3A/37
Foundations for Cylindrical Storage Tanks
Les fondations des réservoirs cylindriques
by D o n V . R o b e r t s , Associate Dames & Moore, Consulting Engineers, 2333 West Third Street, Los Angeles 51,
California, U.S.A.
Summary
The foundation requirem ents and other characteristics of
cylindrical storage tanks are reviewed in general terms. A dis­
cussion is presented of the perm issible settlem ent behavior for
tanks and other distinguishing features. The types of foundations
used for a variety of soil conditions are reviewed. These founda­
tion solutions include the use of a sand pad, a concrete or crushed
rock ring wall, an interlocking sheet pile ring wall, and a pile
foundation with a crushed rock pile cap.
Introduction
In selecting build in g fo u n d a tio n s, it is q u ite im p o rta n t to
co n sid er th e u n iq u e ch aracteristics o f th e p la n n ed stru c tu re
in a d d itio n to ev alu a tin g th e b e h a v io r o f th e soils u p o n w hich
th e stru c tu re w ill rest. T h is is p a rtic u la rly tru e w ith c y lin ­
drical sto rag e ta n k s, w hich fo rm a fam iliar p a rt o f p etro leu m
refineries, chem ical p lan ts, a n d m a n y o th e r m a n u fac tu rin g
in d u stries.
A cy lin d rical sto rag e ta n k is a sim ple stru c tu re . I t consists
o f a n e a rly flat m etal b o tto m , a th in cy lin d rical shell, a n d
eith er a fixed o r floating ro o f. D e sp ite th e a p p a re n t sim pli­
city o f sto rag e ta n k s, th ere is relativ ely little in fo rm atio n
av ailab le con cern in g th e perm issible soil b e h a v io r fo r these
stru ctu res a n d th e ty p es o f fo u n d a tio n s w hich c a n be used.
T he p u rp o se o f th is p a p e r is to discuss th e follow ing :
(1) T he u n u su a l ch aracteristics o f c y lin d rical sto rag e
tan k s in c o m m o n use.
(2) T h e ty p es o f ta n k fo u n d a tio n s w hich h a v e been u sed
o r co n sid ered in co m m o n p ractice.
(3) T h e m a jo r u n certa in tie s w hich exist in p red ictin g th e
fo u n d a tio n b e h a v io r o f tan k s.
Structural Considerations
I t is possible to o b ta in cy lin d rical sto rag e ta n k s w ith d ia ­
m eters ran g in g fro m 15 feet to 250 feet. T h e ta n k heights
n o rm a lly ran g e fro m 16 feet to a m ax im u m o f 56 feet. T h e
ta n k b o tto m is n o rm a lly o n e -fo u rth inch in thickness a n d is
g enerally fa b ricated by lap-w elding. T h e ta n k b o tto m n o r­
m ally ex ten d s a m in im um o f o n e inch b ey o n d th e ta n k s h e ll;
this p erm its field erectio n b y m eans o f w elding b o th th e
inside a n d o u tsid e o f th e shell to th e ta n k b o tto m . T h e ta n k
shell m a y be considered as a series o f w elded r in g s ; each
rin g is n o rm ally eight feet in h eight. T h e shell rings increase in
thickness fro m to p to b o tt o m ; a m ax im u m thick n ess o f
o ne a n d o n e -h a lf inches is used fo r ta n k s o v er 48 feet in
height.
T w o ty p es o f ro o fs a re in c o m m o n use : a co n e ro o f a n d a
floating roof. T h e co n e ro o f is p e rm an e n tly a tta c h e d to th e
ta n k shell and is su p p o rte d b y a series o f rafte rs, g irders
Sommaire
Après des généralités concernant les conditions que doivent
rem plir les fondations des réservoirs cylindriques et certaines de
leurs autres caractéristiques, cet article étudie le com portem ent des
réservoirs soumis à des tassements admissibles.
Les différentes sortes de fondations utilisées pour les différentes
propriétés du sol sont examinées. Les solutions adoptées com ­
prennent des couches de sable, m urs annulaires de béton ou de
pierres, rideaux de palplanches en form e d ’anneau et une fonda­
tion sur pieux avec un casque constitué de grosses pierres.
a n d colu m n s. A flo atin g ro o f is free to rise a n d fall w ith the
v a ria tio n in level in th e ta n k co n ten ts. T h e flo atin g ro o f is
k e p t in th e c e n te r o f th e ta n k b y special devices.
A critical fe a tu re o f a flo atin g ro o f ta n k is th a t th e clearance
betw een th e ro o f an d th e ta n k shell is fairly sm all. T h e floating
r o o f will n o t fu n c tio n if th e ta n k shell becom es d isto rted .
M alfu n c tio n in g o f a flo atin g ro o f can resu lt in serious e x p lo ­
sions o r ro o f-co llap se sh o u ld a v acu u m be c reated betw een
th e ta n k c o n te n ts a n d ro o f. T y p ically , th e difference betw een
th e m ax im u m a n d m in im u m ta n k d iam eters c a n n o t exceed
eight inches. T h is is a n im p o rta n t fa cto r w hen selecting
ta n k fo u n d a tio n s, since a sm all a m o u n t o f differentia]
settlem en t a ro u n d th e base o f th e ta n k can p ro d u ce a
m agnified d is to rtio n alo n g th e to p o f th e ta n k shell.
Typical Tank Foundations
General— T h e selection a n d design o f ta n k fo u n d a tio n s
m u st co n sid er fac to rs w hich a re q u ite different th a n fo r
o th e r ty p e s o f stru ctu re s. T hese fa c to rs are as follow s :
(1) A cy lin d rical sto rag e ta n k is an inexpensive stru c tu re
fo r its size. A s a n illu stra tio n , a 4 8 -foot-high ta n k w ith a d iam e­
te r o f 140 feet will h o ld m o re th a n 130,000 b a rr e ls ; yet the
c o st o f such a ta n k m a y be o n ly 2200,000. Unlike most
structures, the cost o f a tank foundation can exceed the cost
o f the tank itself.
(2) A ta n k is v ery light in c o m p a riso n w ith its contents-
T h e av erag e lo a d im p o sed o n th e subsoils can be increased
fro m a negligible a m o u n t to m o re th a n 3,000 p o u n d s p er
sq u a re fo o t in a very sh o rt p erio d o f tim e d u rin g h y d ro sta tic
testing. B y co n tra st, th ere is a g ra d u a l increase in th e fo u n d a ­
tio n lo ad s d u rin g c o n stru c tio n fo r m o st buildings. T hus,
u n lik e o th er buildings, alm o st all o f th e ta n k lo ad in g is applied
su d d en ly after co m p letio n o f th e stru ctu re. W ith th e rap id
a p p lic a tio n o f loads, it is o ften possible to sep a rate “ elastic”
deflections fro m m o v em en ts resu ltin g fro m co n so lid atio n .
(3) A c y lin d rical sto rag e ta n k can w ith sta n d larg e settle­
m en ts. U n ifo rm settlem ents o f six inches to a fo o t are n o t
785
u n co m m o n . M a n y ta n k s a re still in use even follow ing
settlem ents as large as th ree feet. A ta n k b o tto m is q u ite
fle x ib le ; relativ ely large deflections can o ccu r betw een th e
cen ter an d edge o f th e ta n k w ith o u t h arm . H o w ev er, differen­
tial settlem ent a ro u n d th e p erim eter o f th e ta n k can be very
critical— since th is can cau se serious d is to rtio n s o f th e ta n k
shell o r m alfu n ctio n in g o f a flo atin g roof.
(4) T h e b o tto m o f a sto rag e ta n k is q u ite th in a n d will
rem ain in c o n ta c t w ith th e subsoils d u rin g settlem ent. T h u s,
a storage ta n k is u n iq u e in th a t th e lo ad s a re u n ifo rm ly
applied to the subsoils. Since m o st theo ries o f ap p lied soil
m echanics assum e a u n ifo rm a p p lic a tio n o f p ressures a t th e
fo u n d atio n level, the sub su rface stress c o n d itio n s an d deflec­
tio n s can be p redicted m o re a ccu rately w ith sto rag e tan k s
th a n w ith m an y o th e r ty p es o f stru ctu res.
(5) If adv erse differential settlem en ts occur, a ta n k can be
releveled fo r a relativ ely m o d est cost. W h ere it is perm issible
to risk re-leveling ta n k s, it is p ossible to use a ta n k design
w ith an exceedingly low m a rg in o f safety . H o w ev er, th e
econom ics o f ta n k re-releveling will d ep en d o n th e effects
o f tak in g a ta n k te m p o ra rily o u t o f o p e ra tio n . T h u s, a low
m arg in o f safety is perm issible o n ly w here th e ta n k c o n ten ts
co u ld be p um p ed elsew here in th e ev en t o f failu re o r d u rin g
re-leveling.
Ideal Soil Conditions — A ty p ic a l ta n k fo u n d a tio n fo r
ideal soil co n d itio n s is illu stra te d o n F ig. 1. T h e site sh o u ld
Fig. 1 Typical foundation treatm ent for good soil condi­
tions.
Solution type po u r des fondations sur sols de bonne
qualité.
be strip p e d o f all to p so ils a n d o rg an ic m a te ria l. F o llo w in g
site strip p in g , it is n e c essa ry to re -c o m p a c t th e ex p o sed
su b g rad e a n d to p lace th e ta n k b o tto m o n a p a d o f san d o r
g ravel. T his p a d is u su a lly a m in im u m o f fo u r inches in
th ick n ess a n d is n o rm a lly ele v a ted o v e r th e su rro u n d in g
g rad e to p ro v id e sa tisfa c to ry d rain ag e. T h e c e n te r o f th e
ta n k s is g en erally cro w n e d o r e lev a te d a b o v e th e ta n k
edge. A slo p e o f on e inch p e r te n feet o f ta n k ra d iu s is o ften
u sed ; th e cro w n is som etim es lim ited to a m a x im u m o f six
inches fo r larg e sto rag e tan k s. T h e p u rp o s e o f elev a tin g th e
c en te r o f th e ta n k b o tto m is to p e rm it a d e q u a te d rain ag e
w ith in th e ta n k b o tto m follo w in g se ttlem en t.
I t is g en erally p re fera b le to p lace th e ta n k o n a la y e r
o f oiled san d ; h o w ev er, p o u rin g oil d ire c tly o n th e san d
p a d is ra re ly perm issible, since to o m u ch oil c o u ld re su lt
in a fire w hen th e b o tto m o f th e ta n k is w elded.
T h e w eight o f th e ta n k shell a n d ro o f can re su lt in c o n c en ­
tr a te d lo ad s as high as 1 400 p o u n d s p e r lin eal fo o t a lo n g
th e base o f th e ta n k shell. S ince th e shell is a tta c h e d to a
flexible ta n k b o tto m , a b ru p t “ edge c u ttin g ” ca n resu lt,
786
Fig. 2 Edge failure.
Affaissement du bord d ’un réservoir.
as illu stra ted o n F ig. 2. S uch “ edge c u ttin g ” m a y re su lt in
a b ru p t deflections o f fro m th re e to fo u r inches w h ere the
ta n k is co n stru c te d d ire c tly o v e r clean san d . T o re d u ce the
a m o u n t o f edge d eflection, a rin g o f a n g u la r c ru sh ed ro c k
o r a shallow co n c re te rin g w all c a n b e in stalled as illu strated
on F ig. 3. A c o n c rete rin g w all is seld o m d esigned fo r co m p lete
J -------OI LED S A N D
CRUS HED ROCK RING WALL
X !
I
REI NFORCED C O NC RE T E
4 "-f
RI NG WALL
Fig. 3 R ing walls of crushed rock and reinforced concrete.
M urs annulaires de pierre et de béton armé.
rig id ity a lo n g th e e n tire p e rim e te r o f th e ta n k ; it n o rm a lly
serves th e p u rp o s e o f sp a n n in g lo cal zo n es o f m o re c o m ­
p ressib le soils. T h e rin g w all m a y re q u ire c o n tin o u s rein ­
fo rc in g to re sist “ h o o p te n s io n ” if th e re is d a n g e r th a t th e
su b so ils m a y m o v e la te ra lly u n d e r th e a p p lie d ta n k lo ad s.
W h en co n c re te rin g w alls w ere first e m p lo y ed , it w as felt
th a t th e w all sh o u ld b e p lace d im m e d ia tely o u ts id e th e
ta n k p e rim ete r. H o w ev er, fro m e x p e rim e n ta tio n , it w as
co n c lu d e d th a t th e p la c e m en t o f th e shell d ire c tly o n the
rin g w all is p re fe rred , since th is a id s in ta n k e re c tio n an d
m a in te n a n ce . H e a v y a sp h a ltic ro o fin g p a p e r is o fte n p laced
betw een th e ta n k b o tto m a n d th e c o n c re te rin g w all in
o rd e r to fo rm a seal a n d to p ro v id e a m o re u n ifo rm c o n ta c t
su rface.
A t th e p re s e n t tim e, th e u se o f a rin g o f c ru sh ed ro c k o r
c o n c re te is fairly c o n tro v e rsia l. S om e designers feel th a t
“ edge c u ttin g ” is ra re ly d e trim e n ta l to th e ta n k stru c tu re
a n d th a t th e c o st o f special edge tre a tm e n t c a n n o t be n o rm a lly
ju stifie d . B y c o n tra st, o th e r designers believ e th a t th e u se o f a
co n crete rin g w all, in p a rtic u la r, facilita tes ta n k erectio n
an d reduces m a in ten an c e co sts. In a d d itio n , it h a s been
a rg u e d th a t a b ru p t d is to rtio n s a t th e edge o f a ta n k can
p ro d u c e d an g e ro u sly hig h stresses w ith in th e w elded c o n ­
n ec tio n o f th e ta n k b o tto m a n d th e ta n k shell.
Areas Underlain by Thin Layers o f Weak Soils — F re q u e n tly
th e fo u n d a tio n engineer is faced w ith ta n k sites u n d e rla in
by fro m five to 20 feet o f ex tre m ely w eak a n d co m p ressib le
co h esiv e soils. Since th e o p e ra tin g p ressu res im p o sed b y
sto ra g e ta n k s m ay be as h ig h as ten to 20 tim es th e u n d ra in e d
stre n g th o f th e subsoils, th e “ o b v io u s” so lu tio n fo r such
sites m ig h t be to use a pile fo u n d a tio n . H o w ev er, th e co st
o f pile fo u n d a tio n s m a y eq u al o r ex ceed th e ta n k c o s t ;
th u s, th e designer m ay h av e to use co n sid e ra b le in g en u ity
in o rd e r to d ev elo p a lte rn a te so lu tio n s.
W here th e thickness o f th e w eak d ep o sits is re lativ e ly
th in , it is o ften possible to rem o v e th ese m a te ria ls an d
rep lace th em w ith fills w hich h av e b e tte r p h y sic al p ro p e rtie s
th a n th e n a tu ra l soils. H o w ev er, th e presence o f a high
g ro u n d w ater level can m ak e th e e x c a v a tio n o f w eak soils
h a z a rd o u s an d difficult. F ig. 4 illu stra tes a ty p ic a l design
Fig. 4 T ank on layer o f com pacted fill.
R éservoir fondé sur une couche de terre compactée.
w here th e w eak subsoils w ere rem o v ed a n d rep la c ed w ith
fill. I t is g en erally ad v isa b le to e x te n d th e fill la y e r b ey o n d
th e ta n k p erim eter in o rd e r to re d u ce differen tial deflections.
T h e p re lo a d in g o r su rc h a rg in g o f ta n k sites is o ften c o n sid e ­
red to red u ce ta n k settlem en ts a n d to d ev elo p th e n ecessary
soil stre n g th . T h e su rch arg in g m a y be ac celerated by use
o f sa n d d rain s, w ellpoints o r deep p u m p in g . U n fo rtu n a te ly , a
su rc h a rg in g p erio d o f m o n th s o r even y ears m a y be need ed
p rio r to ta n k erectio n . It is som etim es p ossible to u se the
ta n k itself as a su rch arg in g device. T h u s, a fte r th e ta n k is
erected , w ater lo ad s a re im posed in sm all in crem en ts ;
each lo ad in g in crem en t is m a in ta in e d fo r a sufficient p erio d
o f tim e to ach iev e th e d esired c o n so lid a tio n a n d req u ire d
in crease in su b so il stren g th . In sev eral in stan ces, a c o n tro lle d
lo ad in g p ro g ra m o f m o re th a n a y e a r’s d u ra tio n has p ro o v e d
to be m o re eco n o m ical th a n a lte rn a te so lu tio n s, su ch as
rem o v in g th e w eak subsoils o r using a pile fo u n d a tio n .
W h ere th e w eak subso ils are less th a n a b o u t 20 feet thick,
it is o ften p o ssib le to “ flo at” th e ta n k s o n a la y er o f fill
placed o v e r th e w eak d ep o sits. T h e fill la y e r m u st h a v e a
sufficient th ick n ess an d stren g th to p re v e n t th e ru p tu rin g o f
th e subsoils ; th e fill lay e r m u st also e x te n d fa r en o u g h
b ey o n d the ta n k p erim e te r to p re v e n t late ra l p lastic flow
o f th e w eak layer. T h e p ro b le m o f la te ra l flow o f a th in
la y e r o f soil b en eath a firm la y er o f fill is a n a lo g o u s to
ste p p in g lightly on a tu b e o f to o th p a ste . E v en if th e w alls
o f th e tu b e a re stro n g en o u g h to resist ru p tu rin g , th e c o n te n ts
will squeeze o u t la terally if th e ca p is left off th e tu b e. W h ere
a large en o u g h F ill “ c a p ” is used, th e la te ra l p lastic flow will
be resisted by the sh earin g stre n g th d ev elo p e d alo n g th e u p p e r
an d low er b o u n d aries o f th e w eak soil layer.
It is possible to p re v e n t ta n k failu re by re s tra in in g th e
a teral m o v em en t o f the w eak su b so ils b y o th e r stru c tu ra l
m ean s. T h is re s tra in t c a n be p ro v id e d b y m ean s o f a co n ­
cre te rin g w all, in te rlo c k in g sh eet piling , o r b y a rin g o f
g rav e l w hich ex ten d s th ro u g h th e w eak soil lay er. Such
in sta lla tio n s a re illu strate d o n F ig u re 5. T h e use o f such ring
JT SH EET P IL E RING W A L L
^ R E IN F O R C E D CO N CRETE RING W A LL
m f il l W EA K CLAY I® ] F IR M S O IL
Fig. 5 R ing walls to prevent lateral moverr.ent of weak
soils.
M urs en forme d'anneau pour éviter le déplacement
latéral des sols de faible portance.
w alls, h o w ev er, can resu lt in v ery large d ifferen tial settle­
m en ts b etw een th e c e n te r a n d edge o f th e ta n k .
A n in te rlo c k in g sheet pile w all o r a deep co n c re te w all is
q u ite e x p en siv e an d is ra re ly used. (S uch so lu tio n s h a v e been
used , h o w ev er, as a c o rre c tiv e m e a su re follo w in g a ta n k
failu re.) T h e use o f a deep rin g o f c ru sh e d ro c k o r san d
h as been u sed successfully o n a t least te n o ccasio n s fo r
areas u n d e rla in b y u p to 15 feet o f w eak clay s. T h e d im en ­
sions o f th e cru sh ed ro c k rin g a re selected in su ch a w ay
th a t th e p assiv e soil resistan ce o u tsid e th e rin g w all an d
th e base “ fric tio n ” o f th e rin g w ill ex ceed th e o u tw a rd
th ru s t o f th e c o n fin ed zone o f w eak soil.
W h e n e v e r ta n k s a re placed d ire c tly a b o v e w eak d eposits
w ith o u t th e use o f p iling, th ere is co n sid e ra b le risk th a t the
ta n k deflections m a y exceed th e p erm issib le lim its. T he
o w n er sh o u ld be in fo rm ed o f th e risk in v o lv e d in try in g
to red u ce th e fo u n d a tio n c o sts. It is so m etim es possible to
o b ta in sig n ifican t savings ev en if a ta n k m u st be re-leveled
sev eral tim es d u rin g its u seful life. S to rag e ta n k s m ay be
re-lev eled by b o th h y d ra u lic ja c k in g o f th e ta n k skell an d
“ m u d -ja ck in g ” o f th e ta n k b o tto m . A ssum ing th a t it is
n ecessary to re-level a flo atin g ro o f ta n k , th e ro o f is low ered
to w ith in a few feet o f th e b o tto m o f th e ta n k a n d is then
su p p o rte d a t th e cen te r, edge a n d in te rm ed ia te p oints.
787
B rack ets a re w elded a ro u n d th e o u tsid e o f th e ta n k shell.
T h e ta n k shell is th e n lifted by m ean s o f h y d ra u lic o r m e c h a ­
n ical ja c k s. T h e ta n k shell m a y be raised in th is m a n n e r
b y as m uch as 18 to 24 inches. A n a sp h a ltic co n c re te berm
is th e n c o n stru c te d b en e a th th e edge o f th e ta n k a n d th e
ja c k s a re rem o v ed . H oses a re th e n a tta c h e d to op en in g s
in th e ta n k b o tto m a n d g ro u t is in jec ted to raise th e ta n k
b o tto m to th e desired level. T h e a sp h a ltic c o n crete berm
a ro u n d th e ta n k p e rim ete r fo rm s a p re ssu re seal. In tw o
re cen t in stallatio n s, ta n k s as larg e as 120 feet in d iam ete r
w ere co m p letely re-leveled fo r a c o st o f less th a n 110,000.
In b o th cases th e re-leveling p ro v e d sa tisfa c to ry a n d sav ed
o v e r $75,000 as co m p a re d to a c o n v e n tio n a l p ile fo u n d a tio n .
Pile Foundations — T h e c o st o f th e c o n v e n tio n a l pile
fo u n d a tio n w ith a re in fo rc ed c o n c re te c a p c a n be e x trem ely
h igh in re la tio n to th e c o st o f th e ta n k . A s a n a lte rn a te to
a c o n crete cap , a la y e r o f cru sh ed ro c k o f o th e r g ra n u la r
soils is som etim es place d d irectly a b o v e th e piles. W ith
th is system , the loads a re tra n s m itte d to th e piles as th e
resu lt o f a rc h in g w ith in th e g ra n u la r cap . G ra n u la r pile
c a p s h a v e been successfully u sed fo r n e a rly 50 y ears. H o w ­
ev er, th e design o f th e cru sh e d ro c k p ile cap is still m o re or
less em p irical. A ty p ical design w hich h as been used success­
fully in m a n y in sta lla tio n s is illu stra te d o n Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Typical design using crushed rock pile cap.
Plan type d’une fondation sur un casque de pieux recou­
verts de pierre broyée.
C onclusion
W hile th is article p ro v id e s a g en eral rev iew o f th e ty p es
o f ta n k fo u n d a tio n s w hich can b e e m p lo y ed , it seem s im p o r­
ta n t to m e n tio n th a t th e re a re sev eral u n c e rta in tie s w hich
788
re m a in c o n c e rn in g ta n k fo u n d a tio n design a n d b eh av io r.
T h ese u n c e rta in tie s in clud e th e follo w in g :
(1) E d g e tre a tm e n t : V ery little in fo rm a tio n ex ists as to
th e a m o u n t o f differen tial d is to rtio n w hich c an o cc u r a ro u n d
th e base o f a ta n k w ith o u t p ro d u c in g sufficient w a rp in g o f the
ta n k shell to im p air th e a c tio n o f a flo atin g ro o f. In fo rm a tio n
is also need ed co n c e rn in g th e a m o u n t o f d is to rtio n w hich
c a n ta k e p lace a t th e b ase o f a ta n k shell w ith o u t resu ltin g
in failu re o f th e w elded jo in ts .
(2) M ech an ics o f ta n k failu re : T h e re seem s to be a c o n s­
id era b le u n c e rta in ty as to m ech an ics o f soil ru p tu re w h ere a
ta n k is lo c ate d a b o v e a w eak soil la y e r. T h is is p a rtic u la rly
tru e in a n a ly z in g th e b e h a v io r o f a la y e r o f v e ry w eak
co h esiv e soils u n d e r a la y e r o f firm fill. In th is case, it m ay
be u n safe to c o n sid e r th e stre n g th o f th e fill la y e r o u tsid e
th e ta n k p erim eter, since th e fill la y er m a y b e su b je c ted to
ten sile stresses.
(3) T a n k se ttlem e n t : A t th e p re se n t, little in fo rm a tio n
e x ists c o n c e rn in g th e w ay s o f p red ictin g th e m a g n itu d e
a n d ra te o f deflection resu ltin g fro m la te ra l p lastic flow o f
h ig h ly stressed c lay s b e n e a th a flexible ta n k .
(4) Pile fo u n d a tio n s. M o re in fo rm a tio n is n ee d e d c o n cer­
n in g th e design o f a cru sh e d ro c k p ile cap . A s a n illu stra tio n ,
th e b e h a v io r o f a g ra n u la r pile cap is u n c e rta in d u rin g
c o n d itio n s o f a n e a rth q u a k e o r o th e r v ib ra tio n s.
References
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for Two Oil Storage Tanks. Journal o f the Boston Society
o f Civil Engineers, vol. X LIV , No. 1, Jan u ary 1957,
pp. 1-35.
[2] B o b e r g , I r v i n g E., (1951). Oil Storage T ank F oundations.
The W ater Tower, M arch, 1951.
[3] B r a s w e l l , A n d r e w M., Jr. (1958). Settlem ent of Oil Storage
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[4] B y rne, R a lph E. (1948). Plastic Flow in O verstressed Soils.
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[5] J u rg en son , L. (1934) The A pplication o f Theories o f E las­
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[6] M e y e r h o f , G. G . (1951). The Tilting o f a Large T ank on
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[7] N a d a i , A. (1931). Plasticity. M cG raw -H ill, New Y ork,
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[8] R o b e r t s , D . V. (1951). These F l o a t i n g R o o f Tanks Were
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[9] S k e m p t o n , A. W. & B j e r r u m , L. (1957). A C ontribution to
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technique, vol. V II, N o. 4, 1958, pp. 168-178.