École Centrale de Nantes Université de Nantes

ÉCOLE DOCTORALE

MÉCANIQUE, THERMIQUE ET GÉNIE CIVIL

Année 2006 N°B.U :

Thèse de DOCTORAT

Diplôme délivré conjointement par

L'École Centrale de Nantes et l'Université de Nantes

Spécialité : MÉCANIQUE DES MATÉRIAUX

Présentée et soutenue publiquement par :

Smail Hamlat

Le 08 Mars 2007
au Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussée de Nantes

Titre

Étude de la résistance des revêtements routiers aux sollicitations tangentielles

MEMBRES DU JURY

Président :
M. Christian Gauthier Professeur à Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg

Rapporteurs :
M. André-Gilles Dumont Professeur à l’École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
M. Yves Berthaud Professeur à l’Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI

Examinateurs :
M. Bernard Lombardi Directeur du Groupement Professionnel des Bitumes
M. Ferhat Hammoum Chargé de Recherche au LCPC-Nantes
M. Pierre-Yves HICHER Professeur à l’ecole Centrale de Nantes

Directeur de thèse : Pierre-Yves Hicher

Laboratoire : Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique UMR CNRS 6183, École Centrale Nantes - Université de Nantes
Co-encadrant : Ferhat Hammoum
Laboratoire : Division matériaux et structures des chaussées-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées de Nantes N° ED 036

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Acronymes Utilisés .....................................................................................................................9

Nomenclature............................................................................................................................11

Introduction générale...............................................................................................................13

1. Étude Bibliographique.......................................................................................................15
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................15
1.1. Problématique................................................................................................................16
1.2. Introduction sur le contact avec frottement ...............................................................19
1.2.1. Contact de Hertz.......................................................................................................20
1.2.2. Transition adhérence - glissement............................................................................21
1.3. Description du contact entre une roue et une surface de chaussée...........................23
1.3.1. Frottement à l’échelle d’un pain de gomme.............................................................24
1.3.2. Effet de la rugosité de surface sur l’adhésion ..........................................................26
1.3.3. Description du contact à l’échelle d’une roue..........................................................26
1.3.4. Détermination de la pression de contact ..................................................................30
1.3.5. Modèles de calcul des efforts appliqués par la roue.................................................32
1.3.6. Méthodes de mesure des efforts transmis par la roue ..............................................35
1.3.6.1. Mesure depuis la chaussée - Capteur MEVI .......................................................35
1.3.6.2. Mesure depuis le véhicule - Roue instrumentée..................................................35
1.4. Matériaux en contact ....................................................................................................36
1.4.1. Les revêtements de chaussée....................................................................................36
1.4.1.1. Les mélanges bitumineux pour la couche de surface..........................................37
1.4.1.2. Les caractéristiques de surface des revêtements .................................................46
1.4.2. Le pneumatique et les gommes ................................................................................47
1.4.2.1. Introduction sur le pneumatique et les élastomères ............................................47
1.4.2.2. Propriétés des élastomères chargés .....................................................................48
1.5. Évaluation de la résistance des revêtements de chaussée aux efforts tangentiels ...51
1.5.1. Essai reproduisant le contact pneu-chaussée............................................................51
1.5.2. Essai reproduisant le contact gomme-revêtement ....................................................51
1.5.3. Autres essais.............................................................................................................52
1.6. Démarche globale de l’étude .......................................................................................53
Conclusion sur le chapitre 1 …………………………………………………………...….....54

2. Caractérisation du contact entre un élément de gomme et un revêtement...................55

2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................55
552.2. Présentation du banc d’essai ....................................................................................56
a- Dispositif d’essai avec une géométrie de contact plan-plan ............................................56
b- Dispositif d’essai avec une géométrie de contact plan-courbe ........................................57
2.2.1. Description de l’essai ...............................................................................................58
2.2.1.1. Protocole d’essai .................................................................................................58
2.2.1.2. Définition du nombre de cycles et nombre de passage du patin .........................59
2.2.1.3. Exploitation de l’essai .........................................................................................60
2.2.2. Cinématique du patin logarithmique ........................................................................60
2.2.3. Calcul des paramètres cinématiques sous un chargement cyclique .........................62

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 2.2.3.1. La vitesse de glissement......................................................................................63
2.2.3.2. La vitesse angulaire.............................................................................................63
2.2.3.3. Le taux de glissement..........................................................................................63
2.2.4. Détermination du coefficient de frottement .............................................................63
2.2.5. Étude métrologique et répétabilité ...........................................................................65
2.2.6. Calcul de la dissipation d’énergie sur un cycle de chargement................................66
2.2.6.1. Rappel sur la détermination de l’énergie dissipée par cycle ...............................67
2.3. Caractérisation du contact gomme-revêtement .........................................................70
2.3.1. Matériaux utilisés .....................................................................................................70
2.3.1.1. La gomme............................................................................................................70
2.3.1.2. Les revêtements bitumineux................................................................................74
2.3.2. Dépendance du frottement vis-à-vis des paramètres intervenant dans le contact ....75
2.3.2.1. Dépendance vis-à-vis de la force verticale.........................................................76
2.3.2.2. Dépendance vis-à-vis des propriétés viscoélastiques du liant.............................77
2.3.2.3. Dépendance vis-à-vis de la vitesse de sollicitation .............................................81
2.3.2.4. Effet des propriétés rhéologiques de la gomme .................................................82
2.3.3. Mesure de pression de contact locale et l’aire de contact réelle ..............................84
2.3.3.1. Présentation du capteur utilisé.............................................................................84
2.3.3.2. Étalonnage du papier Fuji ...................................................................................84
2.3.3.3. Vérification des mesures de l’aire de contact avec la loi de Hertz .....................89
2.3.3.4. Détermination de la surface de contact réelle entre gomme et revêtement.........90
2.3.3.5. Influence de la granulométrie sur la distribution des pressions locales ..............94
2.3.3.6. Effet la charge sur la distribution des pressions locales......................................95
2.3.3.7. Vérification de la loi proposée par rapport à la pression appliquée ...................97
2.3.4. Application de la procédure sur un contact pneumatique-revêtement .....................98
2.3.4.1. Essais effectués ...................................................................................................99
2.3.4.2. Effet de la pression de gonflage sur la répartition des pressions de contact .......99
2.3.4.3. Validation de la procédure par un calcul inverse de la charge totale ................102
2.4. Étude paramétrique du contact avec le modèle de Stéfani modifié........................103
2.4.1. Description du modèle de Stéfani ..........................................................................103
2.4.2. Le modèle de Stéfani modifié ................................................................................104
2.4.3. Étude paramétrique du modèle de Stéfani..............................................................105
2.4.3.1. Influence du module du solide sur le frottement..............................................105
2.4.3.2. Influence du rayon des cylindres.......................................................................106
2.4.3.3. Effet du pré-chargement initiale h0...................................................................107
2.4.4. Variabilité du frottement par rapport aux propriétés de surface ............................108
Conclusion du chapitre 2 .......................................................................................................110

3. Résistance des revêtements de surface aux efforts tangentiels. ...................................111

3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................111
3.2. Élaboration d’un protocole d’essai d’arrachement .................................................112
3.2.1. Optimisation des paramètres de l’essai ..................................................................112
3.2.1.1. Type d’asservissement ......................................................................................112
3.2.1.2. Effort appliqué..................................................................................................113
3.2.1.3. Rapport de l’amplitude sur la moyenne de l’effort ...........................................114
3.2.1.4. Choix de la gomme pour le patin logarithmique...............................................114
3.2.1.5. Épaisseur des éprouvettes..................................................................................115
3.2.2. Préparation et conditionnement des éprouvettes....................................................115
3.2.2.1. Séchage des éprouvettes..................................................................................115

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 3.2.2.2. Planéité de la surface des éprouvettes .............................................................116
3.3. Description des évolutions de la texture...................................................................117
3.3.1. Phase préliminaire de l’évolution de la texture......................................................117
3.3.2. Description de la phase arrachement......................................................................118
3.3.3. Influence de la granulométrie.................................................................................119
3.3.3.1. Matériaux utilisés ..............................................................................................119
3.3.3.2. Répétabilité........................................................................................................119
3.3.3.3. Résultats et analyses..........................................................................................120
3.3.3.4. Prédiction de la résistance aux arrachements en fonction de la texture ...........122
3.3.3.5. Caractérisation complémentaire par technique de corrélation d’images ..........125
3.3.4. Effet de la nature du liant .......................................................................................128
3.3.4.1. Matériaux utilisés ..............................................................................................128
3.3.4.2. Résultats et analyse ...........................................................................................129
3.3.4.3. Prédiction de l’arrachement des granulats ........................................................130
Conclusion du chapitre 3 .......................................................................................................134

Conclusion générale et perspectives .....................................................................................135

Bibliographie...........................................................................................................................137

ANNEXE .................................................................................................................................145

A- Calcul du centre de gravité de la spirale et correction du frottement ..............................147

B- Calcul du coefficient de frottement en freinage ...............................................................153
C- Caractérisation de l’état de surface des revêtements........................................................157
D- Estimation d’énergie libre de surface par la mesure d’angle de contact..........................167
E- Modèle de Stéfani modifié ...............................................................................................171
F- Mesure de frottement avec le pendule SRT......................................................................175

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. [ & # 62 - 3%! 7 & !! 8 $" X s X

<
H
B
= 5B
K
3^X5X " & X X #
: !" # XX2 8 & ! Xa" X . [ & "
I = 6:S )7 S * " ! 8 " " 8 " & ! " * ! <"
I N KMT * ' * * " I OH "
& ! " * !
. [ ! * ! " " 2
# ! X Fz X * 8 ! $ 8 ! ' π a2 " " X Fz X<
π a 2 = Σ r N = π .s.R
! . [ " " 8 Sr = N π a2 #
! X Fz X !! * " " " # " * &
! & ! " * 8 ! " " 2 8 $"
+ [

)$ #
! 9! "
6 & +7 : & " " 9! 2! &
& ! " ' && # " <
& # #
" ! 2 ! !
# & # 9

-23-
 % & '
& ! Xµ X & !! "" & # X Fx X &
! X Fz X : " * && & ! * &&
& ! ! * - " # !! " ! " 2 &&
# " " ! ! ! " 2 && #
" ! !
. ! 8 & 9! * # !!
A ! &

)$) . / /
& 8 " " ! ! <

& ! # !! " # ! " 9!

! ! ! * # !! "
& ! ! " !! ! 2 A
" && $ "" ! $! * " " !
' * # & X0 X * "" # ! 60 # H E7

" " ! ! * 2
! ! * !" & " # ! 3 ! *
# " \ !

Bande de roulement
Pneumatique
d’un pneumatique

Gomme
Fx
Granulat

0 # H E' " ! " '

! &
! & " # 2 8 & @ & *
"

Contact de Hertz Contact avec adhésion

2a Hetrz 2a

2a > 2aHetrz

0 # H G' :&&

" !" " ! 60 # H G7 ) ? $

" $ X X" " & X Fz X<

-24-
 % & '
I 0? H H − ν HB H − ν B B
I
= & = +
J :] :] :HB :BB
" & 60 # M7 &
#! % > DHMEHFDEMF & * 2
&& ! X Fz X ! &" # & X ωX 6 7<
0 = Iπω + Uπω + 6Iπω 7B & ω = γ H + γ B ' γ H;
&& ! "" * <
0?H = 0? + 0
& "" ! 2 #! <
Iπω Uπω Iπω
B
I 0?
I
= ]
H+ + +
J : 0? 0? 0?
" " " "" * & 0 <
I
0 = − πω
B
! 2 ) ? %> " " " "
& "" * ! * $ a 0 60 # H M7<
I πω
HSI

K =
J :]

JKR (avec adhésion)

a

a0 Hertz (sans adhésion)

Fz

Fa 0
0 # H M' " # ) ? %>

& ! 8 " !" " & !

" \ ! # !! $ 8 ! ' " 60 #
H HK7 * # ' * " & ! \ !
! !

! " # " & " HKK HKKK DHUMF

& !" # ! # !! 9!
! ! 8 # !! 9! * # &
* & 9! 9 " "

-25-
 % & '
Vg
rupture Etirement Compression
3 2 1

Fx

0 # H HK' ! ! ! 8

" DHJMF " ! * ' " & ! "

# # & ! " $" "
# !! ' 9 !
# ! & "
! # !! ! !
&& " ! * ! " # ! *
" " ! * & DIIF
)$+ 0 /
0 DTHF & " ! Xθ X &
# ! $ " <
: ] ? BSIβHSB
θ=
βω
" " XzX 2 # ! $ "
$ ! $ Xβ X !" X :] X
" : ] ? BSIβHS B & " " " " !
Xθ X " # " ! βω " &
! & Xθ X ! " " !
@ ! " ! & & Xθ X #
!" ! ! * " !"
: ! !" # # * &
" " 2 & 9! ! & 6_ H`! ! " 7
DHUMF

)$$ # / /

! # * # $ !*
! ! " ! # 2 & !
# # # " # ! "
!" ! * " * !
9 " !"
#

- & $ !* & "" * " *

" & ? # ; 2 2
# ! * " # & ? #

-26-
 % & '
" & " *
! * & & #
# & "
" 9! &
EK 2 HTK !b "" " KT " #
JT # " & "
BTK 2 TKK !b $" " "" " B
" # " HU " # DHUMF
!" " " ! * ' 9! 2 !
" ! !" < && & ! : && && & !
2 " # * # & " ! !"
& " " "" 2
! * " A* * ! $
! " 2 ! *
" ! Xo X $ XRX # & 3
& " < " XKX " H " B
2 - XX " X-X "

0 # H HH' ! * " & ! 2 # !

6 VA1/0 Vv 7 " X-X "" " X)X

6 7" "" 2 " 2X1X6 7
X VA2/1 X " X-X "" " B6 7"
"" 2 " " ! &
# ω $ XRX
# ! X-X 6 4 .7 & " <

VG = V A2 / 1 − V A1 / 0 = ω R − Vv

# ! XKX "" # ! " " ""

VG Vv <
4. 4 −4 ω −4
+= = = × HKK
4 4 4

! ! * && & !
# ! 60 # H HB7
&& & ! & " ? * # !
" 2 ! $ " * ! "
# ! ? ! # " # !! " " 2
! ! * # ! # & &

-27-
 % & '
# < ? ?
# !
: HMTU ! DHUHF !" ? # N
7 # ! ! 2 7 #
# ! 2
3 " * !" # 2" & #
* " ! * * * #
" && & ! " # ! # ! " 2
& !
0 # H HB " " ? * "
" ! " # ! # " #

a) Roue en longitudinal (freinage / accélération) Sens de roulement

A B

G =6% G=8% G = 12 %

b) Roue en transversal (envirage) Sens de roulement

α = 1° α = 2° α = 4° α = 6° α = 8°
0 # H HB' 4 ! * # 6" -' ! 7 6" +'# ! 7

# & # & !! &

& # " "" # ! # : " " 2 8 #
" " " " * 6" 3- ' 0 # H HI7
C = 6 θ# 7

IKKK IKKK

BTKK BTKK

BKKK BKKK
A
0c 6 7

0$6 7

HTKK HTKK

HKKK HKKK

TKK TKK
θg
K K
K BK JK UK GK HKK K B J U G HK
. ! # L - #
0 # H HI' 0 # & " # # ! #

- " # ! & #! !
# ! 2 & ! * ! " - '

-28-
 % & '
2 " - # ! # k ! 2 & " "
8 9! : " ! ! " ! * &
! ! " # ! # !" G HBL "
" ! * ! " # ! # #
$ ! & # -+

& # & DHEHF " " ! "

# !! "" # 60 # H HJ7 !" " <
H " < " # !! ! & " " !
N
B! " < $ "" & ! * * && #
" " 2 & ! N
I! " < * && " ! 8 " # !! #

Vx

3 2 1
:
?
#
:&&

Xg
5 # ! 5 !
0 # H HJ' ! # ! & #

- !" WK* " 2 ? " ! * 9!

" A A' # - 8 t + ∆t " A M " A '

M'
# ! XK X " '9 2 * <
6-8 8− - 7
> = 6 4 − ω 7S 4 =
-8 8
! 2 & " <
* = 6.> S 7
# ! 2 & # !! ' 9 ! "
# * > *? µ " " ! ;# # ! g ""
M' \ *
* = *?µ -8 8 # = 6*?µ 7S6.> 7
& # Fx !! & & 2 & " !
# ! # !! <
#

0 = 6>.S 7 + µ*?
K #

-29-
 % & '
! ! " 6 & ! * 7 & Fx
<

0 = 6>.S 7 = B
6>.S B 7
K

! # ! " & Fx " !

! & && & ! # !

0 = µ*? = µ0?
K
* " B & !
" # ! <
0
`=
0?
* " ! " " 0 &
# ! " 0 # H HI " XXgX " " ^ & !
" ! # ! δ ]
" - "
# !! # ! ! ! " 9 2 " *
# ! * ! * ! <
µ
! =
.
# ! ! ! " " P "
! XeX
)$2 #
!" & DGGF # " '
!! ? & ! & ! !
: & " "" # 2 "
# & # "
XS X & !! "" # "" *
X Fz X " # & # " ! * X Pg X<
0?
=
#

0 # H HT ! &&
" # & # * & !
? ,
'# & # # & !"
# ! & 60 # H HT 7 !
" ! * # && ! #! !
'# & # 60 # H HT 7 \ # ! " &

: "" $ $" !" & ? "

& ! # ) # DEIF " " !" * "
" # & # & # & # " ! *
" '# & " !! &
" # & # " '# & " "
&& " # & # &

-30-
 % & '

a) Sur-gonflage b) Sous-gonflage

0 # H HT' :&& " # & # " ' 9!

" && 2 8 & " ! * S # !
# ! & ! @ ! " "
" " ! *
GK C * " 8 DMGF "
8 " " && " # & # " ! * "
* " " 2 &
" " ! * * ! # 2
& ! 2 " " ! *
! * " # & # " #
"" * && ! # & , #! TKL
" & # # " ! GL 2 BK L
#! TK L # # #!
!" IKL ITL
: HMGT @C DEHF && " T $" 6 # * 8
" # 7 " # & # 6" # ! ±
BKL7
@C " " & !
# <
= K JGM0? + K IEI # + K BBB
- " ! $ " ! C#&S !B
0? # HKKK C#& # " # & # "

!! + DJBF ! && ! " ' 60 #

H HU7 # ! 2 & 6 KI E !S 7 @
! " " ! " ! ! # 2 BKK C $ !
! " # & * " BK C

0 # H HU' " " " + DJBF

-31-
 % & '
9! ! " ! " "
! 2& * !" $ " * " + !"
# & # * "
" !" * & 9! 6 " !
" ! 7
: * ! " "" C DHGKF
" " " $! & * # &
"" * " " & ! "" #
! C " # *
"
: BKKI ) &&! DEBF !" ! " $"
" ! ! C & !0 " ! *
! * C & " & 2
& !0 & # " C
" " !" ?
)$3 4 '
&& "" * " 6 # " ! " & #
# 7 " & ! 9! & !
" " \ & *
& !" ! & ! ! <
& # & ! ! # ! ! !
!

Charge verticale

Fz

Fy
Effort longitudinal
Effort latéral
Fx
0 # H HE' " " && "" *

&& # X Fx X 2 & 60 # H HE7 ""

! ! & && X Fy X & #
Xα X " ! * * " ! # #
" !! #
! 2" !" " ! XVy X
" ! # X Vx X <
α = arctan (V y V x )
@ ! ! " ! * ' "
" && #
* $ !* * ! ! " * <
Jω = Cm − reff ( Fx + Frr ) − Faer
! ! " " ! X !X XJ X
Xω X && & "" * <

-32-
 % & '
Fx < 0 #
Frr < 0 !
Faer < 0 $ !*
> C # ! * $ X R0 X * &
"" X ∆R X " $ $ !* && 60 # H HG7 <
2 R 0 ∆R
reff = Rstat = R 0 − ∆R
arccos( Rstat / R 0)

R0

Fz

RStat

IR ∆R

Φ
0 # H HG' !
Fz KzIR
& 9! " < S =2 −1
Kz Fz
* ! ∆ R = Fz K z " " ! *
# X Fz X "" *
@ ! " " $* *
" !" ! !" & " ! & !
" ! & 2" " !
-" & ! " ! * 2 ! # && DIMF" "
$* & # & #
# ! XCX # X X" && & ! ! .!
! && & * # 2" " # & #
&& " ! * ! + Q '! RDHGJF ! ?
&& ^ && " " "
& !! & ! ! # !!
2 ! " > C ! + C !
* " " ! " && #
9! DGKF && # & # !
# ! " !" &&
" 9! " & & ! X Fx X X Fy X
" * <
0?
0 =` (C 6α7 − ` C 6 α 7)

0?
0$ = ` ( ` C 6α7 + C 6 α 7)

-33-
 % & '
Xk X X kt X " ! # ! # α # *
dHKe 2 f HKe X µ X && & ! 9! X Fz X #
"" * X Cµ t X && " * KM K MT
: !" # * # XaX " & #
<
0 =0 δ − 0$ δ
0$= −60 δ + 0$ δ7
) + C DHJIF "" & " !
" ! @ && # & " ! &
! && 9! "
" " "
& # DHGTF ! " ! * " ! ! "
# ! & # & * # " ! *
& & ! " * <
0 = 6+ φ 77 +
6
:
φ W6H': 76σf 7f 6+ 6> + 77
+
D = µ Fz 1X B x X && X X & & ! X X ! !
X:X X Sv X ! $ X Sh X ! $
?
& ! C " " !
" ! * ' !! ! & ! !
! "" 0 & ! " ! "
" ! " !

- !" " # ! ! !" 0

# # 2 I BT && # & !
C 60 # H HM7 && # BTKK

F X,"F or m u le de P acejk a" F y,"F or m u le de P acejk a"

5000 5000
F Z=1.25t F Z=1.25t
4500 F Z=3.25t 4500 F Z=3.25t
F Z=5.25t F Z=5.25t
4000 4000

3500 3500

3000 3000
F X (N )

F y (N )

2500
2500

2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0
Glissem en t lon git u din al% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An gle de der ive

0 # H HM' : ! & # 2" ! C

" ! " ! " ! * ! &&
6 ! !" 7

-34-
 % & '
)$5 4
! && # " !
!" ! ! " !
9! ! 3 " !
! & ! " ! * 9!
)$5) 4 ( 4 06"
@ ! ! " " & * "
" # ! $ " * "
$ # " # 2 ! !
* ! " & # 8 #

!! $ ! :4@ "" " !2 &&

! " " ! * ! ! DBMF ! $
! & ! ! * !
! , " * 9! & " &
#
" ! U 6 && ! ! 7 ,
" " " ! 2 *
& * " !

0 # H BK' & ! ! " # " :4@

! & ! 2 " ! *
" && " * , \ *
" 6B TC)?7 !" " &
)$5+ 4 7
! $ ! ! * *
8 " ! $ " ! * 60 # H BH7 $ ! " ! !
" 8 && # 2 #
" ! ! ! && & 2 K TL

! " 9 * 2 & * TKK)?

" " " 2 * V 6 HKKCg7
! ! ! " ! 2
"" ! " &*

-35-
 % & '

0 # H BH' % $ ! ! * < ! ! 6 > 7

)2 4
2 & * 9! " " "
& !" ! " ;
* ! " ! *
)2) 8 9
! ! " " ""
&
" ! * * * ! * DHTBF
" # $" 60 # H BB7 <
' " '& ! "" 6 9! "" & ! 7N
' N
' !

& !

""

0 # H BB' ! 8 9!

! " :
& 6 ! 7
& " 2 : "
" " " & # & "
? ! !
! ! "

-36-
 % & '
! " ! *
& " " ! * " ! "" !" &
! # " !
"" V
, ! ; " " ! !
! ! # $ # 6MTL ! 7
6TL ! 7 " " ! ! 2 &
! O < ! " !" # *
# " & ! " !

)2)) 8
@ ! # 2 & " ! *
" ! ! !" ! * " !
O "" " ! " ! 2 !" & 2
" ! ! ! "
" & ! " " & 6 !
7
, ! # ! !" # *
! ! ! ! # " 9 "
" 3 & ! # " # ! * 60 # H BI7 *
" ! " " # " & #

% du Passant

Dense %V ≈ 3%
Discontinue %V ≈ 6%

Semi Grenus %V ≈ 8%

Grenus %V ≈ 10%
40

30
20
18 BBTM %V ≈ 20%

2 4 Taille D (mm)

0 # H BI' # ! * && !" ! !

& ! ! " ! *
# ! * # * ! # " !
! * "
!" ! ! 2 ! ! * O !
: # # # !& ! " " #
&& ! < & 6 _ K KG!!7 6K KG _ _ J !!7 # 6 hJ
!!7 & ! " ! " " ! ! #
& " & * ! * ! # :
" 2 " ! "
! 2 # & !
# 2 ! ! # ! O #
!" " 2 ! * ! # : #! "
# #! ! * ! !
! ! #

-37-
 % & '
# !" # " !"
* ! & & ! # ! * 60 # H BJ7 !
" & ! " & ! " " # ! &
" " & ! # " # "
HKL 6 " # 7
# ! * "
" # ! # \ ! ! "
* #! " # *
# ! " # ! # '# *
" ! * " & ! " !
! ! O " ! & " "
&

++ 6K'HK7 ++ 6K'HK7 - 6K'HK7

BK L HK L JL
0 # H BJ' 4 * * ! # !

! !" ! 2
" & " & # " " "
" " * # " " ! " &
# * !" " ! \ O ! !" *
& " " 0 <
• " & * !"
& ! < !
! # 6++ . D 0 MG'HIKF7 ! 2 ! 6++ : D 0 MG'
HJHF7 ! " 6++ D 0 MG'HIUF7 !
! " ! " " " & ! 6&
& " 7
• ! 6++ D 0 MG'HIJF7 DBF # ! *
" !" * " " #
!" ! " &
* @ " " ! # ?
# ^ ! # " # &" "" & &&
# " ! " ! O & #
" "
• ! ! 6++ D 0 MG'HIBF7
• ! ! 6++ D 0 MG'HIEF7 < !
& ; @ ! O " BK 2 IK !! "
" " & # ! * "
! " # ! KSHK KSU ! *
# KSB ?& " & ! ++ !
" & DHGF @ 2
IML - HJL 6 < : - BKKK7 DHEGF

-38-
 % & '
• ! '! 6++, 7 @ ! O " HT 2
BK !! @ ! " "

• " & 8 6: , D 0 MG'HUKF7

" $ !" "

! <
, ! "" -6 -" 7 # ! KSJ
"" ! - ! # & UK DTF ! HMGJ DHBF :
: " * & " ! 6- BKKK7 DHBUF
- ! & ! #
& * " !" 2 #
! !
# & " !"9 !
& # # " ! O
!" # ! & " 2
& # & 2 !" $" 9! " $
: " DTF - DEF

8 9

:8
" ! * 9! " !
* " ! * ! * & 9! 3
& && " 9! 2
" * * ! ! & " " #
* 2 * * ! ! & " !" ! # 6 &
- 7 " 2 # "
! 9 # ! @ " 2
" " # & ! # ! * "
# # & , && ! "
2

* # " 2 & !
6! #* * " $* ! * 7 "
6 * # ! * " " 7
# 2 !" " 9!
" " # 2 # " & " " *
" " ! ! < ! # & $ *
! * ?
# & * " & ! !* ! " 9
!" $ * ! "
! #* ! " " " "
" " # # & 2
2 " & ! ! DIGF ! " $DJGF !! " &
" " # ! 2 & !" # & #
?

! * * # ! "
* & " ! * * " !

-39-
 % & '
& * " & ! # "
! <
" ! " # # " ! !
" ! ! * 2 & # " ! " # *
! ! " " # " * #
! " " ! #
" # ! " " " !9!
# # "
&" ! & ! & " DHIBF
" 46 4 7 & " ! : HKME'G DHHMF @ $
- 6 && " # 7 ! " "
" ! 2 ! " # 2
" ! & 2 " " ! && & !
" 2 " 6 C & - 07
: - ! # ! i ? " # && " !
A " DMKF ! * " $ !
! && & ! A "
! " ! "
9! DHGHF! " 60 # H BT7 " !
" & ! #! !" * 82 ! ! !
#! " " # & ! 2 & : &&
" & ! ! & "" \ ! 9! * ""
2 #! & ! " " " "
! !" * ! # "" "
" ! ! && & ! !"
" # ! " ! ! " *
" ! && & !

0 # H BT' / & ! " # # DHGHF

2 & #! < 2 & #! ! "
- # ! HG'TEI DHIHF 2 ! 2
# $ " ! * 8 ! & 2
H U !! "
X X ! ! ! 2 8 X!X ! ! & 2 HU
" 8 2 & #! " 8 " ! " "" <
HKK!S && X -X & ! 2 & #!
2 "" " ' " ! HG'
TEB DHIKF " " " ! 8 # " & !

-40-
 % & '
" * '# $ 3 8 " *
& "
" " * # # - 2 0
6 H I7 # " 9! # +
& ! ! 2 ! HG TJK DHIJF

* *
( )11 (* ;8 <4 #0: )11 (* 8 <4 #0 8 4 #0
- h IK h TK _ BT _ BK _ HT
& = )3 = 23 _ IT _ BT _ BK
h T h JT _ JT _ IK _ BT
' ' _ TT _ IT _ IK
: ' ' _ GK _ JT _ JT
0 ' ' h GK h JT h JT
H I' # # 2 8

:8
! " 2" " " && " && #
" " @ # " " $* "
" " " " & &&
" " & & 2 !
" <
' " ! 2" ! " * N
' ! & ! " * "
" ! " " ! ! !
! 2 " " ! ! "
" && # : # " ! !" "
* ! " & " IKK HSHK !! # !!
!" # ! " HUKSBBK BKSIK DIKF
! " " " " # - # "
## ! 2 " ! " " 2
!" ! !* !
!* ! " " " 8 ## ! < "
8 ! " " * ! @
* # " " & !! # "
## ! & & ! !
!" & * # & <
! * " ! " 9 "
!" 6" $! & & & ! & 7 DHF
4 '2' 8 ! " # ! " " 8 &&
!" 2 ! # !* " 1! "
#
: * ! ! " " ! & "
" $! " & * # ! "
" $! " ! # ! * " # &
! !" ! ! * " !*
" $! # ! !" $ " " I 2 EL " !
! # " "" DBKF 3 # & ! " ! &
! < + 6 $ '+ ' $ 7& " & ! ! :4-
6: $ ' 4 $ '- 7& " " ! DHF
-41-
 % & '
# : , DBEF " # ! "
! " ! & # & " & 6 T7 "
6 H " 7 ! !" ! # # " * #
6 H J7
&
!
3 $ ≥ )
+ ! " + ! ! &
! #
! ! &
+ !
+ ! ! & "
3 * + ! " + ! ! &
H J' !! : , ! & !

* < & "

! ! ! " 2 # !"
! ! # ! " " " @
" ! & * ! 2 * "
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! " !" # ! "
" D 0 : HJBUF DHHIF " ! 6 " ! !
! ! 7 & 2" & ! !" T #
! . ! " 2 BT e ! !
" 2 && !" " " !*
" ! ! " " && " # " ! 6HGKSBBK7 "
6HKSBK7 ! " 0 : HBTMH & HE "
BK 2 MKK 6HSHK !!7 2 BTe
3 ! # ! 2 " !" ! ! D0 :
HJBEFDHHJF 2 ! !" " * !
"" & ! # * 2 " 2
" !
" 6 2 BTe !" + - 7
" ! &
" & ! & "
HT<

BKSIK IKSJT ITSTK JKSUK TKSEK EKSHKK HKKSHTK HUKSBBK BTKSIIK

:
BK'IK IK'JT IT'TK JK'UK TK'EK EK'HKK HKK'HTK HUK'BBK BTK'IIK
HSHK !! HJBU
:
! ! TT'UI TB'UK TK'TG JG'TU JU'TJ JI'TH IM'JE IT'JI IK'IG
HJBE
6e 7
H T' " & ! " " BK 2 IIK 6HSHK !!7

-& ! " ! # #
& && ! 2 !" !" HGK e HUK
#
&& 2 HUKe ! ! * " & !!
# !" " ! \ !
! " $ " ! "" ! ! 2 #
# ! " " #! !"
! ! " * #!
" UK " 03 j2 4 /& 4 j D0 :
HBUKE'HFDHHTF" ! " ! ! "

-42-
 % & '
? $ " ! * ""
# ! " & ! !
# !" 2 & A 3 !
" " < " !" ! !
@ * " ! ! ! 2 # ! @
$ -4 j0 ! 5 j* 2" ! BH "
2 !" HKK e " BK " - j2
4 j 2 GTe " BJK " HK 2 BK
DJEF

# < !" ! *
! " " #* ! 3 " ! &
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25% 15%
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-54-
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Dans ce chapitre, nous utiliserons ce dispositif d’essai pour mesurer le coefficient de
frottement. Puis, nous nous intéresserons à la distribution de la pression locale et l’aire réelle du
contact entre une gomme et un revêtement routier.

-55-
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en force en déplacement
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patin logarithmique
20 2000
de l (m m )

Fv (N)

FV = FO + ∆F sin (ω t )
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-60-
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Temps(s)
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-64-
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-65-
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-66-
( + (

-1000

-1100

-1200
Énergie dissipée
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Fh(N) -1400

-1500

-1600

-1700

-1800 Énergie potentielle

-1900

-2000
-23.1 -23 -22.9 -22.8 -22.7 -22.6 -22.5 -22.4
dep(mm)
0 # B HT' " # " * # " $

++5) # /
* "" * & ! X fc X " !" X dt X " !
X dx X && dw = f c ⋅ dx " ! " " ! !! <
B
i
=& =

# $ " ! 8 # " $
Bπ
ω B
i
i $ = =
K

" ! m X cos(ω t )
" ! < V (t ) = −ω X sin (ω t ) ω 2 X 2 sin 2 (ω t ) * <
i $ = ωc π B

&& " X X " <

=i $ SB c π B B

fc
a) X=0 b)

cd K cd

x(t)
fc

0 # B HU' ! !" ! * " #

-67-
( + (
" ! !" & 8 ! " !" 60 # B HU 7
" ! ! * & ! x=X cos ( t )
•
" ! !! < x =- X sin ( t )
& ! ! < f c ( t ) =cd ( - X sin ( t ) )
: * * B
= H' B
<

fc 2 (t) + cd 2 ω2 2
(t) = cd 2 ω2 X 2
2 2
fc 2 (t) (t)
+ =1
cd.ω.x X

8 * " " 0 # B HE

fc [ $ = ωc B π fc+ , x

x x
X X

a) b)

0 # B HE' " # " * 8 # " ! *

" " " ! ! & &

"" Xk x X " " Xk X " " 8 ! 60 #
B HE 7
" * ! 8 " 8
8 & " * X f = k xX 8 " # " "
" # !! ! " " "
* !
-"" * ! " !! $ $
# ' # & ! $ & # $ " !
" "" $

" /

" " # " $ *

* X X ! 60 # B HG7 ! ! *
X X ! " " ' # ! " '9 &&
" $ *

-68-
( + (

Ri
Re

0 # B HG' ! " ' # ! $

, ! ! * " " & " !

! & " ! $ : && ! "
" 9 " ! ! " ! ! ! ! " !
! $ 8 ! $
! ! ! - ! ! $ "
m " * $" " !
# " ! "
3 " * * ! $" ! $
X X * ! ! " ! <
S

- L- HL ()

$" * " <

S

& ()LF; ()L (9- ) ; () ()

"" ! # " " " !

! * & ! DUGF ! # # !
! ! # ! * X"f*X & " <
N M
Mpq = f ( xi , y j ) xi p y j q
i =1 j =1
3^6 $7 " ! # &6 $7 "
#
6 K $K7 ! # 2 " ! !
# ! * <
m10 m01
x0 = et y0 =
m00 m00
! ! X" f *X ! # & " <

N M
µ pq = ( xi − x0 ) P ( y j − y 0) q f ( xi , y j )
i =1 j =1
# XoX " !' X X X X" 2"
! ! <
-69-
( + (

1 2 µ 11
θ = arctan
2 µ 20 − µ 02
1 1
4 4 ( µ ′20)3 8
α=
π µ ′02
1 1
4 4 ( µ ′02)3 8
β=
π µ ′20
µ ′20 = µ 20cos 2θ + µ 02 sin 2 θ et µ ′02 = µ 20 sin 2 θ + µ 02cos 2θ

" < S = π .α .β
- !" 0 # B HM " & ' " ! $

'HKKK

'HBKK

'HJKK
β α
'HUKK
0 6 7

y0
'HGKK

'BKKK

'BBKK
x0 θ
'BT I 'BT B 'BT H 'BT 'BJ M 'BJ G 'BJ E 'BJ U 'BJ T 'BJ J
"6!!7

0 # B HM' @ & & S " ! $

: ! " ! " !! ! 6
# 7" & && " ! < &
" "

+$ ( 9
+$) 4
+$)) 8
@ # !! * #* "
" ! * # !! # ! # 2 &
" " " ! " # !!
* " ! ?
!" # 8 # !! ! *
: - @ :p & " : - @ 3 # !! " & !
& " G!! : " 2 * &
* & " & B I<
-70-
( + (

( ' ! Gomme B Gomme A

Gomme C
! !! Remaline 50 Remaline 35
Remaline 60
@ TI JEM H HB #S !I
Shore A @ TI TKT UT q T TK q T IT q T
I
- @ TI THU MK !!
@ TI THB JBL
B I' * # !! # !! : - @ :p
# !! : - @ : &&
, : - @ : !" # !! #
& # !! " " &*
: : BKKK !" & ! & " &
! #* !" # !

+< !9! # !! " " " & " & !

# # " # !! : -. @

:8 ' '

3 ! #* # !! - + " $ ' !
! 6 ' 7 "" $ 4-BKKK : -4@+ - "
# !! " & ! " " " * 3 !"
" ! m 2 & * ! 2 '
' !" 3 # *
" # & " ! 3 && ! " # !"
!" 'GKe fUKe $# !" Be S! & * &
2 H )? !" " ! ! 2 HK `!

H :fHK JT
. !! ' JK
. !! +'
H :fKM . !! -' IT
0 ;* :

. !! ' # "
IK
. !! +' # "
. !! -' # " BT
H :fKG
BK
4

HT
H :fKE HK
T
H :fKU K
'GK 'UK 'JK 'BK K BK JK UK

;D(:

0 # B BK' # " " # !! - + 6& * W H)?7

" ! : !" " 0 # B BK " &&
# !! # !! + " ! ?" # !! -
UT " ! " # !!
# !! - ! ! ! # " " !" dIH Ue
: ! #* : - @ : UK * #! & *
-71-
( + (
2 HK)?
H :fHK II
# "
& * " BG

BI
;* :

2 H )?
H :fKM
2 HK )?
2H ? HG
2 HK )?
HI
4

H :fKG
G

H :fKE 'B
'GK 'UK 'JK 'BK K BK JK UK
;D(:
0 # B BH' :&& ! & * " " #*
: - @ : UK 6/ ! < @ S+ S + 7
3 # !" " * ! " & * "
& HK ! ! ! # " " !" 'BI Te
! & * " # & HK & * !9! &&
!" ! # !! * Ge !"
- !" HEe ! ! # " " & *
fU
HK )?
- " 9! && # ! &
# !! & 9! " H * ! ! *
" & ! <
" ! ! ! & * ! " < #
& ! # !! " # ! " 9!
! !

. !!
4#

Fx

:" ! 6 7
9!

0 # B BB' : & * ! "

# ! # !! ″ V g ″ " ! " XeX

60 # B BB7 & * !! <
Vg
fe =
e
- ! # !! " ! " " !"
!! " " " " " ^ ! & *
! $ " !" ' " " !"

& ! & 2 HK'B !S & * # !!

!" HKH )? HKU )? 60 # B BI7 * & * HKT )?
-72-
( + (
& ! ! " ! # H`! "
9! , #! # ! " #!
! ! " # ! & 2 HK'H !S
#! # ! " ! ! !
" # ! " 2 HK'H !S

H K :fKJ IK
. !! - ' ! r ! # " UK 2 HEe
BT
;4 * :

;D:
H K :fKI BK
'

HT

H K :fKB HK
4

H K :fKH K
H:'KU H:'KJ H:'KB H:fKK H:fKB H:fKJ H:fKU H:fKG H:fHK H:fHB
. ' F

0 # B BI' 4 " " #* & *

" & # !! " ! !
0 # B BI " ! * ! # !! & *
" 2 ! 2 ! DGBF

:6

!" # !! " : -. @ UK
! 2 && !" ! * # !! \
! !" 60 # B BJ7 !" " " "
" 0 ! H* " && ! " ! * ,
! !" " ! # !! ! "
# !! & ! ! && & # 2 "
! ! !

GB
GK
$W 'K BB f EI MH
EG B
EU W K MG
:

EJ
;G

EB
EK
#

UG
UU
'JK 'IK 'BK 'HK K HK BK IK JK
;D(:

0 # B BJ' " : - @ : UK !"

NB : Il est important de conserver les échantillons de gomme dans un endroit réfrigéré et à l’abri
de la lumière pour conserver ses propriétés viscoélastiques. D’après M.Gothié, la gomme durcit

-73-
( + (
d’environ 3° Shore par an lorsqu’elle est placée à l’air libre.
+$)+ 8 9
! ! !" ! O
! & ; 9! !" $ # !
++ 6K'HK7 ++ 6K'U7 6 & # " H J H H7 $" & 2
" " " & !
# ! ! !" "" - Q3 -
" R # ! KSJ " - ! # . '
+ #
& * " $"
< " # ITSTK " ! ! & IT L " $!
$ '+ ' $ " # !
B J<

!" - ++ ++ - ++ ++
. ! K'J K'U K'HK K'J K'U K'HK
+ ! " + ! ! & "
# ITSTK " $! + '
L EJ TU TU EB TT TT
B J' * !

! # ! " Q
R " * ! *
!

!9! " & ! D 0 MG'BTK'HF &

! ! * # ! * ! * "
!" " " &&
# & " 2
!" HHK±Te " ! G
! " && 2 HKKe * "
&& 2 !" " !" 6HTKe " ! " HEKe " !
! & 7 & ! #

! 9 2 !9! !" * ! # & 6#

! & 7 HTKe 6: HBUME'IT7 3 && #
! ! # ! 2 " IK 3 !
! " ! # " B ! !" " !
! # ! #

: ! 2 & # ! " !" " *

! # !" ! # " !" # #
A 6: HBUME'II7 , $ # # ! "
& " ! # " !" # !
" ' # # "" * " # ! " !" #
" 2 " K HHT " # ! HK " 2 "
K BT

-" " !V ! * * 2 " " *

" # " 0 # B BT * " * !
HGT BJE HKK !!

-74-
( + (

!" #

JKK !!
HGT !!
BJE !!
UKK !!

0 # B BT' " # " " "" !" #

-" " # 2 && ! !" !
" & * !9! & ! !"
6 ! & !" 7 * "
6 B T7
!" - ++ ++ - ++ ++
. ! K'J K'U K'HK K'J K'U K'HK
+ ! + ! ! & +
! $ 6L7 U GK HG JM BH KK G BK HM GU BI KK
* 6 7 K GB H JT H GI K EJ H JE B HK
K BI K HT K HK K BI K HJ K HH
B T' * " & *
3 # ! & " 2 " & ! !
" ! ! " ! 6 & 7

- 6K'J7 ++ 6K'U7 ++ 6K'HK7

0 # B BU' / & 2 " & ! I

0 # B BU " # " & # " -

" ! ' ! * " *
! & ! " " !" ! ' #

+$+ #
- ! & ! ! ! " !" !
" " ! * ## &&
& ! & ! " " " ! 8 && !
"" * & " " ! * #* !
!" ? DHKGF
! " ""
& # & * # !! *
# 9! . !" # !" ! ""

-75-
( + (
& ? 2 !" ! * # 2 BKe
" # !* , ! "
2 ! $ HKK $ # " " $ * &&
$ ! * ! & ! " !" ! " ""
& ? !! & ! !
# !! & " ! & ! ""
&& & ! " "" &

+$+) #

#! # " & " !"

6 " # " B I I J 60 # B TK77 #! " * " & !
& ! # !! " #

H
-+ 6K'J7 0 * H)?
++ + 6K'U7
K MT
++ + 6K'HK7

KM

K GT
.

KG

K ET
HBKK HJKK HUKK HGKK BKKK BBKK BJKK BUKK
.- ;! :

0 # B BE' :&& # & ! &&

: && & ! # !! 9! " " 2 #

"" * 2 j j # ! 9 ! 60 # B BE7 3 ! * *
! & ! && " !9! # & 2
HUKK & ! ++ 6K'U7 ! " & ! !
++ 6K'HK7 * #! # " " BBKK
* & ! ++ 6K'HK7 #! & ! ++
6K'U7 ! " " " ! " *

# ! " !" # " !

& ! # !! " " " "
" ! *

-76-
( + (
JKKK JT
8 & * G&G
ITKK Li a n t p u r 3 5 / 5 0
JB T ++ KSU
++ KSHK
SM A 0 / 4 5?
JK

; D:
IKKK
;4 * :

+9 % ))?
BTKK IE T
+15% BBTM 0 / 10 )1?
BKKK IT
++ KSHK
SM A 0 /4 H?
HTKK IB T
4

+11% ++ KSU
HKKK +13 % IK
BBTM 0/ 10
8 $3@31
TKK Li a n t B m P S B S r é t i c u l é
BE T
K BT
KE K ET KG K GT KM K MT H K EG K GI K GG K MI K MG

. .

a) effet du module b) effet de l’angle de phase

0 # B BG' :&& # ! * & !

: && 9! ITSTK " " !" #

" " & * 9! & * +! , " " &
! " & ! " & " 0 # B BG
" && # " # !! & # !
#! 9! " * " &&
& ! " !" && " ! & ! !

+$++ # '
" >
! && $" ! * && & !
" " " & * " &
&& & ! HKL ++ 6K'HK7 2 HTL - 6K'J7

'HJKK
&4 *
:

'HTKK
;! @

'HUKK

'HEKK - KSJ
&* ++ KSU
'HGKK ++ KSHK
7

'HMKK
K EK K ET K GK K GT K MK K MT H KK H KT
(
0 # B BM' :&& & !

&& # ! * # " ! ! *
&& ! & ! "" * " " * "
" # ! # !
-77-
( + (

" ' >

0 # B IK ! # ! " # " # !*
! # ! & !
# " ! " * " * *
# ! !
# ! ! " & * 2" " X+ X
'T
! $ HK 6!S 7 " & * ! " 2 ! &

-6K'J7+
'I
HK -6K'J7+
++ 6K'U7 +
++ 6K'U7 +
++ 6K'HK7 +
4# 6!S 7

++ 6K'HK7 +
'J
HK
+

'T
HK +

K TK HKK HTK BKK BTK IKK ITK

!" 6 7
0 # B IK' :&& ! # ! " # !*

" * 2 & ! & ! ""

# ! # !! " ! ! !
" & " " ! " " ! <
7 " " & # & ! *
& " # !! " N
7 " " #* " "
* * ? &&

: 8
# & " ! # ! # 3
" & " # * & " "
& 6 & 7 - * # & ! #
& # " && 8 # & *
* # " " & * " ! &
" ! " ! 2 & ' * 6& ! 7 *
2 !"9 *
-" ! # ! 8 # & γS #
& " * ! 8 " !
! " $ ' ! !
* * & <: $" " ! : $ #$
! # & 2 ! 3[ i DHJBF" !
&

-78-
( + (

* ! !
! ! " Be6 B U7
* & : $" " ! : $ #$
GTe JTe JTe EUe
+ ! GJ Te JIe JEe EJe
GJ JIe JEe EJe
GBe ITe IGe EJe
+ ! ! & + GH Te ITe JKe ETe
GBe IUe IGe ETe
B U' # $" !

! # ! "" " * " &

6 $" " ! 7 * * " 6 $ #$ 7 *
# & * ! ! " ! !
$" 4 i ! 2 $ #$ " !!
!
! # $" " ! " !" " !
! & * " ! " " $! & ! " #
&& " * " & ! " $! &
" " $" 4 i
! && " && # # &
! " " * " & * !" "
& 2 * & " ! " &
# & ! 2" ! 3i : i: "
B E<
/ # &
γ γ
"
6!%S!b7 6!%S!b7
6! 3i : i: 7
" BU I I TK
! & BE T I JT
B E' : ! !" " " # &

& ! " !! <

• # & ! " " ! !" " γ
• " $! ! & # ! !9! !"
"
- ! " " &
! & ! ! # ! " " 9
" * 2" # &
: 8 '
3 && ! !" " " ? m & ! ! 2
! 0 : HBUME'BU !" & ! !" 2
"" * 2 " " ! m & * WωSBπ
!" ! * " & m " #
# δ DMJF
#* !" 6++ 6K'U7 ++ 6K'HK7 - 6K'J77
! * # " " !" ! & " " $!
" BIL " "" !" " 6∼HKe7 !
& * 60 # B IH7
-79-
( + (

JT
-6K'J7+ ++ 6K'U7+ ++ 6K'U7+
JK ++ 6K'HK7+ -6K'J7+ ++ 6K'HK7+
6e7

IT WBKe
"

IK
+
BT
- #

0 +7
BK
+
HT
K T HK HT BK BT IK IT JK JT
0 * 6)?7
0 # B IH' - # " 2 BKe & & *

@ " !! # ! ! & * ! & " " $!

" !" * " ! " 6 B G7

( 8
0) 0+ I0JI δ
;4 * : ;4 * : ;4 * : ;D:
+ ! " ITSTK BKHU HBET BIGU IB I
++ 6K'HK7
+! + TEG TIE EGM JB M
+ ! " ITSTK HJMG MBB HETM IH U
++ 6K'U7
+! + UHT TIE GHE JH H
+ ! " ITSTK BUMG BKHH IIUT IH E
- 6K'J7
+! + HKJU MHJ HIGM JH B
B G' ! #* ! 6 !"WBKe 0 * WH)?7

! * & ! " * " " *

&& ! $" !" ! #*
! !" ! ! 60 # B IB7
3 DHIMF + DHIGF " " #*
" " ! * !

T
&
W BKe HK W BKe
I &
HK
" + ITSTK
B -6K'J7 + ITSTK
HK
7

J
HK
s:]s6

s:]s6

H
HK
+ +
I
K HK
HK -6K'J7 + +

'H
HK K T K T
HK HK HK HK
0 * * 6)?7 0 * * 6)?7
' !" ! + + ' !" ! - 6K'J7
0 # B IB' # " " " " !

-80-
( + (
, " # & " "" # "
" " ! & ? ?
* "" & ! ! & " " $! &
"" & ! " ITSTK 60 # B BM7

-& " "" !

- - 6 * 9! - 7 DUKF
! && ; * ;
$" 9! 6" ! & 7
* & 1# 9! " " " !
" " <7
" " " " 9! 6! # " 7"
" !" ! #* ! 7
! * " ! && & ! " !"
" ! " # !
# 2 fH * ! # ! # 2'
H " 6 & " H " BT7

* # " !" # ! !
& ! ! #! # ! 60 # B IK7
!9! ! # # ! ! & ! !
!9! ! ! ! ! " * " !
! 60 # B II7

HBKKK
++ 6K'U7+ -6K'J7+ ++ 6K'HK7+
HKKKK
7

GKKK
: B
s:]s 6

UKKK
JKKK
BKKK
K
K H BT T ET HK HB T HT HE T BK BB T BT BE T IK
0 * * 6)?7
0 # B II' ! & & *

+$+$ #
- !" ! # !! & * ! & " ""
" ! * ! " & !
& *
" 0 # B IJ ++ 6K'HK7 & *
& $ * HTKK !" TKK 2
&& & * 6H T HK BK )?7
3 * && & ! #! & *

-81-
( + (
K MT
KM
++ 6K'HK7 +! HTKK-!"TKK WHGe
K GT
KG
K ET $W K KJ 6 7 f K EI
.

B
KE W K ME

K UT
K B J U G HK HB HJ HU HG BK BB
. ' ;, -:

0 # B IJ' " & ! '2' & *

#! & * # " & ! "
!" # !! 60 # B IT7 & * ! & !" !
! " " ! * # !! " & !
* 9! !

0 # B IT' @ # !! 64 7

# !! ! * , #!
* !" * ? $ ! !
" !" 60 # B BI 7 , #!
" ! "" ? $ * " *
#! & ! & *
3 " " " #* !
& ! *

+$+2 0 '
- $ # ! & # " ! ?
" 0 # B IU ! & " " ! ! !
2 " # " BBU # " $ # !
! 2" "
3 & - 6K'J7 # ! $ HTKK !"
TKK & * # 2 H)? ! && # !! - +
! * # " ! 2 " " *
! - ! # " " # " !
" " " ! 2 # !!
! ! && # !! ! &

-82-
( + (
" # " # !!
# && ! ! 2" "
3 * # && " " ! # !!

'HKKK 'MKK
: # " <GB E !! : # " <EJ G !!
<'HJTE B S!! 'HKKK <'UGJ I S!!
'HBKK
'HHKK
'HJKK 'HBKK

0 6 7
0 6 7

'HIKK
'HUKK
'HJKK
'HGKK
'HTKK

'BKKK 'HUKK
'BK M 'BK G 'BK E 'BK U 'BK T 'BK J 'BK I 'BK B 'BT U 'BT J 'BT B 'BT 'BJ G 'BJ U 'BJ J
"6!!7 "6!!7
K < UT e : W HM J tWTM K &< TK e :WJT tWJI

'MKK HB
: # " <GI T !!
'HKKK <'IJU U S!! H

'HHKK KG

'HBKK KU
!
0 6 7

'HIKK KJ
0

KB
'HJKK IT
K TK
'HTKK
UT
'K B
'HUKK K TK HKK HTK BKK
'HB T 'HB 'HH T 'HH 'HK T !" 6 7
"6!!7
K ( > IT e :WIB t W U He & ! # !!
0 # B IU' @ & # !! & !

, " # & ! # !! " && & ! " &

# !! - UTe && & ! " !"

3 # !! UTe 9! < - 6K'J7 + ++

6K'HK7 + ! ! * # " '9 & "
! 6 B M7
#
- # "
&&
6 7 6e7
S!!B7 6 6 S!!7
- 6K'J7 + K BI BUMG IH E HJTE
++ 6K'HK7 + K HK BKHU IB I HBTT
B M' * !
# " 9! !" # ! # !!
- 6K'J7 B& " !" * # ! ! ++ 6K'HK7
- BI & " # & * " !"
- 6K'J7 , #! # ! ! & *
6 0 # B BI7
-83-
( + (
+$$ 4 /
+$$) *
! ! $ ! " " ! "
!" " " 0 "" " 0 0 !
DTKF@ " " $" <
' & ! !" ^ " "" " $ '!9!
8
' & ! !" & ! !! X-X * ! "
! B'BU`! !" * " & ! !! X X * A
* " & !
, " ! * " ! ! " 60 # B IE7 * *
# " "" " !
&

Film -A + " $
"

Film -C
+ " $
0 # B IE' " & !
" " "" * : 6 ! &
" " 7 # & 6 " " 7
" " 0 !! " " ! "
C # ! "
& " " 0 " " * $" & !6 B HK7 * $" & !
# !! " !
" " i " ! " " i " !
"

. !! " (MPa)
$" " " -

, " [ i
" [ i
[ i
! i
)# )

B HK' && $" " " 0

+$$+ % . L
& ! !" " " " &
! # " "" * !" !
" " ! " ! # ! <
o " !" " " 0 N
o ! !" 2 N
o ! ! # " ! "
-84-
( + (
:*
3 " ! $ * " & " #
! & & " " " & !
" #
3 " " 0 " & " $ * !
" # # 60 # B IG7 "" * !"
" K HL !" 2" !
" ! * 2 # " ! $ # ""
# "" * & "

# 0?

0 !'-
0 !'
* #
& &

0 # B IG' " & " # " " 0 # !! DK B ' T F

## 0 $DGIF ! * " " 0

!" ! ! !
" " & " && ! 2 !"
BBe ! UK L
" ' # ! HT 3 ! # " HT "
# " # ! " ! $ "" * "
B HH

4 "" 6!!S! 7 # !" 6 7 ! $ 6 7

KM GJ I K JG
HJ HJI M K GH
HE HEK K K MU
BK BKK B H HI
BT BUH J H JG
IJ IEB I B HH
IU IEG T B HJ
JK JIJ T B JU
JU JGJ E B EJ
TK TTB T I HI

B HH' 4 # " # " " 0

-85-
( + (
:!
" & ! " !" ! ! !
! ! 2 * #
$ ! ! ! $ ! # " !
! # ! ## DGEF ## # "
"" # & ! !" ! "
" " ! !" !" 9 ! ! !
IK ! ! & ! !
" " ! 2 2 "
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* & ! \ && & ! & ! X KX
" ! * ! & " # "" * "
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" " 2 X h0 X
KG
:HM J4M E I T
:HM J4M E U T
KE :HM J4M E H T
:HM J4M E G T

KU
!
&

KT
&&

KJ

KI

KB
K HK BK IK JK TK UK EK GK MK HKK
4# 6!!S 7

0 # B EI' :&& " ' # ! h0 && & !

" * & " " && & ! ! :

! && && # !! - +
-107-
( + (
" # " BIBJ # !! - UTe " && & ! "
! & ! & #! & ! ! :
" ! $ "" ! & ! * 2 #
& ! # !! 9! !9! ! #! * & *
! & ! 3 !9!
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! # # !!
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!" # " ! 2
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! 2 $ * " # & EKK 2 HHKK
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& $ & ! &

0 # B EJ' - " & " * & < &

" ! # ! & " " #*

# !!
! & ! && " * !9! 2
! B " " !
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Charge verticale Charge verticale

constante constante

Position d’arrêt
Position initiale
0 # B ET' " & ! & ! & " "
Axe II

-108-
( + (
" B HT<
4 / &
4 0 ! 0 !
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H K IB K UB K TG UJL
I K JK K UG K UB GGL
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( + ( +

( +
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&& & * *
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2 " && # ! * !
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( $ 7

( $

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$) "

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

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-111-
( $ 7
$+ * / /
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-112-
( $ 7
7' # ! 2 '& # < "" &
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& " 60 H " ++ 6K'HK7 0 B " ++ 6K'U7 0 I"
- 6K'J77
7' # ! 2 '& < 2 "" * & *

H Asservissement en
- 6K'J7 Iso-force verticale
++ 6K'U7 0 <H)?
K MT
++ 6K'HK7

Iso-force tangentielle
KM
!

K GT
0

KG
0 H D++ 6K'HK7F 0 0 I D -6K'J7F
B D++ 6K'U7F
K ET
HBKK HJKK HUKK HGKK BKKK BBKK BJKK BUKK
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0 # I B' 4 " # !! " " - 6K'J7

& # !! : -. @ UK " " & ! #
& && TTL 6Fig. 3.37 & ""
B
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-113-
( $ 7

' :!" " " 0 '+ !"

Fig. 3.3- Pourcentage des entailles dans la gomme sculpté (45%) obtenu par traitement d’image
# TT !! & && # !!
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( $ 7

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HK BK IK JK TK UK EK
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-115-
( $ 7

HTK
++ 6K'HK7+!
# 6#7

HKK
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!

TK

K
K BK JK UK GK HKK HBK HJK HUK HGK BKK BBK
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( $ 7
$$ #
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-117-
( $ 7
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-118-
( $ 7
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( $ 7
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T $W 'B:'KG B f K KKHB
B
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-120-
( $ 7

#
# " " & # ++ 6K'HK7
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" # & " ! # 9!

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7 /" - 6K'J7 + 7 /" ++ 6K'U7 + 7 /" ++ 6K'HK7 +

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( $ 7
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0

T T:'KG B G:'KI
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B T:'KG BWH H U:'KI 8 W K KJMUMTIHE

B K:'KG BWH
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-122-
( $ 7
IT
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++ 6K'U7+ S!
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+ 6K'HK7+ S!
4 ! ++ 6K'U7
BT 4 ! -6K'J7
6C#S!B7

4 ! ++ 6K'HK7
BK
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HT

HK

K
K BKKK JKKK UKKK GKKK HKKKK HBKKK HJKKK HUKKK HGKKK
$
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B * " 2 ? " # ? & "
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= #( )+
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a = 1,119 (Rq ) − 3,043 (Rq ) + 15,05 b = 17,735 log (Rq ) − 4,0129
2

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BU
BJ
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-123-
( $ 7

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B J U G HK HB HJ HU HG BK
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BK
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KT H HT B BT I
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-124-
( $ 7
Sur la base des trois textures testées, l’erreur relative est de l’ordre de 2 % par rapport au modèle
proposé. D’autres essais seront utiles pour affiner le modèle paramétrique
$$$3 ( ' /
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! 6 # ! # " ! 7 !!
* ! !" " ! " ! #
: * #
2 " !" " ! # " "
" # " # !*

"" * ! # " "

&& " "
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2 ! " DEKF

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6HBGK HKBJ7 " ! & " 60 # I BB7 ? !
! 2 ! # !

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Zone de mesure

% G4 ;1 2:

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-125-
( $ 7

53@

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7 @! # & # &6 7 7 @! # & ! # #6 7

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# " ! ! $ ? 9 & ?
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& &6 7 &6 ' 7 <
ux
g ( x) = f ( x + u ) u=
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"" !" " ! ? & "" * " "

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-126-
 ( $ 7
0 # I BT # & ! !" ! "
& " ! ! ! ! 6εH'B7 HL
" " # 2 # X ! X

!
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! # *
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0 # I BT' @ ' & ! εH'B " ! L ++ 6K'HK7 +

&& BKKK " 0 # I BU
! # ! ++ 6K'U7 ++ 6K'HK7 !
!9! ! " ? " && "
++ 6K'U7 # c W T !! 60 # I BU 7 * ! ++ 6K'HK7
" 2 " cW TK!! "" !" & !
? ! # * " 2 " # !*

HK KU

KT
BK
KJ
IK
5 6!!7

KI

JK KB

KH
TK
K

HK BK IK JK TK UK EK
c 6!!7
7 H'H ! ++ 6K'U7 + 7 B'B ! ++ 6K'HK7 +

HK KE HK KE

KU KU
BK BK
KT KT
IK IK
5 6!!7

5 6!!7

KJ KJ

JK KI KI
JK
KB KB
TK
KH TK KH
UK
K K
HK BK IK JK TK UK EK HK BK IK JK TK UK EK
c 6!!7 c 6!!7
7 )H'H ! ++ 6K'U7 + 7 )B'B ! ++ 6K'HK7 +
0 # I BU' @ & # ! " !" " ! 6 H'H B'B 7
-127-
( $ 7
!" & ! ! & ! "
B& X ! X # # X ! X !
& !
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&& ! ! 6++ KSHK7 !
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+

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@

+
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0

K KK
K HK BK IK JK TK UK EK GK
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3 "" * $" * !" !" "
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6 0 : HITGG7
;)@)1 : ;D(:
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+ ! - UH MU B H HT KT HM K
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+ ! HJ EG K K BB IT HU K

+ ! : KT ! ! IE T EE
I B' * !
-128-
( $ 7

-& & " ! # " !" #

$ " " !" # " # A 6 0 MG'BTK'I7
!" ! # !! ! !" " 2
! $ !" EG L GK L " & * ! ' " $
!" ! $ # 2 GU L
&& " # " ! ! - "
! : :* ! ' " $ # " !" * !
- 2 $" !!
" & &
$$2+ 7
" " # " IH &&
" !" " 2 !" !
6BKe ±Be 7 * ! " ! "
&& 2 60 # I BG7 - " ! " # "
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! $ " ! !"
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# ! " && ! * #*
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# " - ! #
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* * & " 2 & && '# !

IK + ! +
+ ! :
+ ! -
BT
+ !
6C#S!B7

+ !
BK

HT
!

HK

K
K BKKK JKKK UKKK GKKK HKKKK HBKKK HJKKK HUKKK HGKKK
! $
0 # I BG' / " ! & ! $ 2 !" !

! : 2 ! ' " $ " " ! 3

! & & 60 # I BM 7 - ! " !
! & " ! ! ! 3 * *

-129-
( $ 7
# ! 2 & " ! & #
# " & " ! -6 HK #S!bS 7
! + # " ! "
K T #S!bS " ! + K E #S!bS ! 60 # I BM 0 # I BM 7

7 /" 7 /" + 7 /" :

! WJMK # ! W HBT G # ! WK #
0 # I BM' / " ++ 6K'HK7 " HG KKK $

& ! " " * 6!

# ! 7 " ! !" *
! ! " ! 6 " !" 7 " !
" ! : && * !
IT 2 JKe K BB %S !b ! 2 !
* ! -* " KT ! # 2 JKe "
!" H HT %S !b
: 2 ! ' " $ " 6IE T 7
" & * 2 " # " !
* mécaniques de bitume, contrainte au seuil du liant mesurée avec un essai de
traction H2 à 5°C et 100mm/min et la cohésion obtenue avec le mouton pendule à 40 °C,
! " !" && #
dans les conditions de l’essai
: && # ! & !" " # !! " !"
!" & ! * " ! "
* # ! " " ! * " # "
# & ! " HK'T "
# & ! ! "* "" ? "
" ! * ' 9! " !
! " " " !

$$2$ * / && 4 ;1 )1:

$ & ! #
++ 6K'HK7 2 !" !
* / / >
" ! " & B ++ 6K'HK7 " '
9 " " $ A! ! # <

(+ W ; 7 = − ( .' ) + '( .' )

B
0

@ " " " 3 * " ! X X

& ! ! " 2 JK e " ! X X &

-130-
( $ 7
! " )B 2 Te HKK!!S! !
: HITGE

B:'KE U:'KI
J UEHG
$W M:'HK T:'KI $W K KKJH 'K EUBE

B
B:'KE W K MUB B
W K MHUE

N N
NN

J:'KI

H:'KE I:'KI

B:'KI

.
.

T:'KG
H:'KI

K:fKK K:fKK
K B J U G HK
K KT H ( ;4 * :
( 21D( ; @ +:

a = (9 E -10) exp 4,67(Cohésion à 40°) b = 0, 0041exp -0,76( Contra int e au seuil )

0 # I IK' ! " ! X X X X
à partir des essais d’arrachement et des essais sur les liants bitumineux

Connaissant la cohésion au mouton pendule et la contrainte au seuil, on peut prédire la perte de

masse en utilisant le polynôme du 2ème ordre décrit précédemment. A titre d’exemple, on reporte
les mesures expérimentales ainsi que les courbes calculées pour les liants A, C et E (0 # I IH)
pour bien montrer que l’évolution de la perte de masse est liée aux caractéristiques du liant
utilisé.
HJ

HB

HK
6C#S!B7

G
!

U ++ 6K'HK7 &
++ 6K'HK7:" $
++ 6K'HK7 "
J
&
:" $
B "

K
K BKKK JKKK UKKK GKKK HKKKK HBKKK HJKKK HUKKK HGKKK
$
0 # I IH' " ! 2 ! " ! *
La loi d’évolution paramétrique de perte de masse est basée sur les résultats obtenus avec le
BBTM (0-10) à température ambiante.
Une analyse plus approfondie sera utile pour déterminer le ou les modes de fissuration qui
apparaissent dans l’enrobé de surface pour expliquer la * de perte de masse. A l’échelle
d’un granulat, la détermination du mode de fissuration locale du liant permettra d’orienter nos
travaux pour la définition d’un indicateur de performance des liants bitumineux vis à vis de la
tenue sous circulation.

-131-
( $ 7
0 /
>
3 " 0 # I IB " ! &
! <
IT
WK H 6%S !B7 WH K
IK WH K 6%S !B7 WH K
WK E 6%S !B7 WH K
6C#S!B7

BT

BK
!

HT

HK

K
K BKKK JKKK UKKK GKKK HKKKK HBKKK HJKKK HUKKK HGKKK
$
0 # I IB' " ! &
< ! " 2 JK e N
< ! )B 2 Te HKK!!S!

!9! H && "

!" * 2 IKKK $ - 2
#!
!9! && 60 # I II7 !
* " "
* #! " ! " ! *
" # 2E
IT
WK H 6%S !B7 WH K
IK WK H 6%S !B7 WE K
WK H 6%S !B7 WH I
6C#S!B7

BT

BK
!

HT

HK

K
K BKKK JKKK UKKK GKKK HKKKK HBKKK HJKKK HUKKK HGKKK
$
0 # I II' " ! &
" ++ 6K'HK7 2 !"
!

-132-
( $ 7

: ! " ! $ " ! 2
- 2 IKKK $ " ! "
, #! ! !
&& #

! '" A !" *
" #

En réalité, dans l’enrobé, le liant est souvent mélangé avec des fines pour former une
matrice complexe appelée communément mastic, il serait plus intéressant de relier la
résistance aux arrachements aux caractéristiques mécaniques du mastic.

-133-
( $ ( $
( $

!" ! ! & " *

" " !" $ : && ! * !
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* * ! $ X *X ! " ! *
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# ! " " 2B "

! ! " ! * " " " !" " "" "" *
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! & ! $ * * " " ""
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2 " ! " )B 2 Te HKK !!S! ! :
HITGE ! " ! "

* " ! " && ! " 9 " " $ A!

! # * " " # " ! && 2
2
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&& ! " ! " ! " " ! 9!
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& && ! # #

-134-
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* & "A 6 e0 KU TK KTJ7 " " *
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9! " & ! # !* " "
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& ! ! * # !! 9! & !
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&& ! & ! 2 & ! !' $

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-135-
 (
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!

& ! # !! 9!
" ! && # " !
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# !! " ! 6" HKSBK * 8 EKSHKK7
! " ! # " 9! "
! # " ! " & ! "
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& " ! " &
! " !! && " ! <
& 6& ! 2 " # ! 7 " "
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&& # ! " " 2 ! : &&

#! # ! "
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!" ! '2' ! <
! " 2 JKe ! " )B 2 !"
Te HKK !!S!
* " ! " " $ A! ! # * " "
# " " ! &&
" ! * !" "
" ! & && ! # #
! " ! " ! "
! ! " " !" " !

- ! " ""
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! ! # ! $" # " # ! 9
" && '# & !" # ! 9
! " ! !
" "" " ! # ! # && ! &&
" " ! : & 2 * !
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!

-136-
 &

&
DHF -@ 6HMMM7 . * ' :!" ! ! & ! "
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DIF - - ! . % 4 - 6HMGB7 2
! + HBB " T'HB
DJF - 'x @ : & ( % ! !# &&
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# F "<SS[[[ ! S # S" # ! S C #Si LBK LBK'
LBK4 LBK " " &
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: " -" $ -- ) 3 i # HMMK "" UM'GB D: # F
"<SS & [ # S & S: " &
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BGEB'GG HMUI
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HMME
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DBKF +V + + ( 6- ! '" $! 7 !"
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DBHF + x4 % 6BKKB7 : ! & # & & ! " $
! # i :- 4 BTBSH'B "" HTK'HUK
DBBF + / # 8 & ! "* ,
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DBIF - ( % HMGI 0 #: # @! # @ ! #
-137-
 &
DBJF ' 'i 4 : $ ! & ! & #
S$ < @- : & ! # @ &
6 @ BKKB7 @ C - 0 BKKB
DBTF ' 'i 4 : . # . $ ! & ! &
# S$ BKKB
DBUF . + 6BKKK7 [ " & &
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- '@ $ BKKK
DBEF " # ! BKKK
DBGF . ! !"
DBMF - S" ! ! ! [ & ' ""
i #$ # : i # , - HB'HU " ! BKKT
DIKF %0 + ) ! ! H BKKT
DIHF + ( 0 ; ) !! ! 0 ) ! ) 0 6BKKT7
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* 3" * " 8@ 7 ! BKKT
DIBF ' ( 6BKKJ7 & S[ & [ "
& ! ! ! ' " " d 2@ @ &
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DIIF ' 2 ""
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DIJF ' > ? % + $% + ( . 6BKKB7 " ! #
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DIUF 6BKKB7 - ! ' A
! ! BKKB
DIEF * ' : 0 : 6BKKI7 - BKKI
DIGF 0 . 0 ) !! ! 0 0 6BKKT7 : " !
$ * " ! 2 # * + 6BTG'
BTM7 HBH'HBG 3 ' ' BKKT
DIMF # && ) 0 # 6HMEK7 - - $ & "
@ & 4 $ ! & ! -: " EKKIEE
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eBTT
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# ! :&& ! [ -"
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DJBF + 0 > ! $ $ '" ! & &
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DJIF + > ! $ 0 [ !" ! # & " $
& # $ S" ! ' '! 6 @ 7 -&
- - MM
DJJF ? ! HMTK
DJTF " + -
0 + " ! "
eBTT % BKKT
DJUF : > !" ! & # # ! !' &&
: $ BKKB

-138-
 &
DJEF 0 0 / ! ! ! ! :
HMMG
DJGF 0 * :, 34@- 4@-. @ : 2 D: # F
"<SS[[[ & S: S!BSBHSBHE'H& # "" &
DJMF 0 % 6 BKKT7 A " ! * " !
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DTKF 0 0 ! D: # F "<SS[[[ & " !
DTHF 0 > . :&& & & # - &:
-IJT<IBE'IJB 6HMET7
DTBF . i . .) ' * 0 # & : " +@ JI
"" TTG'TEG HMMJ
DTIF . # %' 6BKKK7 0 ! & : : :$ BKKK
DTJF . ? ? + 6HMUJ7 ! & * 2 " ! !
-& $ HMUJ " BIH
DTTF . ! . C : 6HMMK7 - - $ & ! & 4 $ !
! H " @ % &4 # HH6B7<TGM'UHG
DTUF . ) + 0 6HMMU7 : 2" < &
: " r: ! # HMMU
DTEF . % 4 3 % @ < 6I ! 7 -"" i $
-"" ! [ ( C 6HMMB7 "" HdBT
DTGF . [ %- i ! % + 6HMUU7 & ! $& &
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DTMF . > ) - & : " # " -"" # &
- ! 4 $ ! -: " " MGKBTI
DUKF . $ 8 9! : BKKK
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{U : " & BG - # ' H " ! BKKU + " '
) # $
DUBF ) ! ) !! ! 0 ) '( 6BKKT7 !" " !
# !! ' 9 ! % ! * 0B 3 BKKT - #
DUIF ) ! ) !! ! 0 ) '( 6BKKU7 " ! [
{U : " & BG - # ' H " ! BKKU + " '
) # $
DUJF ) ! ) !! ! ) ) '( 6BKKU7 " & &&
# 9! + "
DUTF ) !! ! 0 ) ! ) '( 6BKKT7 0 & && & $ &" !
[ i #$ # r : HB d HU " ! BKKT
i #
DUUF ) # 3 4 " d & ! : ) ! HMMI
DUEF ) ? ) 6HGGB7 , #& C " 6 & 7 %
- # [ MB 6HGGB7 HTUdHEH : # : %

DUGF ) % - ! 0 ?> - & && ! [ " ? C

! ! & [ C' & ! # $ ! :, - @ %
-"" # # M<GMKdMKH BKKI D: # F
"<SS[[[ [ !S. 0 " n WHK HHTTS HHHKGUTEKIIKTHBG
DUMF ) !! ! %- . & i 6HMMM7 # " $! [
!" ' & & ! "$ , $ &
DEKF ) 0 + ( - $ ! ' !" & ! " !
8! # < 8 & !" " " ! * * 8 "
" # !! j j BKKJ

-139-
 &
DEHF ) ! > @C & & 4 @ @ &
! # & G @ & -" !
4 ! @ i # - # HK'HJ HMME ""HBE'HIM
DEBF ) &&! > C > @ & & #. & 0 - $ &
! BK '- $!" ! : " !
.$| ) # $ BKKI
DEIF ) # () ! - $ # ') @ : # [ && [% $
HMMI
DEJF ) : ! & i " ! BKKI D:
# F "<SS[[[ # S" S S " S0 @ # S S KKH " &
DETF % C - # D: # F "<SS[[[ !
DEUF % ! ? 0 ? " & " [
, ! T : ! # C ! "" BKM'BHI
DEEF % ( 6HMMM7 : && #
! ! ! # .
! eEEK " JU'TK
DEGF % ( 6HMMU7 ! # < 2 " & !
! # : " r: ! # :r: J'KTT
DEMF % > > > - - IBJ 6HMEH7 IKH'IHI
DGKF > C , - ! $ !< 0 : # 4
6 " # [ ( C BKKJ7
DGHF > ? % U 9! ! & ! #
& # ""
DGBF . - > }"" j $ & $ & ! j : #$ &&
$ @ : #$ -# $ ! HT'HU 6BKKT7 D: # F<
"<SS[[[ #S S[ CSBKKTS: :&& $ S y# " &
DGIF ## - + 0 $% + # " &
:c : @ : - : )- @ ' #$ & [ )# : # #
+ ! / : . " # EHdGG : + 4 HMMB
DGJF & $ " ! * & & ! & " $!
, - +3, . H BKKI
DGTF & $ . j-"" & &&
" $! j @ % & -"" $ : # # E I 6BKKB7
DGUF # # & : HT HMMG
DGEF ## - + % : 0 $% + C ) 6HMMB7 " &
& !0 " ' & ! : " "" UH'EK
DGGF ?? % - : & && &[ " " !
" & ! " ! & : # # , $ & - % $BKKT
D: # F "<SS [ ! S" S " SHUEBJT'H " &
DGMF * ) 9! " <
# ! "" 9! ! @
$ HMMJ
DMKF 4 . " - # +
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DMHF : ! #- 8 - C - +
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DMBF ! 9 ' 9! & # , " @
- ! -@ ' @- HMMM
DMIF C%: : ! + : 0 #$ & B #
! " HMMJ
DMJF % " ' * 2 !" ! !" - !
BJH " HMBKdHMHB HMTT

-140-
 &
DMTF " ! * 9! @ 03 : ) eE ! BKKI D: # F
"<SS[[[ #S ! S@ & S" B " &
DMUF % -4 2 ! 2 #
: ! $!" ! " HBK'HBI HMGH
DMEF % -4 6HMGH7 < "" " n
: ! $!" ! " HBJ'HBE HMGH
DMGF C> ) i + )) & 6HMGT7 : " !
@ # & C @ & ! ' -
, $ & - & "
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DMMF ~? 0 . ~ # " & #$ " [ !"
! ! & ! "$ ! BKKU
DHKKF : " " $
& : - S
DHKHF ! ! & !
: - S
DHKBF @! # $ ! !" 4 . " @! # # 4 JT
HMGM " BUM'BMJ
DHKIF % & -"" HU 6HMJM7 BTM'BUG
DHKJF i 3 ! %0 [ ? ) HMTB :&& & 3 #
# 0 & & : " H , # &
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DHKTF ! 0 & &" ! $ [ ( C< : HMET
DHKUF ( " + BE HMUE
DHKEF -> % . 0 . $ < )$
$ [ 4 ! EM # HMME "" MJM'MTB
DHKGF #! % i ## 0 & ! ! # # &
DHKMF ! 0 JU'KTB ! " * !
! $ 8 ! " $" HMGG
DHHKF ! 0 : HIKIU'J * & !
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DHHHF ! 0 : HBUME'II & 8" !" " * 6 #
! 8 " ! # $ 2 7 BKKJ
DHHBF ! 0 MG'BTK'I & 8" ! # $ 6 #
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DHHIF ! 0 : 'HJBU ! " 2 # -& ! HMMM
DHHJF ! 0 : 'HJBE ! !" ! ! -& BKKK
DHHTF ! 0 : HBUKE'H ! ! 8 &&
8 < 03 BKKK
DHHUF ! 0 : HITGG ! ! " !
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DHHEF ! 0 MG'BHU'B ! ! < !
6 & 7 ! HMMJ
DHHGF ! 0 : @ 3 HIJEI'H ! " & ! $
6 8 9! 2" " & 7
BKKJ
DHHMF ! 0 : HKME'G : " " ! * " $* # G
< ! && " # ! BKKK
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DHBHF ! 0 MG'BEJ'H : 4 8 2 " * $ ! HMMJ
DHBBF ! 0 MG'HUK : " & 8 6 9! 7 HMMJ

-141-
 &
DHBIF ! 0 MG'BBK'B " ! 8 && & ! #
6 # 7 ! HMMJ
DHBJF ! 0 MG'BBK'I " ! ! && & !
" ! * 6 7 HMMT
DHBTF ! 0 MG'BBK'J " ! 8 && & !
"" @ ! HMMU
DHBUF ! 0 : HIHKG'T # ! " & ! T<
! # 2& ! 6 -7 BKKK
DHBEF ! 0 : HIKIU'H # " & ! & 8
9! 2 8 8 * ! * 2 1 % BKKB
DHBGF ! 0 : HIKIU'J * ! 8 J<
! ! # 8 8 & ': " -& ! BKKJ
DHBMF ! 0 : HBUME'HE ! " 6: 7
! BKKJ
DHIKF ! HG'TEB : 8 ! ' 6. 7 ! HMMK
DHIHF ! HG'TEI : - # 6. 7 ! HMMK
DHIBF ! HG'TET && " # # ! HMMK
DHIIF ! c MG'HIE ! < ! ! ! BKKH
DHIJF ! c HG'TJK . < & & ! " & HMME
DHITF ! c HG'TGK ! " # #
" " HMME
DHIUF ! c MG'HIE : $ " ! <+ + !
& ' & ' * '0 ' • !
BKKH
DHIEF ! $" - ! [$ & 0 !
! 0 - 3 3 [$
DHIGF3 0 + ) €. €B B H { ! [
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0& 4 ! J @ B BKKI "" HGT'BBJ
DHIMF3 0 !" ! ! '! * !
: : BKKI
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$ H "" UB'UU HMEM
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DHJBF3[ > i : ! & & & #$ & " $! % & -""
$! HMUM HI eG " HEJH'HEJE
DHJIF C ) + + CC : 6HMMI7 # 0 ! # H @
* ! & 4 $ ! - $ [ r 5 # +4
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DHJJF C i 0 : $% : &" " ! " #!
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i # % $M'HI BKKT
DHJTF ) [ ? #! &" @::: !" BI "" GUK'
GEK HMEJ
DHJUF * - %' . ? ' 6HMMU7 # !"
&& 9! ! # # : " r: ! #
DHJEF # % 0 # * " #
# ! HMMM'BKKK
DHJGF 0 . . ( ! Y ! B , @ :0 d BKKI
DHJMF + % # , - 3 : 3 & & # [
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BKKJ

-142-
 &
DHTKF ! 3 @! # ! * & " ! " 2&
!* , ! ! BKKK
DHTHF % 6HMGB7 4 : " * HMGB
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! 2 " ! HMEK
DHTEF * # & # HMGT
DHTGF @ : HMEM " ! $ d#
DHTMF 3 >' $ * BKKH !" ' " #
0 &: ! - JTE "" HBEEdHBMJ
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DHUHF ! - 6HMTU7 " [ ! BM ""
EGH'EGG
DHUBF %- C % - 4 Ci i 6HMEE7 / ! !
# ! + "
! " 4 ! HMEE
DHUIF 4 > ! :' $ $ : @ # &
" ! " % & " # # ! S"
BKKB
DHUJF C - $ !" ! " ! * "" :- ,

DHUTF - ! Q# MB R
DHUUF " . # 3 # * " C # " @ : ) : . '% -,
BKKI 4 < BHE # < GE ' MU @ < KMTJ'JKEK
DHUEF # ! % + [ 6HMGE7 x & " 0 !
# # !# # : " ! 4 BE eH "" MM'HKT
DHUGF # @ 6HMMJ7 0 #$ " ! <- [i # !$
HMMJ
DHUMF # BKKH " BKKH
DHEKF & ) !! ! 0 : ' " & " " ! !
" ! #* + e0 KU TK KTJ " KU BKKU HT " #
DHEHF & & # " # !
BKKT
DHEBF & " ! ! BKKK
DHEIF " % - ? ' 9 ! < !" ! 8 &&
% €- ! * - ! {BKKH
DHEJF $ i % -"" & ! # " $ " ! # # @ & BKKT
DHETF >% % #i : 5 ) "!
& ! & ? & # ! " &
!! & : " !! HMMI
DHEUF C 6HMKB7 & + # • 5 4 @ JU
DHEEF 6BKKU7 * ! " & ! d
6 ! ! ! & " " $! ! " 7 ""
# " & Q ! & " R
DHEGF % - " * " !*
! 2 # # GHT ! BKKI

-143-
 &
DHEMF ! 0 -! ! BKKI
DHGKF $ ! C + , - D: # F
"<SS[[[ C !S S y$ ! ! " BKKI

DHGHF #55 > ' 0 ! " ! " # " &

9! J ! % @ # ' 4
0 T'U ! BKKU
DHGBF | % 6HMMI7 i & ! ! $ '- ""
& ! ! [ 4 @ && ! T : ! #
C ! J II "" GTE'GUH
DHGIF " "! 6 3 HMMM7 0 & ! "
! #$
DHGJF C $ # ! # & $ D: # F
"<SS[[[ & S" S$ S! S! yHKS $" S !
DHGTF, # - - S $ ! <
D: # F "<SS[[[ ! S‚ S4 S !S S y #S y#" &
DHGUF, @ 0 ! ! H : . - !
BKKH
DHGEF4 C !" % $ ! ! & + #*
: ! $!" ! " JI'JE HMGM
DHGGF4 C$ 0 $ >" ! ) 6HMMG7 " ! *
& # !! # ! R HMMG
DHGMFi - i )i [ i ) #& ! & $ !
@ & - ! # HG'BK
HMMM
DHMKFi # 0 ! + ':!" $ & :&& & C
! , # ' ! + BKKU - #
DHMHFi ! 0 0 $% 6HMTT7 !" " &
! ! ! " " $! # '& ! # * % -! ! EE
IEKHdIEKE

-144-
 !!0P0G

!!0P0G

-145-
-146-
 (
Q '
" # " # !*
& " ! #
" " ! "" " " # !* & !
!" !

* n
" # !* " * * # ! * * & * #
" " # 2 JT #
" " " " " $!" * "
* # & 2 JT # & ! & 2H

) # / '
" # !* " HUIG ! *
# % * + 6HUTJ'HEKT7 !" " " " 8
!! j " j : "" " * # " + !
" # !* " 4 # 6HUTJ'HEBB7

# ! " ! # 60 # - H 7
" # ! * 60 # - H 7 ! & !
# ! * # 2 K MMG * # & ! ! *

Ri

7 7
0 # - H' " & " !
* " # !* " * "
- ! : !" ; 6α7 " # 6α7

/* " - ! /* " # !*
6 α 7 = *6 α 7 #6 6 α 77 = *6 α 7 6α7 = *6 α 7

+ ( '

-147-
-& 9 " " " # " " HEMK
# 60 # - B7 " # *
<
' & * #
6 7W 6 ' 6 f H77 6! 6$ $6 f H777 6-H7
' # * # <
6 ' 6 f H77
c.6 7 W ! 6 6 7 6 6 f H777 f 6-B7
B
' # * # <
(.6 7 W ( SB 6-I7
' # " # !* <
6 6 7 c.6 77
c. W 6-J7
67
' # " # !* <

6 6 7 (.6 77
(. W 6-T7
67

-" c. (. $ * " " # "

# !* # # 2 HGH II !! # 2 TG L !
$ D F
XG(i)
xi xi+1 o
YG(i)
i
yi
yi+1

R
a

0 # - I' $ * " " # "

! " ! " # !* * #
" 2 " " &# -I

-148-
 TK

'TK

(6!!7 'HKK K
K K
K K
KK
KK K
'HTK

'BKK

'BTK
'BTK 'BKK 'HTK 'HKK 'TK K TK
c6!!7
0 # - J' ! " # !* #
" ! # c. & " !
" # !* " $ A! T! # 60 # - J7 *
<
c. W "H6 " 7T f "B6 " 7J f "I6 " 7I f "J6 " 7B f "T6 " 7 f "U 6-U7
- <
"H W 'T MTHG HK'M "B W H TEGI HK'U "I W 'H UJI HK'J "J W K KKEEHMI "T W K JIIBG "U W JE ITG

HHK

HKK

MK
c. 6!!7

GK

EK

UK

TK

JK
K TK HKK HTK
"' 6!!7

0 # - T' " ! # c. & " !

" # !*

" # !* & " !

" $ A! J! # <
W "H6 " 7J f "B6 " 7I f "I6 " 7B f "J6 " 7 f "T 6-E7

- <
"H W I IHUJ HK'E "B W 'U GBGM HK'T "I W U BUKM HK'I "J W K HMTTJ "T W K IMKJI

-149-
 120
valeurs calculées
valeurs correlées
100

80

Rot at ion (degr é)

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
dep-ver t ical (m m )

0 # - U' " # !* & " !

$ ( Q ' >
" " & ! Q B R " ! " " ! "
# ! * !* " * " #$!" * X X "
! # & ! #! * " " XX
6JTe7 " " " " ! # ?
&& ! * "
"" & * # 6 7 & 2
JTe # " " " 60 # - U7 " # !*
" # #

c. 0

0 f

0 # - E' & ! V " "

2 "" & ! ! ! & ! * ! !

<

-150-
 S6 7 W K
- & * & ! ! <
0<
L
!# &80 L:9 1 %! L (" %!)^
( &80) " &

L
( W &) L "
!# ( &W & )8( 0W & ) :8( 0W & )

µ pl = 1 + ( P / Fv ) µ !# 6-G7

-151-
-152-
 &

) (
*
" " 2 ! & # X X * "
4H 2 4B ! " & # '
* ! 2 * &&
! ! 2 60 # + H7

0 # + H' " ! & #

7' ! $ <
" # * " # V1 2 V2 #
" & Mγ " & # d
! $ " && ! <
B B
H H 4H − 4B
4 − H
B
4 = B
B γ → γ= 6+H7
B B B

2 !" < 7 Q R *
" * " $ !* # & !
! 7 & # " " & # "" * 2
: "" * " " $ !* 6 0 = γ7 <

0 + µ 0? = γ 6+B7
<
Frl <& ! 6 [ 7N
Fz < # " & # 6 [ 7N
µ < && ! $ & ! " & # N
M <! 6 C#7 N
γ < ! $ 6 !S B7

-153-
 &

7' & !
& ! Frl !
* " !" 2 & && " ! $ !* !
" ! * & ! !

:!" * ! & ! <

0 = (- + + 4 ) B
6+I7

! * ! " ! X-X ! & !! !

X+X && $ !*
3 ! $ & # <

4 + 4B
B

0 = -++ H 6+J7
B

3 ! && X-X X+X 2 " "

7' # "" " & #

# X05X # "" " & #
# & # \ # 2 9
X Fz 0 X & # X ∆Z X & " " "
# " && & ! X Fx X

3 <
0
0 = ∆5 ^ ∆5 = 6+T7
- W !" !
W #

0 = µ0? = γ−0 ∆5 =
( γ−0 ) 6+U7

3 <

γ
0? = 0? + 6+E7

- Fav # "

7' && & ! µ

γ−0 γ−0
µ= → µ= 6+G7
0? γ
0? +

-154-
 &

-" & # X4HX X4BX & # X X "

&& & ! µ

( 4 + 4B )
B
4HB − 4BB
− -++ H
B B
µ= 6+M7
4HB − 4BB
0? +
B

+ ( '
& # * && & #
3 <

γ γ γ
µ= = = 6+HK7
0? # #

& # V1 V2 * & # d "

&& & !
4HB − 4BB
µ= 6+HH7
B #
" ! $ && & !
" * ! 2 ! $ "

-155-
-156-
 (

( / 9

! " & # ! * &

! D . F " * * ! * 2* * !
& && " ! !
!
! 9! 2 ! # !
& & &# H ! &&
# ! * * ! $ ! &
# !

0# H' && ! $ !

! " ! ? !" TK
!! TKK !! ! !" H !! TK !! !"
" * ! #

! " ! ? !" K
!! K T !! ! !" K !! K B !! :
" # & 9! * & ! !
9! ! " ! * ! ' " !
" ; & ! C " ! 2 " " "" 2
! DHEUF
@ ! " & ! ' 9! <
- ! # " ! & ! 2 & 2 "
* ! * ! " " ! # 2
&& # ! && # # * &
" # ! *
- ! " " & # "

-157-
 (

8 " ! ? !" K T !!
TK !! ! !" K B !! HK !! : "
! # ! O ! &
@ ! " ! ' <

0# B' " & " ! ! *

8 ' 6 ! 0 : HIKIU'H DHBEF7 < " ! !

" & ! $ & " !" # !
! 60 # B7 3 ! 6 V WBT !I7
" & ! 1 2" " - !"
9 # " & ! $ & !!
"" ! V & 1 ! !
! $ <
J4
= 6 H7
π B
# & & && # ! -& *
! " ' &
1 9 !9! # * !" " ! *
! " ! " "
& * " ! 6 9! " " 7 "
" " * & " " !" !!

8 ' < ! $ !* * " ! " &

# ! * # !" IK HKK C!S " ! "
" & ! $ " & < 6 ! 0: @ 3 HIJEI'H DHHGF7 ! $ !
* & ! <

) 4 4 ;4 4 :> # "" " &* " & !

1 ! ! ! * !" !
" ! !! " "
! " " # Q! ! R!
! # HK ! & * * *
" &

+7 8 < ! ! ' #1 2 " * !

$ ! & & " ! " * : &
" " ! " ! " &
! && 2 !" JK HKK C!S ""
" ! && ! &

-158-
 (

$4
& ! 8 " & " ! * "" \
& !! ! " , &
" * ' && " ! "

0# I' " " 6 ! && 7

, ! ! & ! # "
" ! ' & & ! ' "
& " ! ! '

= & " S6 − "7

0# J' " & "

" ! ! ' ! " " 2

! $ " 1 & <
6 − "7 " &"
α= = = 6 B7
& 6 − "7
" " ! ! ? BKK !! " BKK !! ! ! ! "
! ! ! HK ! ! 1 &
HT ! !" ! ! UKK ! " #
! * " # ! "
& ; 2" 1 HT !

0# T' : !" " " ' &&

-159-
 (

, & " ! && " * "

" " " & "" " # "
$ # " &* * & B I 60 # T7 *
" ! " !" ! & " !
" & " " ! & " &
&& " # !" ! "

&& 2 " ! *
# ! * & ! & <
# ! $ < # & * " ! *
" ! !" ! # & ! " &
# ! * * " & * 2 # !!
2" # ! !
" ! $ < " & * " ! *
" ! !" "" * 2 & " ! " *
& * 2 " !! 2
" " ! !
!! 6 " 7< " " & # 9! N
" & # ! $
6 7< " " & # 9!
" & # ! $

* & && 2 " ! <

- " ! *
- " ! !"
- " ! ! &
- " ! "
- " & ! $ " &

) 8 '
G* < !" 6 ! ! 7
!! " " " &

G < ! $ ! * 6 ! ! 7
! $ ! * " ! $ ! * 5
" "" " ! $ " ! * ! #
! # @ & " & ! <

H
= 5 −5 6 I7
=H =H

3^ 5 " ! $
!9! " ! $ ! * " & & ! <

H
= 5 −5 6 J7
=H

3^ 5 # ! $
G*' < " 6 ! ! 7
" $" " "" " ! $ " !
! ' # & " & ! <

-160-
 (

H
( 5 − 5)
B
*= 6 T7
=H =H

!9! " " * " & & ! <

H
(5 − 5)
B
*= 6 U7
=H

G* M< C [
" ! * ! $! !" :
* " & && ! " 6 !! 7
6 7 ! C # 2? @ " 9 ! " <

( 5 −5 )
I
H
C= I
6 E7
* =H =H

C [ " 9 # & " & * # & # &

" " !! * C [ " & & !!
" "

G* M< >
C ! # " ! !"
" "" 2 ! 60 # U7 @ " 9 ! " & !
<

(5 )
J
H
C= −5 6 G7
*J =H =H

<3

>3

0# U' > <! # " !

C # 2I" & Q ! R * & 2
I !! * C " 2I !!
"

G* > & "" 6 " # & ? 7

& "" " 2 & # " * * 2
"

-161-
 (

+ 8 /
-" # ! $ & " " & !!
" 60 # E7

SPp

SPv

0# E' & !! " " " &

G* > !! "
"=! 5 −5 5 >5 6 M7
G* > & " " &
=! 5 −5 5 <5 6 HK7
G* >) ! $ !!
!W "! f !
G* > ! $ !!
& BT & ! # 6T " T7 " " *

& ! " " ! $ ! $ "

"!

H
( )
T T
"! = −5 >5 6 HH7
BT =H =H

G* >" & ! $
H
( )
T T
!= −5 <5 6 HB7
BT =H =T

G* G* > " ! ! $ $
H ! H
! = !$= 6 HI7
! =H =H

$ 8
, ! & " " & !" !! , ! &
" #

" & " ! " 9 " " & "" " & # " &
" ! # * " * " !
* " i

! # <

-162-
 (

G7 _ ! $ ! & " & #

G7 < ! $ ! & " & # $

H !
= 6 HJ7
! =H

G 7 <" ! $ ! & " & #

G 7 <" ! $ ! & " & # $
H
- = - 6 HT7
=

! <
GR > ! $ ! & " &
GR > ! $ ! & " & $
H !
i = i 6 HU7
! =H

G R >" ! $ ! & " &

G R >" ! $ ! & " & $
H
-i = -i 6 HE7
=H
2 8
" ! " 6 - '0 7 <
o < "
o < & & 6 ? ! 7
o < & 6 7

Zone de contact
Zone de fuite
du fluide
H 5%
Zone de fuite
retenu
H 80%
dans les vallées

0# G' " "

" 60 # G7 " # "

" ! $ !! " * " - *
" !! & " " " & ?
# "
! " ! ! * ? & !
" < ? 6 !" K TL 7 ? &
6 !" GKL HKKL 7 ? ! 6 !" TL GKL 7
G& > "
SPq
" & ! SBi = 6 HG7
h5%

-163-
 (

G > & & 6 ? ! 7

& ! <
Vv ( h5% ) − Vv ( h80% )
( M − 1)( N − 1) .∆x.∆y
Sci = 6 HM7
SPq
- <
5& 6 Q7) < ! * 2 " 2 TL "
5& 6 \ 7) < ! * 2 " 2 GKL "
- . < ! " $
∆ ∆ < " #

G < & 6 7
& ! <

Vv ( h80% )
( M − 1)( N − 1) .∆x.∆y
Svi = 6 BK7
SPq

, > & &

Hf = h5% − h80% 6 BH7

3 8 /
" ! # " ! # 60 # M7
* ! & ! #
" ! " ! " # * " ! ! " "
* " ! #
1 n
o ƒ< # ! $ !! α= αi 6 # 7
n i =i
1 n
o „< # ! $ !! ? β= βi 6 # 7
n i =i
1 n
o …< # ! $ γ= γi 6 # 7
n i =i

βi
αi

γi

0# M' @ & " ! #

-164-
 (

* " "" !
" & " # ! " &

nombre. indenteurs. profil.i

densité = i ^ L :1̀ 1
. 6 BB7
longueur. profil.i
i

" ! " & ! # &&

# " & N " ! !" *

5 8

" & ! $ " & ! @ 3 HIJEI'H <

9! 2" " & &
! 9!

" & " # # "

!! " * " 3 " & ! $ " &
! $
" & ! $ " & 6 ! ! 7 ! *
!
3 " H * # ! * * * 9!

! S 9! ++ . 6K'HJ7 ++ . 6K'HK7 ++ 6K'U7

/ ! $ * * K TG K GH H KE
6!!7
0 $! 'K MB 'H GE 'H JG
6C [ 7
0 " ! J KI E EE T UB
6> 7
) ! " H KJ H IG H JM
6!!7
) ! I TH E BT E HE
6!!7
!! 2 & K TT K UB K IM
6" S!!b7
@ " H TB H II I KK
&
@ " " H TB K ET K GE
&

U' * # ! * * * 9!

-165-
-166-
 #

0 / /

! 8 # !" 8 " 8 * 2 8 & "

! ! 2! 8 # # " & 8 # "
! # & & 2 ! " 2
&
: # ! # && * * & <
• : N
• $" " N
• ! N
• : $ #$
" ! # * & * & # "
<

8' S S 8R S & T8R T# T

; +: ; +: ; +: ; +:)@+ ; +:)@+ ; +:)@+

$" " JK M JK M K UJ K K
! TK G TK G K EH K K
: EB G BH G TH EE TK TK
: $ #$ JG K BM K HM TJ HJ UG
H' ! # * & * &

) *
" " ! 2 " 2 ! "" # *
& ! & 2 HK` 2 & " 2! # *
& ! # 2 # !

@ !" * # " 2 # &

" " & ! # " & 8 #
8 # & 2 #

+
" & " ! # # ! * <
• * " 8 " ! 6 $ ?7 " '9 A "
! ! *
• "" " ! "

Seringue
micropipete

Source de lumière

""

0# H' " & ! #

-167-
 #

! # 2 8 & * S ! && I " 60 # B7<

• : " H< # # 8 ? N
• : " B< " ! 8 ! # N
• : " I< # "

@! # ! #
H B I

@! # #
0# B' #

&# I " " ! # * :

# * ! " * X θX " &6 7
! X θX # &6 7

0# I' " ! # *

$ 4 /

$) 4 !
! # " && !" 8 # &
8 " " " " " $ ' !* ! 8 *
!" 2 8 # 8 <
6K KHT… ' B7 ] … … f …
o] … W 6 B7
… ] 6K KHT … … ' H
8 * 9 ! 2 $ ! * " "" "
!" !9! *

$+ 4 EU R DHJBF
! 3[ i * 8 # & 8 " ! & ! <
γ =γ +γ 6 B7
* <
γ !" "

γ γ !" ' "

8 * !" 2 8 # 8 <

-168-
 #

γ 6H + θ7 = B γ γ +B γ γ 6 I7
! ! ! ! * && " 8 #
& & "" ! & ! " & * 8
γ γ
" "
! $ # ! * "" ! " ! " !"
!" ! " $! " ! *

$$ 4 K 6 E DTEF
! . 4 3 8 # & 8 <
γ !" " 6 "A ' "A 7

γ γ
+ −
!" "

γ =γ γγ
+ −
+B 6 J7

!" 8 # & * 8 #
# 8 <

γ 6H + γ γ γ γ γ γ
+ − + −
θ7 = B + + 6 T7

: " # * && !" " "

" 8 # &

-169-
-170-
 0

4 G

! & ! ! B ;
& ! ! & 2 HH !!
" &- 2 # ! "
! !
# !! * " !"
# ! " & # ! # !!
3 " ! # !! " > '4 # * # &
# ! " & " $* ! &&
& ! ! & 2 && & ! " "
" # > '4 # & # & & "
#! "" " & # ! *

3 " ! & ! & # ! " !"

& '! ! # !! " " > '4 #
" & &# "" *
! * & 2 " & ! "
! * && & ! " * !
& ! # !! &

(
K
ƒH K

ƒB
B
H
ƒB

ƒH

& ! ƒH & ƒB
c6 7W4 H

c6 7W4 B

B ' ƒ B d4 B

0 # :H' & & ! * " & !

3 * " ! ? > " &

3 & ! " * -+ & ! "
* $ " + & ! " * !9! $

) ( F L &>

3 <
2 α:L 5M 6:H7
- ( α:)Z8 ( α:)ZL : 6:B7
8 " 6:H7 " <
( α:)ZL (5M W2)Z

-171-
 0

- 6:B7 # α1 " ! ! <

α: L :9(5M W2)Z 6:I7
* > " ! h0 * " "
2 ! ! 2 h(t ) = R × sin (α 1 ) 8 "
& ! u<
ε6 7 = K + 6 7 = δ + 2 H − 65M W2 7Z 6:J7
!" ! " ! > '4 # E !
( # η <
σ = Mε + η( εW ) 6:T7
3 8 " u !" ! " " ""
!" uS " <
εW = 95ZM W2 :9(5M W2)Z

3 " <

F&L XA82 :9(5M W2)Z Y8CX95ZM W2 :9(5M W2)Z Y 6:U7

" ! > * #* "

" ! ! -+ ! "
σV <
: 6:U7 " ^ 2 ! !"
t1 ^ " ! <
δ :9(5M W2)Z + 2(:9(5M W2)Z) 9(τ5ZM W2 ) = 0 6:E7

* $ > & ! -+
? σV <
αH = σ S− σ σ = 6 −HS αH 7σ
" 6:H7 6:I7 α1 = 5M S 2 α1 = :9(5M W2)Z
:W α1 = 5M S 2 :9(5M W2)Z
3 " ? <
σ = −D 5M S 2 :9(5M W2)ZFσ& 6:G7

+ ( F L &( >

( > &>
3 <
292 ( α 2 ) = 5M ( α 2 ) = H −5M W2 ( α 2 ) = H − 6H −5M W2 7B
" & ! <
ε6 7 = K + 6 7 = δ + 2 H − 6H −5M W2 7Z
" "" !"
εW = 5(:95M W2)W H − 6H − 5M W2 7Z

-172-
 0

* > -+ ! * 2 *
" " ! + -" "
! * " - " !" t2
+
ε6 H7 "6 −6 − H7S τ 7 = δ + 2 H − 6H − 5M W2 7Z
!9! ! * -+ <

σ& = ε + η(εW ) = δ H − 6H − 5M W2 7Z+ 2XH − 6H − 5M W2 7ZY+ τ5(:95M W2) 6:M7

τ =η/E !" !
? !! <

( α 2 ) = σ Wσ& σ = ( α 2 ) σ = 6H −5M W2)W H − 6H −5M W2 7B σ

σ = 6H −5M W2)W H − 6H −5M W2 7B σ& 6:HK7

( &> &>
R + ( R - R. sin(α 2) ) = V .t sin(α 2) = 2 - (V .t / R)

- " 6:B7 ( (α 2 )Z) 8 (; 9(5M W2))ZL : (α 2 7 = H − 6B − 5M W2 7B

3 & ! !" <
ε6 7 = K + 6 7 = δ + 2 H − 6B − 5M W2 7Z
& ! " "" !"

εW = 5(;95M W2)W H − 6B − 5M W2 7Z
: " !" > ! "
-+ " " + !" t 2 2 "
" <
ε6 H7 "6 −6 − H7S τ 7 = δ + 2 H − 6B − 5M W2 7Z
&& !! <

σ& = ε + η(εW ) = δ H − 6B − 5M W2 7Z+ 2XH − 6B − 5M W2 7ZY+ τ5(;95M W2) 6:HH7

τ = η / E !"
? && !9! ! <

(α 2 ) = σ Wσ& σ = (α 2 )Mσ = 6B −5M W2)W H − 6B − 5M W2 7B σ

σ = 6B −5M W2)W H − 6B −5M W2 7B σ& 6:HB7

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 0

"" ? " ! &&

& ! µ <
H
σ) + σ)
`= K
H
B
6:HI7
σ4 + σ4
K B

-174-
 .

4 G7
6 C 7
8 " " ! 8 "" # 8 " & "
& ! 2 & 6I!S 7 # !
" ' " & ! "
* ! ! && & ! * & " ! $ *
&& " ! " 0: HIKIU'J DHBGF

*
" 6H7 " 2 ! " 6B7 * &
& 2! & ! "" * " &
& ! , " & # # " ! ! # & !
! ! ! ! ! " * " 8 #
" & ! " " # 6I7 " # 6J7 !
Q && & ! ! " R !" "
I BB ! 'H 6≈ HK C!S 7

0 # 0H' " "

! " " $" " # && "

# 6EU B q K T7 !! " 6IH ET q K T7 !! " " # !! "
@

* !" e
1 )1 +1 $1 21
H7
L JI 2 JM TG 2 UT UU 2 EI EH 2 EE EJ 2 EM
6 @ 7 B7 TI 2 UT
H7 : ! & ! ! 2 @ 3 JUUB
B7 # & ! ! 2 @ 3 JG
0H' " # !! " " "

-175-
 .

( G7
"" " " 2 X X 9 &
" 2 X X ' 60 # B7
3 # & * " " # !! " X0 X &
" 2 & 2 !" " X0 X
! BB 2 BG " & " X0 X"
""

Fn
h
Fx
F stat
d

0 # 0B' 0 "" * " "

& ! X0 X " 6*
!" & X0 X7 & # X0 X
: ! ! & & ! "" \ " ! !" X0 X X0 X
& & ! " 0 f & * "" 20

!! " <

0 + 0 − 0 =K 60I7

3 & 0 <

0 =0 −0 60J7

3 && & ! <

0 0
µ= = 60I7
0
0 −0

" * # " &&

& ! " # " #
! " HMUU <

-176-
 .

†− o
= B H HK B o− oK 60J7
†− oK

oK & # " " & ! 1 ! " "

" ? N
o # * " " " 1 ! " " "
? "
! ! && ! 2" 9 " # !!
! 2T" # " " & ! <

( )
#
i = −T 60T7
B
B H HK

# " " 9 ! " <

i =0 c - c< # & 60 # I7
Patin
Fx

0 # 0I' # &

3 0 <

( )
#
0 = −T 60U7
B
B H HK c

^ && & ! <

µ=
0
=
# ( −T ) 60E7
0 −0
B H HK c 0
B
− # ( −T )

- <! " 6 C#7

< # 6 * # 7
c< # & 6K HBU ± K KKH ! 7

"" S * 0I * && & ! "

" " $" " * && " !
!" " " 2 !" S K IJ " " !
KU" "

-177-
 .
!! BKKT " ! &&
! & " & HK
" ! ` " 2 HK L
&& $" " # " * & "
* !" && &&
!9! ! $ " " ! & ! "

-178-