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Petrogenesis of the late Mesozoic highly

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DOI: 10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2

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Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2
pISSN 1226-4806 eISSN 1598-7477 Geosciences Journal

Petrogenesis of the late Mesozoic highly fractionated

I-type granites in the Luanchuan district: implications
for the tectono-magmatic evolution of eastern Qinling
Yunhui Zhang1, Huawen Cao2*, Mo Xu1, Shouting Zhang3, Li Tang3, Shiyan Wang3, Qiuming Pei3,
Guojun Cai1, and Tong Shen1
1
State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan
610059, China
2
Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
3
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

ABSTRACT: Late Mesozoic granites are extensively distributed in the Luanchuan district of eastern Qinling and can be divided
into two types: Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous granites (ore-related plutons) and Late Cretaceous granites (Laojunshan batholith).
This study presents new geochemical and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic data from the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons to provide robust
constraints on the petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the late Mesozoic granites in the Luanchuan district. Zircon U-Pb dat-
ing results yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 149.1 0.8 Ma and 150.5 0.8 Ma, which were interpreted as the crystallization ages
of the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons, respectively. We propose that the late Mesozoic granites contain high concentrations of SiO2
and alkali elements (Na2O + K2O) and feature metaluminous to weakly peraluminous characteristics. Enrichment in light rare earth
elements and large ion lithophile elements and depletion in high field strength elements are observed. Mineralogical and geo-
chemical evidence reveal that the late Mesozoic granites are highly fractionated I-type granites with fractional crystallization of
feldspar, plagioclase and accessory minerals (e.g., apatite and titanite or magnetite). Based on the Hf composition, we suggest that
the parental magmas of the ore-related plutons were derived from remelting of the Taihua and Xionger groups with minor contributions of
mantle-derived materials and that the Laojunshan batholith was generated by the hybridization of ancient crust- (Kuanping group)
and mantle-derived components. Collectively, the above arguments indicates a tectonic transition from compression to post-col-
lisional extension during the late Mesozoic, that was likely triggered by the continental collision of the North China Block and the
Yangtze Block, which generated numerous contemporaneous granites and Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au poly-metallic deposits.
Key words: geochemistry, petrogenesis, tectono-magmatic evolution, Luanchuan district, eastern Qinling

Manuscript received August 9, 2016; Manuscript accepted June 9, 2017

1. INTRODUCTION
The Qinling Orogenic Belt (QOB), which tectonically lies
between the North China Block (NCB) to the north and the Yangtze
Block (YZB) to the south, experienced long-term evolution
involving multiple periods of subduction and the collision and
accretion of paleo-oceans, paleo-continents, microcontinents,
*Corresponding author:
Huawen Cao
Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081,
China
Tel: +86-28-83226700, E-mail: caohuawen1988@126.com
The Association of Korean Geoscience Societies and Springer 2017
arc systems, etc. (Li et al., 2001, 2013; Dong et al., 2011, 2016;
Wu and Zheng, 2013; Liu et al., 2016; Tang et al., 2016) (Fig. 1a).
The eastwest-trending,1500-km-long QOB is predominantly
divided into the southern margin of the NCB, the North Qinling
Belt (NQB), the South Qinling Belt (SQB) and the northern
margin of the YZB, which are separated by the Luanchuan Fault
and Shangdan and Mianlue Sutures from north to south,
respectively (Meng and Zhang, 2000; Dong and Santosh, 2016)
(Fig. 1b). Numerous granitoids that formed during four periods,
the Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic and early and late Mesozoic
periods, are extensively exposed along the QOB (Wang et al., 2013a,
2013b, 2015). Among these granitoids, Mesozoic granitoids are
remarkably widespread, representing intense Mesozoic magmatic
activity in the QOB. Moreover, during the Mesozoic, Mo-W-
2 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen
Pb-Zn-Ag-Au poly-metallic deposits that are suggested to be
closely related to contemporaneous magmatism developed
throughout the QOB (Mao et al., 2008, 2011; Zhu et al., 2010;
Chen et al., 2013; Chen and Santosh, 2014; Gao et al., 2015;
Deng et al., 2016).
The Luanchuan district, located in eastern Qinling, is a
famous Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag producing area and consists of three
super-large Mo deposits (i.e., Nannihu, Sandaozhuang and
Shangfanggou) and a series of large to medium Mo-W-Pb-Zn-
Ag deposits (e.g., Dongyuku, Chitudian, Jiudinggou, etc.)
(Wang et al., 2008; Duan et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2012b, 2013b,
2016; Zhang et al., 2015) (Fig. 1c). Previous geochronological,
geochemical and isotopic studies indicated that the Mo-W-Pb-
Zn-Ag deposits are temporally and spatially associated with the
late Mesozoic granites in the Luanchuan district (Yang et al.,
2012a; Deng et al., 2013, 2014; Bao et al., 2014; Cao et al., 2015;
Li et al., 2015). Two stages of the late Mesozoic magmatic
activities are classified as follows: Stage 1, Late Jurassic to Early
Cretaceous (160130 Ma); and Stage 2, Late Cretaceous (115
100 Ma). Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization is closely related to
the former stage. Furthermore, the Luanchuan district is
further divided into three parts: the Nannihu, Yuku and
Daping ore fields (Cao et al., 2015) (Fig. 1c).
The Nannihu ore field has been studied in detail for decades
(Li et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2008), whereas the Daping ore field
is an immature area with potential for prospecting where only a
Mo-W deposit and few geochemical anomalies have been
found so far (Zhang et al., 2015). It is noteworthy that the Yuku
ore field is currently the most important prospecting area in the
Luanchuan district and consists of the Dongyuku and Dawanggou
Mo deposits and some Pb-Zn deposits (e.g., Zhongyuku and
Yindonggou) (Cao et al., 2015) (Fig. 1c). The Yuku and Shibaogou
plutons, exposed in the Yuku ore field, are spatially associated
with these deposits and are suggested to be metallogenic plutons.
However, geochronological and geochemical data from the
Yuku and Shibaogou plutons remain unclear. Furthermore, the
differences between the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ore-
related granites and the Late Cretaceous barren granites in the
Luanchuan district have been poorly discussed, and the detailed
Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the Luanchuan district
in eastern Qinling has yet to be well constrained.
Systematic field- and microscope-based observations and a
combined whole-rock geochemical and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic
study of the Yuku and Shibaogou plutons were conducted to
better understand the nature of the source and the petrogenesis
of the late Mesozoic two-stage granites in the Luanchuan
district. This work provides comprehensive insights into the
tectono-magmatic evolution of the Luanchuan district in
eastern Qinling.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2
2. GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS
The Luanchuan district is located in eastern Qinling and is
the junction of the NCB to the north and the NQB to the south.
The NCB and NQB are separated by the WNW-striking
Luanchuan Fault (Fig. 1b). The Sanbao Fault and Shangdan
Suture are suggested to serve as the northern boundary of the
southern margin of the NCB and as the southern boundary of
the NQB, respectively (Dong et al., 2016) (Fig. 1b).
An obvious vertically two-layered structure involving crystalline
basement and overlying strata is present in the Luanchuan
district on the southern margin of the NCB. The crystalline
basement, termed the Archean Taihua group, was metamorphosed
under amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions and is composed
of tholeiite and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite suites
(Huang et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2013). Due to intensive tectonic
activities, the stratigraphic sequences of the cover rocks overlying
the Archean Taihua group are relatively incomplete and merely
include the Mesoproterozoic Xionger and Guandaokou group,
Neoproterozoic Luanchuan group and lower Paleozoic Taowan
group in upward succession (Fig. 1c). The strata overlying the
lower Paleozoic Taowan group are absent. The Mesoproterozoic
Xionger group is dominated by mafic to felsic extrusive rocks
(e.g., andesitic basalt and rhyolite) with minor sedimentary rocks
(Peng et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2009), whereas the Mesoproterozoic
Guandaokou and Neoproterozoic Luanchuan groups chiefly
include a series of marine sedimentary rocks consisting of
carbonate and clastic rocks with minor volcanic rocks (Cao et
al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015). The lower Paleozoic Taowan group
is composed of terrigenous clastic and carbonate rocks (Cao et
al., 2016a). In contrast, the strata exposed in the Luanchuan
district of the NQB are characterized by marble and mafic
volcanic rocks and are known as the Mesoproterozoic Kuanping
group (Zhu et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2016b) (Fig. 1c).
Latticed faults are well developed in the Luanchuan district
and include regional WNW-striking faults (Luanchuan fault,
Miaozi fault, etc.) and subordinate NE-striking brittle faults
(Fig. 1c). The intersections between the WNW-striking and
NE-striking faults are favourable locations for the formation of
the granites and deposits. Moreover, due to the multiple periods
of the northward subduction of the YZB, a north-dipping thrust
system that accompanies the consecutive successive anticlines
and synclines is present in the Luanchuan district, (Dong et al.,
2016).
The late Mesozoic granites, distributed in the Luanchuan
district, can be divided into Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
(160130 Ma) and Late Cretaceous (115100 Ma) granites
according to recent zircon U-Pb dating results (Bao et al., 2014;
Li et al., 2015). The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous granites,
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 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling 3

Fig. 1. Tectonic map of China, marking the location of the Central China orogenic belt (a); the schematically tectonic map of the Qinling Oro-
gen, showing the location of the Luanchuan district (b); the geological and metallogenic map of the Luanchuan district, presenting the spa-
tial distributions of the granites and Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag poly-metallic deposits (c). Modified by Mao et al. (2011), Cao et al. (2015), Li et al. (2015).
The names of the deposits in (c) are as follows: BLG, Bailugou; BSD, Baishadong; DWG, Dawanggou; DYK, Dongyuku; HDG, Hongdonggou;
HTC, Hetaocha; JDG, Jiudinggou; LSBG, Lengshuibeigou; LTS, Luotuoshan; NNH, Nannihu; SDG, Sandaogou; SDZ, Sandaozhuang; SFG, Shang-
fanggou; XG, Xigou; YDG, Yindonggou; YHG, Yinhegou; YSA, Yangshuao; ZYK, Zhongyuku. The names of the granites are as follows: NNH,
Nannihu; SFG, Shangfanggou; DP, Daping; HBL, Huangbeiling; SBG, Shibaogou; YK, Yuku; LJS, Laojunshan.

which are characterized as small elliptical plutons (e.g., Nannihu, the middle and northern regions of the Luanchuan district and
Shangfang, Shibaogou, Yuku, Daping, etc.), are commonly located in intruded into the Mesoproterozoic Guandaokou group and

http://www.springer.com/journal/12303 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2
4 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen
Neoproterozoic Luanchuan group (Fig. 1c). The Late Cretaceous
(115100 Ma) granite, termed the Laojunshan batholith, which
has an exposed area of 400 km2, is present in the southern part
of the Luanchuan district and intruded into the Mesoproterozoic
Kuanping group (Fig. 1c). The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
granites contain slight mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs)
(e.g., Shibaogou pluton) (Fig. 2a). However, abundant MMEs
and associated mafic dykes are widespread in the Laojunshan
batholith (Han et al., 2014). Potassic alteration, quartzification,
sericitization, chloritization, epidotization, and other forms of
alteration are present in the granites from the Luanchuan
district. Moreover, the WNW-striking dykes of the Proterozoic
metagabbro and syenite porphyry are distributed in the Luanchuan
district, indicating a Proterozoic extensional environment in the
Luanchuan district (Wang et al., 2011) (Fig. 1c).
Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag poly-metallic mineralization was mainly
developed in the skarnized contact zone between the Late Jurassic
to Early Cretaceous granites and Neoproterozoic Luanchuan
group (Duan et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2015). The Late Jurassic to
Early Cretaceous granites are closely related to mineralization
and are regarded as ore-related plutons. Meanwhile, the
distributions of the orebodies and ore-related plutons are
Fig. 2. Field photographs of the Yuku (a) and Shibaogou (b) granites, and their representative micrographs (c and d). Mineral abbreviation:
Qtz = quartz; Kfs = K-feldspar; Pl = plagioclase; Bt = biotite.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2
strictly controlled by the intersections of the latticed faults (Fig.
1c). Cao et al. (2015) reported that the Mo-W deposits mainly
formed during 150140 Ma and that the Pb-Zn-Ag deposits
subsequently developed at ca. 137 Ma during the Late Jurassic to
Early Cretaceous period.
3. SAMPLES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
3.1. Samples
Eleven representative samples were collected from the fresh
outcrops of the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons. The two samples
used for zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic analysis (SBG-0 and YK-0)
were larger than 5 kg, and the other samples used for whole-
rock geochemistry analysis were larger than 2 kg.
The samples from the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons are monzonitic
granites with a massive structure. The monzogranites with
medium and coarse grains consist of K-feldspar (3040%),
plagioclase (2030%), quartz (2535%) and biotite (< 5%) (Figs.
2a and b). The K-feldspars are generally subhedral to anhedral
with polysynthetic and Carlsbad twinning. The allotriomorphic
granular quartz and euhedral laminar biotite exhibit wavy
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 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling
extinction and one set of perfect cleavage, respectively (Figs. 2c
and d). The common accessory minerals include zircon, apatite,
titanite and magnetite.
3.2. Whole-rock Geochemistry
Major, trace and rare earth elements analyses were performed
at the State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral
Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing. Prior to
analysis, the samples were washed and crushed to less than 200
mesh size. Major and trace elements (including rare earth
elements) were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF-
1800) and ELAN DRC-quadruple inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The analytical
precision levels of the major and trace elements (including
rare earth element) analyses were better than 1% and 5%,
respectively. The USGS standard GSP-2 and Chinese National
standards GSR-1 and GSR-2 were used to calibrate the element
concentrations of the unknowns. More detailed procedures are
described by (Zhang et al., 2015).
3.3. Zircon U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Composition
Zircons were separated from the samples SBG-0 and YK-0
using the conventional heavy liquid and magnetic techniques
and then purified and selected by hand under a binocular
microscope. The selected zircons were polished to expose their
grain centres. The internal structures of the zircons were examined
and imaged by using cathodoluminescence (CL) before LA-
ICP-MS U-Pb dating at the State Key Laboratory of Geological
Process and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences,
Beijing.
LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating was conducted using a Finnigan
Neptune MC-ICP-MS instrument. Zircon GJ1 was used as an
external standard for U-Pb dating. For detailed instrument
parameters and analytical procedures, see Cao et al. (2016a).
The uncertainties quoted in the tables and figures are at the
1 level. Data reduction was carried out using Isoplot (ver.
2.06) (Ludwig, 1999) and ICPMSDataCal (ver. 6.7) (Liu et al.,
2010).
In situ zircon Hf isotopic analysis was conducted at the
Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources in
Tianjin, China. Detailed instrument parameter and analytical
procedures were described by Cao et al. (2016a). The GJ1
zircon used as the monitoring standard had 176Hf/177Hf
and 176Lu/177Hf ratios of 0.281953 to 0.282051 and 0.0003,
respectively, which correspond with the values recommended by
Elhlou et al. (2006).
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5
4. ANALYTICAL RESULTS
4.1. Whole-rock Geochemistry
The results of the major and trace element (including rare
earth element) analyses of the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons are
given in Table 1.
4.1.1. Shibaogou pluton
The samples from the Shibaogou pluton have high SiO2
contents (70.573.4 wt%), moderate Al2O3 contents (13.314.1
wt%), low MgO (0.21.0 wt%), CaO (1.01.8 wt%) and P2O5
contents (0.10.2 wt%), and alkalinity (ALK) (molar (Na2O +
K2O) from 5.8 to 9.0 wt%). In the K2O-SiO2 diagram, the
samples from the Shibaogou pluton commonly plot in the high
K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series field (Fig. 3a). The samples
from the Shibaogou pluton exhibit metaluminous to slightly
peraluminous characteristics, with values of A/CNK (molar
(Al2O3)/molar (CaO + Na2O + K2O)) ranging from 0.9 to 1.0
(Fig. 3b).
The total rare earth element (REE) concentrations range
from 118.9 to 173.1 ppm, and the samples are enriched in light
rare earth elements (LREEs), with total LREE (LREE) to total
heavy rare earth element (HREE) ratios of 14.917.1 and (La/
Yb)N ratios of 20.024.0. The chondrite-normalized REE diagram
with highly fractionated REE patterns exhibit a rightward slope
with moderately negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.400.68)
and slightly negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 0.861.20) that are
similar to those of the global average upper crust (Rudnick and
Gao, 2003) (Fig. 4a). The primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams
show great variations with negative anomalies in high field strength
elements (HFSEs, e.g., P, Nb, and Ti) and distinctly positive
anomalies in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g., Rb, Ba,
and K) (Fig. 5a).
4.1.2. Yuku pluton
The samples of the Yuku pluton contain 69.674.0 wt% SiO2,
13.814.7 wt% Al2O3, 3.14.0 wt% Na2O, 4.76.0 wt% K2O,
1.32.4 wt% CaO and 0.10.2 wt% P2O5, with ALK and A/CNK
values of 1.31.9 and 0.91.0, respectively. The samples generally
exhibit the characteristics of the high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite
series with the metaluminous affinities (Fig. 3).
The samples have total REE contents (REE) of 45.4156.9 ppm,
forming distinctly right-inclined REE patterns and enrichment
of LREEs, with (La/Yb)N and LREE/HREE ratio values of 5.6
33.6 and 8.021.6, respectively. All the samples, except for one
sample from the Yuku pluton, exhibit slightly positive Eu anomalies
(Eu/Eu* = 1.071.16), which is characteristic of the upper crust
(Rudnick and Gao, 2003) (Fig. 4b). In the primitive mantle-
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2
6 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen

Table 1. Major elements (wt%) and trace elements (ppm) analytical results for the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons
Sample No SBG-1 SBG-2 SBG-3 SBG-4 SBG-5 YK-1 YK-2 YK-3 YK-4 YK-5 YK-6 YK-7
Major oxides (wt%)
SiO2 73.42 72.22 73.11 72.44 70.48 73.58 72.28 71.12 69.79 69.62 70.16 73.99
TiO2 0.18 0.23 0.19 0.18 0.32 0.16 0.16 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.17
Al2O3 13.52 14.15 13.80 13.31 13.59 13.80 14.65 14.06 14.80 14.45 14.09 14.18
Fe2O3 1.77 1.20 1.33 1.16 1.00 0.93 1.18 1.90 2.18 2.39 2.53 0.41
FeO 0.28 0.61 0.68 1.51 1.75 0.30 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.20
MnO 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02
MgO 0.57 1.01 0.59 0.15 0.64 0.40 0.48 0.57 0.63 0.62 0.69 0.33
CaO 0.97 1.02 1.10 1.26 1.84 1.25 1.60 1.92 1.83 1.86 1.69 2.41
Na2O 3.02 3.81 3.78 2.52 3.56 3.77 3.98 3.59 3.99 3.44 3.07 4.77
K2O 5.76 5.21 4.90 6.37 4.85 5.34 4.91 4.76 4.73 5.63 6.00 2.63
P2O5 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.07
LOI 0.78 0.74 1.10 0.90 0.85 0.59 0.54 1.58 1.54 1.46 1.22 0.93
Sum 100.39 100.40 100.71 100.56 100.46 100.21 100.39 100.66 100.66 100.63 100.60 100.11
ALK 5.86 5.33 8.78 9.02 8.68 5.42 4.98 4.88 4.85 5.78 6.16 7.40
A/NK 1.41 1.63 1.21 1.19 1.20 1.56 1.80 1.77 1.87 1.53 1.40 1.33
A/CNK 0.90 0.90 1.04 1.03 1.02 0.88 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.92 0.90 0.94
Trace element (ppm)
La 40.26 29.78 36.00 37.17 58.64 30.20 28.60 36.70 40.10 37.00 42.30 8.58
Ce 78.19 51.43 57.48 83.41 99.98 50.70 47.40 65.70 68.60 65.00 71.80 18.80
Pr 9.16 6.12 6.22 6.42 9.20 4.74 4.47 6.11 6.95 6.57 7.11 2.29
Nd 28.41 19.75 17.26 20.48 29.45 15.30 14.50 20.30 23.50 23.20 24.10 8.68
Sm 5.66 3.66 2.93 3.66 5.24 2.02 1.92 2.93 3.68 3.43 3.54 1.62
Eu 0.65 0.72 0.52 0.85 1.17 0.73 0.69 0.94 1.06 1.10 1.11 0.35
Gd 3.92 2.52 2.26 2.42 3.28 1.75 1.62 2.30 2.58 2.65 2.58 1.28
Tb 0.66 0.41 0.66 0.34 0.47 0.23 0.24 0.33 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.21
Dy 2.72 1.87 1.49 2.07 2.61 1.30 1.26 1.65 1.94 1.89 1.75 1.18
Ho 0.49 0.36 0.39 0.59 0.75 0.25 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.29 0.22
Er 1.27 0.97 0.88 1.49 1.75 0.75 0.82 0.93 1.02 1.02 0.82 0.76
Tm 0.22 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.16
Yb 1.31 1.01 1.02 1.37 1.60 1.08 1.26 1.16 1.24 1.08 0.86 1.04
Lu 0.20 0.15 0.14 0.03 0.13 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.19
Y 13.45 10.74 9.07 10.56 14.02 7.84 8.02 9.45 10.40 10.40 9.14 7.46
REE 173.12 118.92 173.12 118.92 127.46 109.41 103.36 139.70 151.75 144.01 156.92 45.35
LREE/HREE 15.04 14.94 15.04 14.94 17.08 18.11 16.88 18.91 18.32 17.67 21.55 8.02
LaN/YbN 20.88 20.03 20.88 20.03 23.98 19.00 15.42 21.49 21.97 23.27 33.61 5.60
Eu/Eu* 0.40 0.68 0.40 0.68 0.59 1.15 1.16 1.07 1.00 1.07 1.07 0.72
Ce/Ce* 0.95 0.88 0.86 1.20 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.97 0.92 0.93 0.92 1.01
Rb 173.50 154.20 191.20 176.70 168.50 112.00 174.00 194.00 170.00 180.00 155.00 62.60
Ba 1264.00 1431.00 1595.00 1482.00 1396.00 1274.00 1134.00 1418.00 1844.00 1613.00 1662.00 352.00
Th 33.62 34.95 30.13 39.74 25.63 24.50 26.40 16.10 18.00 15.70 13.90 20.50
U 7.42 6.53 5.91 5.88 9.15 8.44 8.85 5.85 6.09 5.83 4.00 4.79
Nb 44.58 47.61 43.95 52.17 63.25 39.00 45.60 35.70 42.80 37.00 27.30 48.00
Ta 2.51 3.67 3.55 2.93 2.71 3.25 3.80 2.74 2.96 2.56 1.83 3.97
Zr 158.40 169.20 162.30 177.90 173.80 121.00 61.30 71.00 70.10 77.10 60.50 70.70
Hf 4.71 4.96 3.64 3.98 4.02 4.08 2.74 2.63 2.49 2.60 2.15 3.06
Ga 17.68 18.85 17.23 18.54 18.49 18.40 19.40 20.20 21.20 19.40 16.30 19.30
Sr 185.13 173.25 182.71 191.62 217.45 357.28 262.19 284.64 380.33 349.17 362.25 164.30
TZr (oC) 744 746 740 744 717 702 639 641 643 646 630 633
Notes: LOI = loss on ignition, ALK = molar (Na2O + K2O), A/CNK = [molar ratio Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O)], A/NK = [molar ratio Al2O3/
(Na2O + K2O)], LaN/YbN values are La/Yb ratios normalized to chondrite values after Sun and McDonough (1989), Eu/Eu* = 2w(Eu)N/
[w(Sm)N + w(Gd)N], Ce/Ce* = 2w(Ce)N/[w(La)N + w(Pr)N]; TZr (C) (Zr saturate temperature) = 12, 900/[2.95 + 0.85 M + In(496,000/
Zr(ppm))], M = (Na + K + 2Ca)/(Al Si) (Miller et al., 2003).

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 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling 7

Fig. 3. Plots of SiO2 vs. K2O (a) (after Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976) and A/CNK [molar ratio Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O)] vs. A/NK [molar ratio Al2O3/
(Na2O + K2O)] (b) (after Maniar and Piccoli, 1989). The yellow and pink color areas stand for the samples from the Laojunshan batholith and
ore-related plutons, respectively. Previous data of the ore-related plutons and Laojunshan batholith from Meng (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang
et al. (2012a), Bao et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2015).

Fig. 4. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the Shibaogou pluton (a), Yuku pluton (b), Laojunshan batholith (c) and ore-related plutons
(d) in the Luanchuan district. Chondrite data are from Sun and McDonough (1989). Dotted lines stand for upper continent crust, and solid
lines stand for lower continent crust (Rudnick and Gao, 2003). Previous data of the Laojunshan batholith and ore-related plutons are from
Meng (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang et al. (2012a), Bao et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2015).

normalized spidergrams, enrichments in LILEs (e.g., Rb, Ba, (Fig. 5b).

and K) and depletions in HFSEs (e.g., P, Nb, and Ti) are present In addition, together with the previous data, the patterns in

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8 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen

Fig. 5. Primitive mantle-normalized elements patterns for Shibaogou pluton (a), Yuku pluton (b), the Laojunshan batholith (c) and ore-related
plutons (d) in the Luanchuan district. Primitive mantle data are from Sun and McDonough (1989). Previous data of the Laojunshan batholith
and ore-related plutons are from Meng (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang et al. (2012a), Bao et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2015).

the chondrite-normalized REE diagram and primitive mantle-
normalized spidergram of the ore-related plutons and Laojunshan
batholith are nearly parallel, representing a similar process in
magmatic evolution (Figs. 4 and 5). However, the patterns in the
chondrite-normalized REE diagram of the ore-related plutons
are steeper than those of the Laojunshan batholith, suggesting
more remarkable differentiation between HREEs and LREEs.
Both enrichment of HREEs and depletion of Eu exist in garnet
and fractional differentiation of garnet will cause the magma
depleting in HREE and enriching in Eu (Arth et al., 1975; Yang
et al., 2013a). Hence, we consider the steeper REE patterns were
caused by stronger fractional differentiation of garnet, which is
in accordance with other ore-related plutons in eastern Qinling
(Zhu et al., 2010; Li et al., 2012a, 2012b; Bao et al., 2014; Zhang
et al., 2015).
4.2. Zircon U-Pb Ages
The zircon U-Pb dating results from the Shibaogou and Yuku
plutons are listed in Table 2, and representative zircon
cathodoluminescence (CL) images are shown in Figure 6. The
zircons of vitreous lustre are colourless and transparent, with
lengths ranging from 100 to 250 m and widths ranging from
50 to 100 m. Euhedral crystals and clear oscillatory zoning are
common. The concentrations of U and Th range from 216 to
1996 ppm and from 206 to 3856 ppm, respectively, and the Th/
U ratios range from 0.48 to 1.93 (thus, higher than 0.1). The
features above imply a magmatic origin.
The 206Pb/238U ages obtained from 11 analyses of magmatic zircons
from the Shibaogou pluton yield a weighted average 206Pb/238U
age of 149.1 0.8 Ma (MSWD = 2.0), which is interpreted to be
the formation age of the Shibaogou pluton (Fig. 7a).
The 206Pb/238U ages obtained from 21 analyses of magmatic zircons
from the Yuku pluton yield a weighted average 206Pb/238U age of
150.5 0.8 Ma (MSWD = 1.7), which is interpreted as the emplacement
and crystallization age of the Yuku pluton (Fig. 7b).
4.3. Zircon Hf Isotopes
In situ zircon Hf -isotope analytical data from the Shibaogou

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 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling 9

Table 2. In situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results for zircons from the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons
Isotopic rations 207
Pb/206Pb 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U
Spot No. ( Pb Th U
106) ( 106) ( 106) Th/U 207
Pb/ Pb 206 207 235
Pb/ U 206 238
Pb/ U (Ma, 1) (Ma, 1) (Ma, 1)
Yuku pluton
YK-0-1 532 805 1139 0.71 0.0505 0.0023 0.1689 0.0059 0.0243 0.0003 217 106 158 5 155 2
YK-0-2 426 763 987 0.77 0.0511 0.0003 0.1686 0.0024 0.0239 0.0003 256 15 158 2 152 2
YK-0-3 195 348 650 0.54 0.0503 0.0006 0.1640 0.0026 0.0236 0.0003 209 23 154 2 151 2
YK-0-4 107 296 322 0.92 0.0515 0.0023 0.1697 0.0065 0.0239 0.0002 261 97 159 6 152 1
YK-0-5 380 732 891 0.82 0.0499 0.0003 0.1641 0.0016 0.0238 0.0002 191 15 154 1 152 1
YK-0-6 164 285 361 0.79 0.0503 0.0009 0.1662 0.0028 0.0240 0.0003 209 41 156 2 153 2
YK-0-7 192 383 432 0.89 0.0504 0.0005 0.1623 0.0021 0.0233 0.0002 217 20 153 2 149 1
YK-0-8 264 509 794 0.64 0.0510 0.0004 0.1646 0.0012 0.0235 0.0002 239 17 155 1 149 1
YK-0-9 353 720 762 0.95 0.0525 0.0005 0.1706 0.0024 0.0236 0.0002 306 22 160 2 150 2
YK-0-10 265 513 815 0.63 0.0510 0.0006 0.1660 0.0031 0.0236 0.0002 239 26 156 3 151 3
YK-0-11 142 262 393 0.67 0.0518 0.0006 0.1701 0.0052 0.0238 0.0006 276 23 160 5 152 4
YK-0-12 264 538 623 0.86 0.0511 0.0006 0.1686 0.0035 0.0239 0.0004 256 26 158 3 152 3
YK-0-13 212 507 496 1.02 0.0516 0.0008 0.1650 0.0059 0.0232 0.0008 265 35 155 5 148 5
YK-0-14 244 464 752 0.62 0.0499 0.0002 0.1601 0.0010 0.0233 0.0001 187 5 151 1 148 1
YK-0-15 101 203 296 0.69 0.0512 0.0004 0.1680 0.0017 0.0238 0.0002 250 49 158 1 152 1
YK-0-16 490 927 1345 0.69 0.0514 0.0002 0.1688 0.0012 0.0239 0.0002 257 5 158 1 152 1
YK-0-17 150 288 439 0.66 0.0503 0.0004 0.1624 0.0023 0.0234 0.0003 209 20 153 2 149 2
YK-0-18 238 420 777 0.54 0.0524 0.0005 0.1745 0.0029 0.0242 0.0003 302 19 163 3 154 2
YK-0-19 167 247 449 0.55 0.0535 0.0007 0.1737 0.0020 0.0235 0.0002 350 32 163 2 150 1
YK-0-20 194 342 720 0.48 0.0529 0.0011 0.1704 0.0020 0.0234 0.0002 324 46 160 2 149 1
YK-0-21 150 206 256 0.8 0.0541 0.0014 0.1768 0.0059 0.0237 0.0002 376 57 165 5 151 1
Shibaogou pluton
SBG-0-1 707 1404 804 1.75 0.0503 0.0002 0.1613 0.0009 0.0233 0.0001 209 9 152 1 148 1
SBG-0-2 529 888 1629 0.55 0.0509 0.0002 0.1647 0.0009 0.0235 0.0001 235 7 155 1 150 1
SBG-0-3 278 467 587 0.8 0.0501 0.0009 0.1638 0.0041 0.0237 0.0003 198 36 154 4 151 2
SBG-0-4 1979 3856 1996 1.93 0.0542 0.0003 0.1750 0.0014 0.0234 0.0001 389 11 164 1 149 1
SBG-0-5 520 961 1160 0.83 0.0537 0.0004 0.1762 0.0022 0.0238 0.0002 367 19 165 2 152 2
SBG-0-6 296 576 1093 0.53 0.0507 0.0002 0.1652 0.0010 0.0236 0.0001 228 9 155 1 151 1
SBG-0-7 139 277 216 1.28 0.0513 0.0006 0.1638 0.0026 0.0232 0.0001 254 23 154 2 148 1
SBG-0-8 192 449 690 0.65 0.0493 0.0012 0.1571 0.0028 0.0231 0.0002 161 59 148 2 147 1
SBG-0-9 174 501 604 0.83 0.0534 0.0010 0.1738 0.0045 0.0236 0.0004 346 43 163 4 150 3
SBG-0-10 655 1621 891 1.82 0.0508 0.0005 0.1658 0.0022 0.0237 0.0003 232 22 156 2 151 2
SBG-0-11 185 422 549 0.77 0.0522 0.0011 0.1699 0.0041 0.0236 0.0004 295 44 159 4 150 2
Notes: Errors are 1 representing standard deviation; Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively; Common Pb
corrected using measured 204Pb; Common Pb corrected by assuming 206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U age-concordance.

and Yuku plutons are shown in Table 3. 5. DISCUSSION

The 176Yb/177Hf ratios and 176Lu/177Hf ratios from the zircons
in the Shibaogou pluton range from 0.0284 to 0.0940 and from
0.0011 to 0.0027, respectively, with Hf (t) values ranging from
24.2 to 13.8, corresponding to two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2)
of 2.072.72 Ga.
The zircons from the Yuku pluton have low 176Yb/177Hf and
176
Lu/177Hf ratios (0.0292 to 0.0592 and 0.0010 to 0.0021, respectively),
negative Hf(t) values (19.8 to 15.5) and ancient two-stage Hf
model ages (TDM2) of 2.172.44 Ga.
5.1. Late Mesozoic Magmatic and Metallogenic
Events in the Luanchuan District
In this study, the zircon U-Pb ages of 149.1 0.8 Ma and 150.5
0.8 Ma represent the emplacement and crystallization ages of
the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons, respectively, indicating a Late
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatic event in the Luanchuan
district.
Based on the previous zircon U-Pb dating results, the granitoid

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10 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen

Fig. 6. Representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons dated in this study. White circles
are analyzed spots for zircon U-Pb dating.

Fig. 7. Zircon 207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U Concordia diagrams of samples from the Shibaogou (a) and Yuku (b) plutons. MSWD mean square of
weighted deviates.

plutons distributed throughout the QOB have been divided into
four periods: Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic and early and late Mesozoic
(Wang et al., 2013b). Among these four periods, the late Mesozoic
magmatism generated immense Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au poly-
metallic mineralizations and formed the East Qinling Metallogenic
Belt, which is one of the most significant Mo-producing belts in
the world (Mao et al., 2011). The Luanchuan district, composed
of numerous late Mesozoic Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag deposits, is a
crucial part of the East Qinling Metallogenic Belt. Therefore, the
late Mesozoic magmatism in the Luanchuan district appears to
play a key role in the poly-metallic mineralization process.
Combined with the previous geochronological data from the
granites and deposits, late Mesozoic magmatic and metallogenic
events have been identified in the Luanchuan district (Fig. 8).
These magmatic events can be divided into two stages, the Late
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous stage (160130 Ma) and the Late
Cretaceous stage (115100 Ma). Additionally, the metallogenic
events are mainly composed of porphyry-skarn Mo deposits
(150140 Ma) and hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits (ca. 137 Ma),
which have been dated using the precise molybdenite Re-Os
and sphalerite Rb-Sr isotopic methods (Cao et al., 2015; Li et al.,
2015; Zhang et al., 2015). In terms of the temporal and spatial
accordance between the granites and deposits, it is plausible that
the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatic activity directly
supplied the heat and ore-forming materials. In contrast, the
Late Cretaceous magmatism occurred after the formation of the
Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag deposits. Therefore, the Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag
deposits were likely distributed around the Late Jurassic to Early

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 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling 11

Table 3. Zircon Hf isotopic compositions for the Shibaogou and Yuku plutons
Spot No. Ma 176
Yb/177Hf 2 176
Lu/177Hf 2 176
Hf/177Hf 2 Hf(0) Hf(t) TDM1 (Ma) TDM2 (Ma) fLu/Hf
Yuku pluton
YK-0-1 155 0.0519 0.0002 0.0017 0.0000 0.282126 0.000024 22.8 19.6 1616 2436 0.95
YK-0-2 152 0.0366 0.0003 0.0014 0.0000 0.282217 0.000022 19.6 16.4 1473 2234 0.96
YK-0-3 151 0.0592 0.0005 0.0021 0.0000 0.282160 0.000029 21.6 18.5 1586 2365 0.94
YK-0-4 152 0.0363 0.0002 0.0016 0.0000 0.282127 0.000028 22.8 19.6 1608 2435 0.95
YK-0-5 152 0.0390 0.0002 0.0016 0.0000 0.282216 0.000024 19.7 16.5 1484 2238 0.95
YK-0-6 153 0.0438 0.0002 0.0017 0.0000 0.282149 0.000020 22.0 18.8 1583 2386 0.95
YK-0-7 149 0.0321 0.0001 0.0013 0.0000 0.282125 0.000021 22.9 19.7 1600 2440 0.96
YK-0-8 149 0.0344 0.0002 0.0014 0.0000 0.282205 0.000021 20.1 16.9 1491 2263 0.96
YK-0-9 150 0.0411 0.0007 0.0016 0.0000 0.282182 0.000025 20.9 17.7 1534 2315 0.95
YK-0-10 151 0.0452 0.0007 0.0016 0.0000 0.282237 0.000022 18.9 15.8 1455 2193 0.95
YK-0-11 152 0.0332 0.0004 0.0012 0.0000 0.282170 0.000023 21.3 18.1 1534 2338 0.96
YK-0-12 152 0.0321 0.0001 0.0012 0.0000 0.282134 0.000024 22.6 19.3 1583 2417 0.96
YK-0-13 148 0.0334 0.0001 0.0013 0.0000 0.282153 0.000027 21.9 18.8 1562 2379 0.96
YK-0-14 148 0.0292 0.0005 0.0010 0.0000 0.282176 0.000021 21.1 17.9 1517 2325 0.97
YK-0-15 152 0.0484 0.0011 0.0015 0.0000 0.282201 0.000030 20.2 17.0 1501 2270 0.95
YK-0-16 152 0.0461 0.0005 0.0018 0.0000 0.282151 0.000026 22.0 18.8 1582 2383 0.95
YK-0-17 149 0.0497 0.0003 0.0016 0.0000 0.282130 0.000027 22.7 19.6 1607 2430 0.95
YK-0-18 154 0.0438 0.0007 0.0015 0.0000 0.282225 0.000029 19.3 16.1 1468 2216 0.95
YK-0-19 150 0.0399 0.0003 0.0013 0.0000 0.282144 0.000028 22.2 19.0 1573 2397 0.96
YK-0-20 149 0.0360 0.0007 0.0011 0.0000 0.282245 0.000024 18.6 15.5 1425 2173 0.97
YK-0-21 151 0.0420 0.0003 0.0014 0.0000 0.282123 0.000031 22.9 19.8 1608 2443 0.96
Shibaogou pluton
SBG-0-1 148 0.0722 0.0012 0.0025 0.0000 0.282273 0.000029 17.6 14.6 1440 2119 0.92
SBG-0-2 150 0.0560 0.0004 0.0018 0.0000 0.282100 0.000022 23.8 20.7 1656 2497 0.95
SBG-0-3 151 0.0772 0.0011 0.0027 0.0000 0.282288 0.000020 17.1 14.1 1425 2085 0.92
SBG-0-4 149 0.0375 0.0000 0.0015 0.0000 0.282159 0.000018 21.7 18.6 1560 2365 0.96
SBG-0-5 152 0.0284 0.0003 0.0011 0.0000 0.282221 0.000022 19.5 16.3 1458 2225 0.97
SBG-0-6 151 0.0380 0.0001 0.0014 0.0000 0.282270 0.000027 17.8 14.6 1400 2119 0.96
SBG-0-7 148 0.0415 0.0002 0.0017 0.0000 0.282169 0.000020 21.3 18.3 1556 2346 0.95
SBG-0-8 147 0.0415 0.0002 0.0017 0.0000 0.282169 0.000020 21.3 18.3 1556 2346 0.95
SBG-0-9 150 0.0940 0.0018 0.0023 0.0000 0.282001 0.000036 27.2 24.2 1821 2717 0.93
SBG-0-10 151 0.0394 0.0002 0.0012 0.0000 0.282291 0.000026 17.0 13.8 1363 2071 0.96
Notes: Hf(0) = ((176Hf/177Hf)S/(176Hf/177Hf)CHUR 1) 10000, Hf(t) = ((176Hf/177Hf)S (176Lu/177Hf)S (et 1))/((176Hf/177Hf)CHUR,0 (176Lu/177Hf)CHUR
(et 1)) 1) 10000; TDM1(Hf) = 1/ ln[1 + ((176Hf/177Hf)S (176Hf/177Hf)DM)/((176Lu/177Hf)S (176Lu/177Hf)DM)]; TDM2(Hf) = TDM1(Hf)
(TDM1(Hf) t)(fCC fS)/(fCC fDM); fLu/Hf = (176Lu/177Hf)S /(176Lu/177Hf)CHUR 1; (176Lu/177Hf)CHUR = 0.0332, (176Hf/177Hf)CHUR,0 = 0.282772 (Bli-
chert-Toft and Albarde, 1997), (176Lu/177Hf)DM = 0.0384, (176Hf/177Hf)DM = 0.28325 (Griffin et al., 2000), fCC = [(176Lu/177Hf)mean crust/(176Lu/
177
Hf)CHUR] 1, fDM = [(176Lu/177Hf)DM/(176Lu/177Hf)CHUR] 1, = 1.867 1011 year1 (Sderlund et al., 2004), t = crystallization age of zircon.
( Hf/177Hf)S and (176Lu/177Hf)S are the measured values of samples; fCC, fS, and fDM are the fLu/Hf of crust, sample, and depleted mantle, respec-
176

tively. The 2 represents standard deviation.

Cretaceous granites in the Luanchuan district, which is significant
information for future prospecting.
5.2. Genetic Types of the Granites
The granites in the Luanchuan district have high SiO2 contents
and ALK values and low CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, MnO2, TiO2 and
P2O5 contents. The trace element patterns show the enrichment
of Rb, Ba and K and the depletion of Nb, P and Ti (Figs. 4 and 5).
The geochemical data above are similar to the remarkable
characteristics of highly fractionated granites (Chappell and
White, 1992, 2001; Chappell, 1999; Wu et al., 2003a, 2003b).
To date, based on mineralogical and geochemical evidence,
granites have generally been classified into three types (I-, S-
and A-type granites) (Whalen et al., 1987; Chappell and White,
1992). Among these types, A-type granites are distinctly different
from I- and S-type granites due to their enrichment in HFSEs
(Zr, Nb and Y), high-temperature anhydrous phases (pyroxene

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12 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen

between I- and S-type granites (Chappell, 1999). Most samples

Fig. 8. Frequency of ages for the Late Mesozoic granites and depos-
its from the Luanchuan district, eastern Qinling. Data sources are
from Li et al. (2004, 2015), Meng (2010), Yang et al. (2012a, 2016), Bao
et al. (2014), Cao et al. (2015), Zhang et al. (2015) and this paper.
and fayalite) and late-crystallizing biotite and hornblende
(Whalen et al., 1987; King et al., 1997).
However, the granites exposed in the Luanchuan district are
depleted in HFSEs and lack the minerals commonly associated
with A-type granites. Additionally, the granites plot in the fractionated
granite area in the Zr + Nb + Ce + Y vs. TFeO/MgO diagram
(Fig. 9a). Thus, these characteristics do not correspond to those
of A-type granites.
The A/CNK ratio of 1.1 is the boundary used to discriminate
from the granites in the Luanchuan district have low A/CNK
ratios of less than 1.1 with metaluminous characteristics, probably
indicating I-type granites (Fig. 3b). However, Wu et al. (2003a)
concluded that the A/CNK ratio may not be well suited for
discriminating highly fractionated granites. Alternately, the negative
correlation between SiO2 and P2O5 is consistent with the characteristic
of I-type granites (Fig. 9b). Moreover, S-type granites are
generally characterized by ubiquitous Al-rich minerals (e.g.,
muscovite, garnet, cordierite, and tourmaline) (Clemens, 2003).
However, these Al-rich minerals are absent in the studied
granites, excluding the possibility of S-type origin.
Wu et al. (2003a) suggested that depletions in CaO, Sr and Eu
are indicative of plagioclase and/or K-feldspar fractionation.
The granites in the Luanchuan district generally plot between
the trendline of plagioclase and K-feldspar, indicating that the
fractional crystallization of plagioclase and K-feldspar predominately
occurred in the fractionation process of magmatic evolution
(Fig. 10). Meanwhile, the distinct depletions of P and Ti in
Figure 5 are proposed to represent the fractionation of apatite
and titanite or magnetite.
In summary, the late Mesozoic granites in the Luanchuan
district are classified as highly fractionated I-type granites rather
than S- or A-type granites according to their petrographical and
geochemical features, and these granites experienced fractional
crystallization of minerals (e.g., plagioclase, K-feldspar, apatite,
and titanite or magnetite).
5.3. Magma Source
Until now, three models for the generation of highly fractionated
I-type granite with metaluminous to slightly peraluminous

Fig. 9. Plots of Zr + Nb + Ce + Y vs. TFeO/MgO (a), SiO2 vs. P2O5 (b). A-type = A-type granite, FG = fractionated M-, I- and S-type felsic granites,
OGT = unfractionated M-, I- and S-type granites. Data sources are from Meng (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang et al. (2012a), Bao et al. (2014),
Zhang et al. (2015) and this paper. Plots are from Whalen et al. (1987), Chappell (1999).

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 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling 13

Fig. 10. Rb vs. Sr (a), Eu/Eu* vs. Ba (b), Sr vs. Ba (c) and Eu vs. Ba (d) plots for the Late Mesozoic granites from the Luanchuan district, eastern
Qinling. Arrow directions are the trend of mineral fractionation phase. Pl = plagioclase, Kfs = K-feldspar, Bt = biotite, Ms = muscovite, Hb =
hornblende. Data sources are from Meng (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang et al. (2012a), Bao et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2015) and this paper. Arrow
direction are after Janouek et al. (2004), Rollinson (2014).

compositions have been proposed: (1) partial melting of crustal
materials and subsequent fractional crystallization of the melts
(Chappell and White, 2001; Griffin et al., 2002), (2) mixing of
the melts from mantle-derived magmas and partial melting of
crustal materials (Kemp et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2009), and (3)
advanced fractional crystallization from primarily mantle-derived
magmas (Chiaradia, 2009; Li et al., 2009). Notably, the SiO2
contents of the granites in the Luanchuan district are commonly
greater than 70%. Together with the low Hf(t) values, these
values are inconsistent with the generation of granites from
primarily mantle-derived magmas. Granites derived from pure
mantle- or crust-derived magmas are characterized by a narrow
range of Hf(t) values (Yin et al., 2016). However, the Hf(t) values
of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ore-related granites range
from 29.1 to 11.7 (mainly from 25 to 15), thus showing a
distinct heterogeneity (Figs. 11a and 12). Morevoer, the Hf(t)
values of the Late Cretaceous Laojunshan batholith are from
2.7 to 2.1, indicating distinctly hybrid sources of mantle- and
crust-derived melts (Fig. 11a). The two-stage Hf model ages
(TDM2) of the ore-related plutons and the Laojunshan batholith
range from 1.7 Ga to 3.0 Ga and 1.0 Ga to 1.3 Ga, respectively,
indicating a dominantly ancient crustal source (Fig. 11b).
Additionally, the chondrite-normalized patterns of the ore-
related granites and Laojunshan batholith exhibit upper crustal
features (Fig. 4). The occurrence of MMEs and associated mafic
dykes from the granites in the Luanchuan district implies the

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14 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen
Fig. 11. Frequency of Hf(t) values (a) and Two-stage Hf model ages (b) for the Late Mesozoic granites from the Luanchuan district, eastern
Qinling. Data sources are from Meng (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang et al. (2012a), Bao et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2015) and this paper.
mixing of mantle-derived magmas. Similarly, the Pb compositions
of the ore-related granites in the Luanchuan district revealed
that the magma source was derived from both the lower crust
and mantle (Li et al., 2015).
Based on these findings, it is evident that the granites in the
Luanchuan district resulted from the mixing of partially melted
ancient crustal magma with mantle-derived materials, which
agrees with the previously published Sr-Nd isotopic data presented
by Bao et al. (2014) and Meng (2010).
To date, the sources of the late Mesozoic granites in the
Luanchuan district are controversial, and two sources have been
proposed: (1) the mixing of remelted Taihua and Xionger
groups with minor mantle melts (Li et al., 2012a, 2012b, 2015),
and (2) the remelting of the subducted continental crust of the
northern YZB (Bao et al., 2014). However, the remarkable
differences of Hf(t) values and TDM2 ages between the two-
stages granites in the Luanchuan district obviously indicate that
their magmatic sources cannot be simply attributed to either of
the processes described above.
The Archean Taihua group (2.52.8 Ga) and Mesoproterozoic
Xionger group (1.82.1 Ga) form the main lower-crust lithologic
strata in the southern margin of the NCB and have TDM2(Hf)
values consistent with those of ore-related granites (primarily
during 2.02.6 Ga) (Peng et al., 2008; He et al., 2009; Zhao et al.,
2009; Huang et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2013). In addition, the
calculated Hf(t) values at 140 Ma from the Archean Taihua group
(62.3 to 42.2, average 51.8) (Huang et al., 2010; Yu et al.,
2013) and Mesoproterozoic Xionger group (49.0 to 45.7) (He
et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2009) are lower than those of the ore-
related granites (29.1 to 11.7), suggesting the mixing of mantle-
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2
derived magmas.
The main lithology units of the NQB include the Archean to
Paleoproterozoic Qinling group (1.92.7 Ga) (Diwu et al., 2014)
and Neoproterozoic Kuanping group (0.91.1 Ga) (Zhu et al.,
2011; Shi et al., 2013). Considering the TDM2 values of the Laojunshan
batholith (1.01.3 Ga), the Neoproterozoic Kuanping group is
proposed to be the main source of magma for the Laojunshan
batholith. Additionally, the Hf (t) values of the Laojunshan
batholith (2.7 to 2.1) are higher than the Hf(t) values calculated
at 110 Ma from the Neoproterozoic Kuanping group (64.6 to
6.5, average 27.7) (Shi et al., 2013), indicating the mixing of
mantle-derived components.
Taken together, the ore-related plutons were generated by the
partial melting of the Archean Taihua group and Mesoproterozoic
Xionger group with minor mantle-derived magmas contributions.
In contrast, the source materials of the Laojunshan batholith
consisted of a mixture of the Mesoproterozoic Kuanping group
and mantle-derived components. Due to the much lower Hf(t)
values, a larger contribution of crust-derived magmas is thought
to have been involved in the emplacement of the ore-related
plutons, leading to Mo enrichment, which is consistent with the
results of a previous study by Wang et al. (2015).
5.4. Tectonic Implications
The final closure of the Mianlue Ocean is argued to have
occurred in the Early Triassic and to have resulted in the
collision between the YZB and SQB and the formation of the
Mianlue Suture (Li et al., 2007; Dong et al., 2011, 2016). After
the closure of the Mianlue Ocean, the NCB, QOB and YZB were
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 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling 15

combined into an integrated whole, followed by northward

subduction and the collision between the YZB and the NCB
(Meng et al., 2000; Dong et al., 2011, 2016). Due to the continuous
continental collision between the YZB and NCB, a series of
south-verging thrusts consisting of ophiolites and volcanic
rocks developed due to the intense compression, resulting in the
shortening and thickening of the lithosphere (Dong et al., 2016).
Subsequently, the tectonic regime transitioned from collisional
to extensional during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Due
to remelting of the thickened ancient crust by heating from the
upwelling asthenospheric mantle, contemporaneous Mo deposits
and ore-related granites developed in eastern Qinling. Interestingly,
the Hf(t) values from the Late Cretaceous granites are higher.
This pattern was interpreted to indicate that the ancient crust
became thinner and that more upwelling mantle-derived magmas
were involved. Therefore, during the Late Cretaceous, the
tectonic environment was extensional. Additionally, the WNW-
striking distribution of the granites in the QOB corresponds
with the orientation of the deep regional WNW-striking faults,
Fig. 12. Zircon U-Pb age vs. Hf(t) values for the Late Mesozoic gran-
suggesting that the magmas upwelled along these faults. ites from the Luanchuan district, eastern Qinling. The pink and yel-
Between the two-stage magmatic activities, a magmatic quiescence low color areas stand for the samples from the Laojunshan batholith
and ore-related plutons, respectively. Data sources are from Meng
was notably present during 130115 Ma (Fig. 12), probably (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang et al. (2012a), Bao et al. (2014), Zhang
indicating a short stable period during the late transition stage. et al. (2015) and this paper.
Granites are commonly used to identify the tectonic environment
during their formation (Pearce et al., 1984; Maniar and Piccoli, (2) a post-collisional environment (Zhang et al., 2016), (3)
1989). Highly fractionated I-type granites are generated in four oceanic subduction (Wang et al., 2014), and (4) underplating
types of tectonic environments: (1) the breakup and foundering via lithospheric delamination beneath a collisional zone (Wang
of a subducted slab beneath continental crust (Li et al., 2007), et al., 2016). The high K, Si-rich, calc-alkaline, I-type granites

Fig. 13. Discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting. Y + Nb vs. Rb (a) (Pearce et al., 1984) and Rb/30-Hf-Ta*3 (b) (Harris et al., 1986) for the
Late Mesozoic granites samples from the Luanchuan district, eastern Qinling. The pink and yellow color areas stand for the samples from the
Laojunshan batholith and ore-related plutons, respectively. Data sources are from Meng (2010), Li et al. (2012a), Yang et al. (2012a), Bao et
al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2015) and this paper.

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16 Yunhui Zhang, Huawen Cao, Mo Xu, Shouting Zhang, Li Tang, Shiyan Wang, Qiuming Pei, Guojun Cai, and Tong Shen

such as the SBG or Yuku plutons usually form in collisional or
post-collisional settings (Roberts and Clemens, 1993).
The granites in the Luanchuan district mostly plot in the
post-collision granite (Post-COLG) fields in the Y + Nb vs. Rb
diagram and Rb/30-Hf-Ta*3 triangle diagram (Fig. 13). The
subduction or arc setting is constrained by the enrichment of
LILEs and the depletion of the HFSEs (Pearce et al., 1984).
Hence, the formation of granites in the Luanchuan district was
closely related to subduction and collision. Moreover, based on
the Hf compositions mentioned above, more upwelling mantle-
derived magmas were involved in the formation of the Late
Cretaceous Laojunshan batholith than in the formation of the
Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ore-related plutons. Consistently,
the Zr saturation temperatures of the Late Cretaceous Laojunshan

Fig. 14. Schematic geodynamic model for the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution in eastern Qinling.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0036-2 http://www.springer.com/journal/12303
 Mesozoic highly fractionated I-type granites, eastern Qinling
batholith (654797 C) are higher than those of the Late Jurassic
to Early Cretaceous ore-related plutons (630748 C) (Zr
concentrations of the SBG and Yk plutons are from this study;
others are from Meng, 2010; Li et al., 2012a, 2015; Bao et al.,
2014; Zhang et al., 2015). This difference probably indicates that
the remelting of ancient crust shifted upward due to intra-
continental extension and lithospheric thinning (Fig. 14). Based
on the geochemical and isotopic data above, the late Mesozoic
Luanchuan granites were generated in a post-collision environment.
The ore-related granites formed during the transition from
compression to extension, and the Laojunshan batholith formed
during lithospheric thinning and intra-continental extension.
Taking the above geochronological, geochemical and isotopic
features into account, the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution
of the Luanchuan district in eastern Qinling is closely related to
the continental collision between the NCB and YZB. This
collisional process can be divided into three stages (Figs. 12 and
14): (1) northward subduction and collision of the YZB beneath
the NCB, causing intense compression, shortening and thickening
of the lithosphere (220180 Ma) (Fig. 14a); (2) continuous collision
and subsequent transition from compression to extension due
to slab break-off and rollback (160130 Ma) (Fig. 14b); and (3)
lithospheric thinning and intra-continental extension following
the collision between the NCB and YZB (115100 Ma) (Fig. 14c).
Based on the aforementioned arguments, it is evident that the
sequence of subduction, collision and intra-continental extension
between the NCB and YZB during the Mesozoic is completely
demonstrated. The numerous late Mesozoic granites and Mo-
W-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au poly-metallic deposits in the QOB are attributable
to intense and extensive tectono-magmatic activity.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions were drawn from the results of the
zircon U-Pb dating and the whole-rock geochemical and Lu-Hf
isotopic analyses presented above.
(1) The late Mesozoic granites in the Luanchuan district can
be divided into two stages: the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
stage (160130 Ma) and the Late Cretaceous stage (115100 Ma).
The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous granites are closely related
to Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag poly-metallic mineralization, which is
potentially useful for future prospecting.
(2) The late Mesozoic granites are highly fractionated I-type
granites with high-K, calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and metaluminous
to weakly peraluminous characteristics. The fractional crystallization
of feldspar, plagioclase and some accessory minerals (e.g., apatite
and titanite or magnetite) developed during the fractionation
process of magmatic evolution.
(3) The parental magmas of the ore-related plutons were most
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17
likely derived from the remelting of the Taihua and Xionger
groups with minor mantle-derived magmas, and the Laojunshan
batholith was generated from the hybridization of both ancient
crust- (Kuanping group) and mantle-derived components.
(4) Numerous Mesozoic granites and Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au
poly-metallic deposits in eastern Qinling were generated from
the continental collision between the NCB and YZB. The Late
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ore-related plutons were generated
in the transitional regime between compression and extension,
whereas the Late Cretaceous Laojunshan batholith was emplaced
in an intra-continental extensional environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was sponsored by the National key research and
development plan of China (No. 2016YFC0600504) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
41202209).
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