Ismt12 C11 D PDF

698 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
67. 68.
69. 70.
71. 72.
73. 74.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 699
75. (a) Perihelion œ a ae œ a(1 e), Aphelion œ ea a œ a(1 e)

(b) Planet Perihelion Aphelion
Mercury 0.3075 AU 0.4667 AU
Venus 0.7184 AU 0.7282 AU
Earth 0.9833 AU 1.0167 AU
Mars 1.3817 AU 1.6663 AU
Jupiter 4.9512 AU 5.4548 AU
Saturn 9.0210 AU 10.0570 AU
Uranus 18.2977 AU 20.0623 AU
Neptune 29.8135 AU 30.3065 AU
(0.3871) a1 0.2056# b
76. Mercury: r œ 1 0.2056 cos ) œ 1 0.2056
0.3707
cos )
(0.7233) a1 0.0068# b
Venus: r œ 1 0.0068 cos ) œ 1 0.0068 cos )0.7233
0.0167# b
Earth: r œ 11a10.0167 cos ) œ 1 0.0617 cos )
0.9997
a1 0.0934# b
Mars: r œ (1.524)
1 0.0934 cos ) œ 1 0.0934
1.511
cos )
#
a1 0.0484 b
Jupiter: r œ (5.203)
1 0.0484 cos ) œ 5.191
1 0.0484 cos )
(9.539) a1 0.0543# b
Saturn: r œ 1 0.0543 cos ) œ 1 0.0543 9.511
cos )
a1 0.0460# b
Uranus: r œ (19.18)
1 0.0460 cos ) œ 19.14
1 0.0460 cos )
(30.06) a1 0.0082# b
Neptune: r œ 1 0.0082 cos ) œ 1 0.0082 30.06
cos )
CHAPTER 11 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. x œ t
# and y œ t 1 Ê 2x œ t Ê y œ 2x 1 2. x œ Èt and y œ 1 Èt Ê y œ 1 x
" " "

3. x œ # tan t and y œ # sec t Ê x# œ 4 tan# t 4. x œ 2 cos t and y œ 2 sin t Ê x# œ 4 cos# t and
and y# œ "4 sec# t Ê 4x# œ tan# t and y# œ 4 sin# t Ê x# y# œ 4
4y œ sec t Ê 4x# 1 œ 4y# Ê 4y# 4x# œ 1
# #

5. x œ cos t and y œ cos# t Ê y œ (x)# œ x# 6. x œ 4 cos t and y œ 9 sin t Ê x# œ 6 cos# t and

x# y#
y# œ 81 sin# t Ê 16 81 œ1
x# y#
7. 16x# 9y# œ 144 Ê 9 16 œ 1 Ê a œ 3 and b œ 4 Ê x œ 3 cos t and y œ 4 sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21
8. x# y# œ 4 Ê x œ 2 cos t and y œ 2 sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 61
" È3
" " sec t tan t 1 1
9. x œ # tan t, y œ # sec t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ #
" # œ tan t
sec t œ sin t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ1Î3 œ sin 3 œ # ;tœ 3
# sec t
" 1 È3 " 1 È3 d# y dyw /dt d# y

Ê xœ # tan 3 œ # and y œ # sec 3 œ1 Ê yœ # x 4" ; dx# œ dx/dt œ "
cos t
sec# t
œ 2 cos3 t Ê dx# ¹ tœ1Î3
#
œ 2 cos3 ˆ 13 ‰ œ "
4
Š t3# ‹
" "
10. x œ " t# ,yœ" 3
t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ œ 32 t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ2 œ 3# (2) œ 3; t œ 2 Ê x œ 1 ## œ 5
4 and
Š t2$ ‹
d# y dyw /dt ˆ #3 ‰ d# y
yœ1 3
# œ "# Ê y œ 3x "3
4 ; dx# œ dx/dt œ œ 3 $
4 t Ê dx# ¹ tœ2 œ 3
4 (2)$ œ 6
Š t2$ ‹
Èx Èx 3 x3Î2
11. (a) x œ 4t2 , y œ t3 1 Ê t œ „ 2 ÊyœŠ„ 2 ‹ 1œ „ 8 1
1 x2 È 1 x2
(b) x œ cos t, y œ tan t Ê sec t œ 1
x Ê tan2 t 1 œ sec2 t Ê y2 œ 1
x2 1œ x2 Êyœ „ x
12. (a) The line through a1, 2b with slope 3 is y œ 3x 5 Ê x œ t, y œ 3t 5, _ t _

(b) ax 1b2 ay 2b2 œ 9 Ê x 1 œ 3 cos t, y 2 œ 3 sin t Ê x œ 1 3 cos t, y œ 2 3 sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21
(c) y œ 4x2 x Ê x œ t, y œ 4t2 t, _ t _
x2 y2
(d) 9x2 4y2 œ 36 Ê 4 9 œ 1 Ê x œ 2 cos t, y œ 3 sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21
ˆ x" 2 x‰ Ê L œ ' É1 4" ˆ x" 2 x‰ dx

# 4
x$Î# "
13. y œ x"Î# 3 Ê dy
dx œ # x"Î# "# x"Î# Ê Š dy
dx ‹ œ
"
4 1
Ê L œ '1 É 4" ˆ x" 2 x‰ dx œ '1 É 4" ax"Î# x"Î# b dx œ '1 2x"Î# 23 x$Î# ‘ %
4 4 4
# " "
#
ˆx"Î# x"Î# ‰ dx œ # "
" "
œ #
ˆ4 2
3 † 8‰ ˆ2 23 ‰‘ œ #
ˆ2 14 ‰
3 œ 10
3
Ê L œ '1 Ê1 Š dy ‹ dy œ '1 É1
# #
4x #Î$
8 8
14. x œ y#Î$ Ê dx
dy œ 2
3 x"Î$ Ê Š dx
dy ‹ œ 9
dx 4
9x#Î$
dy
œ '1 '18 È9x#Î$ 4 ˆx"Î$ ‰ dx; u œ 9x#Î$ 4 Ê du œ 6y"Î$ dy; x œ 1

8 È9x#Î$ 4 "
3x"Î$
dx œ 3 Ê u œ 13,
" ' " 2 $Î# ‘ %!
40
x œ 8 Ê u œ 40d Ä L œ 18 13
u"Î# du œ 18 3 u "$
œ #"7 40$Î# 13$Î# ‘ ¸ 7.634
#
"
15. y œ 5
12 x'Î& 58 x%Î& Ê dy
dx œ # x"Î& "# x"Î& Ê Š dx
dy
‹ œ "
4
ˆx#Î& 2 x#Î& ‰
Ê L œ '1 É1 "4 ax#Î& 2 x#Î& b dx Ê L œ '1 É 4" ax#Î& 2 x#Î& b dx œ ' É 4" ax"Î& x"Î& b dx
32 32 32
#

œ '1
32
" " 5 $# " "
#
ˆx"Î& x"Î& ‰ dx œ # 6 x'Î& 45 x%Î& ‘ " œ #
ˆ 65 † 2' 5
4 † 2% ‰ ˆ 56 54 ‰‘ œ # 6
ˆ 315 75 ‰
4
"
œ 48 (1260 450) œ 1710
48 œ 285
8
Ê L œ '1 Ê1 Š 16
# 2
" " " " " " " " % " "
16. x œ 1# y$ y Ê dx
dy œ 4 y# y# Ê Š dx
dy ‹ œ 16 y% # y%
y # y% ‹
dy
œ '1 É 16 dy œ '1 ÊŠ 4" y# dy œ '1 Š 4" y#

2 2 # 2 #
" % " " " "
y # y% y# ‹ y# ‹ dy œ ’ 1"# y$ y" “
"
œ ˆ 12
8
"# ‰ ˆ 1"# 1‰ œ 7
1# "
# œ 13
12
# #
17. dx
dt œ 5 sin t 5 sin 5t and dy
dt œ 5 cos t 5 cos 5t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹
œ Éa5 sin t 5 sin 5tb# a5 cos t 5 cos 5tb#

œ 5Èsin# 5t #sin t sin 5t sin# t cos# t #cos t cos 5t cos# 5t œ &È# #asin t sin 5t cos t cos 5 tb
œ 5È#a" cos %tb œ 5É%ˆ "# ‰a" cos %tb œ "!Èsin# #t œ "!lsin #tl œ "!sin #t (since ! Ÿ t Ÿ 1# )
Ê Length œ '!
1 Î2 1Î#
"!sin #t dt œ c5 cos #td ! œ a&ba"b a&ba"b œ "!
# #
18. dx
dt œ 3t2 12t and dy
dt œ 3t2 12t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Éa3t2 12tb# a3t2 12tb# œ È288t# "8t4
œ 3È2 ktkÈ16 t2 Ê Length œ '! 3È2 ktkÈ16 t2 dt œ 3È2'! t È16 t2 dt; ’u œ 16 t2 Ê du œ 2t dt

" "
Ê "# du œ t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 16; t œ 1 Ê u œ 17“; 3È 2

2
'16"7 Èu du œ 3È2 2 23 u3/2 ‘1617 œ 3È2 2 Š 23 a17b3/2 23 a16b3/2 ‹
3È 2
œ 2 † 23 Ša17b3/2 64‹ œ È2Ša17b3/2 64‹ ¸ 8.617.
# #
19. dx
d) œ $ sin ) and dy
d) œ $ cos ) Ê Êˆ dx
d)
‰ Š dy
d) ‹ œ
Éa$ sin )b# a$ cos )b# œ È$asin# ) cos# )b œ $
Ê Length œ '! $ d) œ $'!

$1Î2 $1Î2
d) œ $ˆ $#1 !‰ œ *1
#
È3
#
20. x œ t and y œ t$
t, È3 Ÿ t Ÿ È3 Ê dx
œ 2t and dy
œt #
" Ê Length œ ' Éa2tb# at# "b# dt
3 dt dt È 3
È3 È3 È3
' ' '
È
'È33 at# "b dt œ ’ t3 t“
È3
Èt% #t# " dt œ Èt% 2t# " dt œ Éat# "b# dt œ
3
œ
È 3 È 3 È 3 È 3
œ 4È3
È5
œ 2 Ê Surface Area œ '0 21(2t)Èt# 4 dt œ '4 21u"Î# du
9
t#
21. x œ # and y œ 2t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ È5 Ê dx
dt œ t and dy
dt
* 761
œ 21 23 u$Î# ‘ % œ 3 , where u œ t# 4 Ê du œ 2t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 4, t œ È5 Ê u œ 9
" " "

22. x œ t# 2t and y œ 4Èt , È2 ŸtŸ1 Ê dx
dt œ 2t 2t# and dy
dt œ 2
Èt
Ê Surface Area œ '1ÎÈ2 21 ˆt# Š È2 t ‹ dt œ 21 '1ÎÈ2 ˆt#

1 # 1
"‰ " ‰# " ‰ Éˆ " ‰#
#t Êˆ2t 2t# #t 2t #t# dt
œ 21 '1ÎÈ2 ˆt# dt œ 21 '1ÎÈ2 ˆ2t$

1 1 "
" ‰ˆ " ‰
2t 2t 2t#
3
# 4" t$ ‰ dt œ 21 2" t% 3# t 8" t# ‘ "ÎÈ#
3È 2
œ 21 Š2 4 ‹

23. r cos ˆ) 13 ‰ œ 2È3 Ê r ˆcos ) cos 1

3 sin ) sin 13 ‰
" È
œ 2È3 Ê r cos ) #3 r sin ) œ 2È3
#
Ê r cos ) È3 r sin ) œ 4È3 Ê x È3 y œ 4È3
È3
Ê yœ 3 x4
31 ‰ È2 31 31 ‰
24. r cos ˆ) 4 œ # Ê r ˆcos ) cos 4 sin ) sin 4
È2 È2 È2 È2
œ # Ê # r cos ) # r sin ) œ # Ê x y œ 1
Ê yœx1
25. r œ 2 sec ) Ê r œ 2
cos ) Ê r cos ) œ 2 Ê x œ 2
26. r œ È2 sec ) Ê r cos ) œ È2 Ê x œ È2
27. r œ 3# csc ) Ê r sin ) œ 3# Ê y œ 3#

28. r œ 3È3 csc ) Ê r sin ) œ 3È3 Ê y œ 3È3
29. r œ 4 sin ) Ê r# œ 4r sin ) Ê x# y# 4y œ 0

Ê x# (y 2)# œ 4; circle with center (!ß 2) and
radius 2.
30. r œ 3È3 sin ) Ê r# œ 3È3 r sin )

#
3È 3
Ê x# y# 3È3 y œ 0 Ê x# Šy # ‹ œ 27
4 ;
3È 3 3È 3
circle with center Š!ß # ‹ and radius #
31. r œ 2È2 cos ) Ê r# œ 2È2 r cos )

#
Ê x# y# 2È2 x œ 0 Ê Šx È2‹ y# œ 2;
circle with center ŠÈ2ß 0‹ and radius È2
32. r œ 6 cos ) Ê r# œ 6r cos ) Ê x# y# 6x œ 0

Ê (x 3)# y# œ 9; circle with center (3ß 0) and
radius 3

#
33. x# y# 5y œ 0 Ê x# ˆy #5 ‰ œ 25
4 Ê C œ ˆ!ß 5# ‰
and a œ 5
# ; r# 5r sin ) œ 0 Ê r œ 5 sin )
34. x# y# 2y œ 0 Ê x# (y 1)# œ 1 Ê C œ (!ß 1) and

a œ 1; r# 2r sin ) œ 0 Ê r œ 2 sin )
#
35. x# y# 3x œ 0 Ê ˆx #3 ‰ y# œ 9
4 Ê C œ ˆ 3# ß !‰
and a œ 3
# ; r# 3r cos ) œ 0 Ê r œ 3 cos )
36. x# y# 4x œ 0 Ê (x 2)# y# œ 4 Ê C œ (2ß 0)

and a œ 2; r# 4r cos ) œ 0 Ê r œ 4 cos )
37. 38.
39. d 40. e 41. l 42. f
43. k 44. h 45. i 46. j

47. A œ 2'0 d) œ '0 (2 cos ))# d) œ '0 a4 4 cos ) cos# )b d) œ '0 ˆ4 4 cos )
1 1 1 1
" # 1 cos 2) ‰
# r # d)
œ '0 ˆ 9# 4 cos )
1
cos 2) ‰ sin 2) ‘ 1
# d) œ 92 ) 4 sin ) 4 !
œ 9
# 1
48. A œ '0 asin# 3)b d) œ '0

1Î3 1Î3 1Î$
" ˆ 1 cos 6) ‰ " " 1
# # d) œ 4
) 6 sin 6)‘ ! œ 12
1 1
49. r œ 1 cos 2) and r œ 1 Ê 1 œ 1 cos 2) Ê 0 œ cos 2) Ê 2) œ # Ê )œ 4 ; therefore
A œ 4'0 c(1 cos 2))# 1# d d) œ 2 '0 a1 2 cos 2) cos# 2) 1b d)
1Î4 1Î4
"
#
œ 2'0 ˆ2 cos 2)
1Î4
" cos 4) ‰ " sin 4) ‘ 1Î% 1 1
# # d) œ 2 sin 2) 2 ) 8 !
œ 2 ˆ1 8 0‰ œ 2 4
50. The circle lies interior to the cardioid. Thus,

1Î2
A œ 2 ' 1Î2 "
# [2(1 sin ))]# d) 1 (the integral is the area of the cardioid minus the area of the circle)
1Î2 1Î2
œ ' 1Î2 4 a1 2 sin ) sin# )b d) 1 œ ' 1Î2 (6 8 sin ) 2 cos 2)) d) 1 œ c6) 8 cos ) sin 2)d 1Î# 1
1Î#
œ c31 (31)d 1 œ 51
œ sin ); Length œ '0 È(1 cos ))# ( sin ))# d) œ '0 È2 2 cos ) d)
21 21
51. r œ 1 cos ) Ê dr
d)
œ '0 É 4(1 #cos )) d) œ '0 2 sin

21 21 #1
)
# d) œ 4 cos 2) ‘ ! œ (4)(1) (4)(1) œ 8
1 #
52. r œ 2 sin ) 2 cos ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ # Ê dr
d) œ 2 cos ) 2 sin ); r# ˆ ddr) ‰ œ (2 sin ) 2 cos ))# (2 cos ) 2 sin ))#
œ 8 asin# ) cos# )b œ 8 Ê L œ '01Î2 È8 d) œ ’2È2 )“ 1Î# œ 2È2 ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1È2

!
# # #
53. r œ 8 sin$ ˆ 3) ‰ , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1
4 Ê dr
d) œ 8 sin# ˆ 3) ‰ cos ˆ 3) ‰ ; r# ˆ ddr) ‰ œ 8 sin$ ˆ 3) ‰‘ 8 sin# ˆ 3) ‰ cos ˆ 3) ‰‘
œ 64 sin% ˆ 3) ‰ Ê L œ '0 É64 sin% ˆ 3) ‰ d) œ '0 8 sin# ˆ 3) ‰ d) œ '0 8 ’
1Î4 1Î4 1Î4 1cos ˆ 23) ‰
# “ d)
œ '0 4 4 cos ˆ 23) ‰‘ d) œ 4) 6 sin ˆ 23) ‰‘ ! œ 4 ˆ 14 ‰ 6 sin ˆ 16 ‰ 0 œ 1 3

1Î4 1Î%
" sin 2) # sin# 2)

54. r œ È1 cos 2) Ê dr
d) œ # (1 cos 2))"Î# (2 sin 2)) œ È1 cos 2) Ê ˆ ddr) ‰ œ 1 cos 2)
# sin# 2) (1 cos 2))# sin# 2) 1 2 cos 2) cos# 2) sin# 2)
Ê r# ˆ ddr) ‰ œ 1 cos 2) 1 cos 2) œ 1 cos 2) œ 1cos 2)
1Î2
œ 2 2 cos 2)
1 cos 2) œ 2 Ê L œ ' 1Î2 È2 d) œ È2 1# ˆ 1# ‰‘ œ È2 1
#
x#
55. x# œ 4y Ê y œ x4 Ê 4p œ 4 Ê p œ 1; 56. x# œ 2y Ê œ y Ê 4p œ 2 Ê p œ "# ;
#
therefore Focus is (0ß 1), Directrix is y œ 1 therefore Focus is ˆ!ß "# ‰; Directrix is y œ "#

y# #
57. y# œ 3x Ê x œ 3 Ê 4p œ 3 Ê p œ 3
4 ; 58. y# œ 83 x Ê x œ ˆy8 ‰ Ê 4p œ 8
3 Ê pœ 2
3 ;
3
therefore Focus is ˆ 34 ß 0‰ , Directrix is x œ 34 therefore Focus is ˆ 23 ß !‰ , Directrix is x œ 2

3
x# y# x# y#
59. 16x# 7y# œ 112 Ê 7 16 œ1 60. x# 2y# œ 4 Ê 4 # œ 1 Ê c# œ 4 2 œ 2
È2
Ê c# œ 16 7 œ 9 Ê c œ 3; e œ c
a œ 3
4 Ê c œ È2 ; e œ c
a œ #
y# y# x#
61. 3x# y# œ 3 Ê x# 3 œ 1 Ê c# œ 1 3 œ 4 62. 5y# 4x# œ 20 Ê 4 5 œ 1 Ê c# œ 4 5 œ 9
Ê c œ 2; e œ c
a œ 2
1 œ 2; the asymptotes are Ê c œ 3, e œ c
a œ 3
# ; the asymptotes are y œ „ 2
È5 x
y œ „ È3 x
#
63. x# œ 12y Ê 1x# œ y Ê 4p œ 12 Ê p œ 3 Ê focus is (!ß 3), directrix is y œ 3, vertex is (0ß 0); therefore new
vertex is (2ß 3), new focus is (2ß 0), new directrix is y œ 6, and the new equation is (x 2)# œ 12(y 3)
#
64. y# œ 10x Ê 10 y
œ x Ê 4p œ 10 Ê p œ #5 Ê focus is ˆ #5 ß 0‰ , directrix is x œ 5# , vertex is (0ß 0); therefore new
vertex is ˆ "# ß 1‰ , new focus is (2ß 1), new directrix is x œ 3, and the new equation is (y 1)# œ 10 ˆx "# ‰
x# y#
65. 9 #5 œ 1 Ê a œ 5 and b œ 3 Ê c œ È25 9 œ 4 Ê foci are a!ß „ 4b , vertices are a!ß „ 5b , center is
(0ß 0); therefore the new center is ($ß 5), new foci are (3ß 1) and (3ß 9), new vertices are ($ß 10) and
(x 3)# (y 5)#
($ß 0), and the new equation is 9 #5 œ1

x# y#
66. 169 144 œ 1 Ê a œ 13 and b œ 12 Ê c œ È169 144 œ 5 Ê foci are a „ 5ß 0b , vertices are a „ 13ß 0b , center
is (0ß 0); therefore the new center is (5ß 12), new foci are (10ß 12) and (0ß 12), new vertices are (18ß 12) and
(x 5)# (y 12)#
(8ß 12), and the new equation is 169 144 œ1
y# x#
67. 8 2 œ 1 Ê a œ 2È2 and b œ È2 Ê c œ È8 2 œ È10 Ê foci are Š0ß „ È10‹ , vertices are
Š0ß „ 2È2‹ , center is (0ß 0), and the asymptotes are y œ „ 2x; therefore the new center is Š2ß 2È2‹, new foci are
Š2ß 2È2 „ È10‹ , new vertices are Š2ß 4È2‹ and (#ß 0), the new asymptotes are y œ 2x 4 2È2 and
#
Šy 2È2‹ (x 2)#
y œ 2x 4 2È2; the new equation is 8 # œ1
x# y#
68. 36 64 œ 1 Ê a œ 6 and b œ 8 Ê c œ È36 64 œ 10 Ê foci are a „ 10ß 0b , vertices are a „ 6ß 0b , the center
is (0ß 0) and the asymptotes are y
8 œ „ x
6 or y œ „ 43 x; therefore the new center is (10ß 3), the new foci are
(20ß 3) and (0ß 3), the new vertices are (16ß 3) and (4ß 3), the new asymptotes are y œ 4
3 x 31
3 and
(x 10)# (y 3)#
y œ 43 x 49
3 ; the new equation is 36 64 œ1
(x 2)#
69. x# 4x 4y# œ 0 Ê x# 4x 4 4y# œ 4 Ê (x 2)# 4y# œ 4 Ê 4 y# œ 1, a hyperbola; a œ 2 and
b œ 1 Ê c œ È1 4 œ È5 ; the center is (2ß 0), the vertices are (!ß 0) and (4ß 0); the foci are Š2 „ È5 ß 0‹ and
x 2
the asymptotes are y œ „ #
(y 2)#
70. 4x# y# 4y œ 8 Ê 4x# y# 4y 4 œ 4 Ê 4x# (y 2)# œ 4 Ê x# 4 œ 1, a hyperbola; a œ 1 and
b œ 2 Ê c œ È1 4 œ È5 ; the center is (!ß 2), the vertices are (1ß 2) and ("ß 2), the foci are Š „ È5ß 2‹ and
the asymptotes are y œ „ 2x 2
71. y# 2y 16x œ 49 Ê y# 2y 1 œ 16x 48 Ê (y 1)# œ 16(x 3), a parabola; the vertex is ($ß 1);
4p œ 16 Ê p œ 4 Ê the focus is (7ß 1) and the directrix is x œ 1
72. x# 2x 8y œ 17 Ê x# 2x 1 œ 8y 16 Ê (x 1)# œ 8(y 2), a parabola; the vertex is (1ß 2);
4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2 Ê the focus is (1ß 4) and the directrix is y œ 0
73. 9x# 16y# 54x 64y œ 1 Ê 9 ax# 6xb 16 ay# 4yb œ 1 Ê 9 ax# 6x 9b 16 ay# 4y 4b œ 144
(x 3)# (y 2)#
Ê 9(x 3)# 16(y 2)# œ 144 Ê 16 9 œ 1, an ellipse; the center is (3ß 2); a œ 4 and b œ 3
Ê c œ È16 9 œ È7 ; the foci are Š$ „ È7ß 2‹ ; the vertices are (1ß 2) and (7ß 2)
74. 25x# 9y# 100x 54y œ 44 Ê 25 ax# 4xb 9 ay# 6yb œ 44 Ê 25 ax# 4x 4b 9 ay# 6y 9b œ 225
# #
Ê (x 2) (y 3) œ 1, an ellipse; the center is (2ß 3); a œ 5 and b œ 3 Ê c œ È25 9 œ 4; the foci are
9 25
(2ß 1) and (2ß 7); the vertices are (2ß 2) and (2ß 8)
75. x# y# 2x 2y œ 0 Ê x# 2x 1 y# 2y 1 œ 2 Ê (x 1)# (y 1)# œ 2, a circle with center (1ß 1) and

radius œ È2
76. x# y# 4x 2y œ 1 Ê x# 4x 4 y# 2y 1 œ 6 Ê (x 2)# (y 1)# œ 6, a circle with center (2ß 1)

and radius œ È6

77. r œ 2
1 cos ) Ê e œ 1 Ê parabola with vertex at (1ß 0)
"
78. r œ 8
2 cos ) Ê rœ 4
1 ˆ "# ‰ cos )
Ê eœ # Ê ellipse;
"
ke œ 4 Ê # k œ 4 Ê k œ 8; k œ a
e ea Ê 8 œ a
ˆ "# ‰ "# a
Ê a œ 16 3 Ê ea œ #
ˆ " ‰ ˆ 16
3 œ 3 ; therefore the center is
‰ 8
ˆ 83 ß 1‰ ; vertices are ()ß 1) and ˆ 83 ß 0‰
79. r œ 6
1 2 cos ) Ê e œ 2 Ê hyperbola; ke œ 6 Ê 2k œ 6
Ê k œ 3 Ê vertices are (2ß 1) and (6ß 1)
"
80. r œ 12
3 sin ) Ê rœ 4
1 ˆ "3 ‰ sin )
Ê eœ 3 ; ke œ 4
" #
Ê 3 k œ 4 Ê k œ 12; a a1 e# b œ 4 Ê a ’1 ˆ 3" ‰ “
œ 4 Ê a œ 9# Ê ea œ ˆ "3 ‰ ˆ 9# ‰ œ 3# ; therefore the
center is ˆ 3# ß 3#1 ‰ ; vertices are ˆ3ß 1# ‰ and ˆ6ß 3#1 ‰
81. e œ 2 and r cos ) œ 2 Ê x œ 2 is directrix Ê k œ 2; the conic is a hyperbola; r œ ke

1 e cos ) Ê rœ (2)(2)
1 # cos )
Ê rœ 4
1 # cos )
82. e œ 1 and r cos ) œ 4 Ê x œ 4 is directrix Ê k œ 4; the conic is a parabola; r œ ke

1 e cos ) Ê rœ (4)(1)
1 cos )
Ê rœ 4
1 cos )
" (2) ˆ "# ‰

83. e œ # and r sin ) œ 2 Ê y œ 2 is directrix Ê k œ 2; the conic is an ellipse; r œ ke
1 e sin ) Ê rœ 1 ˆ "# ‰ sin )
Ê rœ 2
2 sin )
" (6) ˆ "3 ‰

84. e œ 3 and r sin ) œ 6 Ê y œ 6 is directrix Ê k œ 6; the conic is an ellipse; r œ ke
1 e sin ) Ê rœ 1 ˆ "3 ‰ sin )
Ê rœ 6
3 sin )
85. (a) Around the x-axis: 9x# 4y# œ 36 Ê y# œ 9 94 x# Ê y œ „ É9 94 x# and we use the positive root:
#
V œ 2 '0 1 ŠÉ9 94 x# ‹ dx œ 2 '0 1 ˆ9 94 x# ‰ dx œ 21 9x 34 x$ ‘ ! œ 241
2 2 #

Chapter 11 Additional and Advanced Exercises 709
(b) Around the y-axis: 9x# 4y# œ 36 Ê x# œ 4 49 y# Ê x œ „ É4 49 y# and we use the positive root:
#
V œ 2 '0 1 ŠÉ4 49 y# ‹ dy œ 2'0 1 ˆ4 49 y# ‰ dy œ 21 4y
3 3 $
4
27 y$ ‘ ! œ 161
Èx# 4 ; V œ ' 1 Š 3 Èx# 4‹ dx œ '24 ax# 4b dx

4 #
9x# 36 91
86. 9x# 4y# œ 36, x œ 4 Ê y# œ 4 Ê yœ 3
# 2 # 4
$ %
91 91 91 31
œ 4 ’ x3 4x“ œ 4 3 16 3 8
ˆ 64 ‰ ˆ8 ‰‘ œ 4 3
ˆ 56 24 ‰
3 œ 4 (32) œ 241
#
87. (a) r œ k
1 e cos ) Ê r er cos ) œ k Ê Èx# y# ex œ k Ê Èx# y# œ k ex Ê x# y#
œ k 2kex e# x# Ê x# e# x# y# 2kex k# œ 0 Ê a1 e# b x# y# 2kex k# œ 0
#
(b) e œ 0 Ê x# y# k# œ 0 Ê x# y# œ k# Ê circle;
0 e 1 Ê e# 1 Ê e# 1 0 Ê B# 4AC œ 0# 4 a1 e# b (1) œ 4 ae# 1b 0 Ê ellipse;
e œ 1 Ê B# 4AC œ 0# 4(0)(1) œ 0 Ê parabola;
e 1 Ê e# 1 Ê B# 4AC œ 0# 4 a1 e# b (1) œ 4e# 4 0 Ê hyperbola
88. Let (r" ß )" ) be a point on the graph where r" œ a)" . Let (r# ß )# ) be on the graph where r# œ a)# and
)# œ )" 21. Then r" and r# lie on the same ray on consecutive turns of the spiral and the distance between
the two points is r# r" œ a)# a)" œ a()# )" ) œ 21a, which is constant.
CHAPTER 11 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
1. Directrix x œ 3 and focus (4ß 0) Ê vertex is ˆ 7# ß !‰

" y#
Ê pœ # Ê the equation is x 7
# œ #
(x3)#
2. x# 6x 12y 9 œ 0 Ê x# 6x 9 œ 12y Ê 12 œ y Ê vertex is (3ß 0) and p œ 3 Ê focus is (3ß 3) and the
directrix is y œ 3
3. x# œ 4y Ê vertex is (!ß 0) and p œ 1 Ê focus is (!ß 1); thus the distance from P(xß y) to the vertex is Èx# y#
and the distance from P to the focus is Èx# (y 1)# Ê Èx# y# œ 2Èx# (y 1)#
Ê x# y# œ 4 cx# (y 1)# d Ê x# y# œ 4x# 4y# 8y 4 Ê 3x# 3y# 8y 4 œ 0, which is a circle
4. Let the segment a b intersect the y-axis in point A and

intersect the x-axis in point B so that PB œ b and PA œ a
(see figure). Draw the horizontal line through P and let it
intersect the y-axis in point C. Let nPBO œ )
Ê nAPC œ ). Then sin ) œ yb and cos ) œ xa
x# y#
Ê a# b# œ cos# ) sin# ) œ 1.
5. Vertices are a!ß „ 2b Ê a œ 2; e œ c

a Ê 0.5 œ c
# Ê c œ 1 Ê foci are a0ß „ 1b

6. Let the center of the ellipse be (xß 0); directrix x œ 2, focus (4ß 0), and e œ 23 Ê ae c œ 2 Ê ae œ 2 c
Ê a œ 23 (2 c). Also c œ ae œ 23 a Ê a œ 23 ˆ2 23 a‰ Ê a œ 43 49 a Ê 59 a œ 43 Ê a œ 12 5 ;x2œ e
a
# # #
Ê x 2 œ ˆ 12 5
‰ ˆ #3 ‰ œ 18
5 Ê x œ 5 Ê the center is 5 ß 0 ; x 4 œ c Ê c œ 5 4 œ 5 so that c œ a b
28 ˆ 28 ‰ 28 8
# # ˆx 28 ‰# y# 25 ˆx 28 ‰ #
5y#
œ ˆ 12
5
‰ ˆ 58 ‰ œ 80
25 ; therefore the equation is ˆ 144
5
‰ ˆ 80 ‰ œ 1 or 144
5
16 œ1
25 25
7. Let the center of the hyperbola be (0ß y).

(a) Directrix y œ 1, focus (0ß 7) and e œ 2 Ê c ae œ 6 Ê a
e œ c 6 Ê a œ 2c 12. Also c œ ae œ 2a
Ê a œ 2(2a) 12 Ê a œ 4 Ê c œ 8; y (1) œ œ #4 œ 2 a
e Ê y œ 1 Ê the center is (0ß 1); c# œ a# b#
#
Ê b# œ c# a# œ 64 16 œ 48; therefore the equation is (y161) x#
48 œ1
(b) e œ 5 Ê c a
e œ6 Ê a
e œ c 6 Ê a œ 5c 30. Also, c œ ae œ 5a Ê a œ 5(5a) 30 Ê 24a œ 30 Ê a œ 5
4
ˆ 54 ‰ "
Ê cœ 25
4 ; y (1) œ a
e œ 5 œ 4 Ê y œ 43 Ê the center is ˆ!ß 43 ‰ ; c# œ a# b# Ê b# œ c# a#
ˆy 34 ‰# x# 16 ˆy 34 ‰
#
2x#
œ 625
16 25
16 œ 75
# ; therefore the equation is ˆ 25 ‰ ˆ 75 ‰ œ 1 or 25 75 œ1
16 #
y# x#
8. The center is (0ß 0) and c œ 2 Ê 4 œ a# b# Ê b# œ 4 a# . The equation is a# b# œ1 Ê 49
a# 144
b# œ1
Ê 49
a# 144
a4 a # b œ 1 Ê 49 a4 a b 144a œ a a4 a b Ê 196 49a 144a œ 4a a Ê a 197a# 196
# # # # # # # % %
œ 0 Ê aa 196b aa# 1b œ 0 Ê a œ 14 or a œ 1; a œ 14 Ê b# œ 4 (14)# 0 which is impossible; a œ 1

#
x#
Ê b# œ 4 1 œ 3; therefore the equation is y# 3 œ1
# #
9. b# x# a# y# œ a# b# Ê dy
dx œ ba# yx ; at (x" ß y" ) the tangent line is y y" œ Š ba# yx"" ‹ (x x" )
Ê a# yy" b# xx" œ b# x"# a# y"# œ a# b# Ê b# xx" a# yy" a# b# œ 0
#
b# x
10. b# x# a# y# œ a# b# Ê dy
dx œ a# y ; at (x" ß y" ) the tangent line is y y" œ Š ba# yx"" ‹ (x x" )
Ê b# xx" a# yy" œ b# x"# a# y"# œ a# b# Ê b# xx" a# yy" a# b# œ 0
11. 12.
13. 14.

15. a9x# 4y# 36b a4x# 9y# 16b Ÿ 0

Ê 9x# 4y# 36 Ÿ 0 and 4x# 9y# 16 0
or 9x# 4y# 36 0 and 4x# 9y# 16 Ÿ 0
16. a9x# 4y# 36b a4x# 9y# 16b 0, which is the

complement of the set in Exercise 15
17. (a) x œ e2t cos t and y œ e2t sin t Ê x# y# œ e4t cos# t e4t sin# t œ e4t . Also yx œ ee2t cos
2t
t œ tan t
sin t
" ˆ y ‰ # # % tan " ayÎxb

Ê t œ tan x Ê x y œe is the Cartesian equation. Since r œ x y# and
# #
) œ tan" ˆ yx ‰ , the polar equation is r# œ e4) or r œ e2) for r 0

(b) ds# œ r# d)# dr# ; r œ e2) Ê dr œ 2e2) d)
# #
Ê ds# œ r# d)# ˆ2e2) d)‰ œ ˆe2) ‰ d)# 4e4) d)#
œ 5e4) d)# Ê ds œ È5 e2) d) Ê L œ '0 È5 e2) d)
21
È5 e2) #1 È5
œ’ 2 “! œ # ae41 1b
# #
18. r œ 2 sin$ ˆ 3) ‰ Ê dr œ 2 sin# ˆ 3) ‰ cos ˆ 3) ‰ d) Ê ds# œ r# d)# dr# œ 2 sin$ ˆ 3) ‰‘ d)# 2 sin# ˆ 3) ‰ cos ˆ 3) ‰ d)‘
œ 4 sin' ˆ 3) ‰ d)# 4 sin% ˆ 3) ‰ cos# ˆ 3) ‰ d)# œ 4 sin% ˆ 3) ‰‘ sin# ˆ 3) ‰ cos# ˆ 3) ‰‘ d)# œ 4 sin% ˆ 3) ‰ d)#
Ê ds œ 2 sin# ˆ 3) ‰ d). Then L œ '0 2 sin# ˆ 3) ‰ d) œ '0 1 cos ˆ 23) ‰‘ d) œ )
31 31 $1
3
2 sin ˆ 23) ‰‘ ! œ 31
19. e œ 2 and r cos ) œ 2 Ê x œ 2 is the directrix Ê k œ 2; the conic is a hyperbola with r œ ke

1 e cos )
Ê rœ (2)(2)
1 2 cos ) œ 4
1 2 cos )
20. e œ 1 and r cos ) œ 4 Ê x œ 4 is the directrix Ê k œ 4; the conic is a parabola with r œ ke

1 e cos )
Ê rœ (4)(1)
1 cos ) œ 4
1 cos )
"
21. e œ # and r sin ) œ 2 Ê y œ 2 is the directrix Ê k œ 2; the conic is an ellipse with r œ ke
1 e sin )
2 ˆ "# ‰
Ê rœ 1 ˆ "# ‰ sin )
œ 2
2 sin )
"
22. e œ 3 and r sin ) œ 6 Ê y œ 6 is the directrix Ê k œ 6; the conic is an ellipse with r œ ke
1 e sin )
6 ˆ "3 ‰
Ê rœ 1 ˆ "3 ‰ sin )
œ 6
3 sin )

23. Arc PF œ Arc AF since each is the distance rolled;

nPCF œ Arcb PF Ê Arc PF œ b(nPCF); ) œ ArcaAF
Ê Arc AF œ a) Ê a) œ b(nPCF) Ê nPCF œ ˆ ba ‰ );
1
nOCB œ ) and nOCB œ nPCF nPCE
#
œ nPCF ˆ 1# !‰ œ ˆ ba ‰ ) ˆ 1# !‰ Ê 1# )
œ ˆ ba ‰ ) ˆ 1# !‰ Ê 1# ) œ ˆ ba ‰ ) 1# !
Ê ! œ 1 ) ˆ ba ‰ ) Ê ! œ 1 ˆ ab b ‰ ).
Now x œ OB BD œ OB EP œ (a b) cos ) b cos ! œ (a b) cos ) b cos ˆ1 ˆ a b b ‰ )‰
œ (a b) cos ) b cos 1 cos ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰ b sin 1 sin ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰ œ (a b) cos ) b cos ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰ and
y œ PD œ CB CE œ (a b) sin ) b sin ! œ (a b) sin ) b sin ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰
œ (a b) sin ) b sin 1 cos ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰ b cos 1 sin ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰ œ (a b) sin ) b sin ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰ ;
therefore x œ (a b) cos ) b cos ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰ and y œ (a b) sin ) b sin ˆˆ a b b ‰ )‰
24. x œ a(t sin t) Ê dx

dt œ a(1 cos t) and let $ œ 1 Ê dm œ dA œ y dx œ y ˆ dx ‰
dt dt
œ a(1 cos t) a (1 cos t) dt œ a# (1 cos t)# dt; then A œ '0 a# (1 cos t)# dt
21
œ a# '021 a1 2 cos t cos# tb dt œ a# '021 ˆ1 2 cos t "# "# cos 2t‰ dt œ a# 32 t 2 sin t sin4 2t ‘ #!1
œ 31a# ; µ
x = x œ a(t sin t) and µ y = "# y œ "# a(1 cos t) Ê Mx œ ' µ y dm œ ' µ y $ dA
œ '0 "# a(1 cos t) a# (1 cos t)# dt œ "# a$ '0 (1 cos t)$ dt œ a# '0 a1 3 cos t 3 cos# t cos$ tb dt
21 21 21 $
œ a$
#
'021 1 3 cos t 3# 3 cos# 2t a1 sin# tb (cos t)‘ dt œ a# ’ 52 t 3 sin t 3 sin4 2t sin t sin3 t “ #1
$ $
!
$
Š 51#a ‹
a. Also, My œ ' µ
x dm œ ' µ
$
51 a
œ # . Therefore y œ Mx
M œ 31 a# œ 5
6 x $ dA
œ '0 a(t sin t) a# (1 cos t)# dt œ a$ '0 at 2t cos t t cos# t sin t 2 sin t cos t sin t cos# tb dt
21 21
# #1
cos$ t
œ a$ ’ t2 2 cos t 2t sin t "4 t# "
8 cos 2t t
4 sin 2t cos t sin# t 3 “! œ 31# a$ . Thus
My 31 # a$
xœ M œ 31 a# œ 1a Ê ˆ1aß 5
6 a‰ is the center of mass.
tan <# tan <"

25. " œ <# <" Ê tan " œ tan (<# <" ) œ 1 tan <# tan <" ;
the curves will be orthogonal when tan " is undefined, or
when tan <# œ tan"<" Ê g (r)) œ " w
r
’ f ()) “
w
# w w
Ê r œ f ( ) ) g ( ) )
sin% ˆ )4 ‰
26. r œ sin% ˆ 4) ‰ Ê dr
d) œ sin$ ˆ 4) ‰ cos ˆ 4) ‰ Ê tan < œ sin$ ˆ 4) ‰ cos ˆ )4 ‰
œ tan ˆ 4) ‰
2a sin 3) " 1 " 1 1

27. r œ 2a sin 3) Ê dr
d) œ 6a cos 3) Ê tan < œ r
ˆ ddr) ‰ œ 6a cos 3) œ 3 tan 3); when ) œ 6 , tan < œ 3 tan # Ê<œ #

28. (a) (b) r) œ 1 Ê r œ )" Ê dr

d) œ )# Ê tan <k )œ1
) "
œ ) # œ ) Ê lim tan < œ _
)Ä_
1
Ê < Ä # from the right as the spiral winds in
around the origin.
È3 cos )
29. tan <" œ È3 sin )
œ cot ) is È"3 at ) œ 1
3 ; tan <# œ sin )
cos ) œ tan ) is È3 at ) œ 1
3 ; since the product of
these slopes is 1, the tangents are perpendicular
a(1 cos )) 1 1
30. tan < œ r
ˆ ddr) ‰ œ a sin ) is 1 at ) œ # Ê <œ 4

NOTES:

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698 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

75. (a) Perihelion œ a ae œ a(1 e), Aphelion œ ea a œ a(1 e)

CHAPTER 11 PRACTICE EXERCISES

" " "

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

5. x œ cos t and y œ cos# t Ê y œ (x)# œ x# 6. x œ 4 cos t and y œ 9 sin t Ê x# œ 6 cos# t and

8. x# y# œ 4 Ê x œ 2 cos t and y œ 2 sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 61

" 1 È3 " 1 È3 d# y dyw /dt d# y

12. (a) The line through a1, 2b with slope 3 is y œ 3x 5 Ê x œ t, y œ 3t 5, _ t _

ˆ x" 2 x‰ Ê L œ ' É1 4" ˆ x" 2 x‰ dx

œ '1 '18 È9x#Î$ 4 ˆx"Î$ ‰ dx; u œ 9x#Î$ 4 Ê du œ 6y"Î$ dy; x œ 1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

œ '1 É 16 dy œ '1 ÊŠ 4" y# dy œ '1 Š 4" y#

œ Éa5 sin t 5 sin 5tb# a5 cos t 5 cos 5tb#

œ 3È2 ktkÈ16 t2 Ê Length œ '! 3È2 ktkÈ16 t2 dt œ 3È2'! t È16 t2 dt; ’u œ 16 t2 Ê du œ 2t dt

Ê "# du œ t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 16; t œ 1 Ê u œ 17“; 3È 2

Ê Length œ '! $ d) œ $'!

" " "

Ê Surface Area œ '1ÎÈ2 21 ˆt# Š È2 t ‹ dt œ 21 '1ÎÈ2 ˆt#

œ 21 '1ÎÈ2 ˆt# dt œ 21 '1ÎÈ2 ˆ2t$

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

23. r cos ˆ) 13 ‰ œ 2È3 Ê r ˆcos ) cos 1

26. r œ È2 sec ) Ê r cos ) œ È2 Ê x œ È2

27. r œ 3# csc ) Ê r sin ) œ 3# Ê y œ 3#

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

28. r œ 3È3 csc ) Ê r sin ) œ 3È3 Ê y œ 3È3

29. r œ 4 sin ) Ê r# œ 4r sin ) Ê x# y# 4y œ 0

30. r œ 3È3 sin ) Ê r# œ 3È3 r sin )

31. r œ 2È2 cos ) Ê r# œ 2È2 r cos )

circle with center ŠÈ2ß 0‹ and radius È2

32. r œ 6 cos ) Ê r# œ 6r cos ) Ê x# y# 6x œ 0

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

34. x# y# 2y œ 0 Ê x# (y 1)# œ 1 Ê C œ (!ß 1) and

36. x# y# 4x œ 0 Ê (x 2)# y# œ 4 Ê C œ (2ß 0)

39. d 40. e 41. l 42. f

43. k 44. h 45. i 46. j

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

48. A œ '0 asin# 3)b d) œ '0

50. The circle lies interior to the cardioid. Thus,

œ '0 É 4(1 #cos )) d) œ '0 2 sin

œ 8 asin# ) cos# )b œ 8 Ê L œ '01Î2 È8 d) œ ’2È2 )“ 1Î# œ 2È2 ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1È2

œ '0 4 4 cos ˆ 23) ‰‘ d) œ 4) 6 sin ˆ 23) ‰‘ ! œ 4 ˆ 14 ‰ 6 sin ˆ 16 ‰ 0 œ 1 3

" sin 2) # sin# 2)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

therefore Focus is ˆ 34 ß 0‰ , Directrix is x œ 34 therefore Focus is ˆ 23 ß !‰ , Directrix is x œ 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

75. x# y# 2x 2y œ 0 Ê x# 2x 1 y# 2y 1 œ 2 Ê (x 1)# (y 1)# œ 2, a circle with center (1ß 1) and

76. x# y# 4x 2y œ 1 Ê x# 4x 4 y# 2y 1 œ 6 Ê (x 2)# (y 1)# œ 6, a circle with center (2ß 1)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

81. e œ 2 and r cos ) œ 2 Ê x œ 2 is directrix Ê k œ 2; the conic is a hyperbola; r œ ke

82. e œ 1 and r cos ) œ 4 Ê x œ 4 is directrix Ê k œ 4; the conic is a parabola; r œ ke

" (2) ˆ "# ‰

" (6) ˆ "3 ‰

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Èx# 4 ; V œ ' 1 Š 3 Èx# 4‹ dx œ '24 ax# 4b dx

CHAPTER 11 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. Directrix x œ 3 and focus (4ß 0) Ê vertex is ˆ 7# ß !‰

4. Let the segment a b intersect the y-axis in point A and

5. Vertices are a!ß „ 2b Ê a œ 2; e œ c

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

7. Let the center of the hyperbola be (0ß y).

œ 0 Ê aa 196b aa# 1b œ 0 Ê a œ 14 or a œ 1; a œ 14 Ê b# œ 4 (14)# 0 which is impossible; a œ 1