlebis pirmSom, socializmis dedam. TiToeul maTganSi Tqven amoikiTxavT, rom kacobrioba ubralod inertuli materiaa, romelic sicocxles, organizacias, morals da ganviTarebas saxelmwifosgan iRebs; ufro metic, isini amtkiceben, rom kacobrioba TviTganadgurebisken miiswrafvis da mxolod kanonmdeblis jadosnur xels SeuZlia am daRmasvlis SeCereba.
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli klasikuri azrovneba yvelgan acxadebs, rom pasiuri sazogadoebis ukan dgas faruli Zala kanonis an
kanonmdeblis saxiT (an gamoxatuli sxva terminologiiT, romelic
aRniSnavs usaxelo adamians an adamianTa jgufs, udavo gavleniT da
33

frederik bastia
avtoritetiT), romelic kacobriobas amoZravebs, akontrolebs,
swyalobs, aumjobesebs.
savaldebulo Sromis dacva
Tavdapirvelad modiT bosuies citata ganvixiloT:
erT-erTi iqidan, rac Rrmad iyo CabeWdili (vis
mier?) egviptelebis gonebaSi iyo patriotizmi...
aravis ar hqonda ufleba yofiliyo gamousadegari saxelmwifosTvis. kanoni yvelasTvis iTvaliswinebda
samuSaos, romelic mamidan Svils gadaecemoda. aravis
ar hqonda ufleba ori profesiis flobis, erTi samuSao adgilidan meoreze gadasvlis... magram arsebobda
erTi davaleba, romlis Sesruleba yvelasTvis savaldebulo iyo: kanonis da sibrZnis Seswavla. politikuri normebis da religiis ignorireba araviTar
SemTxvevaSi aravis epatieboda. ufro metic, TiToeuli saqmianoba gansazruli regionebis mixedviT iyo
gawerili (vis mier?)... karg kanonebs Soris erT-erTi
saukeTesos mixedviT, yvela kanonis morCilebaSi
iwvrTneboda (vis mier?). saerTo jamSi egvipteSi bevri
iyo araCveulebrivi gamogoneba da araferi iyo ugulebelyofili, rasac SeeZlo cxovreba ufro ioli da
mSvidi gaexada.
bosuies Tanaxmad, adamianebs sakuTriv araferi gaaCnia. patriotizmi, keTildReoba, gamomgonebloba, miwaTmflobeloba, mecniereba _ es yvelaferi maT kanonis an mmarTvelis ZaliT eniWebaT.
adamianebs mxolod isRa darCeniaT, daemorCilon xelmZRvanels.
mamobrivad mzrunveli mTavrobis dacva
bosuie saxelmwifos cnebaSi gulisxmobs yovelgvari keTildReobis sawyiss. is ise Sors midis, rom icavs egviptelebs, romlebmac uaryves orTabrZolebi da musika. is ambobs: rogor SeiZleba es? isini xom trismegistosis mieraa Seqmnili (romelic egviptelebis RmerT osirisTan kanclerad msaxurobda).
sparselebTan mimarTebaSi bosuie kvlav amtkicebs, rom yvelaferi zemodan modis:
xelmwifis erT-erTi umTavresi movaleoba soflis meurneobis mxardaWera iyo... ise, rogorc armiis regulirebis
mizniT iqmneboda uwyebebi, zustad aseve arsebobda uwyebebi soflis meurneobis xelmZRvanelobis mizniT... sparseli
xalxi Cagonebuli iyo samefo xelisuflebisadmi usazRvro
pativiscemis grZnobiT.
bosuies Tanaxmad, berZnebs, miuxedavad maTi araCveulebrivi
Wkuisa, ZaRlebis da cxenebis msgavsad, ar hqondaT individualuri
34

kanoni
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da ar SeeZloT umartivesi TamaSebi damoukideblad moefiqrebinaT.
berZnebi, bunebiT Wkviani da mamaci xalxi, kulturas egviptelma mefeebma da axalmosaxleebma aziares.
egvipteli mmarTvelebisgan berZnebma sxeulis gamajasaRebeli varjiSebi, maraToni, cxenebisa da etlebis doRi iswavles. magram saukeTeso ram, rac egviptelebma berZnebs aswavles, iyo kanonis morCileba
saerTo keTildReobis miRwevis mizniT.
pasiuri kacobriobis idea
udavoa, am klasikuri Teoriebis mtkicebiT (romlebic Cveni
drois maswavleblebs, mwerlebs, kanonmdeblebs, ekonomistebs da
moazrovneebs ekuTvniT) adamianebi yvelafers garedan iReben.
kidev erTi magaliTisTvis aviRoT feneloni.
is ludoviko XIV-is mmarTvelobis TviTmxilveli iyo, amas damatebuli is faqti, rom mas miRebuli hqonda klasikuri ganaTleba da
etrfoda siZveleebs, bunebrivia, aRiara idea, rom kacobrioba pasiuri unda iyos, xolo yovelgvari ubedurebis da keTildReobis,
mankierebis da saTnoebis gamomwvev mizezad adamianze moqmedi gare
faqtorebi _ kanoni da kanonmdebleba miiCnia.
Tavis wignSi salentumis utopia feneloni adamianebs TavianTi
interesebiT, uflebebiT, survilebiT da mflobelobiT kanonmdeblis absoluturi Zalauflebis qveS ayenebs. rasac ar unda exebodes saqme, adamianebi Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebebs, maT nacvlad xelmwife wyvets. xelmwife adamianTa uformo masis sulis gamoxatulebaa, romlebic ers qmnis. xelmwifeSia Tavmoyrili azrovneba, movlenebis winaswar Wvreta, progresi da yovelgvari organizebulobis principi. ase rom, mTeli pasuxismgebloba mas akisria.
swored amas amtkicebs fenelonis telemaxis aTive wigni. mkiTxvels vurCevdi maT wakiTxvas, axla davjerdebi am mSvenieri nawarmoebis citirebas, romelsac jerovnad vafaseb.
socialistebi mizezebs da faqtebs uaryofen
klasikosebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansacvifrebeli mimndobobiT, feneloni ver amCnevs mizezebis da faqtebis avtoritets, rodesac is egviptelebis keTildReobas miawers ara maT, aramed maTi
mefeebis sibrZnes:
TvalTaxedvis aredan ver gamogvrCeba mdidari qalaqebiT gansaxlebuli sanapiroebi, saukeTeso adgilas gaSlili soflebi; yovelwliurad oqros TavTavebiT dafaruli mindvrebi; saqonliT savse mdeloebi; nayofis, romliTac dedamiwa guluxvad ajildoebs miwaTmflobelebs, simZimiT welSi modrekili
35

frederik bastia
muSebi; mwyemsebi, romelTa nazi salamurebi da fleitebi eqos gamoscemen. bednieria brZeni xelmwifis
mier marTuli eri... Tqva mentorma.
mogvianebiT mentori Seecada Cemi yuradReba kmayofilebasa da simdidreze mieqcia, romlebsac mTeli
egvipte moecvaT, sadac 22 aTasamde qalaqs iTvlidnen. is aRfrTovanebuli iyo qalaqebSi kargi policiuri wesrigiT, samarTlianobiT, romelic mimarTuli
iyo Raribebis sasargeblod mdidrebis xarjze; bavSvebis ganaTlebiT, romelic maT aswavlida morCilebas, Sromas, sifxizles da xelovnebis da literaturis siyvaruls, sizustiT, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo religiuri ceremoniebisTvis, uangarobiT
da RirsebiT, adamianebis da RmerTis pativiscemiT,
romelsac yvela mama aswavlis Tavis Svils. is agrZeldebda aRfrTovanebas qveynis keTildReobiT.
bednieria brZeni xelmwifis mier amgvarad marTuli
eri Tqva man.
socialistebs adamianebis yazarmebSi ganawileba surT
feneloniseuli idilia kretaze bevrad ufro macduria. mentori iZulebulia ganacxados:
yvelafers, rasac am araCveulebriv kunZulze SexvdebiT, minosis kanonebis nayofia. aRzrdis meTodi,
romelic man bavSvebisTvis daawesa, maT sxeulebs siZlieres da simtkices sZens. bavSvebs Tavidanve aCveven
zomierebas da Sromas, radgan miCneulia, rom yovelgvari xorcieli siamovneba asustebs sxeuls da gonebas. amitomac maT ar aZleven siamovnebis miRebis uflebas, simamacis wyalobiT daumarcxeblobisa da saxelis moxveWis garda... kretaze im sam mankierebas sdevnian, romlebic sxva qveynebSi dausjelia: umadurobas, mliqvnelobas da Zunwobas. ar arsebobs adamianebis dasjis aucilebloba fufunebisa da mflangvelobisTvis, radgan isini ucnobia kretaze... akrZalulia
aseve Zvirfasi aveji, mSvenieri kabebi, saucxoo nadimebi da mooqrovili sasaxleebi.
swored ase amzadebda keTili zraxvebiT aRtkinebuli mentori
Tavis mowafeebs itakis mosaxleobis manipulirebisa da marTvisTvis, xolo imisTvis, rom isini am ideis sibrZneSi daerwmunebina,
mentors salentis magaliTi mohyavs.
swored msgavsi tipis filosofiisgan viRebT Cvens pirvel politikur ideebs!
Cven gvaswavlian ise moveqceT pirovnebebs, rogorc agraruli
36

kanoni
instruqtori fermerebs miwis damuSavebas da movlas aswavlis.
cnobili saxeli da boroti ganzraxva
axla movusminoT Tu ras ambobs amave Temaze didi monteskie:
komerciuli sulis mxardasaWerad aucilebelia,
yvela kanoni mas umarTavdes xels. am kanonebma komerciaSi Seqmnili simdidris proporciuli gayofis
Sedegad, yvela Raribi moqalaqe im aucilebeli xelmisawvdomi pirobebiT unda uzrunvelyos, rom maT sxvebiviT muSaoba SeZlon. amave kanonebma yvela mdidari
adamiani iseT rTul pirobebSi unda Caayenos, rom
Tavis gatanis mizniT muSaoba aiZulos.
Sedegad, kanons yovelgvari simdidris ganawileba marTebs
Mmonteskie Semdeg ambobs:
marTalia, sruli Tanasworoba demokratiuli saxelmwifos sulia, mainc rTulia imis aRiareba, rom
ukiduresi sizuste am saqmeSi yovelTvis sasurveli
araa. sakmarisia isic, rom SemoRebuli iqneba keTildReobis cenzi an arsebuli sxvaoba garkveul sazRvrebSi moeqceva. mas Semdeg, rac es Sesruldeba, specialuri kanonebi uTanasworobis aRmofxvras moemsaxureba, mTeli tvirTis mdidrebisTvis dakisrebiTa
da RaribebisTvis nugeSiscemiT.
aq isev vxvdebiT kanonis an Zalis mier SesaZleblobebis gaTanabrebis ideas.
saberZneTSi ori tipis respublika arsebobda:
pirveli _ sparta, romelic iyo samxedro da meore _
aTeni, romelic iyo savaWro. pirvel respublikaSi sasurveli iyo, rom moqalaqeebs ar eSromaT, xolo meoreSi piriqiT _ Sromis siyvaruli waxalisebuli iyo.
unda SevniSnoT kanonmdeblebis gasaocari niWiereba: maT winaswar icodnen, rom dadgenili zne-Cveulebebis uaryofiT da Rirsebaze Sexedulebebis aRreviT msoflios aRafrTovanebdnen.
likurgma spartas stabiluroba qurdobis samarTlianobis sulTan, sruli kontrolis srul TavisuflebasTan da yvelaze ufro sastiki rwmenis
yvelaze did zomierebasTan SeTavsebis gziT moutana.
man qalaqs yvela resursi, xelovneba, vaWroba, fuli
da dacvis saSualeba CamoarTva. spartaSi pativmoyvareoba yovelgvar materialur jildos iyo moklebuli. bunebrivi siyvarulisTvis asparezi ar arse37

frederik bastia
bobda, radganac mamakaci aRar iyo arc Svili, arc qmari da arc mama. ubiwoebac aRar iTvleboda Sesaferisad. am gziT likurgma spartas dideba moutana.
berZnuli dadgenilebebis gambedaoba Cveni drois-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli gadagvarebisa da garyvnilebis

mizezebSic vlindeba. romeliRaca patiosanma kanonmdebelma xalxze imgvari zemoqmedeba moaxdina, rom
maTTvis erTianoba iseTive bunebrivi gaxda, rogorc
simamace iyo spartanelebisTvis.
magaliTad uiliam peni namdvili likurgia. miuxedavad imisa, rom peni miznad simSvides isaxavda,
likurgisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis mizansac omi warmoadgenda, isini erTmaneTs hgvanan imiT, rom maTi avtoriteti Tavisufal adamianebs Soris, maT saSualebas aZlevda uareyoYT cru Sexedulebebi, CaexSoT vnebani da TavianTi xalxi axal gzaze daeyenebinaT.
paragvai kidev erTi magaliTia im xalxis, romelic
sakuTari keTildReobisTvis kanonmdeblebs emorCileba. simarTle isaa, rom Tu vinme brZaneblobiT miRebul siamovnebas am cxovrebaSi yvelaze did sixarulad miiCnevs, mas sazogadoebis winaSe danaSaulis Cadena aqvs ganzraxuli; Tumca adamianebis marTva ise,
rom maT bedniereba mianiWo, yovelTvis iqneba keTilSobiluri idea.

isini, visac msgavsi institutis dafuZneba surT,

Semdegnairad unda moiqcnen: ise, rogorc es platonis respublikaSia, Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba, pativi scen RmerTebs, tradiciebis SenarCunebis
mizniT ar dauSvan ucxoelebis xalxTan urTierToba,
vaWrobis ufleba xalxis magivrad saxelmwifos
miscen. kanonmdeblebma unda waaxalison xelovneba da
ara fufuneba, unda daakmayofilon moTxovnilebani
da survilebi.
sazareli idea
isini, vinc mdabiuri brma siyvaruliT arian Sepyrobilni, wamoiyvireben: ase Tqva monteskiem! es xom SesaniSnavia! es grandiozulia! rac Semexeba me, mtkiced vdgavar Cems azrze: rogor?!
Tqven gyofniT Tavxedoba amas SesaniSnavi uwodoT? es saSinelebaa!
sazizRrobaa!
es
nawyvet-nawyveti
citatebi
monteskies
naSromebidan naTlad asaxavs, rom igi adamianebs, maT
Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebas da TviT kacobriobas, kanonmdeblebis
gonebis savarjiSo masalad aRiqvams.
38

kanoni
demokratebis lideri
imave sakiTxebze rusos Semoqmedebac ganvixiloT. es publicisti demokratTa Soris udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. marTalia, is socialur struqturas adamianTa nebaze agebs, magram kacobriobis sruli inertulobis Teoria man yvelaze metad aRiara
kanonmdeblebis arsebobis pirobebSi:
Tu WeSmaritia, rom didi xelmwife iSviaTobaa, maSin didi kanonmdebeli ufro didi iSviaToba araa?
xelmwife unda moqmedebdes kanonmdeblis mier Seqmnili modelis mixedviT. kanonmdebeli manqanis gamom
-gonebeli meqanikosia, xelmwife ki muSa, romelsac
manqana moqmedebaSi mohyavs.
ra roli aqvT aq adamianebs? isini moqmedebaSi moyvanili manqanebi arian. sinamdvileSi isini mxolod nedleuli xom ar arian, romlisganac es manqanebi mzaddeba?
ase da amgvarad, kanonmdebelsa da xelmwifes Soris urTierToba
soflis meurneobis specialistis da fermeris urTierTobis msgavsia, xolo xelmwifesa da mis qveSevrdomebs Soris urTierToba ki
fermeris da miwis urTierTobis msgavsi. am SemTxvevaSi kacobriobaze ramdeniT maRla dgas es publicisti? ruso TviT kanonmdeblebs marTavs da aseTi mbrZanebluri toniT aswavlis saqmes:
gsurT saxelmwifos stabiluroba mianiWoT? maSin arsebuli ukiduresobani rac SeiZleba daaaxloveT. ar dazogoT arc mdidrebi
da arc Raribebi.
Tu niadagi Raribi da mousavliania an qveyana Zalian pataraa misi
moqalaqeebisTvis, maSin mimarTeT xelovnebas da mrewvelobas da
sursaTze moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad ivaWreT maTi produqtebiT... niadagis nayofierebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosaxleoba mcirea, mTeli yuradReba soflis meurneobaze gadaitaneT, radgan es
gamoiwvevs mosaxleobis zrdas; gaaZeveT xelovneba, radgan is mxolod eris gadaSenebas emsaxureba.
Tu Tqven flobT ganviTarebul da misadgom sanapiro zols, maSin savaWro gemebiT gadafareT zRva; sanacvlod Tqven miiRebT
brwyinvale, magram xanmokle sicocxles. Tu Tqveni zRva mxolod
frialo kldeebs recxavs, maSin dae adamianebi barbarosebad darCnen da TevziT ikvebon; isini bevrad ufro mSvidad icxovreben, SeiZleba ukeTesadac ki da albaT, ufro bednieradac.
mokled rom vTqvaT, imis garda, rac yvelas axasiaTebs, TiToeuli qveyana garkveulwilad Taviseburia da es ganapirobebs, rom
kanonmdebloba garemoebebs unda Seesabamebodes.
es aris mizezi, Tu ratom iyo Zveli ebraelebisTvis da am bolo
dros arabebisTvis religia ZiriTadi mizani, aTenelebisTvis ki _
literatura, karTagenelebis da tiranelebisTvis _ vaWroba, ro39

frederik bastia
doselebisTvis _ sazRvao saqme, spartanelebisTvis _ omi da romaelebisTvis ki _ Rirseba. kanonebis sulis avtorma kargad gvaCvena Tu rogor unda mimarTos kanonmdebelma Tavisi institutebi
TiToeul am mizanze... magram davuSvaT, kanonmdebeli cdeba miznis
arCevaSi da moqmedebs principiT, romelic gansxvavebulia imisgan,
razec saganTa buneba miuTiTebs. warmoidgineT, rom arCeuli principi zogjer monobas warmoSobs, zogjer ki Tavisuflebas, zogjer
simdidres da zogjer siRaribes, zogjer mSvidobas da zogjer dapyrobebs. miznis arCevanSi Secdomis daSveba TandaTanobiT Zalas
arTmevs kanons da asustebs konstitucias. saxelmwifos mudmivi
mRelvareba moicavs manam, sanam ar daiRupeba an ar Seicvleba, xolo
saganTa uZleveli buneba kvlav ar gabatondeba Tavis samflobeloSi.
magram, Tu saganTa bunebis gabatoneba gardauvalia, maSin ratom
ar aRiarebs ruso, rom kanonmdeblis saWiroeba, romelic saganTa
bunebas Tavis adgils mianiWebs, ar arsebobs? ratom ver xedavs is
imas, rom adamianebi instinqturad daamuSaveben nayofier niadags,
xolo farTod gaSlil da advilad misadgom napirebze ki vaWrobas
gaaCaReben da amas likurgis, solonis an TviT rusos Carevis gareSe
moaxerxeben, romlebic martivad SeiZleba rom Secdnen?
socialistebs iZulebiTi Sesabamisoba surT
rogorc ar unda iyos, ruso mZime pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs
Semoqmed
adamianebs,
organizatorebs,
administratorebs,
kanonmdeblebs da sazogadoebriv revizorebs, amitomac is maTdami
gansakuTrebiT momTxovnia:
is, vinc gabedavs da Tavis Tavze aiRebs xalxis politikur SekavSirebas, unda swamdes, rom mas SuZlia adamianuri bunebis Secvlac;
TiToeuli pirovnebis Secvla, romelic TavisTavad erTiani da ganuyofeli arsebaa, mxolod raRac udidesi mTlianis nawilia, saidanac is Tavis sicocxles da yofierebas iRebs.
maSin man, vinc adamianebis politikur SekavSirebas ikisrebs, unda irwmunos, rom Seswevs Zala Secvalos adamianis konstitucia; gaaZlieros is; RvTisgan boZebuli fizikuri da individualuri arseboba moraluriTa da koleqtiuriT Caanacvlos. mokled, adamianma,
romelic kacobriobis politikur SekavSirebas gadawyvets, mas
sakuTari arsi unda waarTvas da sanacvlod ucxo mianiWos.
sacodavi adamianuri buneba! ra moeloda pirovnebis beds, rusos
mimdevrebisTvis rom dagvejerebina?
kanonmdeblebs kacobriobis gamoZerwva surT
axla gadavxedoT reinalis Sromebs kanonmdeblis mier gamoZerwili adamianebis Sesaxeb:
kanonmdebels Tavdapirvelad klimatis, haeris da
40

kanoni
niadagis Sefaseba moeTxoveba. mis gankargulebaSi
myofi resursebi gansazRvravs mis valdebulebebs.
Tavdapirvelad man unda Seafasos Tavisi adgilmdebareoba. Cven, vinc zRvis sanapiroze vcxovrobT,
unda gvqondes zRvaosnobis maregulirebeli kanonebi, xolo xmeleTis siRrmeSi mcxovrebTaTvis, kanonmdebelma gegmebi niadagis tipis da mosavlianobis mixedviT unda dasaxos...
kanonmdeblis sibrZne gansakuTrebiT sakuTrebis
ganawilebis procesSi Cans. rogorc wesi, roca nebismier qveyanaSi axali mosaxleoba saxldeba, ojaxis Senaxvis mizniT yvela mamakacs Sesaferisi miwis nakveTi
gamoeyofa...
dausaxlebel kunZulze, romelzec bavSvebs
daasaxlebT,
sakmarisia
simarTlis
marcvlebs
aRmocenebis saSualeba misceT gonebis ganviTarebasTan erTad... magram, roca Tqven warsulis mqone
adamianebs axal mxareSi gadaasaxlebT, kanonmdeblis
moxerxeba Zevs politikaSi, adamianebs aukrZalos mavne azrebi da Cvevebi, romelTa gamosworeba da mkurnaloba SesaZlebelia. Tu gsurT, rom es azrebi da Cvevebi ar gaxdes mudmivi, Tqven momaval Taobas saxelmwifo ganaTlebis erTiani sistemiT aRzrdiT. xelmwifem an kanonmdebelma axalgazrdebis aRsazrdelad
brZeni adamianebis wargzavnis gareSe axalSeni ar unda
daaarsos...
axalSenSi frTxil kanonmdebels, romelsac adamianebis adaTwesebis daxvewa surs, didi SesaZleblobebi eZleva. Tu is Rirseuli da niWieria, mis gankargulebSi myofi miwa da adamianebi mis gonebas sazogadoebis keTildReobisTvis saWiro axal gegmebs
STaagoneben. mwerals winaswar SeuZlia mxolod
gegmis monaxazis Seqmnas, radgan is ucilobladaa
dakavSirebuli
nebismieri
hipoTezis
arasaimedoobasTan; problemas mravali forma,
sirTule da garemoeba axasiaTebs, romelTa
ganWvreta da detalebSi dadgena rTulia.
kanonmdeblebma ician rogor marTon adamianebi
reinalis instruqciebi kanonmdeblebisTvis, Tu am ukanasknelebma rogor unda marTon adamianebi, gvagonebs leqciebs, romlebsac soflis meurneobis profesori Tavis studentebs ukiTxavs:
klimati fermerisTvis pirvelmniSvnelovania. is
41

frederik bastia
gansazRvravs mis moqmedebebs. Tavdapirvelad man unda gansazRvros geografiuli mdebareoba. ayalo
miwis SemTxvevaSi is ase da ase unda moiqces, qviSnar
niadagTan ki sxvanairad. fermers, romelsac surs misi
niadagis gawmenda da gaumjobeseba, amis yovelgvari
SesaZlebloba eZleva. Tu is sakmarisad Wkviania, samoqmedo gegmas, mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli nakelis
raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT dasaxavs. profesors
winaswar SeuZlia mxolod gegmis monaxazis Seqmna,
radgan is ucilobladaa dakavSirebuli nebismieri hipoTezis arasaimedoobasTan; problemas mravali
forma, sirTule da garemoeba axasiaTebs, romelTa
ganWvreta da detalebSi dadgena rTulia.
oh, es didi mwerlebi! gTxovT, zogjer gaixsenoT, rom is, rasac
Tqven magaliTisTvis ayalo da qviSian niadagad Tu nakelad moixseniebT da, romlebsac ase TviTneburad gankargavT, sinamdvileSi
cocxali adamianebi arian! isini Tqveni Tanasworni arian! isini iseTive gonieri da Tavisufali arsebani arian, rogorc Tqven! iseve,
rogorc Tqven, maTac aseve miiRes RvTisgan dakvirvebis, winaswar
dagegmvis, fiqris da gansjis unari!
droebiTi diqtatura
gadavxedoT mablis mosazrebebs kanonis da kanonmdeblebis Sesaxeb. nawyvetSi, romelic uswrebs aq moyvanil citatas, mablim ivarauda, rom kanonebi usafrTxoebis ugulebelyofis Sedegad moZvelda. Semdgom, is ase mimarTavs mkiTxvels:
msgavs garemoebebSi cxadia, rom mTavrobis zambarebi dasustebulia. xelaxla daWimeT isini da boroteba ganikurneba... naklebi ifiqreT Secdomebis
dasjaze da meti Rirsebebis waqezebaze, romelic
Tqven gWirdebaT. am gziT Tqven Tqvens respublikas
daubrunebT axalgazrdul mxneobas. radganac Tavisufalma adamianebma ugulebelyves es procesi, maT
dakarges Tavisufleba!
magram Tu boroteba isea win wasuli, rom marTvis
Cveulebriv formebs ar ZaluZs misi gankurneba, maSin
mimarTeT moklevadian da mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone sagangebo tribunals. moqalaqeebis warmosaxva Zlier biZgs saWiroebs.
mablis danarCeni ocive tomis Sinaarsi amis msgavsia.
msgavsi swavlebis gavleniT, romelic klasikuri ganaTlebis nayofia, movida dro, roca TiToeulma moisurva Tavisi Tavis sxvebze maRla dayeneba, Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr maTi mowyobis, organizaciis da regulirebis mizniT.
42

kanoni
socialistebs qonebrivi Tanasworoba surT
amjerad gadavxedoT kondiliakis Sexedulebebs kanonmdeblebsa
da kacobriobaze.
Cemo xelmwifev, warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi likurgad an solonad. sanam am nawarmoebis kiTxvas daasrulebdeT, Tavi gairTeT imis warmodgeniT Tu rogor uwesebT kanonebs viRac velurebs, sadRac amerikasa Tu afrikaSi. SemousazRvreT maT mudmivi sadgomi, aswavleT naxiris mwyemsva... SeecadeT ganuviTaroT socialuri Segneba, romelic bunebam mianiWa...
aiZuleT isini ikisron adamianuri movaleobebi... dasajeT isini avxorci vnebebisTvis, raTa es ukanasknelni usiamovnebebad eqceT. maSin Tqven SeamCnevT, rom Tqveni kanonmdeblobis TiToeuli punqti
velurebSi mankierebis aRmofxvris da saTnoebis ziarebis survils aRZravs.
yvela ers aqvs kanonebi, magram cota Tua bednieri.
ratom? imitom rom kanonmdeblebi TiTqmis yovelTvis ugulebelyofdnen sazogadoebis mizans, romelic saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare ojaxebis gaerTianebaSi mdgomareobs.
kanonis miukerZoebloba ori ramisgan Sedgeba: qonebrivi da wodebrivi Tanasworobisgan... radganac kanonebi yvelaze didi Tanasworobis sawindaria, isini
yvela moqalaqeze vrceldeba... roca arsebobs qonebrivi da wodebrivi Tanasworoba da kanoni am Tanasworobis darRvevis imeds ar tovebs, rogor SeiZleba
rom adamianebi iyvnen xarbebi, pativmoyvareni, fuqsavatebi, usaqmurni, zarmacebi, moSurneni, moZuleni da
eWvianebi?
is, rac Tqven spartas respublikidan SeityveT, unda dagexmaroT am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi. arc erT
sxva saxelmwifoSi kanonebi ar iyo aseT TanxmobaSi bunebisa da Tanasworobis moTxovnebTan.
socialisti mwerlebis Secdoma
sinamdvileSi araferia ucnauri imaSi, rom XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi
kacobrioba inertul masalad aRiqmeboda, romelic mzad iyo didi
saxelmwifos, kanonmdeblis Tu geniisgan mieRo yvelaferi: forma,
saxe, energia, moZraoba da sicocxle. es saukuneebi sazrdoobdnen
Zveli drois SeswavliT. xolo Zveli dro, antikuroba ki yvelgan _
egvipteSi, sparseTSi, saberZneTSi, romSi, warmoadgens sanaxaobas,
sadac ramdenime adamiani Zalis prestiJulobiT da motyuebiT
qmnis kacobriobas Tavisi axirebisamebr.
43

frederik bastia
magram ras amtkicebs es? mxolod imas, rom radganac adamianebi
da sazogadoeba miiswrafvis gaumjobesebisken, bunebrivia, unda movelodeT, rom Secdomebi, umecreba, despotizmi, monoba da
crurwmena mTeli arsiT istoriis dasawyisSi gamovlindeba. zemoT
naxsenebi mwerlebi ar scdebodnen, roca antikur institutebs ase
axasiaTebdnen, magram cdebodnen, roca maT momaval Taobebs sTavazobdnen, rogorc aRfrTovanebis da mibaZvis obieqtebs.
arakritikuli da moumwifebeli konformistebi antikuri xanis
didebas, titulebs, zneobas da xelovnuri sazogadoebis bednierebas aqsiomad aRiqvamdnen. maT ar esmodaT, rom codna aRmocendeba da viTardeba drosTan erTad da, rom codnis zrdis paralelurad, Zala samarTlis mxares ikavebs da sazogadoeba kvlav
Tavis Tavs flobs.
ra aris Tavisufleba?
saerTod ra aris politikuri brZola, romlis mowmenic varT? es
aris yvela adamianis instinqturi brZola TavisuflebisTvis. raRa
aris Tavisufleba, romlis warmoTqmac ki gulis gaxSirebul feTqvas iwvevs da msoflios sZravs? xom ar aris is yovelgvari Tavisuflebis erTianoba, rogorcaa sindisis, ganaTlebis, gaerTianebis,
mediis, gadaadgilebis, Sromis da vaWrobis Tavisufleba? erTi sityviT, xom ar warmoadgens Tavisufleba TiToeuli pirovnebis nebas,
srulad gamoiyenos misi SesaZleblobebi sxvebisTvis zianis miuyeneblad? xom ar aris Tavisufleba despotizmis, aseve dakanonebuli despotizmis ganadgurebis iaraRi? dasasruls, xom ar aris
Tavisufleba kanonis SezRudva mizanSewonili qmedebis farglebSi,
romelic gulisxmobs kanonier TviTdacvaze calkeuli pirovnebebis uflebebis organizebis formas da usamarTlobis dasjas?
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom adamianebis miswrafeba Tavisuflebisken Zlier fexdeba, gansakuTrebiT ki safrangeTSi. amis mizezi Cveni sazogado moRvaweebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli damRupveli
ideaa, romelic antikuri swavlebidan iRebs saTaves da SemdgomSi
mdgomareobs: maT surT Tavi adamianebze maRla daayenon, rom TavianTi fantaziis Sesabamisad moawyon da marTon maTi cxovreba.
filantropuli tirania
sanam sazogadoeba ibrZvis TavisuflebisTvis, es cnobili pirovnebebi, romlebmac Tavi sazogadoebaze maRla dayenes, XVII_XVIII
saukuneebis suliT arian moculni. isini mxolod imaze fiqroben,
rom sazogadoeba maTive socialuri gamogonebis filantropul
tiranias daumorCilon. rusos msgavsad, maTac surT kacobrioba
aiZulon morCilad zidos sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis uReli,
romelzec Tavad ocnebobdnen.
es yvelaze naTlad 1789 wels gamoCnda. Zveli reJimi ar dan44

kanoni
greula imaze adre, vidre sazogadoeba ar aiZules gadaelaxa sxvadasxva xelovnuri wyoba, romelTa sawyisi yovelTvis msgavsi iyo:
kanonis yovlisSemZleoba.
gadavxedoT im drois zogierTi mwerlis da politikosis Sexedulebebs:
sen-Justi: kanonmdebeli momavals gankargavs. misi survili gansazRvras kacobriobis keTildReobas. mas SeuZlia adamianebi aiZulos iyvnen iseTebi, rogoric mas surs.
robespieri: mTavrobis funqcia mdgomareobs eris fizikuri da
moraluri Zalis marTvaSi manam, sanam ar miiRweva saerTo keTildReoba.
biio-vareni: xalxi, romelic Tavisuflebisken unda Semobrundes, xelaxla unda Seiqmnas. aucilebelia mtkice Zala da
Seubralebeli moqmedeba, rom ganadgurdes Zveli crurwmenebi, Seicvalos Zveli Cvevebi, gamoswordes gaxrwnili vnebani, SeizRudos
daucxromeli survilebi da aRmoifxvras fesvgadgmuli mankierebani... moqalaqeebo, spartas respublikas mtkice safuZveli Seuqmna
likurgis udrekma sisastikem, xolo solonis sustma da mimndobma
xasiaTma aTens monoba moutana. es paraleli mTavrobis mTel arss
warmoaCens.
le-peletie: kacobriobis degradaciis donis gaTvaliswinebiT
vamtkiceb, rom aucilebelia sayovelTao regeneracia da, Tu SeiZleba, ase gamovxato axali eris Seqmna.
socialistebs surT diqtatura
da kvlav gadavawydiT mtkicebas, rom adamiani ubralo nedleulia da meti araferi. maT ar moeTxovebaT sakuTari Tavis srulyofis survili, maT es ar SeuZliaT. sen-Justis Tanaxmad es mxolod
kanonmdebels ZaluZs. adamianebs evalebT iyvnen iseTebi, rogorsac
kanonmdebeli moisurvebs. robespieris Tanaxmad, romelic imeorebs rusos, kanonmdebeli iwyebs miznis gansazRvras, romlis saSualebiTac saerTo keTildReoba moqmedebaSi modis. gansazRvris Semdeg mTavrobas isRa darCenia eris fizikuri da moraluri Zala am
miznis miRwevaze mimarTos. amasTanave, qveynis moqalaqeni sruliad
pasiurebi unda iyvnen. xolo biiovarenis Tanaxmad, ers ar unda
hqondes raime crurwmena, vneba Tu survili garda imisa, rac kanonmdeblis mieraa nebadarTuli. is imdenad Sors midis rom, acxadebs
TiTqosda mmarTvelis udreki sisastike respublikis safuZvelia.
im SemTxvevaSi, roca gacxadebuli boroteba imdenad didia, rom
marTvis Cveulebrivi normebi uZluria mis winaaRmdeg, malbi gvTavazobs diqtaturas saTnoebis ayvavebisTvis: mimarTeT moklevadian da mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone sagangebo tribunals. moqalaqeebis warmosaxva saWiroebs Zlier biZgs. es doqtrina ar mis45

frederik bastia
cemia daviwyebas. mousmineT robespeirs:
respublikuri mmarTvelobis principi saTnoebaa,
xolo am saTnoebis miRwevis iaraRi ki terori. Cven
gvsurs, rom qveyanaSi SevcvaloT morali egoizmiT,
patiosneba RirsebiT, principebi CvevebiT, movaleobebi wesierebiT, gonebis imperia modis tiraniiT,
mankierebisadmi zizRi siRaribisadmi zizRiT, siamaye
utifrobiT, sulis sidiade amaoebiT, didebis siyvaruli fulis siyvaruliT, kargi adamianebi kargi kompanionebiT, damsaxureba intrigiT, genialoba enamaxvilobiT, simarTle brwyinvalebiT, bednierebis momxibvleloba siamovnebis kaeSaniT, adamianis sidiade
sidiadis umniSvnelobiT, didsulovani, Zlevamosili
da bednieri adamianebi Tavaziani, Tavqariani da ubeduri adamianebiT; mokled, maT surT respublikis
saTnoebis da saocrebis Secvla monarqiis mankierebebiT da absurdiT.
diqtatoruli qedmaRloba
kacobriobaze ramdenad maRla ayenebs robespieri Tavis Tavs!
yuradReba miaqcieT ra qedmaRlobiT laparakobs. is araa Tanaxma
ilocos kacobriobis sulis gabrwyinebisTvis da ar elodeba msgavs
Sedegs wesieri mmarTvelobisgan. is Tavad Secvlis sazogadoebas
teroris saSualebiT.
znedacemuli da urTierTgamomricxavi mtkicebebis es masa robespieris traqtatidanaa, romelSic miznad is moralis principebis
axsnas isaxavs, romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos revoluciurma
mTavrobam. unda aRvniSnoT, rom robespieris mier diqtatorobis
moTxovna mxolod ucxouri Semotevebis mogeriebis an meamboxe
dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mizans ar warmoadgens. mas terori ufro imisTvis sWirdeba, rom misi saSualebiT qveyanas moralis miseuli principebi moaxvios Tavs. is ambobs, rom es aqti warmoadgens axali konstituciis winmaval droebiT RonisZiebas. magram sinamdvileSi misi mizani sxva araferia Tu ara teroris saSualebiT safrangeTidan gandevnos egoizmi, Rirseba, Cveulebani, wesiereba, moda, pativmoyvareoba, fulis siyvaruli, kargi partnioroba, intriga, Wkua, mgrZnobeloba da siRaribe. da sanam Tavad robespieri ar daasrulebs am saswaulebis Seqmnas, rogorc is mas eZaxis, manamde is kanons kvlav gabatonebis uflebas ar miscems.
hei, Tqven sacodavo arsebano! Tqven, romlebsac sakuTar Tavze
didi warmodgena gaqvT! Tqven, romlebic kacobriobas umniSvnelo
nawilakad aRiqvamT! Tqven, romlebsac misi Secvla gsurT! ratom
ar SecvliT sakuTar Tavs? am amocanis gadawveta sruliad sakmarisi iqneboda.
46

kanoni
despotizmTan arapirdapiri miaxloeba
Cveulebriv, am batonebs reformatorebs, kanonmdeblebs da
mwerlebs ar surT, rom despotizmi pirdapir moaxvion kacobriobas. isini zedmetad TavSekavebulni da filantropni arian msgavsi
pirdapiri qmedebisTvis. sanacvlod, isini am despotizmis, absolutizmis da yovlisSemZleobisTvis kanons iyeneben. maT mxolod
kanonis Seqmna surT.
safrangeTSi am ucnauri ideis gavrcelebis saCveneblad ara
marto mablis, reinalis, rusos da fenelonis, amas damatebuli
bosuies da monteskies grZeli citatebis, aramed konvenciis mTeli
sasamarTlo warmoebis moyvana damWirdeba. msgavs rames ar gavakeTeb, mxolod mkiTxvels mivuTiTeb maT arsebobas.
napoleons pasiuri kacobrioba sWirdeboda
ra Tqma unda, arcaa gasakviri, rom imave ideam napoleonis yuradRebac miipyro. man is mxurvaled miiRo da mtkiced gamoiyena. qimikosis msgavsad, napoleoni evropas Tavisi eqsperimentisTvis saWiro nivTierebad aRiqvamda. magram es nivTiereba mis sawinaaRmdegod
amuSavda.
wminda elenes kunZulze iluziebisgan sabolood Tavisufalma
napoleonma TiTqosda aRiara kacobriobis iniciativa. am aRiarebis
Semdeg is Tavisuflebisadmi naklebad mtrulad ganwyobili gaxda.
miuxedavad amisa, misTvis xeli ar SeuSlia rames, rom SvilisTvis es
gakveTili eanderZa: marTo, niSnavs gazardo da ganavrcelo morali, ganaTleba da bedniereba. yovelive amis Semdeg ar arsebobs saWiroeba movaxdinoT morelis, babefis, ouenis, sen-simonis da furies citireba. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT citatas lui blanis wignidan Sromis organizaciaze:
Cveni gegmis mixedviT, sazogadoeba mamoZravebel
Zalas mTavrobisgan iRebs.
modiT axla es gavaanalizoT: mamoZravebeli Zalis impulsi unda
gamomdinareobdes lui blanis gegmidan, misi gegma Tavsmoxveuli
unda iyos sazogadoebaze, sazogadoeba miekuTvneba kacobriobas.
aqedan gmomdinare, kacobriobam misi mamoZravebeli Zala lui blanisgan unda miiRos.
SemdegSi ityvian, rom adamianebi Tavisufalni arian TavianT arCevanSi miiRon an uaryon es gegma. simarTlea is, rom adamianebi Tavisufalni arian TavianT arCevanSi miiRon Tu uaryon rCeva, visganac ar unda iyos is. magram lui blani sulac ar uyurebs amas am
kuTxiT. is imedovnebs, rom misi gegma dakanondeba da kanonis ZaliT
adamianebze iqneba Tavsmoxveuli:
Cveni gegmis mixedviT, saxelmwifos mxolod Sromis Sesaxeb kanonis gatareba mouwevs (meti arafris?), romlis saSualebiTac Se47

frederik bastia
saZlebelia da unda ganxorcieldes industriuli progresi sruli
Tavisuflebis pirobebSi. saxelmwifo sazogadoebas mxolod gadaxris adgilas aTavsebs (sul esaa?). Semdeg ukve sazogadoeba Tavad
mixoxavs am daxris mimarTulebiT sagnebis Zalis zemoqmedebiTa da
damyarebuli meqanizmis bunebrivi muSaobiT.
magram ra aris es daxra, romelzec migvaniSnebda lui blani? ar
migviyvans ki is ufskrulamde? (ara, is bednierebisken migviZRvis).
Tu es esea, maSin ratom ar midis sazogadoeba iqamde Tavisi surviliT? (radganac sazogadoebam ar icis ra surs, saWiroa misi stimulireba). ras SeuZlia misi stimulireba? (Zalauflebas). da vin
unda misces biZgi am Zalauflebas? (manqanis gamomgonebelma, am
SemTxvevaSi lui blanma).
socializmis mankieri wre
Cven verasdros gavaRwevT am wres didi adaminis mier xalxis
stimulirebis mizniT gamoyenebuli pasiuri kacobriobis idea da
kanonis Zalaufleba.
am daxrilobaze igemebs ki sazogadoeba odesme Tavisuflebis
gemos? (ra Tqma unda). ra aris Tavisufleba batono lui blan?
Tavisufleba ar aris mxolod erTxel da samudamod boZebuli ZRveni, is aris individuumisTvis miniWebuli Zalaufleba, gamoiyenos da ganaviTaros misi
unari samarTlianobis batonobis da kanonis mfarvelobis qveS. es sulac ar aris uazro Tavisebureba, misi Sinaarsi Rrmaa, xolo Sedegebi Znelad Sesafasebeli. mocemul SemTxvevaSi udavoa, rom pirovneba WeSmaritad Tavisufali rom gaxdes, mas unda hqondes
ufleba, gamoiyenos da ganaviTaros misi unarebi, aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani sazogadoebisgan iTxovs ganaTlebis im dones, romelic mas
ganviTarebis saSualebas miscems. aqedan aseve gamomdinareobs, rom TiToeuli pirovneba sazogadoebisgan iTxovs warmoebis saSualebebs, romelTa gareSe
adamianis saqmianoba ar iqneba srulad efeqtiani. ra
qmedebiT SeuZlia sazogadoebas misces TiToeul pirovnebas aucilebeli ganaTleba da warmoebis saSualebebi, Tu ara saxelmwifos zemoqmedebiT?
ase rom, Tavisufleba Zalauflebaa. risgan Sedgeba es Zalaufleba? (ganaTlebis da warmoebis saSualebebis mflobelebisgan). vin
unda uzrunvelyos ganaTleba da warmoebis saSualebebi? (sazogadoebam, romelic valdebulia gaunawilos isini yvelas). rogor unda misces sazogadoebam warmoebis saSualebebi maT, vinc maT ar
flobs? (saxelmwifos CareviT). da vis unda waarTvas saxelmwifom
isini?
48

kanoni
mkiTxvels davuTmob am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. dae maTac
dainaxon is mimarTuleba, saiTkenac miveqanebiT.
demokratebis doqtrina
Cveni drois ucnauri movlena, romelic albaT gaaognebs Cvens
STamomavlebs, mdgomareobs doqtrinaSi, romelic dafuZnebulia
sammag hipoTezaze: kacobriobis totaluri inertuloba, kanonis
yovlisSemZleoba da kanonmdeblis Seucdomloba. es sami idea warmoadgens wminda simbolos maTTvis, vinc sakuTar Tavebs srul demokratebad miiCneven.
am doqtrinis damcvelebi mas socialurad moixsenieben.
rogorc demokratebs, maT usazRvrod swamT kacobriobis.
rogorc socialistebs, kacobriobas brboze cota met pativs Tu
scemen. es kontrasti ufro detalurad ganvixiloT.
rogoria demokratis damokidebuleba politikuri uflebebis
sakiTxis ganxilvisadmi? rogor mimarTavs is xalxs, roca unda airCes kanonmdebeli? am SemTxvevaSi isini acxadeben, rom xalxs aqvs instinqturi sibrZne, rom is dajildoebulia aRqmis mSvenieri unariT, misi survili yovelTvis WeSmaritia, sayovelTao survili SeuZlebelia iyos mcdari, arCevnebi ar SeiZleba iyos zedmetad sayovelTao.
roca arCevnebis droa, araa aucilebeli amomrCevels mosTxovo
misi keTilgonierebis garantiebi. misi neba da unari, miiRos gonieri gadawyvetileba, saCuqrad aris aRiarebuli. SesaZlebelia ki
rom xalxi Secdes? gana ganmanaTlebelTa saukuneSi ar vcxovrobT?
gana aucilebelia adamianebis mudmivad sabeliT dabma? nuTu maT
ar moipoves TavianTi uflebebi didi ZalisxmeviT da msxverpliT?
nuTu maT ar daamtkices TavianTi Wkua da sibrZne? gana ar arian isini zrdasrulni? gana maT ar SeuZliaT gansja? gana Tavad ar ician
ra aris maTTvis ukeTesi? arsebobs jgufi an adamiani, romelic gabedavda da mis Tavs adamianebze maRla daayenebda, gansjida da maT
nacvlad imoqmedebda? ara, ara da ara! adamianebi arian da unda iyvnen Tavisufalni. maT surT Tavad marTon sakuTari saqmeebi da
asec moiqcevian.
magram roca ukve kanonmdebeli bolos da bolos arCeulia, ai maSin maTi saubris toni radikalurad icvleba. xalxs abruneben pasiurobis, inertulobis da Seugneblobisken, kanonmdebeli yovlisSemZleobisken miiswrafvis. axla maszea damokidebuli iniciativis
gamoxatva, stimulireba da organizeba. kacobriobas morCilebaRa
darCenia. despotizmis droc dadga. Cven ukve vakvirdebiT am damRupvel ideas: adamianebs, romlebic arCevnebis dros iyvnen aseTi
brZenni, Tanasworni da srulqmnilni, axla ar gaaCniaT raime saxis
tendencia da Tu gaaCniaT, mxolod degradaciisken mimarTuli.
49

frederik bastia
socialisturi warmodgena Tavisuflebaze
ar unda gaaCndeT ki adamianebs mciredi Tavisufleba?
magram batoni konsiderani gvarwmunebs, rom Tavisuflebas

uciloblad monopoliisken mivyavarT!

Cven gvesmis, rom Tavisuflebidan konkurencia gamomdinareobs.
magram batoni lui blanis mixedviT, konkurencia aris sistema, romelic akotrebs mewarmeebs da anadgurebs xalxs. es aris imis
mizezi, rom Tavisufali adamianebi kotrdebian da iRupebian maTi
Tavisuflebis xarisxis Sesabamisad (albaT, batonma blanma unda
gadaxedos konkurenciis Sedegebs SveicariaSi, holandiaSi, inglissa da aSS-Si).
batoni lui blani Cven aseve gveubneba, rom konkurencias monopoliisken mivyavarT da imave mizezebze dayrdnobiT is gvicxadebs, rom dabal fasebs maRal fasebamde mivyavarT, rom konkurencia devnis warmoebas damangrevel aqtivobamde, rom konkurencia,

piriqiT, aSrobs energiis wyaroebs, rom konkurencia iwvevs warmoebis zrdas da amasTanave, moTxovnis Semcirebas. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tavisufali adamianebi moxmarebisTvis ar awarmoeben,
rom Tavisufleba adamianebs Soris Cagvras da ugunurebas gulisxmobs da rom batonma lui blanma amas mTeli misi yuradReba unda
dauTmos.
socialistebs yovelgvari Tavisuflebis eSiniaT
ase da amgvarad, ra Tavisuflebis qonis uflebas aZleven kanonmdeblebi adamianebs? sindisis Tavisuflebas? (es rom nebadarTuli iyos, Cven davinaxavdiT, Tu rogor epotinebian adamianebi
aTeizmis SesaZleblobas).
iqneb ganaTlebis miRebis Tavisuflebas? (magram mSoblebi maswavleblebs aunazRaurebdnen, rom am ukanasknelebma maT Svilebs
uzneoba da sicrue aswavlon? garda amisa, batoni tieris mixedviT:
ganaTleba rom Tavisuflebaze igebodes, maSin is ukve aRar iqneboda erovnuli da Cven Cven Svilebs albaT Turqebis an indusebis
ideebs STavagonebdiT, amasTan, unda vaRiaroT, rom ganaTlebis
sistemaze msgavsi despotizmis dakanonebis wyalobiT, Cvens bavSvebs gaumarTlaT, rom izrdebian romaelebis keTilSobil ideebze).
iqneb Sromis Tavisuflebas? (magram is konkurencias niSnavs, romelic saqonels gamouyenebls tovebs, biznesmenebs akotrebs da
xalxs anadgurebs).
iqneb vaWrobis Tavisuflebas? (magram yvelam icis da proteqcionistuli tarifebis damcvelebma es ukve bevrjer daamtkices, rom
vaWrobis Tavisufleba yvelas akotrebs da keTildReobis mizniT
misi SezRudva aucilebelia).
maSin iqneb gaerTianebis Tavisuflebaa? (magram socialisturi
50

kanoni
doqtrinis Tanaxmad WeSmariti Tavisufleba da nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSia da socialistebis mizans
warmoadgens gaerTianebebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva WeSmariti Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, adamianebis erTianad SekavSirebis mizniT).
aqedan cxadia, rom social-demokratebis sindiss ar SeuZlia pirovnebas raime Tavisuflebis ufleba misces, radganac maT swamT,
rom adamianuri buneba yovelTvis miiswrafvis degradaciisa da
ubedurebisken. amis mixedviT kanonmdeblebma eris gadarCenis mizniT, rasakvirvelia, gegmebi unda SeimuSaon.
ganxilvis msgavsi mizani Cven gvayenebs aRmaSfoTebeli kiTxvis
winaSe: Tu adamianebi marTlac aseTi uZlurni, uzneoni da ucodinarni arian, rogorebadac politikosebi migvaniSneben, maSin ratom icaven aseTi daJinebiT am adamianebis uflebas, miiRon arCevnebSi monawileoba.
zeadamianis idea
am organizatorebis mier kacobriobaze uflebis gancxadeba kidev erT kiTxvas badebs, romelsac xSirad vusvamdi maT da romelzec, ramdenadac me maxsovs, maTgan pasuxi ar mimiRia: Tu kacobriobis bunebrivi tendencia iseTi cudia, rom adamianebisTvis Tavisuflebis micema usafrTxo ar aris, maSin rogor xdeba is, rom
organizatorebis tendenciebi yovelTvis kargia? gana Tavad kanonmdeblebi da maTi agentebi adamianur rasas ar ekuTvnian? Tu maT
swamT, rom Tavad gansxvavebuli Tixisgan arian Seqmnilni vidre danarCeni kacobrioba?
organizatorebi amtkiceben, rom umarTavad datovebuli
sazogadoeba sakuTari Tavis gardauvali ganadgurebisken mieqaneba, radganac adamianis instinqtebi Zlier biwieria. kanonmdeblebi
cdiloben SeaCeron TviTmkvlelobamde mimavali es kursi da miscen
mas bevrad ufro jansaRi mimarTuleba. Cndeba STabeWdileba, rom
zecam kanonmdeblebs da organizatorebs is Wkua da Rirseba mianiWa, romlebic maT kacobriobaze maRla ayenebs, Tu es asea, dae maT
TavianTi uflebebis damamtkicebeli sabuTi gvaCvenon.
isini Cveni cxvrebis mwyemsni gaxdebian. cxadia, msgavsi gadawyvetileba gulisxmobs maT bunebriv upiratesobas danarCenebze. ra
Tqma unda, Cven sruliad samarTlianad SegviZlia kanonmdeblebisa
da organizatorebisgan maTi bunebrivi upiratesobis damamtkicebeli sabuTi moviTxovoT.
socialistebi Tavisufal arCevans uaryofen
gTxovT, sworad gamigoT, me ar vdaob maT uflebaze, gamoigonon
socialuri kombinaciebi, moaxdinon maTi reklamireba, daicvan isini da gamoscadon TavianT Tavze sakuTari xarjiT da riskiT. magram
me sadavod vxdi maT uflebas, TavianTi uflebebi Tavs kanonis, e.i.
51

frederik bastia
Zalis meSveobiT mogvaxvion da Tan gvaiZulon, rom maTTvis gadavixadoT gadasaxadebi.
me ar moviTxov, rom sxvadasxva socialuri filosofiuri skolis mimdevrebma _ prudonistebma, kabetistebma, furies mimdevrebma, universitaristebma da proteqcionistebma TavianTi ideebi
uaryon. me moviTxov, rom ukuagdon saerTo Canafiqri, ubralod
uaryon idea imisa, rom gvaiZulon uxmod daveTanxmoT maT jgufebs
da midgomebs, socialur proeqtebs, bankebis mier ufaso kreditebis gacemas, berZnul-romaul Sexedulebebs zneobze da sameureno
urTierTobebis regulirebis maTebur xedvas. me mxolod da mxolod viTxov, rom am gegmebTan mimarTebaSi Cven TviTon gvqondes gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, raTa ar gvaiZulon, pirdapir Tu
arapirdapir vaRiaroT isini, Tu Cven migvaCnia, rom es gegmebi Cvens
mTavar interesebs an sindiss ewinaaRmdegeba.
magram am organizatorebs TavianTi gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad erTi suli aqvT sagadasaxado fondebSi SeaRwion da kanonis Zalaufleba Caigdon xelSi. imis garda, rom es Cagvra da usamarTlobaa, am survilSi Zevs damRupveli hipoTeza, rom organizatori ucdomelia, xolo adamianebi _ arakompetenturni. magram aqac igivea,
Tu adamianebs ar ZaluZT Tavad gansajon, maSin ra azri aqvs am saubrebs sayovelTao saarCevno uflebaze?
safrangeTis revoluciis mizezi
winaaRmdegoba ideebSi samwuxarod magram logikurad aisaxa safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebze. magaliTad, frangebi danarCen evropas sakuTari uflebebisTvis brZolaSi win gauZRvnen an, ufro
sworad Tu vityviT, politikuri moTxovnebisTvis brZolaSi. magram am faqts xeli ar SeuSlia CvenTvis gavmxdariyaviT evropaSi yvelaze marTvadi, regulirebadi, motyuebuli, SeboWili da eqspluatirebuli eri. safrangeTi sxva erebsac miuZRvis mdgomareobamde,
sadac mudmivad revoluciis safrTxe iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi sruliad bunebrivia, rom asec moxdeba.
ase gagrZeldeba manam, sanam Cveni politikosebi iziareben ideas,
romelic mSvenivrad gadmosca batonma lui blanma: kacobrioba mamoZravebel energias Zalauflebisgan iRebs. ase gagrZeldeba manam, sanam adamianebi, romlebsac grZnobebi gaaCniaT, pasiuri darCebian; manam, sanam maT swamT, rom Tavad TavianTi WkuiT da energiiT
ver SeZleben sakuTari keTildReobis da bednierebis mopovebas; manam, sanam isini yvelafers kanonisgan elian. mokled, manam, sanam maT
sjeraT, rom saxelmwifos ekuTvnian ise, rogorc cxvrebi mwyemss.
mTavrobis giganturi Zalaufleba
manam, sanam arsebobs es ideebi, cxadia, mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba uzarmazaria. iRbali da uiRbloba, simdidre da siRaribe,
52

kanoni
Tanasworoba da uTanasworoba, saTnoeba da mankiereba _ yvelaferi es damokidebulia administraciaze. is yvelafriTaa datvirTuli, is iRebs yvelafers, akeTebs yvelafers da, aqedan gamomdinare,
is pasuxismgebelia yvelaferze.
Tu Cven gagvimarTlebs, mTavroba Cvengan madlobas elis, xolo
Tu ar gagvimarTlebs, mTavrobaa amaze pasuxismgebeli. gana Cveni
pirovneba da sakuTreba mTavrobis gankargulebaSi araa? gana kanoni yovlisSemZle araa?
ganaTlebaze monopoliis mopovebisas, mTavrobam unda gaamarTlos ojaxis mamebis imedebi, romelTac am gziT waerTvaT Tavisufleba, xolo Tu imedebi ar gamarTlda, maSin vin aris damnaSave?
warmoebis regulirebiT mTavroba cdilobs mis ayvavebas, sxva
mxriv ki uazrobaa warmoebas waarTva Tavisufleba. xolo Tu warmoeba gasaWirSia, vin aris damnaSave?
tarifebis saSualebiT savaWro balansis daregulirebiT, mTavroba cdilobs aayvavos vaWroba. magram Tu ayvavebis nacvlad es moqmedeba kraxs gamoiwvevs, vin aris damnaSave?
mTavroba zRvaosnobis mfarvelobiT misi momgebianobis zrdis
xelSewyobas lamobs, misive Tavisuflebis sanacvlod. magram Tu es
gadamxdelebisTvis zedmeti xarji gaxdeba, maSin vin iqneba damnaSave?
ase rom, ar arsebobs sazogadoebaSi problema, romelzec mTavroba Tavisi nebiT iRebs pasuxismgeblobas. aris ki gasakviri is, rom
yoveli marcxi safrangeTSi kidev erTi revoluciis safrTxes
zrdis?
ra saSualeba arsebobs amis winaaRmdeg? kanonis moqmedebis arealis SeuzRudavi gavrceleba, anu mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba.
magram Tu mTavroba Tavis Tavze iRebs kontrols, xelfasebis
gazrdas, sxvebze zrunvas, vinc amas saWiroebs, yvela umuSevris
mxardaWeras, uprocento kreditis gacemas yvela msurvelze da amas ver asrulebs, Tu im sityvebs mivmarTavT, romlebic, samwuxarod, batoni lamartinis kalams ekuTvnis _ mTavrobas miaCnia, rom
misi daniSnulebaa xalxis sulis naTelyofa, ganviTareba, gavrceleba, gaZliereba, gasuliereba da kurTxeva _ da amasac ver asrulebs, maSin raRa rCeba? nuTu ar dadgeba mTavrobis yoveli marcxis Semdeg, romelic cxadze ucxadesia, gardauvali revolucia?
politika da ekonomika
axla im Temas davubrundeT, romelsac dasawyisSi gakvriT SevexeT: ekonomikis da politikis kavSiri politekonomiasTan.
ekonomikuri mecniereba manamde unda ganviTardes, vidre moxdeba politikuri mecnierebis formulireba. principSi, ekonomika
mecnierebaa, romelic gansazRvravs adamianuri intersebi erT53

frederik bastia
maneTTan harmoniaSia Tu winaaRmdegobaSi. es unda vicodeT, sanam
mTavrobis WeSmariti funqciebis gansazRvrisTvis politikuri
mecnierebis formulirebas movaxdendeT.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis da politikuri mecnierebis dasawyisSi formulirebis kvaldakval saswrafod unda gaeces
pasuxi am umniSvnelovanes kiTxvas, ra aris kanoni? ra unda iyos is?
rogoria misi moqmedebis sfero, zRvari? logikurad ra niSnulze
Cerdeba kanonmdeblis samarTliani Zalaufleba?
yoymanis gareSe vupasuxeb, kanoni aris erToblivi Zala, organizebulad imoqmedos usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. erTi sityviT, ka-

noni samarTlianobaa.
WeSmariti sakanonmdeblo funqciebi
ar aris marTali, rom kanonmdeblis uflebamosileba Cvens pirovnebasa da sakuTrebaze vrceldebodes. pirovnebis da sakuTrebis arseboba win uswrebda kanonmdeblis arsebobas da misi funqcia
mxolod maTi usafrTxoebis garantirebaSi mdgomareobs.
ar aris marTali, rom kanonis funqcia Cveni cnobierebis, ideologiis, nebis, ganaTlebis, azris, Sromis, vaWrobis, niWis da siamovnebis marTvaa. kanonis funqciaa daicvas am uflebebis Tavisufali
gamoxatva da ar dauSvas erTi adamianis mier meore adamianisTvis am
uflebebis Tavisufali gamoxatvis SezRudva.
radganac kanoni aucileblad moiTxovs Zalis mxardaWeras, misi
gamoyeneba kanonieria mxolod iq, sadac am Zalis gamoyenebis aucilebloba winaswar aris dadgenili. swored es aris samarTali.
yvela individuums aqvs ufleba, gamoiyenos Zala Tavdacvis mizniT. swored aqedan gamomdinare koleqtiuri Zala, romelic warmoadgens individualuri Zalebis Serwymis organizebas, SeiZleba igive miznisTvis kanonierad iyos gamoyenebuli da dauSvebelia, rom
misi gamoyeneba sxva miznisTvis kanonierad iqnes miCneuli.
kanoni sxva araferia Tu ara Tavdacvaze individualuri uflebebis organizaciuli saxe, romelic manamde arsebobda, sanam kanoni oficialurad gacxaddeboda. kanoni aris samarTlianoba.
kanoni da qvelmoqmedeba erTi da igive ar aris
kanonis misias ar warmoadgens adamianebis Cagvra da maTi sakuTrebis mitaceba, imisda miuxedavad, rom kanons SeiZleba filantropia amoZravebdes. misi misiaa pirovnebis da sakuTrebis dacva.
ufro metic, ar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom kanoni SeiZleba atarebdes filantropul xasiaTs, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba pirovnebis
Cagvras da Zarcvas, es winaaRmdegoba iqneboda. kanoni ver gaeqceva
pirovnebebsa da sakuTrebaze gavlenas da Tu kanoni dakavebulia
yvelafriT, garda maTi dacvisa, maSin misi qmedeba Zaladobaa pi54

kanoni
rovnebis Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebis uflebaze.
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
is martivi da naTeli, zusti da gansazRvrulia. mas xedavs yvela
Tvali, aRiqvams yoveli goneba, samarTlianoba zomadi, mudmivi da
ucvlelia. samarTlianobazec zustad imaves Tqma SeiZleba, arc metis da arc naklebis.
Tu Tqven gadaabijebT mis sazRvrebs, Tu SeecdebiT gaxadoT is
religiuri, Zmuri, gawonasworebuli, filantropuli, industriuli, literaturuli an mxatvruli, Tqven daikargebiT ucnob miwaze,
gaurkvevlobasa da uzustobaSi, iZulebiT utopiaSi an uaresi,
uamrav utopiaSi, sadac TiToeuli cdilobs kanoni xelSi Caigdos
da Tavs mogaxvios. es yvelaferi asea imitom, rom samarTlianobisgan gansxvavebiT, Zmobas da filantropias ar aqvs zusti sazRvrebi. sad gaCerdebiT? sad gaCerdeba kanoni?
mTavari gezi komunizmisken
batoni sen-kriki misi filantropuli ideebis gavrcelebas mxolod zogierT samewarmeo jgufebze varaudobs. mas surs moiTxovos, rom kanonma damkveTebi mwarmoeblebis sakeTildReod akontrolos.
batoni konsiderani samuSao jgufebis saqmianobis dafinansebas
varaudobs. is fiqrobs kanonis gamoyenebas maTTvis minimumi samosis, sacxovreblis, sakvebis da sxva saarsebo saSualebebis uzrunvelyofisa da garantirebisTvis.
batoni lui blani Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom sruli Zmobis safuZveli minimumis garantiebia; rom kanonma yvela mSromeli warmoebis saSualebebiT da ufaso ganaTlebiT unda uzrunvelyos .
sxva mis adgilaze SeniSnavda, rom aseTi mowyobac ki tovebs adgils uTanasworobisTvis. is pretenzias gamoTqvamda imazec, rom
kanonma yvelaze miyruebuli sofelic ki unda uzrunvelyos fufunebis sagnebiT, literaturiT da xelovnebiT.
yvela es mosazreba pirdapiri gezia komunizmisken, sadac kanonmdebloba gadaiqceva, da faqtobrivad asec aris, fantaziebisa da
sixarbis brZolis velad.
stabiluri mmarTvelobis safuZveli
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
am mtkicebis qveS SeiZleba vigulisxmoT martivi da mdgradi
mmarTveloba, ver daveTanxmebi maT, vinc ambobs Tu rogor SeiZleba
gaCndes fiqri revoluciaze, buntze, Tundac yvelaze msubuq winaaRmdegobaze mTavrobis mimarT, romlis organizebuli Zala mxolod usamarTlobasTan brZoliT ifargleba.
aseTi reJimis pirobebSi yvelaze meti keTildReoba da Tanab55

frederik bastia
roba iqneboda. rac Seexeba kacobriobis ganuyofel tanjvas, aravis
azradac ar mouvidoda amaSi mTavrobis dadanaSauleba. es simarTlea, radganac, Tu mTavrobis Zalebi usamarTlobis aRkveTiT iqnebodnen Semofarglulni, maSin mTavroba iseTive udanaSaulo iqneboda am tanjvaSi, rogoric temperaturis cvlilebaSia.
amis dasamtkiceblad ganvixiloT Semdegi sakiTxi. yofila xalxi
odesme SemCneuli saapelacio sasamarTlos winaaRmdeg buntSi an
miutania odesme ieriSi momrigebel sasamarTloebze maRali xelfasis, ufaso kreditis, warmoebis saSualebebze uflebis, sasurveli tarifebis an samuSao adgilebis moTxovniT? yvelam kargad
icis, rom amgvari sakiTxebis gadawyveta ar Sedis momrigebeli an
samoqalaqo sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaSi. Tu saxelmwifo Semofargluli iqneba misi WeSmariti funqciebiT, male yvela mixvdeba,
rom es sakiTxebi ar Sedis TviT kanonis uflebamosilebaSi.
magram SeqmeniT kanoni Zmobis principze dayrdnobiT, ganacxadeT rom yovelive kargi da cudi kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom
kanoni pasuxismgebelia pirad gasaWirsa da socialur uTanasworobaze, maSin kari Riaa gauTavebeli saCivrebisTvis, gaRizianebadobis, areulobis da revoluciisTvis.
samarTlianoba Tanaswor uflebebs gulisxmobs
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
marTlac rom ucnauri iqneboda kanoni sxva rame rom iyos! gana
samarTlianoba ar warmoadgens uflebas? gana uflebebi
Tanasworia? ra uflebiT maiZulebs kanoni davemorCilo
mimerelis, melionis, tieris an lui blanis socialur gegmebs? Tu
kanons aqvs ase moq-cevis moraluri ufleba, maSin ratom ar
aiZulebs is am batonebs daemorCilon Cems gegmebs? logikuria gana
imis mtkiceba, rom bune-bam ar momaniWa Sesaferisi warmosaxvis
unari utopiis warmosad-genad? kanonma mxolod erTi fantazia
unda airCios mravalTagan, romelsac mTavrobis organizebul
Zalas dauqvemdebarebs?
kanoni samarTlianobaa.
modiT nuRar vityviT, rogorc dRemde amboben, rom am mosazrebiT is SeiZleba gaxdes aTeisturi, individualisturi da Seubralebeli, rom is Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr Seqmnis kacobriobis saxes. es absurduli daskva mxolod imaTTvisaa, visac mTavrobis sjera da imis, rom kanoni kacobriobaa.
sisulelea! nuTu mTavrobis am Tayvanismcemlebs marTla swamT,
rom Tavisufali adamianebi Sewyveten moqmedebas? gamomdinareobs
ki aqedan is, rom Tu Cven aRar miviRebT energias kanonisgan, saerTod ar miviRebT mas, rom Tu kanoni SezRudulia Cveni unaris
Tavisufali gamoyenebis dacvaSi, Cven ver SevZlebT am unaris gamo56

kanoni
yenebas?
davuSvaT, kanoni ar gvavaldebulebs mivsdioT religiur rwmenas, gaerTianebis sistemebs, ganaTlebis meTodebs, Sromis regulirebas, vaWrobis regulirebas, qvelmoqmedebis gegmebs, ganapirobebs es imas, rom Cven CaveflobiT aTeizmSi, gandegilobaSi, uvicobaSi, siRaribesa da sixarbeSi? Tu Cven varT Tavisufalni, aqedan
unda davaskvnaT, rom Cven davkargavT RvTisadmi rwmenas, SevwyvetT
urTierTobas, erTmaneTis daxmarebas, Cveni uiRblo Zmebis siyvaruls da dacvas, bunebis saidumloebebis Seswavlas da TviTganviTarebas?
gza keTilSobilebisa da progresisken
kanoni aris samarTlianoba.
swored samarTlianobis kanonis Sesabamisad, uflebis batonobis
qveS, Tavisuflebis, usafrTxoebis, stabilurobisa da pasuxismgeblobis gavleniT yoveli adamiani moipovebs mis WeSmarit faseulobas da misi arsebobis utyuar Rirebulebas. mxolod samarTlianobis am kanonis wyalobiT nela, magram kacobrioba udavod SeZlebs, RvTis Canafiqris mixedviT, sazogadoebis wesier da mSvidobian progress miaRwios.
me mimaCnia, rom es Teoriulad marTalia, radganac ra sakiTxis
garSemoc ar unda iyos ganxilva, iqneba es religiuri, filosofiuri, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri, rasac ar unda exebodes es _ keTildReobas, zneobas, Tanasworobas, uflebas, samarTlianobas,
progress, pasuxismgeblobas, TanamSromlobas, sakuTrebas, Sromas,
vaWrobas, kapitals, xelfasebs, gadasaxadebs, mosaxleobas,
finansebs Tu mTavrobas, Cemi mecnieruli horizontis gadasaxedidan ra donidanac ar unda daviwyo kvlevebi, yovelTvis erT daskvnamde mivdivar: adamianebis urTierTobis problemis gadaWris
gzebi TavisuflebaSi unda veZioT.
ideis mtkicebuleba
mtkicdeba Tu ara es gamocdilebiT? gadaavleT Tvali msoflios. romel qveynebSi cxovrobs ufro mSvidi, zneobrivi da bednieri xalxi? qveynebSi, sadac kanoni yvelaze naklebad ereva pirad
saqmeSi, sadac mTavrobis zemoqmedeba nakleb igrZnoba, sadac pirovnebas yvelaze meti SesaZleblobebi aqvs, xolo Tavisufal azrs
didi gavlena, sadac administraciuli Zalebi sustni da umciresobaSi arian, sadac gadasaxadebi msubuqi da yvelasTvis Tanabaria da
ukmayofilebis grZnobis gaRviZebas adamianebSi TiTqmis ar aqvs
safuZveli, sadac individuumebi da jgufebi ufro aqtiurad asruleben maTze dakisrebul movaleobebs, sadac adamianebis zneoba,
romlebic arasrulfasovnebad arian Seracxulni, mudmivad viTardeba, sadac vaWroba, sakrebuloebi da asociaciebi nakleb SezRu57

frederik bastia
dulia, sadac Sroma, kapitali da mosaxleoba yvelaze naklebad zaraldeba iZulebiTi gadaadgilebisgan, sadac kacobrioba yvelaze
metad misdevs mis bunebriv miswrafebebs, sadac adamianis gamogonebani TiTqmis harmoniaSia RvTis kanonebTan. mokled rom vTqvaT,
yvelaze bednieri, zneobrivi da mSvidobiani eri aris is, vinc mtkiced misdevs Semdeg princips: miuxedavad imisa, rom kacobrioba ar
aris srulyofili, mTeli imedi emyareba pirovnebis Tavisufal da
nebayoflobiTY moqmedebas misi uflebebis farglebSi; kanoni an
Zala gamoyenebuli unda iyos mxolod sayovelTao samarTlianobis
administrirebis mizniT.
sxvebis marTvis survili
unda iTqvas, rom samyaroSi Zalian bevri didi adamiania kanonmdeblebi, organizatorebi, keTilismyofelni, xalxTa liderebi,
eris mamebi, da a.S. da a.S. Zalin bevri adamiani Tavis Tavs sazogadoebaze maRla ayenebs, isini TavianT karieras misi organizebis, patronobis da marTvis gziT ikeTeben.
magram viRac ityvis:L Tqvenc xom igives akeTebT?
marTalia, magram me sruliad gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT vmoqmedeb, Tu me SevuerTdi reformatorTa rigebs mxolod im mizniT,
rom davarwmuno Tavi daanebon adamianebs. me adamianebs zemodan ar
vuyureb, rogorc vankazoni Tavis avtomats. rogorc fiziologi
adamianis sxeuls aRiqvams iseTad, rogorc aris, mec aseve viReb
adamianebs iseTebad, rogorebic arian. me mxolod swavla da
aRfrTovaneba msurs.
sxvebis mimarT Cems damokidebulebas kargad aRwers erTi cnobili mogzauris monaTxrobi: erTxelac is moxvda velur tomSi, sadac
qalma is iyo bavSvi dabada, romelsac beWdebiT, kauWebiT da TokebiT SeiaraRebuli winaswarmetyvelnis, jadoqrebis da eqimbaSebis
brbo Seesia. erTma Tqva: es bavSvi verasdros SeigrZnobs mSvidobis
surnels sanam mis nestoebs ar gavwelav, meorem Tqva: is verafers
gaigonebs sanam me ar gavwelav misi yuris bibiloebs mxrebamde, mesamem Tqva: is ver naxavs mzis sinaTles, sanam ar davubrecav Tvalebs, meoTxem Tqva: is ver gaswordeba, sanam fexebs ar movudrek,
mexuTem Tqva: es ver iswavlis fiqrs, sanam ar gavubrtyeleb Tavis
qalas.
SeCerdiT! daiyvira mogzaurma: RmerTma yvelaferi ise
Seqmna, rogorc saWiroa, nu ggoniaT, rom masze ukeTesni xarT,
RmerTma uboZa organoebi am sust arsebas, dae isini ganviTardnen
da gaZlierdnen varjiSiT, moxmarebiT, gamocdilebiT da
TavisuflebiT.
neba mogveciT, vcadoT ra aris Tavisufleba
RmerTma adamianebs misca yvelaferi, rac maT sWirdebaT maTi da58

kanoni
niSnulebis Sesasruleblad. man gaiTvaliswina rogorc sazogadoebis, ise adamianis forma. socialuri organoebi isea mowyobili, rom Tavisuflebis sufTa haerze harmoniulad ganviTardeba. Zirs eqimbaSebi da organizatorebi! Zirs maTi beWdebi, jaWvebi, kauWebi, marwuxebi! Zirs maTi xelovnuri sistemebi! Zirs saxelmwifo administratorebis axirebani, maTi socialuri proeqtebi, centralizacia, tarifebi, saxelmwifo skolebi, saxelmwifo religia, ufaso krediti, sabanko monopoliebi, regulireba, SezRudvebi, dabegvris saSualebiT Tanasworobis miRweva da maTi
RvTismosaoba!
axla ki, roca kanonmdeblebma da keTilismosurneebma
sazogadoebas ase uCumrad moaxvies Tavs es sistema, axla mainc
gaCerdnen iq, saidanac daiwyes.
dae maTac uaryon es sistema da Seicnon Tavisufleba, romelic
RvTis rwmenis aRiareba da misi Sromis dafasebaa.

59

klod frederik bastia

1850
is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

is rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans 1850 wels romSi daiwera. tuberkuloziT daavadebuli bastia ver moeswro mis gamoqveynebas.
adamianebi, rogorc wesi, xedaven mxolod imas, rac zedapirzea da
ugulvebelyofen imas, rac dafarulia;
adamianebis moTxovnilebebi usasruloa, maTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebi - SezRuduli;
buneba awesebs sazRvrebs, romelTa daZleva SeuZlebelia;
saxelmwifos nebismieri Careva, romelic mimarTulia samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa Tu e.w. Sida bazris dacvisken, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gadanawilebas iwvevs da xelovnurad zrdis fasebs;
gadasaxadebi da baJi fuls dagrovebidan da warmoebidan gadanawilebisken mimarTavs;
sabaJo tarifebi iaf da eqskluziur imports aZvirebs, rac dagrovebasa da investiciebs amcirebs;
sameurneo saqmianobaSi dawesebuli nebismieri saxis barieri, saboloo jamSi, sayovelTao keTildReobas amcirebs.

60

is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

Sesavali
ekonomikis sferoSi nebismieri qmedeba, Cveva, dadgenileba da kanoni badebs ara erT, aramed Sedegebis mTel jaWvs. amaTgan mxolod
erTi, pirveli mJRavndeba uSualod, mis gamomwvev mizezTan erTad
es aris is, rac Cans. danarCeni mJRavndeba erTi meoris mimdevrobiT es aris is, rac ar Cans da CvenTvis ukeTesia Tu maT winaswar
ganvWvretT.
gansxvaveba cud da karg ekonomists Soris isaa, rom pirveli iTvaliswinebs im Sedegebs, romlebic Cans, xolo meore imasac iTvaliswinebs rac Cans da imasac, risi ganWvretac aucilebelia.
es gansxvaveba Zalin didia, radgan TiTqmis yovelTvis ise xdeba,
rom pirveli Sedegebi xelsayrelia, xolo Semdgomi _ ukve damRupveli da piriqiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom cudi ekonomisti Tavis arCevans akeTebs mcire keTildReobaze, romelsac momavalSi
didi boroteba mohyveba, maSin, roca WeSmariti ekonomisti momavlis sayovelTao keTildReobaze akeTebs arCevans da dRes mcire
borotebis arsebobas riskavs.
igive problebas vawydebiT higienasa da zneobasTan mimarTebaSi,
xSirad ama Tu im Cvevis pirveli nayofi rac ufro tkbilia, miT ufro mwarea danarCenebi. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT garyvnileba, sizarmace, mflangveloba. maSasadame, roca adamiani mxolod xilul
Sedegebs xedavs da ar SeuZlia imis ganWvreta rac ar Cans, igi rogorc midrekilebiT, ise gaTvlebiT damRupvel Cvevebsaa damorCilebuli.
amiT aixsneba kacobriobis arsebobis fatalurad mZime pirobebi.
uvicoba kacobriobas akvnidanve mohyveba, roca misi moqmedebani
pirveli SedegebiTaa ganpirobebuli, im SedegebiT, romlebsac dabadebisas aRiqvams. mas sakmaod bevri dro sWirdeba imisTvis, rom
iswavlos danarCeni SedegebisTvis angariSis gaweva. amas ki mas ori
gansxvavebuli maswavlebeli aswavlis: gamocdileba da windaxeduloba. gamocdileba efeqturi, magram mkacri maswavlebelia. is
gvaswavlis Cveni qmedebebis Sedegebis Secnobas maTi Cvensave Tavze
gamocdiT da, ra Tqma unda, bolos da bolos mivxvdebiT, rom
61

frederik bastia
cecxli wvavs mas Semdeg, rac Cvens Tavze gamovcdiT. aseTi mkacri
maswavleblis nacvlad visurvebdi sxvas, SedarebiT ufro lmobiers _ windaxedulobas. swored amitomac ganvixilav sxvadasxva
ekonomikuri movlenebis Sedegebs, sadac erTmaneTs davupirispireb imas, rac Cans da imas, rac ar Cans.
Camsxvreuli fanjara
odesme Tu SeswrebixarT keTilSobil burJua Jak bonomis risxvas, roca misma daudevarma Svilma fanjara Caumsxvria?
Tu Tqven SeeswariT am sanaxaobas, maSin Tqvenc, iseve, rogorc
danarCeni TviTmxilvelebi, romelTa raodenoba ocdaaT kacs aRemateboda, TiTqos piri gqonodaT Sekruli, iCqarebdiT sawyali mepatronis damSvidebas Semdegi sityvebiT: zogi Wiri margebelia.
mrewvelobis safuZvels msgavsi SemTxvevebi qmnis, ra bedi eweodaT
meSuSeebs, SuSebi rom arasdros tydebodes?
am nugeSsacem sityvebSi mTeli Teoria imaleba, romlis ganxilvac am martivi magaliTis mixedviT urigo ar iqneboda, radgan es
swored is Teoriaa, romliTac, samwuxarod, CvenSi ekonomikis mmarTveli saxelmwifo institutebi xelmZRvaneloben.
Tu davuSvebT, rom SuSis SesakeTeblad saWiroa 6 franki da amiT
imis Tqma surT, rom am SemTxvevam SuSis mrewvelobas 6 franki Semata da am 6 frankiT mas didi daxmareba gaewia, maSin me am msjelobas
sruliad veTanxmebi, radgan is absoluturi WeSmaritebaa. mova meSuSe, Seasrulebs Tavis samuSaos, miiRebs 6 franks, xelebs moifSvnets da gulSi dalocavs daudevar bavSvs, es aris is, rac Cans.
magram Tu msjelobis gziT mivalT im daskvnamde, rom SuSebis
xSiri msxvreva kargia, radgan is fulis brunvas uwyobs xels, anu
mTeli mrewvelobis waxalisebas emsaxureba, am SemTxvevaSi me valdebuli var wamoviZaxo: SeCerdiT! Tqveni Teoria mxolod imiT
ifargleba, rac Cans da ar surs dainaxos is, rac ar Cans.
xolo ar Cans is, rom burJuas 6 frankis raRac sxva nivTze daxarjva SeeZlo, mas es aRar SeuZlia. ar Cans, mas rom ar dasWirveboda
axali SuSis Casma gatexilis sanacvlod, is SeZlebda TavisTvis Zvelis nacvlad axali fexsacmlis an Tavisi biblioTekisTvis axali
wignis yidvas. mokled rom vTqvaT, is am 6 franks sxva rameSi gamoiyenebda, rasac axla veRar moaxerxebs.
modiT gadavxedoT mrewvelobas zogadad mocemuli mdgomareobidan. SuSa gatexilia da amiT SuSis mrewveloba 6 frankiT gamdidrda; es aris is, rac Cans. xolo Tu mxedvelobaSi miiRebdnen imas,
rac ar Cans, rogorc uaryofiT faqts, xolo imas, rac Cans, dadebiTs, maSin mixvdebodnen rom zogadad erovnuli mrewvelobisTvis
araviTari mogeba ar moaqvs imas, SuSa gatydeboda Tu ara.
modiT axla TviT Jak bonoms SevxedoT.
62

is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

pirveli varaudis mixedviT, rom fanjara gatyda, is xarjavs 6
franks da sanacvlod iZens igive, arafriT nakleb an met SuSas. meore varaudis mixedviT, rom fanjara ar gatyda, is daxarjavda 6
franks axal fexsacmelze da erTdroulad eqneboda rogorc axali
wyvili fexsacmeli, ise fanjara.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom Jak bonomi sazogadoebis nawilia, xolo
sazogadoba erTi mTliani organizmi, unda davaskvnaT, rom sazogadoebis erToblivi Sromisa da moxmarebis Sejamebis Sedegad, Camsxvreuli fanjris Rirebuleba dakargulad CaiTvleba.
Tu zemoT Tqmuls ganvazogadebT mivalT moulodnel daskvnamde, rom sazogadoeba nivTebis Rirebulebas kargavs maTi usargeblo ganadgurebiT da igive ganzogadebiT aseve mivalT aqsiomamde,
romlis gagonebisas proteqcionistebs Tma yalyze daudgebaT: gatexva, gafuWeba, ganiaveba erovnuli warmoabis waxalisebas sulac
ar niSnavs, mokled rom vTqvaT ngrevas mogeba ar moaqvs.
ras ityviT Tqven, mrewvelobis xelmZRvanelo an Tqven, batoni
de sen-Samanis mimdevrebo, romelmac aRsadgeni saxlebis ricxvis
mixedviT, parizis dawviT miRebuli mogeba zustad gaTvala?
Zalian vwuxvar rom am metad SemoqmedebiT gaTvlebSi dEaeWvebaBA
mixdeba, arada maTi suli Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi Zevs, magram me
vTxov baton de sen-Samans xelaxla daiTvalos es mogeba, oRond angariSi gauwios imas, rac ar Cans da daupirispiros imas is, rac Cans.
AmkiTxvelma kargad unda gaiazros, rom am patara dramaSi, romelic SemogTavazeT, monawileobs ara ori, aramed sami piri. erTi
Jak bonomia. is warmoadgens momxmarebels, romelic gatexili SuSis
gamo iZulebulia dasjerdes erT siamovnebas oris nacvlad. meore
piria meSuSe, romelic warmoadgens mwarmoebels da romelmac am
SemTxvevis Sedegad mogeba naxa. mesame piria mewaRe (an sxva nebismieri xelosani), romlis Sromac igive SemTxvevis gamo dazaralda.
es mesame piri, romelic yovelTvis CrdilSi dgas, warmoadgens
imas, rac ar Cans da problemis gadaWris aucilebeli elementia,
gvaswavlis imis danaxvas Tu rogori uazrobaa mogebis ngrevaSi Zieba. mogvianebiT swored es mesame piri dagvanaxebs, rom mogebis SezRudvebSi Zieba aseve didi uazrobaa, radganac es sxva araferia, Tu
ara nawilobrivi ganadgureba. kargad gaiazreT SezRudvebis sasargeblod moyvanili yvela mtkicebuleba da Tqven verafers aRmoaCenT garda Semdegi gavrcelebuli sityvebis parafrazebisa: ra be-

di eweodaT meSuSeebs SuSebi rom ar tydebodes?

jaris daTxovna
konkretul adamianebTan mimarTebaSi yvelaferi iseve xdeba, rogorc masebTan mimarTebaSi; raime siamovnebis misaRebad, is, bunebrivia, fiqrobs imaze, Rirs Tu ara masSi imis gadaxda, rac is Rirs.
63

frederik bastia
erisTvis usafrTxoeba umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia da Tu am amocanis misaRwevad saWiroa asi aTas kaciani armia, amis sawinaaRmdegos
verafers vxedav. es siamovneba garkveul msxverpls moiTxovs.
ar msurs Cemi pozicia arasworad iyos gagebuli; davuSvaT, asambleis wevrma winadadeba wamoayena asi aTasi kacis daTxovnis Sesaxeb, asi milioni gadasaxadebis gadamxdelisTvis gadasaxadebis Semsubuqebis xarjze.
Tu mxolod Semdegi pasuxiT SemovifarglebiT, rom erovnuli
usafrTxoebisTvis asi aTasi adamiani da asi milionis fuli aucilebelia, es msxverplSewirvaa, magram mis gareSe safrangeTi an
fraqciebisgan Suaze iqneboda gaglejili, an ucxo Zalebis mier
dapyrobili. me araferi maqvs am argumentis sawinaaRmdego, romelic SeiZleba sworicaa an arasworic, radgan is, ekonomikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, mcdari ar aris. magram Secdoma Tavs maSin warmoaCens, roca prioritetad Tavad msxverplSewirva cxaddeba da es
viRacisTvis mogebis wyaro xdeba.
Zlier Sevcdebodi Tu vifiqrebdi, rom am winadadebis avtori
Tavis adgils daubrundeba da arc erTi oratori ar upasuxebs Semdegi Sinaarsis sityvebiT: asi aTasi kacis daTxovna! xvdebiT mainc
ras ambobT? ra bedi eweva maT? sad iSovian sacxovrebels? nuTu ar
iciT rom samuSao adgilebi arasakmarisia da yvela adgili gadatvirTulia? nuTu am xalxs quCaSi datovebT konkurenciis gazrdis
da xelfasebis ganakveTze zewolis mizniT? xolo dRes, roca cxovreba isedac rTulia, gana Sesaferisi droa, rom saxelmwifom asi
aTasi axali umuSevari adamiani daapuros? ifiqreT imazec, rom jari Rvinis, tansacmlis da iaraRis momxmarebelia, rac garnizonis
qalaqebSi warmoebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. Mmokled, es RvTis
waylobaa uamravi mommarageblisTvis. nuTu ar gaSfoTebT mrewvelobis am udidesi mamoZravebeli Zalis ganadgureba?
aSkaraa, es kamaTi asi aTasi jariskacis sasargeblod wydeba, am
samsaxuris aucileblobidan gamomdinare mizezebisa da ekonomikuri Sexedulebebis gamo. es swored is Sexedulebebia, romelTac
uarvyof.
asi aTas kacs, romelTa Senaxva gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs asi
milioni ujdebaT, momwodeblebisTvis imdeni mogeba moaqvs, ramdenis miwodebac SesaZlebelia am asi milioniT; es aris is, rac Cans.
magram es asi milioni, romelic gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis jibidanaa amoRebuli, gadamxdelebs da momwodeblebs imdeniT azaralebs, ramdenis miwodebac SesaZlebelia maTTvis am asi milioniT; es
aris is, rac ar Cans. axla modiT yvelaferi daiTvaleT, SeajameT da
miTxariT adamianebi amiT ra mogebas naxaven?
Cemi mxriv getyviT sad Zevs danakargi, xolo simartivisTvis asi
aTasisa da milionis magier, erTi kaci da aTasi franki ganvixiloT.
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

davuSvaT, Cven vimyofebiT a sofelSi. modian serJantebi da erTi kaci jarSi mihyavT, aseve modian gadasaxadebis amkrebnic da aTas
franks iReben. es adamiani TanxasTan erTad q. mecSi mihyavT. es Tanxa erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi am adamianis Sesanaxadaa gankuTvnili,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, arafriTaa dakavebuli.
Tu Tqven yuradRebas mxolod q. mecze gaamaxvilebT, Tqven marTali brZandebiT, es qmedeba sakmaod momgebiania, magram Tu yuradRebas a sofelze gaamaxvilebT, yvelafers gansxvavebulad gansjiT, radgan mxolod brma Tu ver dainaxavs, rom am sofelma dakarga muSa da aTasi franki, romelic misi gasamrjelo unda yofiliyo,
iseve, rogorc is warmoeba, romelic am aTasi frankis dabandebiT
SeiZleboda gafarToebuliyo.
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom kompensacias aqvs adgili. fenomeni, romelsac adgili eqneboda sofelSi, axla mecSi
gvxvdeba. magram ai sad Cans danakargi: sofelSi is iyo muSa, baravda
da Sromobda. mecSi ki is jariskacia, mwkrivSi dgas da xan erT, xan ki
me-ore mxares daabijebs. fuli da mimoqceva orive SemTxvevaSi
erTi da igivea, magram pirvel SemTxvevaSi Sromis nayofierebis
samas dResTan gvaqvs saqme, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ aramwarmoebluri Sromis samas dResTan, ra Tqma unda, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom samxedro samsaxuris raRac nawili sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisTvis aucilebeli ar aris.
davuSvaT, jari daiTxoves, Tqven mimiTiTebT asi aTas umuSevarze da imaze, rom konkurencia saxelfaso ganakveTebs Seamcirebs, es
aris is, rasac Tqven xedavT.
magram is, rasac ver xedavT, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tqven ver xedavT, rom asi aTasobiT jariskacis gaTavisufleba, amasTanave milioni frankis aorTqlebas ki ara, aramed maT gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebisTvis datovebas niSnavs. Tqven ver xedavT, rom bazrisTvis
asi aTasi muSis miwodebiT, mas aseve ajerebT asi milioni frankiT,
romelic maTi samuSaos anazRaurebaa. Sesabamisad, moqmedeba, romlis safuZvelzec muSaTa miwodeba izrdeba, moTxovnasac zrdis.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom xelfasebis Semcirebis SiSi usafuZvloa. Tqven ver xedavT, rom rogorc jaris daTxovnamde, ise
mis mere, qveyanaSi asi milioni franki asi aTas kacs Seesabameba. mTeli gansxvaveba imaSia, rom daTxovnamde qveyana as milions asi aTas
kacs arafris keTebaSi uxdida, xolo mas Semdeg is igive Tanxas maT
muSaobaSi uxdis. erTi sityviT ki, Tqven ver xedavT, rom roca gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli jariskacs araferSi an muSas raRacaSi uxdis
fuls, orive SemTxvevaSi fulis mimoqcevis saboloo Sedegebi erTi
da igivea, mxolod meore SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli sanacvlod raRacas uSualod iRebs. daskvna ki isaa, rom danakargebi ers anadgurebs.
sofizmi, romelsac veWidebi, ver gauZlebs ganvrcobis gamoc65

frederik bastia
das, rac principebis Semowmebis saukeTeso gzaa. Tuki yvelaferi
anazRaurebulia, yvela interesi dakmayofilebulia, xolo jaris
zrdas erovnuli mogeba mosdevs, ratomac ar unda gaerTiandes misi
droSis qveS qveynis mTeli mamrobiTi sqesis mosaxleoba?
gadasaxadebi
odesme Tu gqoniaT SesaZlebloba, mogesminaT Semdegi fraza:
yvelaze kargi investicia gadasaxadebia. erTi SexedeT ramdeni ojaxi xeirobs amiT da rogor moqmedebs is warmoebaze, is xom dauSreteli nakadulia, is TviT sicocxlea.
am mosazrebis ukusagdebad winamdebare arguments moviyvan. politekonomias kargad moexseneba, rom misi argumentebi iseTi TavSesaqcevi ar aris rom xSirad ganmeordes, swored amitom ganmeoreba sasiamovnoa Secvala sityvebiT ganmeoreba codnis dedaa.
SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac Cinovnikebi eqomagebian, aris is, rac
Cans. mimwodeblebis sargeblis zrda aseve aris is, rac Cans. sworedac rom es gvabrmavebs.
xolo usiamovnebani, romelTa Tavidan aSoreba gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs uxdebaT, aris is, rac ar Cans, aseve ar Cans momwodeblebis zianic, miuxedavad imisa, rom es TavisTavad cxadi unda iyos.
rodesac saxelmwifo moxele Tavisi siamovnebisTvis xarjavs asi
suTi (su franguli fulis erTeuli bastias dros. redaqtoris
SeniSvna) mets, es imas niSnavs, rom gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli asi su-

Ti naklebs xarjavs.
saxelmwifo moxelis xarjebi cxadia, imitom, rom es xdeba yvelas
Tvalwin, magram gadamxdelebis xarjebi ar Cans, radgan, samwuxarod, maTi ganxorcielebis saSualebas ar aZleven.
Tqven ers gvalvisgan gamomSral niadags, xolo gadasaxadebs Sxapuna wvimas adarebT. dae iyos ase, magram SeekiTxeT Tqvens Tavs saidan modis wvima? iqneb sulac gadasaxadebia is, rac niadags sinotives arTmevs da aSrobs?
Tqven kvlav unda hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: SesaZlebelia rom niadagi wvimisgan igive raodenobis sinotives iRebdes, romelsac is
aorTqlebis Sedegad kargavs?
erTi ram cxadia, roca Jak bonomi as sus gadasaxadis amkrebs aZlevs, sanacvlod arafers iRebs, xolo Semdgom, roca saxelmwifo
moxele as sus xarjavs da Jak bonoms Sesabamisi raodenobis puris an
Sromis sanacvlod ubrunebs, sabolood, Jak bonomi mainc kargavs 5
franks.
Zalian xSirad, savsebiT samarTlianad, saxelmwifo moxele Jak
bonoms Sesabamisi Rirebulebis momsaxurebas uwevs, am SemTxvevaSi
orive mxare mogebuli rCeba da ubralod momsaxurebis urTierTgacvlas aqvs adgili.
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

Cems argumentebs saWiro moxeleebis sawinaaRmdego araferi
aqvs. imis Tqma minda, rom Tu Tqven gaqvT raime Tanamdebobis Seqmnis
survili, jer misi saWiroeba daamtkiceT, dagvanaxeT, rom Jak bonomisgan misi wili gadasaxadis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, mas is ukanve Sesaferisi momsaxurebis saxiT daubrundeba. aq moyvanili argumentis
garda, nu wamoayenebT argumentad romeliRac saxelmwifo moxeles, misi ojaxis da mimwodeblebis sargebels, nurc imis mtkicebas
SeecdebiT, rom es dasaqmebis waxalisebas uwyobs xels.
roca Jak bonomi saxelmwifo Cinovniks as sus sasargeblo samsaxurisTvis aZlevs, es igivea, rac mewaRidan axal wyvil fexsacmelSi
asi sus gadaxda.
magram roca Jak bonomi Cinovniks aZlevs as sus da sanacvlod
arafers iRebs, es igivea, rac am fulis yaCaRisTvis micema.
sisulelea imis Tqma, rom saxelmwifo moxele am fuls erovnuli
warmoebis waxalisebis didebuli saqmisTvis daxarjavs, yaCaRic xom
imaves moimoqmedebda, iseve, rogorc Jak bonomi, gzaze kanoniT da
kanonis darRveviT moqmed parazitebs rom ar gadahyroda.
modiT miveCvioT movlenebis gansjas ara marto imis mixedviT Tu
ra Cans, aramed imis mixedviTac, rac ar Cans.
gasul wels finansuri komitetis wevri viyavi. maSin opoziciis
wevrebs jer kidev ar ricxavdnen komisiebidan sistematurad. am sakiTxSi damfuZnebelTa kreba brZnulad iqceoda. swored maSin movismine batoni m. tieris sityva: Cemi cxovreba legitimistebis da
klerikalebis partiebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gavatare. mas Semdeg,
rac saerTo saSiSroebam erTmaneTs dagvaaxlova, uSualo saubrebis Semdeg mivxvdi, rom isini iseTi urCxulebi ar arian, rogorebadac warmomedgina.
undobloba gazviadebulia, partiebs Soris, romlebic arasodes
erTiandebian, siZulvili mZvinvarebs; Tu umravlesoba umciresobas komisiebze daswrebis nebas darTavs, SesaZloa aRmoCndes, rom
gansxvavebuli mxareebis ideebi arc ise Sors dgas erTmaneTisgan da
maTi ganzraxvebi arc ise uzneoa, rogorc Cans.
asea Tu ise, SarSan finansuri komitetis wevri viyavi. yovelTvis,
roca Cveni romelime kolega amtkicebda, rom prezidents, ministrebs da elCebs ufro zomieri xelfasi unda daeniSnoT, mas Semdegnairad pasuxobdnen: samsaxureobrivi movaleobis ukeT Sesrulebis mizniT, zogierTi Tanamdebobis piris gansakuTrebuli RirsebebiT Semkoba gviwevs, raTa Tanamdebobebze Rirseuli xalxi movizidoT. uamravi gaWirvebuli mimarTavs prezidents TxovniT da
usiamovno mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, mas xom mudam uaris Tqma uwevs.
saministroebis muSaobis salonuri stili ki konstituciuri mTavrobebis meqanizmis nawilia.
marTalia, amgvari argumentebis uaryofa Zalian martivia, ma67

frederik bastia
gram isini udavod imsaxureben seriozul yuradRebas da ganxilvas,
radgan isini dafuZnebulia sazogadoebriv interesze, miuxedavad
imisa, sworadaa igi gansazRvruli Tu ara. rac Semexeba me, am yYvelafers gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs CemTvis, vidre romelime Tanamedrove katonisTvis (warCinebuli gvari Zvel romSi.
mTargmnelis SeniSvna), romelic SuriT da wuwuraqobiT gamoirCeva.
yvelaze metad rac Cems sindiss aRaSfoTebs da maiZulebs Cemi
qveynis inteleqtualuri resursebis gamo gavwiTlde, aris feodalizmis absurduli gadmonaSTi, romelsac dRemde mxars uWeren:
didebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebis fufuneba axalisebs xelovnebas, mrewvelobas da Sromas. roca saxelmwifos Tavkacebi da ministrebi wveulebebs da saRamoebs marTaven, es socialuri organizmis
yvela arteriasa da venaSi sicocxles amoZravebs. maTi Semcireba
parizis da, e.i., mTeli erovnuli warmoebis dacemas gamoiwvevs.
gemudarebiT batonebo, mciredi angariSi gauwieT ariTmetikas.
nu mosTxovT safrangeTis generalur asambleas, rom maTda sasircxvilod dageTanxmon, TiTqosda Sesakrebebis gadanacvlebiT jami
icvleba.
magaliTisTvis me SevuTanxmdi miwis mTxrels, rom man Cems mindorSi as sud Rari gaTxaros, swored maSin, roca Cven mivaRwieT SeTanxmebas, modis gadasaxadebis amkrebi, marTmevs as sus da Sinagan
saqmeTa ministrs ugzavnis. Cemi garigeba CaiSala, xolo ministrma
amiT Tavisi sadilis magidas axali kerZi Semata, rodemde unda misceT Tqvens Tavs imis mtkicebis ufleba, rom es formaluri xarji
erovnul mrewvelobas uwyobs xels. nuTu ver xedavT rom es ubralod ewinaaRmdegeba Sromisa da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas? marTalia ministrs Tavisi magida ukeTesad aqvs gawyobili,
magram isic marTalia, rom fermeris mindori ufro metadaa gamofituli. parizeli samikitnos mepatrone gamdidrda asi suTi, amaSi
geTanxmebiT, magram Tqvenc dameTanxmeT, rom provincielma miwis
mTxrelma 5 franki dakarga. am yvelafridan gamomdinareobs rom saxelmwifo moxele da mikitani aris is, rac Cans, xolo gamomSrali
mindori da miwis mTxreli, romelic samuSaos gareSe darCa, aris is,

rac ar Cans.
RmerTo Cemo, ra rTulia politekonomiaSi imis mtkiceba, rom
orjer ori oTxia da Tu es maic moaxerxeT, maSin getyvian: es sakiTxi Zalian martivi da sakmaod gasagebia, xolo arCevans ki mainc
ise akeTeben, TiTqos Tqven arc araferi dagimtkicebiaT.
unda dauWiros Tu ara saxelmwifom mxari xelovnebas?
bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba rogorc am argumentis mxardasaWerad,
ise mis sawinaaRmdegod. pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovneba adidebs, amaRlebs da harmoniaSi mohyavs erovnuli suli.
materialuri sazrunavisgan aTavisuflebs mas. silamazis siyvaru68

is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

lisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad es dadebiTad moqmedebs mis yofaqcevaze,
zne-Cveulebebze, adaTze, moralsa da mrewvelobazec ki. ismis kiTxva, ra mouvidoda safrangeTSi musikas italiuri Teatrisa da konservatoriis gareSe, dramatul xelovnebas Le Thtre-Franais-is
gareSe, mxatvrobasa da xelovnebas koleqciebis, gamofenebis da muzeumebis gareSe?
SesaZloa Semdegi kiTxvac daisvas, rom centralizaciis da saxviTi xelovnebis mxardaWeris gareSe ganviTardeboda ki is Cinebuli
gemovneba, romelic franguli Sromis didebuli danamatia da romelic mTeli msoflios sakuTrebaa? am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, rac
evropis TvalSi mis upiratesobasa da sidiades warmoadgens, misi
moqalaqeebisgan mcire gadasaxadebis akrefaze uaris Tqma, nuTu
Tavxedobis umaRlesi mwvervali ar aris?
am da sxva mizezebs, romelTa Zalac udavoa, aranakleb damajerebeli argumentebi SeiZleba davupirispiroT. pirvel rigSi unda iTqvas, rom saqme exeba sargeblisa da tvirTis ganawilebis samarTlianobas. aqvs ki kanonmdebels ufleba, rom xelosnis Semosavali xelovanis sasargeblod dabegros?
m. lamartinma Tqva: Tu mxarSi aRar amoudgebiT Teatrs, maSin
sad SeCerdebiT? gana aseve SewyvetT kolejebis, muzeumebis, institutebis da biblioTekebis mxardaWeras? amas Semdegi pasuxi SeiZleba gaeces: Tu Tqven yvelaferi imis mxardaWera gsurT, rac sasargeblo da kargia, maSin sad SeCerdebiT? nuTu am SemTxvevaSi ar CaudgebiT saTaveSi samoqalaqo siis Camoyalibebas soflis meurneobis, mrewvelobis, komerciis, qvelmoqmedebisa da ganaTlebis mxardaWerisTvis? maSin aSkara iqneba, rom saxelmwifo xelovnebis ganviTarebas uWers mxars?
sakmaod rTulia sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi konsensusis miRweva, magram aSkarad vxedavT, rom warmatebuli Teatrebi sakuTari saxsrebiT arsebobs. Tu ufro CavuRrmavdebiT sakiTxs, aRmovaCenT rom
moTxovnilebebi da survilebi erTimeorisgan ibadeba da im regionebSi Cndeba, romlebic ufro da ufro daxvewilia, radgan sazogado dovlaTi maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebas iZleva; rom mTavroba am mxriv aramc da aramc ar unda Caerios, radgan dRevandeli simdidris pirobebSi dabegvriT xelovnebis waxaliseba SeuZlebelia.
Cemi dakvirvebiT moTxovnilebebis, gemovnebis, Sromis xelovnur cvlileba da xalxis ZaliT gadasaxleba sazogadoebas, sruliad usafuZvlod, gaurkvevel da saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.
saxelmwifo intervenciis mowinaaRmdegeebs mizezad mohyavT
wesrigi, sadac yvelas moTxovnilebani da survilebi dakmayofilebuli unda iyos, Sesabamisad, maTi moqmedebani _ organizebuli. vaRiareb, rom erT-erTi imaTgani var, vinc miiCnevs, rom arCevani da
impulsi unda modiodes qvemodan da ara zemodan, moqalaqisgan da
ara kanonmdeblisgan. sawinaaRmdego doqtrina ki, Tavisuflebis da
69

frederik bastia
adamianuri Rirsebis xelyofad mesaxeba.
Ees daskvna yalbic aris da usamarTloc, iciT Tu ara raSi sdeben
brals ekonomistebs? imaSi, rom roca Cven mTavrobis mxardaWeras
vgmobT, savaraudod, Cven imasac vgmobT, risi mxardaWerac ganixileba da saerTod, yvelanairi saqmianobis mtrebi varT, radgan
gvsurs, rom es saqmianoba, erTi mxriv, Tavisufli iyos da, meore
mxriv, kuTvnili gasamrjelo Tavadve moiZion. amgvarad, Tu Cven
vfiqrobT, rom saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gziT ar unda Caerios religiur saqmianobaSi, aTeistebi varT; Tu vfiqrobT, rom saxelmwifo am gziT ganaTlebaSic ar unda Caerios, maSin Cven ganaTlebis
mtrebi varT; Tu vamtkicebT, rom saxelmwifom gadasaxadebis saSualebiT miwaze an mrewvelobis sxva dargSi fiqtiuri Rirebuleba ar
unda daawesos, Cven sakuTrebisa da Sromis mtrebi varT; xolo Tu
vfiqrobT, rom saxelmwifom mxari ar unda dauWiros xelovnebas,
Cven barbarosebi varT, romlebic xelovnebas arafrad agdeben.
mTeli Cemi ZalebiT vewinaaRmdegebi amgvar Sexedulebebs. roca
Cven vambobT, rom saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos yvela amgvari
qmedebis Tavisufali ganviTareba sxvebis diskriminaciis gareSe,
Sors varT religiis, ganaTlebis, sakuTrebis, Sromis da xelovnebis uaryofis absurduli ideisgan; migvaCnia, rom sazogadoebis yvela is macocxlebeli Zala Tavisuflebis gavleniT bevrad ufro
harmoniulad ganviTardeba da am gavlenis Sedegad arc erTi maTgani usiamovnebis, lanZRvis, tiraniis da areulobis msxverpli ar
gaxdeba, rogorc es dRes xdeba.
Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebi miiCneven, rom qmedeba, romelic arc miwodebiT da arc mTavrobis mier ar aris xelSewyobili, ganwirulia,
maT swamT kanonmdebelis, Cven ki kacobriobis.
amis Semdeg m. lamartini ityvis: am principis mixedviT Cven unda
gavauqmoT sajaro gamofenebi, romlebic am qveynis simdidre da
Rirsebaa. magram pasuxad vetyodi: m. lamartin, Tqveni naTqvamis mixedviT, mxaris ardaWera ganadgurebas gulisxmobs. am principidan
gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifos nebisgan damoukideblad araferi ar arsebobs. imis mtkicebiT, rom saxelmwifos nebis gareSe damoukideblad araferi arsebobs, Tqven gulisxmobT, rom yvelafers,
rac cocxlobs, saxelmwifo aZlevs sasicocxlo Zalas. me am mosazrebis winaaRmdegi var da gTxovT SeniSnoT, rom yvelaze grandiozuli da warCinebuli gamofena, romelSic gamoxatulia liberaluri da universaluri suliskveTeba da aseve vityodi, rom humanurobac, londonSi mzaddeba, romelSic mTavrobas araviTari monawileoba ar miuRia da romelic gadasaxadebiT ar finansdeba.
modiT davubrundeT saxviT xelovnebas: aqac gavimeoreb, rom
bevri argumenti arsebobs, rogorc mTavrobis mxardasaWerad, ise
mis winaaRmdeg. mkiTxvelma unda dainaxos rom am naSromis mizani ar
aris arc am argumentebis ganxilva, arc maT sasargeblod an
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

winaaRmdeg raime gadawyvetilebis miReba.
magram m. lamartinma erTi iseTi argumenti moiyvana, romelsac
gulgrilad ver Cavuvli, radgan is mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli am
ekonomikur swavlebasTan. ekonomikuri sakiTxi, rac Teatrs exeba,
erT sityvaSia gamoxatuli da es aris Sroma. mas ar ainteresebs Tu
rogoria am Sromis buneba. is iseve produqtiuli da nayofieri
Sromaa, rogorc Sromis sxva danarCeni saxeebi. Teatrebi safrangeTSi aranakleb 80000 sxvadasxva saxis muSaxels uzrunvelyofs
sakvebiT da xelfasiT, esenia mxatvrebi, kalatozebi, dekoratorebi, kostiumerebi, arqiteqtorebi da sxv., romlebic am kapitalis
macocxlebeli da mamoZravebeli Zalaa da swored amitom, isini imsaxureben Tqvens mzrunvelobas. Tqvens mzrunvelobas! _ davakonkreteb: Tqvens fuls.
is agrZelebs: parizis fufuneba provinciebis Sromasa da moxmarebas ganapirobebs, xolo mdidrebis xelgaSliloba 200000 sxvadasxva xelobis muSis Semosavali da puria, romlebic mTel respublikaSi mravalferovani Teatrebis wyalobiT arseboben, romlebsac es didebuli sanaxaoba saarsebo saSualebiT uzrunvelyofs. es
igivea, rac maTTvis 60000 frankis pirdapir jibeSi Cadeba (Zalian
kargi, Zalian kargi, Cinebulia gaismis darbazidan).
ai me ki iZulebuli var SevZaxo Zalian cudi! Zalian cudi! mis
Sexedulebebs mxolod aq ganxiluli ekonomikuri sakiTxebis CarCoebSi SevexeT.
ar uarvyof, rom am 60000 frankidan raRac nawils muSaxelic miiRebs, magram es mxolod namcecebiRa iqneba. Rrmad Tu CavukvirdebiT sakiTxs aRmovaCenT, rom namcxvari sxvas ergo, xolo im muSas,
romelsac Tundac namcecebi Sexvda, Zalian gaumarTla. magram modiT davuSveb, rom mTliani Tanxa midis mxatvrebTan, dekoratorebTan da ase Semdeg. es aris is, rac Cans.
magram saidan Cndeba es Tanxa? es sakiTxis meore mxarea da iseve
mniSvnelovani, rogorc pirveli. saidan Cndeba es 60000 franki? sad
wavidoda is kanonmdeblis gadawyvetilebiT Riu deRivolis gavliT Riu gRenelamde (quCebis saxelwodebebi parizSi. redaqtoris
SeniSvna) rom ar mieRwia? es aris is, rac ar Cans.
ra Tqma unda, aravin ar gabedavs daasabuTos, rom kanonSemoqmedTa mier micemuli xmis Sedegad saarCevno yuTSi fuli aRmoCndeba;
rom es erovnuli simdidris damatebaa da rom ara es araCveulebrivi xmis micema, es 60000 franki uxilavi da miuwvdomeli darCeboda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saparlamento umravlesobas am Tanxis mxolod
erTi adgilidan meorisken mimarTva SeuZlia da Tuki mas erTi ver
miiRebs, meores mainc Sexvdeba.
cxadia, gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli, romelic erTi frankiT daibegra, am franks Tavis gankargulebaSi veRarasdros da veranairi
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frederik bastia
saxiT ver daibrunebs, xolo muSa, romelsac is am franks gadauxdida, dakargavs am Tanxis Sesabamis anazRaurebas.
modiT nu mivecemiT bavSvur iluziebs, rom saparlamento kenWisyris Sedegad 60000 franki qveynis keTildReobis da erovnuli
warmoebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli. is mxolod moxmarebisa da xelfasis gadaadgilebas iwvevs, sul esaa.
SegviZlia ki imis Tqma, rom erTi tipis gasamrjelos da Sromas is
cvlis ufro mniSvnelovani, zneobrivi da keTilgonieri gasamrjeloTi da SromiT? me vityodi, rom gadasaxadebis gadamxdelisagan 60000 frankis aRebiT Tqven amcirebT muSebis, miwaTmoqmedebis, xuroebis, mWedlebis Semosavals da, Sesabamisad,
zrdiT momRerlebisas.
cxadia, ukanasknels ufro meti mxardaWera xvdeba, vidre pirvels. magram batoni lamartini ase ar fiqrobs. mas miaCnia, rom Teatrebis Sroma iseve nayofieri da produqtiulia, rogorc sxva danarCenis. es ki sadavoa, risi saukeTeso mtkicebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is Teatrebis saqmianobis sxvebis xarjze subsidirebas
iTxovs.
magram sxvadasxva saxis Sromis Rirebulebis da misi Sedegebis Sedarebas aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs aRniSnul sakiTxTan. erTaderTi,
rac unda gavakeTo, unda vaCveno, rom Tu m. lamartinma da misma momxreebma dainaxes monetis erTi mxare, kerZod msaxiobebis xelfasi,
maSin maT meore mxarec unda daenaxaT, kerZod, dabegvris Sedegad
gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis Semcirebuli Semosavlebi. sargeblis
araswori gadanawilebiT Tavi sasacilo mdgomareobaSi Caigdes. isini rom marTlebi iyvnen TavianT moZRvrebaSi, saxelmwifosadmi
moTxovnebs sazRvari ar eqneboda. rac WeSmaritia erTi frankisTvis igivea 60000 frankisa da asobiT milioni frankisTvisac.
batonebo, roca gadasaxadebi ganxilvis sagani xdeba, safuZvliani mizezebiT unda axsnaT maTi sargeblianoba da ara iseTi uazrobis mtkicebiT, rom sazogadoebrivi xarjebi muSaTa klasis sayrdenia. es midgoma ukuagdebs erT mniSvnelovan faqts, rom sazogado
xarjebi yovelTvis enacvleba pirad xarjebs, maSasadame, Cven saarsebo wyaros erT muSas meoris nacvlad vaZlevT, magram muSaTa
klass amiT araferi emateba. Tqveni argumentebi sakmaod popularulia, magram amavdroulad Zalian absurduli, rom keTilgonivrulad miviCnioT.
saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili samuSao adgilebi
araferia ufro bunebrivi, vidre is, rom roca eri darwmunebulia didi sawarmos momgebianobaSi, mis asamuSaveblad mTel Zalebs
uyris Tavs. magram wonasworobas vkargav, roca am proeqtis gasamarTleblad Semdegi ekonomikuri Sedegi mohyavT: amis garda, is
samuSao adgilebs qmnis.
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

saxelmwifo xsnis gzebs, agebs sasaxleebs, amagrebs quCebs, gahyavs arxebi da amiT asaqmebs adamianebs, es aris is, rac Cans, magram,
meore mxriv, is samuSaos gareSe tovebs sxvebs, es aris is, rac ar

Cans.
davuSvaT, gzis mSenebloba daiwyo. aTasobiT muSa modis yovel
dilas da midis saRamoTi, isini iReben gasamrjelos, es cxadia. TumcaRa gzis mSenebloba rom ar dawyebuliyo da ar moziduliyo amdeni resursi, am xalxs arc es samuSao da arc es xelfasi eqneboda,
esec cxadia.
magram sakmarisia ki es? es saqmianoba sxva ramesac xom moicavs? im
momentSi, roca batoni dupeni sixaruliT warmoTqvams, rom asambleam daadgina, ivseba ki batonebis fuldisa da binos skivrebi
milionebiT? imisTvis rom evolucia dasruldes, saxelmwifom sworad ar unda gaanawilos misi resursebi da aucilebeli xarjebi?
gadasaxadis amkrebebs gadasaxadebis akrefa, xolo gadamxdelebs
maTi gadaxda ar unda dauwesos? SeiswavleT es sakiTxi orive mxridan; maSin, roca am milionebs am da ara sxva daniSnulebas miscemT,
nurc gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebi dagaviwydebaT, ifiqreT Tu ra
daniSnulebas miscemdnen isini am milionebs. Sedegad mixvdebiT,
rom saxelmwifo sawarmos arsebobas monetis meore mxarec aqvs. mis
erT mxareze gamosaxulia dasaqmebuli muSa deviziT rac Cans, xolo meore mxares umuSevari _ deviziT rac ar Cans.
Cem mier am naSromSi dagmobili sofizmi kidev ufro saxifaToa,
radgan saxelmwifo samuSao adgilebTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze gaugonar sawarmoo saqmianobas da mflangvelobas amarTlebs. Tu marTla arsebobs rkinigzis an xidis saWiroeba, mxolod amis aRniSvna
sruliad sakmarisia, magram Tu amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia, isini iSvelieben aseT mistifikacias: muSebi unda uzrunvelvyoT samuSao
adgilebiT.
Sesabamisad, xan imis brZanebas gascemen, rom marsis moedanze arxebi gaTxaron, xan piriqiT, es arxebi amoavson. napoleons egona did
saqmes akeTebda, roca arxebs aTxrevinebda da Semdeg ukanve avsebinebda. is ambobda: ra mniSvneloba aqvs Sedegebs? rac gvWirdeba
aris is, rom keTildReoba muSaTa klasze gavrceldes.
magram modiT ufro CavuRrmavdeT sakiTxs, radganac fulma dagvabrmava. moqalaqeebs fuladi formiT mosTxovo daxmareba saxelmwifo saqmianobisTvis, igivea, rac maTgan naturiT moiTxovo es daxmareba, radganac TiToeuli maTgani SromiT moipovebs im fuls, romelsac begravT. amgvarad moqalaqeebisTvis naturiT gadaxda rom
mogeTxovaT raRac saerTo saqmisTvis, romelic yvelasTvis sasargebloa, es gasagebi iqneboda, maTi jildo samuSaosTvis, TviT am
saqmis Sedegebi iqneboda.
magram Tu Tqven maT aiZulebT gaiyvanon gzebi, romlebzec ar ivlian, aaSenon sasaxleebi, sadac ar icxovreben da argumentad
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frederik bastia
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas mouyvanT, isini mogibrundebian da getyvian: raSi gvWirdeba aseTi samuSao, ukeTesia Tu Sin vimuSavebT.
garkveuli saqmianobisTvis moqalaqeebis mozidva fuladi saxsrebiT da ara fizikuri SromiT, saerTo jamSi, ar cvlis Sedegebs,
saqme isaa, rom meore SemTxvevaSi danakargebi yvelasTvis erTia, xolo pirvel SemTxvevaSi ki isini, visac saxelmwifo asaqmebs, Tavs
arideben danakargebs, romlebic mTeli simZimiT danarCen moqalaqeebs daawveba.
Cvens konstituciaSi aris muxli, romelic ambobs: sazogadoeba
mfarvelobs da xels uwyobs Sromis ganviTarebas saxelmwifos,
departamentebis, olqebis mier Seqmnili samuSao adgilebiT.
rogorc droebiTi saSualeba, gadamxdelTa qcevaSi am Carevas
SeiZleba sasargeblo Sedegebi mohyves, magaliTisTvis SegviZlia
aviRoT mZime zamTari misi mTeli SedegebiT. is iseve moqmedebs, rogorc dazRveva _ mSvidobian dros is iRebs am Sromas da xelfass,
rom gaWirvebis Jams gasces, Tumca Sromas an xelfass arafers
matebs.
rogorc mudmivi, saerTo da sistemuri saSualeba, is mxolod damangreveli mistifikaciaa _ miuRwevadi da winaaRmdegobrivi, swored amitom vxedavT mxolod Sromis mcire nawils, romelic Cans da
ver vamCnevT Sromas, romelic dafarulia.
Suamavlebi
sazogadoeba aris momsaxurebis erToblioba, romelsac adamianebi iZulebiT Tu nebayoflobiT uweven erTmaneTs, Sesabamisad is
moicavs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo momsaxurebas.
pirveli, romelic kanonis mieraa Seqnili da regulirebuli da
romlis Secvla survilis SemTxvevaSic ki araa martivi, SeiZleba
gadarCes da SeinarCunos sargeblianoba da kvlav saxelmwifo
momsaxurebad iwodebodes maSin, roca es saxelmwifo SezRudva ufroa vidre momsaxureba. meore miekuTvneba Tavisufal nebas da individualur pasuxismgeblobas. yvela gascems da iRebs imas, rac
surs da rac SeuZlia urTierTSeTanxmebis gziT; yovelTvis gansazRvraven realur sargeblianobas misi fardobiTi Rirebulebis
proporciulad.
swored amitomac saxelmwifo momsaxureba erT adgilzea gayinuli, maSin, roca kerZo momsaxureba progresis Sesabamisad icvleba.
sakmaod ucnauria rom maSin, roca saxelmwifo momsaxurebis gadaWarbebuli ganviTareba xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi damRupveli
parazitis damkvidrebas, Tanamedrove filosofiuri skolebi, romlebic Tavisufal da kerZo momsaxurebas aseTive xasiaTs miaweren,
cdiloben profesiebi movaleobebad aqcion.
es skolebi did winaaRmdegobas uweven e.w. Suamavlebs. isini yve74

is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

la kapitalists, bankirs, spekulants, mewarmes, vaWars da damgegmarebels siamovnebiT gaanadgurebdnen, maT brals sdeben warmoebis da moxmarebis SeferxebaSi, rom isini orives arTmeven, magram,
sanacvlod, arafers aZleven. ufro metic, am dajgufebebs surT saxelmwifos xelSi ixilon Suamavlebis saqmianoba, radganac am SemTxvevaSi am saqmianobebis SenarCuneba moxerxdes.
socialistebis sofizmi am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sazogadoebas daanaxos Tu Suamavlebs maTi momsaxurebis sanacvlod ras uxdis, xolo damalos is, Tu igive momsaxurebaSi ras gadauxdida saxelmwifos. qvemoT moyvanilia im konfliqtis Cveulebrivi magaliTi, romelic arsebobs imas, rac Cans da
imas, rac ar Cans Soris.
1847 wels, roca qveyanaSi SimSili mZvinvarebda, socialistebma
scades da SeZles maTi damRupveli Teoriis popularizacia. maT
kargad icodnen, rom yvelaze uazro ideebis Tavs moxveva mxolod
tanjuli xalxisTvis SeiZleba; malesuado fames SimSili cudi mrCevelia.
frazebiT, rogoricaa: adamianis mier adamianis eqspluatacia,
SimSiliT da monopoliebiT spekulacia, maT Crdili miayenes vaWrobas da misgan miRebul sargebels.
isini amboben: ra sargebels moitans Tu vaWrebs SeerTebuli
Statebidan an yirimidan saqonlis importis uflebas mivcemT?
saxelmwifo, departamentebi an qalaqebi TviTon ratom ar uweven am
momsaxurebas? isini xom Rarib xalxs produqts sacalo fasebSi
miawvdidnen da es sacodavi xalxi gaTavisufldeboda xarkisgan,
romelsac axla Tavisufal, anu egoistur, individualur da anarqiul vaWrobas uxdis.
xarki, romelsac vaWrebs uxdian, aris is, rac Cans, xolo xarki,
romelsac socialistur sistemaSi saxelmwifos an mis agentebs gadauxdian aris is, rac ar Cans.
raSi mdgomareobs es xarki? imaSi, rom ori pirovneba sruliad
Tavisuflad cvlis momsaxurebas, razec mxolod konkurencia da
Tavisuflad dawesebuli fasebi moqmedebs.
roca mSieri kuWi parizSia, xolo puri, romelsac SimSilis dakmayofileba SeuZlia odesaSi, SimSili ar Sewydeba manam, sanam kuWs
puri ar miewodeba. amis ganxorcielebis sami gza arsebobs:
mSieri kaci Tavad wava puris saSovnelad;
puris Sovnas imas daavalebs, vinc vaWrobiTaa dakavebuli;
saerTo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, saqme saxelmwifo moxeleebs
daevaleba.
am sami gzidan romels aqvs upiratesoba? yvela drosa da qveyanaSi, sadac adamianebi ufro Tavisufalni, ganaTlebulni da gamocdilni arian, meore gzas irCeven. vaRiareb, CemTvis es sruliad
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frederik bastia
sakmarisia, rom upiratesobac mas mivaniWo. miWirs imis dajereba,
rom kacobrioba SeiZleba Secdes imaSi, rac misTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovania.
magram modiT ufro CavuRrmavdeT sakiTxs.
SeuZlebelia, rom 36 milioni adamiani Tavad wavides da SeiZinos
puri odesaSi. Sesabamisad, pirveli gza ar gamogvadgeba.
momxmarebeli damoukideblad ver imoqmedebs, mas sWirdeba
Suamavali, saxelmwofi moxele an agenti.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom pirveli gza yvelaze bunebrivia, radgan
realurad adamianma, romelsac Sia, Tavad unda moipovos puri,
xolo Tu sxva adamiani gaakeTebs amas misTvis, Sesabamisad,
mosTxovs garkveul gasamrjelos. amiT imis Tqma msurs, rom
Suamavlebis saqmianoba anazRaurebasac moicavs.
rogorc ar unda iyos, sanam SevexebiT imas, rasac socialistebi
parazits uwodeben, minda vikiTxo Tu romeli ufro didi parazitia
vaWari Tu saxelmwifo?
vaWrobas (ra Tqma unda Tavisufals, sxva SemTxvevaSi verc ki
SevZlebdi mis gansjas), misive interesebidan gamomdinare,
weliwadis droebis Seswavla, yoveldRiurad mosavlisTvis
Tvalyuris devneba, msoflios yvela kuTxidan informaciis miReba,
moTxovnilebebis ganWvreta da winaswari zomebis miReba uxdeba.
misi xomaldebi mudam mzadyofnaSia, xolo korespondentebi
msoflios yvela kuTxeSi agroveben informacias; misi interesi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rac SeiZleba iafad iyidos, am procesis
TiToeul etapze gaswios ekonomia da umciresi danaxarjebiT
saukeTeso Sedegebi miiRos. roca safrangeTs puri sWirdeba, mas
ara mxolod frangi vaWrebi awvdian, aramed mTeli msoflio, xolo
Tu maTi piradi interesebidan gamomdinare, isini iswrafvian, rac
SeiZleba naklebi danaxarjebiT ganaxorcielon esa Tu is operacia,
maSin maT Soris arsebuli konkurencia maT mier gakeTebuli
ekonomiis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs. roca puri qveyanaSi
Semodis, misi Cqari realizacia vaWrobis interesebSia, rom Tavidan
aicilos riskebi, daibrunos daxarjuli kapitali da pirvelive
SesaZleblobisTanave Seudges imave saqmes.
purze gansxvavebuli fasebidan gamomdinare, vaWroba mas mTel
qveyanaSi anawilebs da yovelTvis im teritoriidan iwyebs, sadac
moTxovna yvelaze didia. SeuZlebelia am saqmis ukeTesi
organizaciis warmodgena, romelic aseve iqneba mowodebuli
yvelas interesi daakmayofilos, visac es sWirdeba, xolo am
organizaciis mimzidveloba, romelsac socialistebi ver amCneven,
mdgomareobs mis TavisuflebaSi. marTalia, rom momxmarebeli
vaWrebs uxdis am puris miwodebis, gemis qiris, sawyobebis,
sakomisio da sxva xarjebs, magram romel sistemaSi xdeba, rom is,
vinc purs Wams, ar anazRaurebs misi miwodebis xarjebs? mas
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yovelTvis uwevs am xarjebis anazRaureba, xolo, rac Seexeba am
Tanxis sidides, konkurenciis Sedegad is minimumamde dadis.
samarTlianobasTan mimarTebaSi ki sakmaod ucnauri iqneboda
parizel xelosnebs marselis vaWrebisTvis ar emuSavaT, maSin, roca
marselis vaWrebi parizis xelosnebisTvis muSaoben.
davuSvaT, socialisturi Sexedulebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo
vaWrobas Caudga saTaveSi, ra moxdeba maSin? am SemTxvevaSi minda
vicode sad eqneba adgili ekonomias, Sesyidvis fasSi?
warmoidgineT, rom erT mSvenier dRes da swored yvelaze didi
gasaWirisas, odesaSi 40 aTasi kaci Cavida, warmoidgineT Tu ra
Sedegebi eqneba amas fasebze. xarjebis SemcirebiT miviRebT ki
ekonomias? gana ufro naklebi gemebi, ekipaJi, trasporti an karpaWi
dagvWirdeba an iqneb saerTod arc aravin gadaixdis rames? gana
iqneba es ekonomia vaWrebis mogebis xarjze? gana saxelmwifo
moxeleni
odesaSi
gasamrjelos
gareSe
wavidodnen
an
imogzaurebdnen da imuSavebdnen ki isini Zmobis principebidan
gamomdinare? gana maTac ar unda iarsebon an maTi dro ar unda iyos
anazRaurebuli? gjeraT ki, rom es xarjebi aTasjer ar
gadaaWarbebs vaWrebis mogebis 2_3 procents?
Semdeg gadasaxadebiT dabegvris da sakvebis ganawilebis
sirTuleebze da im usamarTlobaze ifiqreT, romelic msgavsi
movlenis Tanmdevia. aseve ifiqreT msgavs pirobebSi mTavrobis
pasuxismgeblobazec.
socialistebma, romlebmac amdeni sisulele moigones da
SeWirvebis Jams masebs moaxvies Tavs, sakuTar Tavs mowinave
adamianebis saxeli miakuTvnes, xolo sityvebis Tavisufali
gamoyenebis Cveva garkveul safrTxes Seicavs, rom maTze am
sityvebis mniSvneloba gavrceldes. mowinave adamianebi! es
gancxadeba gulisxmobs, rom isini ufro mets da Sors xedaven vidre
Cveulebrivi mokvdavni, xolo maTi erTaderTi danaSauli isaa, rom
Zalian gauswres sazogadeobas, xolo Tu jer kidev ar mosula
darCenili Tavisufali momsaxurebebis ganadgurebis dro,
romelsac parazitebs uwodeben, es moxda mxolod sazogadoebis
wyalobiT, romelic socializms CamorCa. sindisi mkarnaxobs, rom
sawinaaRmdego sruli simarTlea da ar vici romel velur
saukuneSi SeiZleba veZioT socializmis msgavsi swavleba.
Tanamedrove filosofiuri skolebi yovelTvis upirispireben
namdvil sazogadeobas asociacias, magram ver xvdebian, rom
Tavisufali regulirebis pirobebSi, sazogadoeba WeSmariti
asociaciaa, romelic sxva gaerTianebebze bevrad ufro maRla dgas.
modiT amis dasamtkiceblad magaliTs moviyvan: adamiani rom
diliT adges da Seimosos, amisTvis mravali ram unda gakeTdes; jer
miwa unda damuSavdes, moixnas, ganayofierdes, unda daiTesos
mcenareebi, Semdeg swored am mindorze cxvris fara unda gavides
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frederik bastia
saZovrad, rom garkveuli xnis Semdeg mogvces matyli, Semdeg es
matyli gasufTavdes, gairecxos, gaSres da gardaiqmnas qsovilad,
romlisganac ikereba tansacmeli. am operaciebs kidev bevri sxvac
emateba: miwis iaraRebi, saZovrebi, saxelosnoebi, qarxnebi, qvanaxSiri, manqanebi, urmebi.
sazogadoeba rom ar warmoadgendes srulyofil asociacias, maSin adamians, romelsac sWirdeba tansacmeli, mouwevda rom es procedurebi Tavad gaevlo, pirveli baris moqneviT dawyebuli da Tvalis amoyvaniT damTavrebuli. magram Tanaziarobis wyalobiT, romelic Cveni rasisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, es operaciebi uamrav muSas Soris nawildeba da saerTo keTildReobisTvis maT ufro da
ufro meti specializebisken mimarTavs; rac ufro izrdeba moxmareba, vaWrobas yoveli axali damoukidebeli saqmis mxardaWera
ZaluZs. Aamas SemdegSi mogebis ganawileba mohyveba da yvelas Tavisi
ergeba, Tu es ar aris asociacia, maSin msurs vicode ra aris.
SevniSnavdiT, rom arc erT am momuSaves misTvis aucilebeli
nivTierebis umciresi atomic ki ar miuRia. saerTo miznisTvis isini
iZulebulni arian erTmaneTs momsaxureba gauwion da mxarSi amoudgnen, swored erTmaneTisadmi es damokidebuleba SeiZleba ganvixiloT Suamavlobad. magaliTad, Tu garkveuli saqmianobisTvis
gadazidva imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom moiTxovs calke pirovnebas,
darTva _ meores, xolo qsova _ mesames, maSin pirveli ratom iTvleba ufro did parazitobad danarCenebTan SedarebiT? gana gadazidva ar aris saWiro? xolo vinc amiTaa dakavebuli gana Tavis
dros da Sromas ar xarjavs da Sesabamisad, ar zogavs sxvebisas? xolo es ukanasknelni gana masze mets muSaoben? gana isini anazRaurebis an produqciis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT Tanabrad ar
arian damokidebulni kanonze, romlis mixedviTac fasebi wesdeba?
gana saerTo keTildReobis mizniT Sromis danawileba sruliad Tavisuflad ar ganxorcielda? raSi dagvWirda maSin socialisti,
romelic marTvis mimarT pretenziebiT despotias amkvidrebs, rom
Cveni nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebani gaanadguros, Sromis danawilebis procesi SeaCeros, kerZo sazogadoTi Secvalos da civilizacia ukan daxios?
gana asociacia, romelsac me aRvwer, asociacia ar aris mxolod
imitom, rom yvelas aqvs Tavisufali ufleba mas SeuerTdes an
datovos, airCios misi adgili, ganikiTxos da Tavad gansazRvros
Tavisi pasuxismgebloba, rom yvelas Tavisi energia da interesebis
garantia moaqvs Tan? imisTvis, rom asociacia am saxels imsaxurebdes, gana aucilebelia, rom fsevdoreformatorma Tavisi
gegma da survili Tavs moaxvios da, ase vTqvaT, Tavis TavSi ganaxorcielos kacobrioba?
rac ufro mets ganvixilavT am ganviTarebul skolebs, miT ufro
davrwmundebiT, rom safuZvlad mxolod erTi umecreba udevT,
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romelic Tavis Tavs Seucdomlad acxadebs da am Seucdomlobis
saxeliT despotizmisken mogviwodebs.
vimedovneb, mkiTxveli am gadaxvevas mapatiebs, SesaZlebelia, is
sulac ar aris usargeblo dRevandel dRes, roca sen-simonis, falasteris da ikarianis SromebSi uxvadaa Suamavlebis sawinaaRmdego
deklamaciebi, romlebsac SecdomaSi SehyavT presa da sazogadoeba
da Tavisufal Sromas da savaWro urTierTobebs seriozul safrTxes uqmnian.
SezRudvebi
batonma prohibanma (mas es saxeli Sarl dupenma Searqva) mTeli
misi dro da kapitali Tavis mamulSi rkinis madnis gadamuSavebas
Sealia. radganac buneba belgielebis mimarT ufro guluxvi aRmoCnda, amitomac isini ufro iafad yiddnen rkinas frangebze vidre
batoni prohibani, es ki imas niSnavda, rom frangebs an safrangeTs
naklebi danaxarjebiT SeeZloT SeeZinaT sasurveli raodenobis
rkina patiosani flamandielebisgan. sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, maT Secdomebi ar dauSves da yoveldRe SesaZlebeli iyo
SexvedrodiT melursmneebs, mWedlebs, meTvleebs, meqanikosebs, muSebs, romlebic belgiaSi rkinisTvis Tavad midiodnen an Suamavlebs
agzavnidnen. es yvelaferi baton prohibans saSinlad ar moswonda.
Tavdapirvelad mas azrad mouvida, rom es boroteba sakuTari
ZalebiT SeeCerebina. es iyo sul mcire ris gakeTebac SeeZlo, radganac mxolod is erTi itanjeboda amisgan. me aviReb iaraRs _
Tqva man _ oTx pistolets Cavdeb qamarSi, avavseb savaznes, Semovirtyam xmals da ase SeiaraRebuli waval sazRvarze. iq ki pirvelive Semxvedr mWedels, melursmnes, meqanikoss an zeinkals, romelic
akeTebs Tavis da ara Cem saqmes, movklav, dae icodes, rogor unda
cxovreba.
gasvlis win batoni prohibani Cafiqrda, ramac cotaTi gaanela
misi saomari SemarTeba, Tavis Tavs uTxra: jer kidev ucnobia, Tu
ra reagireba eqnebaT Cems Tavdasxmaze rkinis myidvelebs, moqalaqeebs da mtrebs, sanam Tavs momakvlevineben jer SeiZleba me momklan. Cemi yvela mosamsaxurec rom Tan waviyvano, mainc ver davicavT yvela gasasvlels. Bbolos da bolos es saqme Zalian bevrs
moiTxovs, imaze bevrs vidre mocema SeuZlia.
batonma prohibanma is iyo guldawyvetilma gadawyvita Tavis mamulSi darCena da sxvebiviT Tavisuflad cxovreba, rom TavSi erTma
araCveulebrivma azrma gauelva. mas gaaxsenda, rom parizSi kanonebis mwarmoebeli uSvelebeli qarxana arsebobs. ra aris kanoni? _
gaifiqra man _ es iseTi normaa, rom erTxel miRebuli, gind cudi
an kargi, yvelas mis morCilebas avaldebulebs. misi SesrulebisTvis saerTo Zalisxmevis organizeba xdeba, risTvisac xalxs mimarTaven da misgan fizikur da fulad mxardaWeras iTxoven.
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frederik bastia
rom SemeZlos da am parizuli warmoebidan miviRo erTi kanoni
belgiuri rkinis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, Semdeg Sedegebs miviRebdi:
mTavroba Caanacvlebda im mcire momsaxureebs, romelTa gagzavnas
sazRvarze vapirebdi, 20 aTasi adamianiT, jiuti mWedlebis, fermerebis, xelosnebis, meqanikosebis, zeinklebis, melursmneebis da muSebis SvilebiT. xolo am 20 aTasi mebaJis janmrTelobisa da kargi
ganwyobis SenarCunebis mizniT, maT 25 milion franks daurigebda,
romelsac isev da isev im mWedlebis, melursmneebis, xelosnebisa da
muSebisgan amoiRebda. isini sazRvars bevrad ukeTesad daicavdnen
da me araferi damijdeboda, daculi viqnebodi gadamyidvelebis
uxeSobisgan, rkinas sakuTar fasad gavyiddi da davtkbebodi imis
xilviT, Tu Cveni diadi xalxi rogor gaxda samarcxvino mistifikaciis msxverpli. es maT gadaaCvevda, rom sakuTari Tavi evropaSi
progresis mqadageblad da mis mamoZravebel Zalad mieCniaT. xoo!
es marTlac didi xumroba iqneba, Rirs cda.
ase rom, batoni prohibani kanonebis qarxanaSi wavida. sxva dros
albaT mogiyvebiT misi Savi saqmeebis Sesaxeb, magram axla mxolod
Ria saqmeebs Sevexebi. pirvel rigSi man baton kanonmdeblebs Semdegi werili gadasca:
belgiuri rkina safrangeTSi 10 frankad iyideba, rac maiZulebs
mec igive fasad gavyido. me visurvebdi 15 frankad gameyida, magram
amas ver vakeTeb belgiuri rkinis gamo, romelsac wiTeli zRvis
fskerze visurvebdi. mogmarTavT TxovniT, SemoiRoT kanoni, romelic akrZalavs belgiuri rkinis Semotanas, me maSinve gavzrdi fass
5 frankiT da Sedegebi Semdegi iqneba: yoveli centneri rkinis
safasurad, romlesac bazars mivawvdi, me aviReb 15 da ara 10 franks,
me gavmdidrdebi, gavzrdi warmoebas da met adamians davasaqmeb. me
da Cemi muSebi mets vaWrebs davaxarjavdiT da isini mets moigebdnen. es ukanasknelni didi klienturis yolis Sedegad, vaWrobas
meti muSa-mosamsaxuriT uzrunvelyofen, rac qveyanaSi orive mxaris aqtiurobas gazrdis. fuls, romelsac Tqven Cems jibeSi CayriT, rogorc zRvaSi gadagdebuli qva, warmoSobs uwyvet koncentrirebul wreebs.
am msjelobiT aRfrTovanebulma kanonmdeblebma, romlebic gaocebulni darCnen Tu ra martivad SeiZleboda keTildReobis miRweva kanonmdeblobis saSualebiT, xma misces am SezRudvas. ra saWiroa amdeni saubari Sromasa da ekonomikaze? _ amboben isini _ ra
saWiroa erovnuli simdidris gazrdis yvela es mtkivneuli gza,
roca am miznis misaRwevad sakmarisia mxolod erTi dadgenileba?.
sinamdvileSi, am kanons zustad is Sedegebi mohyveboda, rac batonma prohibanma gamoacxada, magram is im Sedegebsac moitanda, rac
mas ar gauTvaliswinebia. mis gasamarTleblad unda vTqvaT rom misi
msjeloba mcdari ar iyo, ubralod arasruli iyo. upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT man mxolod is SeniSna, rac naTeli iyo, xolo is, rac
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

cxadi ar iyo, CrdilSi datova. man mxolod ori moqmedi piri gamoiyvana, maSin, roca sinamdvileSi saqme sams exeba. xolo am uneblie
Tu gamiznuli Secdomis gamosworeba Cvenzea.
simarTlea rom moneta, romelic kanonis ZaliT xvdeba batoni
prohibanis jibeSi, momgebiania ara mxolod misTvis, aramed maTTvisac visi Sromac man unda waaxalisos. es moneta rom mTvaridan Camovardniliyo, maSin misi dadebiTi Sedegebi mavne SedegebiT ar daiCrdileboda. samwuxarod, es idumali moneta mTvaridan ar vardeba,
aramed mWedlis, melursmnis, meTvlis, muSis, xuros da sxvaTa jibeebidan modis, erTi sityviT, Jak bonomis jibidan, romelic ixdis,
xolo sanacvlod gram rkinasac ki ar iRebs maSin, roca masSi 10
franks ixdida. erTi SexedviTve cxadia, rom es garemoeba sakiTxs
sxvanairad ayenebs, srulebiT cxadia, rom batoni prohibani Jak bonomis xarjze mdidrdeba, xolo am monetiT baton bonomsac imaves
gakeTeba SeuZlia adgilobrivi mSromelebis sasargeblod, rac
baton prohibans. qva imitom davarda wylis zedapiris im wertilze,
rom kanoniT akrZaluli iyo misi sxva wertilze gadagdeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac Cans (xiluli) avsebs imas, rac ar Cans
(uCinars). amgvari moqmedebis Sedegad Tavs iCens usamarTloba da,
rac yvelaze samwuxaroa, kanoniT dadgenili usamarTloba.
magram es ar aris yvelaferi. me ukve vTqvi, rom mxedvelobis miRma yovelTvis rCeba mesame piri. axla is wina planze unda wamovwioT,
rom 5 frankis meore danakargi dagvanaxos. am garigebis srul suraTs mxolod maSin miviRebT.
Jak bonomi flobs 15 franks, romelic misi Sromis nayofia, is axla Tavisufalia. ras akeTebs am 15 frankiT? 10 frankad is iZens axal saqonels, xolo Semdgom am saqonliT is (TviTon an Suamavlis
meSveobiT) centneri belgiuri rkinis safasurs gadaixdis. amis Semdeg mas kide darCa 5 franki, romlesac mdinareSi ki ar isvris, aramed (da swored es aris is, rac ar Cans) romelime vaWars raRacis
(siamovnebis momgvrelis) sanacvlod aZlevs, magaliTad, wignebis
gamyidvels _ bosuies leqciebi msoflio istoriaze SesaZenad.
ase da amgvarad, erovnuli warmoeba gaizarda 15 frankiT, sadac
10 franki franguli warmoebis produqciis SeZenaze, xolo 5 franki
_ wignebiT movaWreze daixarja.
rac Seexeba Jak bonoms, is Tavisi 15 frankis sanacvlod 2 produqts: centner rkinas da erT wigns iRebs.
mMagram, roca axali kanoni ZalaSi Sedis ra mdgomareobaSi ayenebs
is Jak bonoms? rogor moqmedebs is erovnul warmoebaze?
Jak bonomi Tavisi 15 frankis yovel sentims baton prohibans uxdis da Sesabamisad, kargavs wignis an sxva raime nivTis flobis siamovnebas, is kargavs 5 franks. SeuZlebelia amas ar daeTanxmo, iseve,
rogorc SeuZlebelia ar daeTanxmo imas, rom roca SezRudvis
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frederik bastia
Sedegad fasebi izrdeba, momxmarebeli zaraldeba.
Tumca amboben, rom erovnuli warmoeba mogebuli rCeba.
magram is sulac ar rCeba mogebuli, kanonis SemoRebiT is iseve
iRebs 15 franks, gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom kanonis SemoRebis
Semdeg Jak bonomis 15 franki mTlianad liToniT vaWrobaSi midis,
maSin, roca kanonis SemoRebamde is TerZsa da wignebiT movaWres Soris nawildeboda.
batoni prohibanis an kanonis mier sazRvarze gamoyenebuli Zaladoba zneobis mxriv SeiZleba gansxvavebulad aRviqvaT. zogs miaCnia
rom mZarcveloba srulad gamarTlebulia Tu kanoniTaa daSvebuli, magram CemTvis warmoudgenelia am mdgomareobaze ufro damamZimebeli ram. Mmagram, rogorc ar unda iyos, ekonomikuri Sedegebi
orive SemTxvevaSi msgavsia.
rogorc geneboT sakiTxs ise miudeqiT, magram Tu Tqven miukerZoebuli brZandebiT, maSin dainaxavT rom kargi araferi moaqvs arc
dakanonebul da arc kanongareSe Zarcvas. Cven ar uarvyofT, rom
batoni prohibani, misi vaWroba da TviT erovnuli warmoebac iRebs
5 frankis mogebas, magram vamtkicebT, rom amas Tan ori danakargi
sdevs, erTi _ Jak bonomis, romelic ixdis 15 franks 10-is nacvlad
da meore _ erovnuli warmoeba, romelic ar miiRebs gansxvavebas.
airCieT am oridan erT-erTi Cven mier aRiarebuli mogebis anazRaurebis mizniT, magram erT-erTi maTgani yovelTvis iqneba sruli
kraxi. esec morali: Zaladoba warmoebas ar niSnavs, is ganadgurebas
niSnavs. marTlac, Zaladoba rom warmoebas niSnavdes, Cveni qveyana
imaze cotaTi ufo mdidari iqneboda, vidre axla aris.
manqanebi
dawyevlili manqanebi! maTi gazrdili Zalaufleba yovelwliurad milionobiT muSas siRatakis msxverplad aqcevs, arTmevs samsaxurs da xelfasebs da purs. dawyevlili manqanebi!
ai aseTia saerTo crurwmena, xolo misi gamoZaxili ki JurnalgazeTebSi gaismis.
magram manqanebis dawyevla, adamianis gonebis dawyevlaa!
yvelaze metad is macbunebs, rom moiZebneba erTi adamianic ki,
romelic am doqtrinas Seurigdeba.
Tu es simarTlea, maSin ra aris amis gardauvali Sedegi? is, rom
aqtiuroba, simdidre, keTildReoba da bedniereba mxolod suleli
da gonebrivad CamorCenili erisTvis aris SesaZlebeli, romelsac
RmerTma ar uboZa fiqris, dakvirvebis, gansjis, gamogonebis da
didi Sedegebis mcire ZalisxmeviT miRwevis damRupveli niWi. da, piriqiT, ZonZebi, qoxmaxebi, siRaribe da gamofitva im erisTvisaa gardauvali, romelic rkinaSi, cecxlSi, qarSi, eleqtroenergiaSi,
magnetizmSi, qimiisa da meqanikis kanonebSi, erTi sityviT bunebis
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

ZalebSi eZebs da poulobs misi bunebrivi Zalebis damatebas. amas
swored rom Seesabameba rusos sityvebi: yoveli adamiani, romelic
fiqrobs, garyvnili cxovelia.
es yvelaferi araa. Tu es doqtrina WeSmaritia, maSin iqidan gamomdinare, rom yvela adamiani fiqrobs da qmnis, misi arsebobis yovel momentSi bunebis ZalebTan kavSirs eZebs, Sromisa Tu danaxarjebis SemcirebiT cdilobs gaakeTos naklebi, rom moipovos rac SeiZleba meti kmayofileba naklebi SromiT, unda davaskvnaT, rom mTeli kacobrioba progresisadmi am gonebrivi miswrafebis Sedegad
TviTganadgurebisken mieqaneba, rac mis TiToeul wevrs aRelvebs.
Tu es asea, maSin statistikurad unda iyos damtkicebuli, rom
lankasteris mcxovreblebi manqanebis gamo toveben TavianT karmidamos da mieSurebian irlandiisken, romelsac TvaliTac ar unaxavs manqanebi, xolo istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobili unda iyos,
rom barbarosoba civilizaciis epoqebs anadgurebs, xolo civilizacia yvavis ucodinrobis da barbarizmis epoqaSi.
cxadia, winaaRmdegobebis mTel am masaSi aris raRac, rac gvaSfoTebs da gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, rom problema Tavad moicavs misi
gadaWris gzas, romelic safuZvlianad ar aris Seswavlili.
amaSi Zevs mTeli idumaleba? imis ukan, rac Cans, yovelTvis imaleba is, rac ar Cans. Sevecdebi amovxsna es saidumloeba. gza, romliTac amas gavakeTeb, wina SemTxvevebis msgavsi iqneba, radganac
problema erTi da igivea.
yvela adamians aqvs Tviseba _ SeiZinos is, rac iafi ujdeba, Tu
amas win ar udgas raime saxis SezRudvebi. maT surT SeiZinon rac
SeiZleba meti TavianTi SromiT, imisda miuxedavad Tu saidan modis
es, ucxoeli mwarmoeblisgan Tu gamocdili manqanuri warmoebidan.
am bunebrivi midrekilebis Teoriuli winaaRmdegoba orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea. orive SemTxvevaSi mas aSkara pasiurobis gamowvevas abraleben, romelic emuqreba Sromas. magram axla Tavisufali da ara pasiuri Sroma gansazRvravs mas. da orive SemTxvevaSi
isev is praqtikuli winaaRmdegoba iCens Tavs Zalis saxiT. kanonmdebeli zRudavs gare kunkurencias da krZalavs konkurencias manqanur warmoebaSi. sxva ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli miswrafebis CaxSoba, Tu ara Tavisuflebis CamorTmeviT?
Tumca bevr qveyanaSi kanonmdebeli amarcxebs am konkurenciebidan erT-erTs maSin, roca ver bedavs Seexos meores, rac mis meryev xasiaTze miuTiTebs.
es arc unda gagvikvirdes. mcdar gzaze meryeoba gardauvalia, es
rom ara, mTeli kacobrioba msxverplad gadaiqceoda. yalbi principi arasdros da verasdros ver iqneba bolomde miRweuli.
modiT davubrundeT Cvens axsna-ganmartebas, romelic didxans
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frederik bastia
ar gagrZeldeba.
Jak bonoms aqvs 2 franki, romelsac or daqiravebul muSas uxdis,
magram is Tokebis da girebis saSualebiT qmnis mowyobilobas, romelic mis danaxarjebs orjer amcirebs. misi meSveobiT is aRwevs mizans, zogavs erT franks da samuSaodan aTavisuflebs erT muSas.
is samuSaodan aTavisuflebs erT muSas _ es aris is, rac Cans.
amis danaxvisas ki amboben: xedavT, civilizacias rogor Tan
sdevs siRaribe, ai asea damRupveli Tavisufleba TanasworobisTvis. mas mere, rac adamianis gonebam gamarjveba moipova, muSa maSinve
siRatakis morevSi gadaeSva. Jak bonoms SeuZlia hyavdes ori muSa,
magram maSin maT mxolod xelfasis naxevars miscems, rac muSebs
aiZulebs erTmaneTs konkurencia gauwion da sakuTar Tavs dabal
fasad sTavazoben. Sedegad mdidrebi yovelTvis mdidrdebian,
xolo Raribebi kidev ufro Raribdebian. mSvenieri daskvnaa, Sesavlis Sesaferisi.
sabednierod, Sesavalic da daskvnac, orive mcdaria, radgan imis
ukan, rac Cans, imaleba is nawili, romelic ar Cans.
Jak bonomis mier dazogili franki ar Cans da arc am danazogis
aucilebeli Sedegebi.
am gamogonebis gamoyenebis Semdeg Jak bonomi Sromis anazRaurebaze mxolod erT franks xarjavs, xolo meore franki mas rCeba.
Tu qveyanaze arsebobs dausaqmebeli muSa da kapitalisti gamouyenebeli erTi frankiT, es ori elementi erTmaneTs xvdeba da erTdeba da, cxadia, Sromis miwodebasa da moTxovnas, xelfasebis miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris urTierToba ar icvleba.
gamogoneba da erTi frankiT anazRaurebuli muSa qmnian samuSaos, romelsac adre ori muSa asrulebda. meore muSa ki axla axal
samuSaos asrulebs.
ra gansxvavebas aqvs maSin adgili? damatebiTi erovnuli dovlaTi Seiqmna, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamogoneba kacobriobis
usasyidlo monapovaria, mogeba.
Cem mier moyvanili ganmartebebis Semdeg, SesaZlebelia aseTi
daskvna gamovitanoT? mxolod erTi, kapitalisti iRebs mogebas
gamogonebidan. xolo muSaTa klasi ara mxolod droebiT izaralebs, aramed verasdros gamoiyenebs am gamogonebis upiratesobebs,
radganac Tqveni ganmartebebis Sesabamisad, manqanebi erovnuli
warmoebis struqturas cvlis mxolod da amiT arc amcirebs da arc
zrdis mas.
am traqtatis SeqmniT ar vapireb pasuxi gavce yvela arsebul winaaRmdegobas, Cemi erTaderTi mizani iyo damengria saerTo
crurwmena, romelic saxifaToa da sakmaod gavrcelebulic... me
mxolod minda davamtkico, rom axali manqana, marTalia, droebiT
umuSevars tovebs muSebs, magram, amasTanave, is uciloblad qmnis
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waxalisebis fonds. muSebi da fondi erTiandeba, rom Seqmnas is, risi Seqmnac gamogonebamde SeuZlebeli iyo, aqedan gamomdinareobs
saboloo Sedegi _ Tanabari muSaobis pirobebSi sargebeli izr-

deba.
vin aris mogebuli am damatebiTi sargebliT?
pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, kapitalisti, gamomgonebeli, vinc
pirveli xeirobs manqanis gamoyenebiT da amaSi mdgomareobs misi
jildo niWierebisa da gambedaobisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
Cven vnaxeT, warmoebis zrdis xarjze is akeTebs danazogs, romelic
razec ar unda daixarjos (da is yovelTvis raRacaze daixarjeba),
xels uwyobs imdenive adamianis dasaqmebas, ramdenic manqanam gamodevna.
magram konkurencia mas aiZulebs dawios fasebi danazogebis
proporciulad da ukve ara gamomgonebeli, aramed myidveli, momxmarebeli, sazogadoeba, muSebis CaTvliT, erTi sityviT, mTeli kacobrioba sargeblobs misi gamogonebiT.
xolo is, rac ar Cans, SemdegSi mgomareobs: danazogebi, romelic
yvela momxmareblis xelSi aRmoCnda, qmnis fonds, saidanac gaicema
muSebis xelfasebi, romlebic manqanam gamodevna.
Cvens magaliTs rom davubrundeT, davinaxavT, rom Jak bonomi
xelfasebSi 2 frankis daxarjviT naxulobs mogebas. misi gamogonebis wyalobiT ki Sromis anazRaureba mxolod erTi franki ujdeba.
sanam is mis produqts yidis igive fasad, erTi muSa am produqtis
dasamzadeblad ukve zedmetia, es aris is, rac Cans da rac ar Cans
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Jak bonomis dazogili frankiT anazRaurebas sxva muSa iRebs.
roca movlenaTa bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegad Jak bonomi iZulebulia warmoebuli produqciis fasi erT frankamde dawios, maSin is ukve aRar flobs danazogs, mas aRar aqvs franki mis gankargulebaSi, rom erovnul warmoebas axali produqtis SekveTa misces,
magram asparezze axali mogebuli gamodis da es mogebuli kacobriobaa. yvela, vinc mis produqts yidulobs, ixdis erTi frankiT
naklebs da am danazogs xelfasebis fondSi ricxavs, esec kvlav aris

is, rac ar Cans.

manqanebis am problemas kidev erTi gadawyveta aqvs, rac faqtebzea dafuZnebuli.
vTqviT, rom manqanebi amcirebs warmoebis danaxarjebs da produqciis fass. mogebis Semcireba iwvevs moxmarebis zrdas, rac ucilobels xdis warmoebis zrdas da bolos da bolos gamogonebis Sedegad asaqmebs muSebis im raodenobas da metsac, rac gamogonebamde
iyo. amis dasamtkiceblad kargi magaliTia beWduri gamocemebi, sarTavi saxelosnoebi da sxv.
es ganmarteba ar aris mecnieruli. zemoT moyvanilidan unda da85

frederik bastia
vaskvnaT, rom Tu garkveuli produqtis moxmareba iqneboda mudmivi an TiTqmis ar Seicvleboda, maSin manqanebi Sromas zians miayenebda, rac ar aris marTali.
davuSvaT, romeliRac qveyanaSi yvela atarebs quds, Tu manqanebis meSveobiT qudis fasi ganaxevrdeboda, es sulac ar niSnavs imas,
rom gaormagdeboda warmoeba.
vinme ityvis ki, rom am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli warmoebis nawili
paralizebulia? saerTo gagebiT es asea, magram Cemeuli gagebiT
ara, am qveyanaSi Tundac erTiT meti qudi romc ar gayiduliyo, saxelfaso fondi nakleb daculi ar iqneboda. is, rac ar daixarja
qudebis warmoebaSi, momxmareblis gankargulebaSi darCeba da ekonomikis sxva seqtorSi daixarjeba, rac warmoebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebas waaxalisebs da im muSebis anazRaurebaze iqneba gamoyenebuli, romlebic manqanebma umuSevrebi datova. ai aseTia movlenaTa bunebrivi wesrigi.
minaxavs gazeTebi, romlebic 80 franki Rirda, axla ki 48, aq 32
frankis danazogs aqvs adgili. ucnobia daixarjeba Tu ara es 32
franki sagamomcemlo saqmeze. axla amas arc aqvs principuli mniSvneloba, erTi ki cxadia da aucilebelic, rom Tu is daixarjeba am
saqmeze, maSin sxva saqmezec daixarjeba. erTni gamoiyeneben meti gazeTis gamosawerad, meoreni ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis, mesameni
ukeTesi tansacmlisTvis, xolo meoTxeni ukeTesi avejisTvis.
warmoebani erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. isini qmnian erT mTlians, romelTa gansxvavebuli mxareebi erTmaneTTan saidumlo arxebiTaa dakavSirebuli, rasac zogavs erTi, iyenebs meore. Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rom gavigoT, danazogebi Sromas da xelfasebs ra
zians ayenebs.
krediti
yovel droSi, gansakuTrebiT ki am bolo dros, kreditis gavrcelebis gziT keTildReobis gavrcelebis uamravi mcdeloba iyo.
vfiqrob, gadaWarbebis gareSe unda iTqvas, rom Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg parizulma presam aTi aTasobiT broSura gaavrcela, sadac socialuri problemis gadaWris amgvar gzaze miuTiTebda. magram vai, rom gadawyvetileba mxolod optikur sicruezea dafuZnebuli, Tu saerTod aris SesaZlebeli, rom optikuri
sicrue raimes safuZveli iyos.
pirvel rigSi adgili aqvs fulis produqtebTan arevis faqts,
Semdeg fulis monetebTan arevisas, xolo am ori faqtis Sedegad
realobis suraTis daxatvas cdiloben.
am problemis gadawyvetisas aucilebelia daviviwyoT fulis, monetebis, Tamasuqebis da sxva saSualebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels
uwyoben saqonlis xelidan xelSi moZraobas, Cveni saqme exeba Tavad
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

produqtebs, romlebic sesxis WeSmariti sagania. roca fermeri
sesxulobs 50 franks guTnis sayidlad, is sesxulobs ara am 50
franks, aramed guTans. roca vaWari sesxulobs 20 000 franks saxlis
SesaZenad, sinamdvileSi mas ara 20 000 franki, aramed saxli aqvs valad. fuli mxolod amartivebs mxareebs Soris garigebas.
piers SeiZleba sulac ar surdes Tavisi guTnis gasesxeba, magram
Jaks surdes Tavisi fulis gasesxeba. rogor iqceva am SemTxvevaSi
giliomi? is sesxulobs fuls Jakisgan da am fuliT yidulobs
pieris guTans.
magram sinamdvileSi aravin sesxulobs fuls fulisTvis, fuli
mxolod gacvlis saSualebaa sxvadasxva produqtis SeZenis mizniT.
Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia romelime qveyanaSi xelidan xelSi am qveyanaSi arsebulze meti produqti gadaices.
ramdeni moneta da qaRaldis fulic ar unda iyos mimoqcevaSi,
msesxeblebi ver miiReben imaze met guTnebs, saxlebs, iaraRebs, nedleuls, risi miwodebac kreditorebs ZaluZT, aqve kargad unda
gvaxsovdes, rom TiToeul msesxebels Tavisi kreditori hyavs, xolo nasesxebi saxsrebi valis arsebobas gulisxmobs.
Tu es simarTlea, ra dadebiTi Tvisebis matarebelia sakredito
institutebi? imis, rom isini msesxeblebsa da kreditorebs Soris
urTierTobis formebs aadvileben, aZleven maT erTmaneTis povnis
da erTmaneTTan urTierTobis saSualebas, magram maT SesaZleblobebs aRemateba nasesxebi da gasesxebuli sagnebis raodenobis zrda.
Cveni reformatorebis miznebis misaRwevad am institutebs swored
rom es ukanaskneli Tviseba unda hqondeT, radganac isini miiswrafian yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxadon guTnebi, saxlebi,
iaraRebi da nedleuli.
rogor apireben amis ganxorcielebas?
sesxebis saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis sistemis danergviT.
modiT ufro Rrmad CavukvirdeT sakiTxs, radganac is moicavs
imas, rac Cans da imasac, rac ar Cans. SevecadoT ganvixiloT orive
maTgani.
davuSvaT, msoflioSi arsebobs mxolod erTi guTani da misi
flobis msurveli ori fermeri.
pieri flobs am erTaderT guTans, xolo Jans da Jaks misi sesxeba
surT. Jani Tavisi patiosnebis, simdidris da kargi reputaciis gavleniT sTavazobs usafrTxoebas. mas endobian. mas aqvs krediti. rac
Seexeba Jaks, misdami ndoba Zalian mcirea an saerTod ar arsebobs,
Sesabamisad pieri Tavis guTans Jans asesxebs.
magram socialistebis moTxovniT am garigebaSi saxelmwifo ereva, romelic piers eubneba: asesxe Seni guTani Jaks, xolo Tavdebad
me gamoval da Cem mier SemoTavazebuli usafrTxoeba Janisaze bevrad ukeTesia, radgan Tavis Tavze is mxolod erTia pasuxismgebeli,
87

frederik bastia
maSin, roca me ganvkargav gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi maTi fuliT gadagixdi kapitals da procentebs. amis
Semdeg pieri asesxebs Tavis guTans Jaks, es aris is, rac Cans.
socialistebi TiTebis fSvnetiT ityvian: xedavT ra kargad muSaobs Cveni gegma, saxelmwifos Carevis Sedegad sawyal Jaks aqvs guTani, is ukve aRaraa valdebuli Txaros miwa, is simdidris gzas daadga. es yvelferi Zalian kargia misTvis da mTeli erisTvis.
ara batonebo, saqme sulac ar aris amgvarad, es sulac ar aris
kargi erisTvis, radgan am yvelafris ukan aris is, rac ar Cans.
ar Cans is, rom guTani Jakis xelSi imitomaa, rom ar aris Janis
xelSi.
ar Cans, rom Tu Jaki axla miwas Txris misi moxvnis nacvlad, maSin
Jans miwis amoTxris nacvlad moxvna mouwevs.
Sesabamisad, imas, rasac sesxis gazrdis saSualebad miiCnevdnen,
sxva araferia Tu ara sesxis ubralo gadanacvleba, garda amisa, am
gadanacvlebis Sedegad usamarTlobis ori aqti miviReT.
Janisadmi ganxorcilebuli usamarTloba gulisxmobs, rom man
ver miiRo krediti, romelic Tavisi patiosnebiT da aqtiurobiT
daimsaxura da moipova.
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebisadmi ganxorcielebuli usamarTloba
gulisxmobs, rom isini iZulebulni arian is vali gadaixadon,
romelic maT ar ekuTvniT.
ityvis vinme, rom mTavroba Jans da Jaks msgavs SesaZleblobebs
aZlevs? magram, radganac guTani erTia, or adamianze mas ver gaasesxeb. aqac igive arguments vawydebiT, kerZod imas, rom saxelmwifos Carevis Sedegad imaze meti iqneba nasesxebi, vidre gasasesxebeli obieqtebia, radganac aq moyvanili magaliTis SemTxvevaSi
guTani Tavisufali kapitalis erTianobas warmoadgens.
marTalia, me es operacia martivi formiT warmovadgine, magram
aq SemiZlia moviyvano yvelaze ufro rTuli saxelmwifo sakredito
institutebis magaliTi da darwmundebiT, rom Sedegi erTia: adgili aqvs kreditis gadanacvlebas da ara mis gazrdas. mocemul
qveyanasa da mocemul momentSi arsebobs Tavisufali kapitalis
mxolod garkveuli raodenoba da is yovelTvis poulobs Tavis
gzas. cud gadamxdelebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebiT, mTavrobas SeuZlia msesxeblebis raodenobis gazrda, da, Sesabamisad, saprocento ganakveTis gazrdac (nebismier SemTxvevaSi gadamxdelTa sazianod), magram mas ar Seswevs unari gazardos kreditorTa raodenoba
da kreditis moculoba.
magram arsebobs daskvna, romlis fuZemdeblad yofnas araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar visurvebdi: me vamtkiceb, rom kanonma xelovnurad
ar unda waaxalisos sesxebi, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom
xelovnurad wavides maT winaaRmdeg. Tu Cvens giravnobis sistemaSi
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is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

an sxvagan sadme arsebobs kreditis gavrcelebis da misi gamoyenebis
winaaRmdegobani, isini unda aRmoifxvras, araferi ar iqneba amaze
ukeTesi da samarTliani. sul es aris Tavisuflebis saxeliT risi
moTxovnac SeuZliaT kanonisgan reformatorebs, romlebic am
saxelis tarebis Rirsni arian.
alJiri
sadRac platformaze oTxi oratori kamaTobs, Tavidan yvela
erTad saubrobs, Semdeg cal-calke. raze saubroben? albaT rame
Zalian sasaciloze, safrangeTis Zalauflebasa da brwyinvalebaze,
mosavlis aRebis mizniT Tesvis aucileblobaze, Cveni veeberTela
koloniis brwyinvale momavalze, Soreul manZilze arsebuli mravalricxovani mosaxleobis upiratesobaze da a.S. da a.S. Ees aris
mWermetyvelebis RirsSesaniSnavi magaliTi, romelsac Semdegi
daskvna agvirgvinebs: mieciT 50 milioni (meti an naklebi) alJirSi
portebis da gzebis mSeneblobisTvis, emigrantebis iq gagzavnisTvis, saxlebis aSenebisa da miwis damuSavebisTvis. amiT Tqven
samuSaos SeumsubuqebT frang muSas, waaxalisebT alJirelis Sromas da mxars dauWerT vaWrobas marselSi. es yovelmxriv momgebiani
iqneba.
diax, es yvelaferi marTalia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT 50
milions, sanam mas saxelmwifo ar daxarjavs, Tu Cven mxolod imas
vxedavT, Tu sad midis es fuli da ara imas, Tu saidan modis. Tu Cven
amas dadebiTi kuTxiT SevafasebT, roca is gadasaxadis amkrebis
jibidan modis da ar tovebs gzad zians da ar sdevnis sikeTes, maSin
diax, am viwro gadasaxedidan is marTlac momgebiania. barbariSi aSenebuli saxli, iq samuSao adgilebis arseboba, naklebi muSaxeli
safrangeTSi da marselSi gaCaRebuli saqonelgacvla, diax es yvelaferi is aris, rac Cans.
magram amaT garda aris is, rac ar Cans. saxelmwifos mier daxarjul 50 milions gadasaxadis gadamxdelni sxvanairad daxarjavdnen.
sanam vityviT, rom Jak bonomi arafers gaakeTebda im frankiT, romelic moipova da romelic Semdgom gadasaxadiT daibegra, saWiroa
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis Sedegad miRebul sikeTes gamovakloT is
ziani, rac kerZo danaxarjebis Tavidan acilebas mohyva. is, rom man
am frankisTvis bevri iSroma, niSnavs, rom mas misi gamoyeneba sakuTari survilisamebr surda, magaliTad, SeekeTebina baRSi Robe, gaepativebina mindori, daematebina saxlisTvis erTi sarTuli, SeeZina axali iaraRebi, ukeTesad gamokvebiliyo, Caecva, ukeTesi ganaTleba mieca SvilebisTvis, ukeTesi mziTevi gaemzadebina qaliSvilisTvis, gamxdariyo M l'association des secours mutuels-is wevri, am
yvelafers is axla veRar gaakeTebs, swored es aris is, rac ar Cans.
erT mxaresaa siamovnebani, romelic mas waarTves da moqmedebis saSualebebi, romlebic axla ganadgurebulia, xolo meore mxaresaa
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frederik bastia
miwis mTxrelis, xuros, mWedlis, TerZis, soflis maswavleblis
Sroma, romlis waxalisebac SeeZlo da rac axla SeuZlebelia, es
yvelaferi aris is, rac ar Cans.
Zalian didia molodini alJiris momavali simdidrisadmi, dae ase
iyos. magram saSiSroeba, rac SesaZloa safrangeTs moelis, ar unda
darCes mxedvelobis miRma. marselSi vaWroba CemTvis gasagebia, magram Tu amis miRweva gadasaxadebis saSualebiT surT, maSin me yovelTvis davamtkiceb rom am gziT Tanaswor vaWrobas sxvagan Ziri
eTxreba. amboben, rom barbariSi adgili aqvs emigracias, es ki qveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobisTvis Svebaa. amaze Cemi pasuxi aseTia:
rogor SeiZleba es marTla ase iyos, roca alJirSi emigrantTa
transportirebasTan erTad xdeba orjer da samjer meti kapitalis
transportirebac, im kapitalisa, romlis gamoyeneba aq, safrangeTSic SeiZleboda?
samxedro ministrma bolo dros gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom alJirSi
erTi adamianis transportireba saxelmwifos 8000 franki daujda,
gana cxadi araa, rom es sacodavi arsebani safrangeTSi 4000 frankad
Zalian kargad icxovrebdnen. rogor xdeba frangi xalxis yofis Semsubuqeba, roca mas arTmeven adamians da ori kacis saarsebo
saSualebas?
Cemi mizania mkiTxvels naTlad davanaxo, rom saxelmwifo xarjebis gawevas mogebasTan erTad bevri uaryofiTi Sedegic moaqvs,
romlis garCevac arc ise martivia. radganac es CemSi zis, minda, yvelam am ori momentis danaxva da momavalSi gaTvaliswineba SeZlos.
roca igegmeba saxelmwifo xarjis gaweva, is kargad unda iyos
Seswavlili, gamoyofili Sromis waxalisebis pretenziisgan, romelic misgan modis, radganac waxaliseba sruli sicruea. am mxriv ra
Sedegic ar unda mohyves saxelmwifo xarjis gawevas, igive Sedegebi
eqneba kerZo xarjis gawevas, amis gamoa, rom muSaTa interesi sakiTxs miRma rCeba.
am naSromis mizani ar aris alJirSi gaweuli saxelmwifo xarjebis
niSandoblivi damsaxurebis kritika, magram ar SemiZlia Tavi Sevikavo zogadi dakvirvebisgan. saqme isaa, rom gadasaxadebis meSveobiT koleqtiuri xarjebis gawevis ganzraxva yovelTvis usargebloa, ratom? pirvel rigSi imitom, rom samarTlianoba garkveulwilad ilaxeba. mas Semdeg, rac Jak bonom moipova is franki,
romelic Tavisi siamovnebisTvis surda, samwuxaroa, xazina rom unda Caerios da waarTvas mas es franki da misces sxvas. ra Tqma unda,
yovelive amisTvis xazinas an mis maregulireblebs kargi mizezebi
aqvT. vaCveneT, rom, samwuxarod, saxelmwifo Semdegnairad ganmartavs mis saqciels: me am frankiT adamianebs vasaqmeb. magram Jak
bonomi, romelic am yvelafers xedavs, rasakvirvelia upasuxebs: es
yvelaferi kargi, magram mag frankiT mec xom SemeZlo xalxis
dasaqmeba.
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am msjelobis miRma, sxvebi TavianT Tavebs niRbebis gareSe warmoadgenen, ris gamoc debatebi xazinasa da Rarib Jaks Soris bevrad
ufro martivdeba, roca mTavroba Jaks eubneba, rom misgan aRebuli
kronebi misive usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad ixarjeba policielebis gasamrjeloze; quCebis mokirwyvlaze, sadac yoveldRiurad dadis; saxelmwifo moxelis xelfasze, romelic uzrunvelyofs
misi uflebebis da sakuTrebis dacvas; jariskacis Senaxvaze, romelic icavs sazRvrebs. maSin Jak bonomi mzadaa uyoymanod gadaixados am yvelafrisTvis. magram roca mTavroba mas eubneba, rom amas
akeTebs imisTvis, rom miwis kargad damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi mas
jildos saxiT daubrunos am fulis nawili an mis Svils misces
ganaTleba, romlis micemac Jaks SeiZleba arc surdes, an ministrma
Tavis sadilis sufras kidev erTi kerZi Sematos, an alJirSi saxli
aaSenos, xolo am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi yovelwliurad kidev erTi franki unda amoiRos, rom iq imigrantebi Seinaxos. amas kidev 100
franki unda daematos jariskacebis gasamrjelos saxiT, romlebic
imigrants icaven da kidev erTi franki jariskacebis generlis anazRaurebaze da a.S. da a.S. sawyal Jaks albaT aRmoxdeba rom: kanonis es sistema TaRliTobaa da meti araferi! ras akeTebs saxelmwifo am winaaRmdegobis winaswarganWvretis Semdeg? is erTmaneTSi
urevs sagnebs da win ayenebs im mizezs, romelsac araviTari kavSiri
ar aqvs am sakiTxTan. is saubrobs am frankis xarjvis Sedegebze,
migviTiTebs ministris mzareulsa da momwodebelze, is gvaCvenebs
emigrants, jariskacs da generals, romlebic am frankiT cxovroben, mokled yvelafer imas, rac Cans da Jaks mxedvelobaSi rom ar mieRo is, rac ar Cans, is motyuebuli darCeboda, swored amitom vcdilob gavakeTo yvelaferi, rac SemiZlia misi gonebis misapyrobad am
problemaze da kvlav da kvlav igives gavimeoreb.
radgan saxelmwifo xarjebi iwvevs Sromis gadaadgilebas misi
zrdis gareSe, maT winaaRmdeg meore mniSvnelovani varaudi arsebobs. Sromis gadaadgileba momuSaveTa gadaadgileba da bunebis
kanonSi Carevaa, romelic aregulirebs qveynis masStabiT mosaxleobis ganawilebas. Tu 50 milioni franki gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa gankargulebaSi darCeba, da radganac isini yvelgan arian,
Sromis waxaliseba safrangeTis 40 000 komunaSi moxdeba. isini moqmedeben bunebrivi erTobis principidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac yvela Tavis mSobliur mxaresTanaa dakavSirebuli. isini
Tanabrad nawildeba mSromelebs da yovelgvar warmoebas Soris.
roca saxelmwifo mosaxleobisgan aRebul 50 milion franks raRac
garkveul teritoriaze xarjavs, es am teritoriisken mSromelebis
garkveul raodenobas izidavs. aseT SemTxvevebSic, adamianebi mSobliur adgilebs toveben, xalxi gadaadgildeba da klasobriv
kuTvnilebas kargavs. Tavs uflebas mivcem da vityvi, rom es yvelaferi saxifaTo xdeba, rodesac maT sasicocxlo saxsrebi ewurebaT. amas ki Semdegi Sedegebi mohyveba (rac Cems naTqvams adas91

frederik bastia
turebs): es gacxovelebuli aqtivoba erT viwro sivrceSia moqceuli, is yvelas yuradRebas ipyrobs da swored es aris is, rac Cans.
xalxi moxiblulia, is gaocebulia gegmis mSvenierebiT da simartiviT da mis gagrZelebas da ganvrcobas moelis. is, rasac isini ver xedaven, aris is, rom mTel danarCen safrangeTSi mSromelebis igive
raodenoba umoqmedobam moicva.
danazogi da fufuneba
mxolod saxelmwifo xarjebis SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba, rom is, rac
Cans, faravs imas, rac ar Cans. politekonomiis naxevris gverdze gadadebiT am fenomens mcdar daskvnamde mivyavarT. is aiZulebs
xalxs erTmaneTs daupirispiros zneobrivi da materialuri interesebi. ra SeiZleba iyos ufro Tavgzaambnevi da dasanani?
ar arsebobs ojaxis Tavi, romelsac Tavis movaleobad ar miaCnia
SvilebisTvis wesrigis, wyobis, mzrunvelobis, ekonomikis da fulis
xarjvaSi zomierebis swavleba.
ar arsebobs religia, romelic ar ilaSqrebs zeimebis da fufunebis winaaRmdeg. es asec unda iyos, magram, meore mxriv, ramdenad
popularulia Semdegi SeniSvnebi?
dagroveba adamians sisxls uSrobs.
ZlierTa fufuneba uZlurT Svebas aniWebs.
mflangvelebi zians ayeneben TavianT Tavs, magram amdidreben
qveyanas.
swored mdidrebis dovlaTi uzrunvelyofs sakvebs RaribebisTvis.
aq, ra Tqma unda, did winaaRmdegobas aqvs adgili zneobasa da socialur azrs Soris.
ramdeni cnobili adamianis suli ganisvenebs mSvidad amgvari gancxadebebis gakeTebis Semdeg. amis gageba arasdros SemeZlo, mgoni
rom araferia imaze ufro samwuxaro, vidre imis aRmoCena, rom kacobriobas ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendencia axasiaTebs. ratom ganicdis degradacias yovelgvari ukiduresoba ekonomikas
siRaribemde, xolo mflangvelobas ki zneobriv degradaciamde mivyavarT. sabednierod, es gavrcelebuli ukiduresobani danazogebs
da fufunebas mcdari kuTxiT warmoaCens, iTvaliswineben ra mxolod ucabed Sedegebs, romlebic Cans da ugulebelyofen grZelvadian Sedegebs, romlebic ar Cans. modiT, vnaxoT, SegviZlia Tu ara
am mcdari Sexedulebis gamosworeba.
mondors da mis Zmas, aristoss mSoblebis memkvidreobis gayofis
Sedegad TiToeuls 50000 franki ergo. mondori modur filantropiasaa ayolili, Tamamad SeiZleba mas fulis mflangveli vuwodoT,
is avejs saxlSi weliwadSi ramdenjerme anaxlebs, Tavis aRWurvilobas yovel Tve cvlis. bevrs laparakoben mis gonebamaxvilur
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gamogonebebze, romlebsac cota xanSi daasrulebs, erTi sityviT,
balzakis da diumas TayvanismcemlebSi Surs aRZravs.
irgvliv yvela mis Sesaxeb saubrobs: mogviyeviT rame mondorze!
gaumarjos mondors! is muSaTa keTilismyofelia, xalxis mfarveli.
marTalia, rom is TavaSvebuli cxovrebiT tkbeba, rom gamvlelebs
Tavze lafs asxams, rom misi da kacobriobis Rirseba safrTxis qveSaa, magram amiT ra? magram Tu is ar zrunavs Tavisi TavisTvis, is
zrunavs Tavis simdidreze. is fulis mimoqcevas iwvevs, masTan misuli vaWrebi ukan yovelTvis kmayofilni brundebian; gana fuli imisTvis araa mrgvali, rom itrialos?
aristosma cxovrebis gansxvavebuli gegma SeimuSava. SeiZleb mas
ar vuwodoT egoisti, magram individualisti ki namdvilad aris,
Tavisi danaxarjebi kargad aqvs gaazrebuli, misi moxmareba mokrZalebuli da gamiznulia, zrunavs Tavisi Svilebis ganaTlebaze da,
erTi sityviT, danazogebs akeTebs.
modiT movusminoT Tu ras amboben masze: ra xeiria masaviT mdidari da wuwuraqi kacisgan? misi cxovrebis ubralo stilSi aris raRac STambeWdavi, isic adamiania, qvelmoqmedi da keTilSobili, magram is angariSobs, ar flangavs Semosavlebs, misi saxli marTalia ar
brwyinavs, magram arc usufTaoa. ra xeiri moaqvs mas Spaleris gamkvrelisTvis, Tvlebis mkeTebelisTvis, cxenebiT movaWrisa da konditerisTvis?
es Sexedulebani, romlebic zneobisTvis damRupvelia, dafuZnebulia imaze, rasac Tvali aRiqvams, Cvens SemTxvevaSi es mflangvelis danaxarjia da imaze, rasac Tvali ver aRiqvams, damzogvelis
Tanabar da ufro mniSvnelovan danaxarjebze. socialuri wesrigi
RvTismetyveli gamomgoneblis mier ise STambeWdavadaa organizebuli, rom, rogorc yvelgan, aseve aqac politikuri ekonomika da
zneoba Sorsaa uTanxmoebebisgan, maT Soris Tanxmoba sufevs. xolo
aristosis goniereba araTu didebuli, aramed mondoris ugunurebasTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro momgebiania. magram momgebianobaSi
ara marto aristosis an mTeli sazogadoebis momgebianobas vgulisxmob, aramed muSaTa da mrewvelobis momgebianobasac.
amis dasamtkiceblad saWiroa Cveni goneba mivapyroT Sedegebs,
romelic adamianis TvalisTvis SeumCneveli rCeba.
ra Tqma unda, mondoris mflangvelobas nebismier SemTxvevaSi xiluli Sedegebi mohyveba. yvela xedavs mis landos, faetons, berlinas (etlebis nairsaxeobebi. mTargmnelis SeniSvna), Zvirfas naxatebs
kedlebze, xaliCebs, saxlis brwyinvalebas, yvelam icis rom misi
cxenebi doRSi monawileoben, sadilebi, romelsac parizis saxlSi
marTavs, aTasobiT adamians izidavs bulvarebidan, isini amboben:
es xelgaSlili adamiani Sorsaa Semosavlebis dazogvisgan, is albaT mTel mis qonebas aniavebs, es aris is, rac Cans.
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frederik bastia
muSaTa interesebidan gamomdinare, ar aris martivi imis danaxva,
Tu ra mosdis aristosis Semosavlebs. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT,
davinaxavT, rom misi mTeli Semosavali, ukanaskneli obolic (fulis umciresi erTeuli bastias droindel safrangeTSi. redaqtoris SeniSva) ki muSaTa intersebs emsaxureba, iseve, rogorc mondoris simdidre; magram maT Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba: mondoris
ugunuri mflangveloba misi Semosavlis Semcirebas da gaqrobas iwvevs, maSin, roca aristosis gamiznul xarjebs wlidan wlamde mogeba moaqvs. xolo Tu es asea, maSin sazogadoebis interesebi zneobasTan TanxmobaSia.
aristosi Tavis Tavsa da meurneobaze weliwadSi 20000 franks
xarjavs, Tu es Tanxa ar aris sakmarisi misi moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad, maSin is ar imsaxurebs Wkviani kacis saxels. is
ganicdis Rarib-RatakTa yofas da Tavs movaled Tvlis 10000 frankis odenobis daxmareba gauwios maT, rac misgan qvelmoqmedebaa.
vaWrebs, mrewvelebsa da agronomebs Soris mas bevri megobari hyavs,
romlebsac mudmivad raRac sirTuleebi aqvT, is yovelTvis ecnoba
maT mdgomareobas da keTilgoniersa da efeqtur daxmarebas uwevs,
xolo amis gansaxorcieleblad kidev 10 000 franki aqvs gamoyofili. mas ar aviwydeba arc qaliSvilebi, romlebsac mziTevi sWirdebaT da arc vaJiSvilebi, romelTa momavlis uzrunvelyofa misi movaleobaa da amisTvis calke damatebiT 10 000 franks zogavs.
mis xarjebs Semdegi saxe aqvs:
piradi xarjebi . . . . . . . . . 20 000 franki
qvelmoqmedeba . . . . . . . . . .10 000 franki
klubi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 10 000 franki
danazogebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 000 franki
modiT ufro detalurad ganvixiloT TiToeuli da davinaxavT,
rom erovnul warmoebas erTi obolic ki ar akldeba.
piradi xarjebi. aq Sedegebi igivea, rac mondoris mier daxarjuli Tanxisas, es TavisTavad cxadia da amaze mets ar SevCerdebiT.
qvelmoqmedeba. 10 000 franki, romelic am saqmes xmardeba, vaWrobisTvis aseve momgebiania, realurad es Tanxa yasabis, mcxobelis,
TerZisa da xuros SemosavalSi Sedis; aq mTavari isaa, rom purs,
xorcs Tu tansacmels ara aristosi, aramed isini moixmaren, vis dasaxmarebladac es Tanxa iyo mimarTuli. erTi momxmareblis meoreTi Senacvleba vaWrobaze, rogorc aseTi, ar moqmedebs, aristosi
daxarjavs franks Tu Rataki mis nacvlad, erTi da igivea.
klubi. megobars, romelsac aristosi 10000 franks asesxebs, es
fuli miwaSi Casadebad ar sWirdeba, es ukve SeewinaaRmdegeboda
hipoTezas. is adamiani am fuls saqonlis SesaZenad an valebis gasastumreblad moixmars, pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme vaWrobasTan gvaqvs,
ityvis ki vinme, rom mondoris mier 10000 frankad SeZenili jiSiani
cxeni vaWrobisTvis ufro metad fasobs, vidre aristosis an misi
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megobris mier 10 000 frankad Rirebuli saqonlis SeZena? rac Seexeba meore SemTxvevas, anu valis gastumrebas, ukve Cndeba mesame
piri _ kreditori, romelic am fuls vaWrobaSi, saojaxo meurneobasa an fermaSi daabandebs. is aristossa da muSebs Soris Suamavlad gvelineba. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod saxelebi icvleba, xolo xarji da vaWrobis waxaliseba igivea.
danazogebi. am yvelafris Semdeg darCa 10 000 frankis danazogi,
aq ki Cans, rom xelovnebis, vaWrobis, Sromisa da muSaTa waxalisebis
TvalsazrisiT, mondori TiTqosda aristosze bevrad maRla dgas,
Tumca, zneobriobis TvalsazrisiT, aristosi mondors aRemateba.
bunebis did kanonebs Soris aseTi cxadi winaaRmdegobis yureba
SeSfoTebisa da dardis gareSe arasdros SemeZlo. kacobrioba
iZulebuli rom yofiliyo mxolod or partias Soris gaekeTebina
arCevani, sadac erTi mis interesebs ayenebs zians, xolo meore
sindiss, maSin momavlis imedi aRar gveqneboda. sabednierod, ase ar
xdeba, xolo aristosis ekonomikuri upiratesobis danaxva sakmarisia Semajamebeli aqsiomis gasagebad, romelic, miuxedavad imisa,
rom paradoqsulad JRers, srul WeSmaritebas warmoadgens: dazo-

go niSnavs daxarjo.
ra mizans emsaxureba aristosis saqcieli dazogos 10000 franki?
gana baRSi dasamarxavad sWirdeba? ara, ra Tqma unda. mas Tavisi kapitalis da Semosavlis gazrda aqvs mizandasaxuli, Sesabamisad es
Tanxa miwis ijaraze, saxlis aSenebaze da sxv. ixarjeba an kide vaWris
an bankiris xelSi xvdeba. Tvals Tu mivadevnebT am fulis mimoqcevis process, davrwmundebiT, rom vaWrebis da msesxeblebis xelSi
es fuli zustad iseve axalisebs Sromas, rogorc aristoss, Zmis
msgavsad, avejis, Zvirfaseulobis da cxenebis SesaZenad rom daexarja igi.
roca aristosi 10000 frankad yidulobs an ijariT iRebs miwas,
misi es qmedeba eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom mas am fulis daxarjva ar
surs, swored aqedan iRebs saTaves misdami arsebuli pretenziebi.
magram adamianis qmedeba, romelic yidis an ijariT gascems miwas,
dafuZnebulia mosazrebaze, rom is am fuls sxva rameSi gamoiyenebs
da, bunebrivia, daxarjavs. ase rom, fuli nebismier SemTxvevaSi ixarjeba, aristosis Tu sxva piris mier.
muSaTa klasis interesebidan da Sromis waxalisebidan gamomdinare, aristossa da mondors Soris arsebobs erTi gansxvaveba.
mondori fuls Tavis Tavze xarjavs da, Sesabamisad, Sedegebic
advilad aRsaqmelia, magram aristosi fuls Suamavlebis meSveobiT
xarjavs da Sedegi aq rTuli aRsaqmelia; magram, sinamdvileSi, maT,
vinc icis Tu rogor daukavSiros Sedegi mis gamomwvev mizezs, advilad Seicnobs, rom, rac ar Cans iseTive realuria, rogorc is, rac
Cans, es damtkicebulia im faqtiT, rom fuli mudmivad mimoiqceva,
mas ar inaxaven mZime zandukebSi, saidanac TviTonve flangaven. Sesa95

frederik bastia
bamisad, sicruea imis mtkiceba, rom danazogi vaWrobas zians ayenebs da, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, is fufunebasaviT sasargebloa.
vnaxoT Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom mxolod myisier SedegebiT dakmayofilebis nacvlad, saboloo Sedegebic ganvWvritoT.
ra bedi elis 10 wlis Semdeg mondors, mis simdidres, popularobas. is gakotrdeba. Tu adre weliwadSi 60000 franks xarjavda, axla
ukve amaSi SezRudulia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi is ukve aRar aris sasurveli maRaziis mepatroneTaTvis, aRar aris xelosnebis da vaWrobis mfarveli, aRarc mas Tavad da arc mis STamomavlebs, romlebic gawira, muSebisTvis aRaraviTari sargebeli ar moaqvT. igive 10
wlis Semdeg aristosi araTu Zveleburad abrunebs Semosavlebs,
aramed wlidan wlamde zrdis mas. misi saSualebiT izrdeba erovnuli kapitali fondi, saidanac gaicema xelfasebi da romlis sididezecaa damokidebuli muSaxelze moTxovna, is monawileobs muSaTa klasisTvis anazRaurebis zrdaSi, xolo sikvdilis Semdeg, mas
rCeba memkvidreebi, romelTac aswavla masze ukeTesni yofiliyvnen.
zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, fufunebasTan SedarebiT dazogvis
upiratesoba udavoa. damamSvidebelia imaze fiqri, rom politekonomiaSi es asec aris, da rom yvelam, vinc ar izRudeba garkveuli
movlenis pirveladi, xiluli SedegebiT, icis rogor gaanawilos
investiciebi bolo Sedegamde.
visac muSaobis ufleba aqvs, mogebis uflebac aqvs
Zmano, Tqven saerTo ZalebiT unda miSovoT samuSao Tqveni fasiT, es aris muSaobis ufleba, e.i. pirvel safexurze mdgari martivi
socializmi.
Zmano, Tqven saerTo ZalebiT unda miSovoT samuSao fasiT, romelsac me viTxov, es aris mogebis miRebis ufleba, e.i. meore safexurze mdgari daxvewili socializmi.
orive am uflebis arsebobas ganapirobebs is faqti, rom maTi Sedegebi Cans, xolo maTi ganadgurebis safuZveli iqneba is Sedegebi,
romlebic ar Cans.
is, rac Cans, aris Sroma da mogeba, romlis safuZvelsac socialuri wili warmoadgens, xolo is, rac ar Cans, aris Sroma da mogeba,
romelic wilis Sesabamisad gaizrdeba Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa
xelSi iqneboda.
1848 wels Sromaze ufleba raRac momentSi ori saxiT warmogvidga, es sakmarisi aRmoCnda sazogadoebrivi azris gasanadgureblad.
erTs erqva erovnuli saxelosnoebi, xolo meores ormocdaxuTi
sentimi. yoveldRiurad milionobiT franki Riu deRivolidan saxelosnoebSi midioda, es medlis samarTliani mxarea.
esec sawinaaRmdego Tu am saqmeze milionebi daixarja, es Tanxa
Tavidan viRacas unda gaeRo, amitomac Sromis uflebis
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organizatorebi mimarTaven gadamxdelebs, ris Sedegadac glexis
pozicia aseTi iqneba: ormocdaxuTi sentimis gadaxdiT me iZulebuli var uari vTqva tansacmelze, mindvris moxvnasa da saxlis aSenebaze.
soflis muSis pozicia ki Semdegia: radganac burJua iZulebulia uari Tqvas tansacmelze, veRar amuSavebs mindors da ver axerxebs saxlis SekeTebas, Sesabamisad, TerZs, drenaJors, xurosa da kalatozs naklebi samuSao eqneba.
cxadia, erTi gasroliT or kurdRels ver daiWer; mTavrobis mier SeTavazebuli samuSao adgilebi gadamxdelTa xarjze Seiqmna. es
Sromis uflebis dasamareba iyo, romelic TavisTavad qimera da usamarTlobaa, xolo, rac Seexeba Tvalsazriss mogebis uflebis Sesaxeb, romelic mxolodRa Sromis uflebis gazviadebaa, jer kidev arsebobs da batonobs.
ar aris ki samarcxvino proteqcionistis roli, romelsac sazogadoebaSi TamaSobs?
is ambobs: Sen unda momce samuSao da, ufro metic, Semosavliani
samuSao. me SecdomiT avirCie vaWroba, romelic 10 procents makargvinebs. Tu Sen 20 frankiT dabegrav Cems Tanamemamuleebs da am
fuls me momcem, maSin wagebis nacvlad mogebas miviReb da Sen valdebuli xar es gaakeTo, radganac mogebis miReba Cemi uflebaa. amis
Semdeg ki nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelic am sofists mousmens,
mis dasakmayofileblad Tavs daibegravs, imis gaucnobiereblad,
rom danakargi, romelic vaWrobis Tanmdevia, sulac araa danakargi,
radganac sxvebi iZulebulni arian moaxdinon misi kompensacia. aseTia sazogadoeba da masze dawesebul SezRudvebs imsaxurebs kidec.
**
am magaliTebiT gavigeT, rom politekonomiis arcodnisas
movlenis pirveladi efeqtebiT varT dabrmavebulni, magram mis
Sesacnobad, cnobieriT da qvecnobieriT Sedegebs unda CavwvdeT.
me SemiZlia aq sxva magaliTebic moviyvano, magram Tavs Sevi-kaveb
gameorebisgan da daskvnis saxiT istoriaze Satobrianis Sexedulebas warmogidgenT: istoriaSi arsebobs ori Sedegi: erTi, romelic maSinve iCens Tavs da meore, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi
warmogvidgeba. es ori Sedegi xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs,
pirveli maTgani Cveni SezRuduli azrovnebis nayofia, xolo meore
_ xangrZlivi azrovnebis. winaswargansazRvruli movlena adamianis qmedebis Semdeg Cndeba, RmerTi adamianebs miRma rCeba. uaryaviT, Tu SeZlebT, umaRlesi sabWo, misi qmedebani, ikamaTeT sityvebis
Sesaxeb, garemoebaTa Zala da arsi, rogorc amboben, ganWvriteT,
magram SexedeT dasrulebul movlenas, dainaxavT, rom misi Sedegebi yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeba mosalodnels Tu Tavidanve ar iyo
dafuZnebuli zneobasa da samarTlianobaze.
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frederik bastia

ekonomikuri codnis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba

axali ekonomikuri skola - saqarTvelo (aesko) 2001
wlis agvistodan saqmianobs, xolo saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT oficialurad daregistrirda 2003
wlis 2 aprils, gldani-naZaladevis raionuli sasamarTlos #1/9-48 gadawyvetilebiT.
sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba, misi TiToeuli
wevri da msmeneli madlieri iqneba nebismieri piris,
romelic gamoiCens yuradRebas aesko-s saqmianobis
mimarT da Tavisi moraluri da materialuri mxardaWeriT uzrunvelyofs misi moRvaweobis gamravalferovnebas.
sazogadoebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiTi informaciisTvis ixileT eleqtronuli gverdi:
www.nesgeorgia.org
an dagvikavSirdiT eleqtronuli fostiT:
office@nesgeorgia.org

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