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1
. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
2
. Ratnasingham
3
. Ba
4
. Beatty
5
. Czepiel
6
. Morgan & Hunt
7
. Noteberg
8
. Reichheld
9
. Berry
10
. Relationship Marketing
11
. Viruses
12
. Denial-of-service attacks
13
. Spyware
14
. Malware
15
. Phishing
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1
. Harris Interactive
2
. Bankrate
3
. Anonymity
4
* Bhattacherjee
5
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1
. Luhmann
2
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3
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1
0()* +),-. /+ PKI & '% ! " # $
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1
. Firewalls
2
. Pavlou
3
. Winand & Pohl
2
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1
. Angus Reid
2
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3
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4
. Head & Hassanein
3
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. Egger
2
. e-trust
3
. Garbarino & Lee
4
. Anonymity
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. Friedman
2
. Window-shopping
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Attacker
2
Vulnerability
3
Unauthorized
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Krusl
2
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3
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4
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5
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5
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AV SA * H 4 R ) ) ) S = '<. $34 S = >4 >A)
* 'A >4!+4 " E V > B V SA >4!+4 " D V >
< Œ 7$ >4 3 * >4!+4 " </ $B V > '. V S A 2E E
>4 *$3 ’' Y </ RZV > '. V " -$33 2, 4 ' , S =
*$34': Caesar Cipher 4 '+
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC
This is a test
Wklv lv d whvw
$' “$ - / ! 'J - ]4 - Y. 2. AI +!
?6 D E > 3MA ?6 . - 7n 4 *$ : 2
X4 * 49= 'J ]4 4 '+ - Y. + ! RA * . 5E( >
RE 3 -$ : -$) ! S = </ •= * ') ! $ I X4 - Y. S = X4 .
*$4/ 2.$ IJ S = ') $ I X4 - Y . "</ ')
4 '+ X4 + ! $ I X4 XA S => < HF +! +4 <
> Œ ;. Z 2. ÎO 4 '+ $I 8;) @3 'J *2. +!
'( $' $ ?6 </ 4 4 8;) $) -$) ! > IJ
*2. -$) y' 3 +! 4 '+ > ) - + < @3= 54 6 + ! *$3 $ = . . S =
< @3= M / *$3 +! 4 '+ < +A 2. </ ’, + ! $4$" 1
*2. $ I iE, 2.
?6 D E : RE 3 > 'J ?6 < ' + ! XA
3
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
RA >4 *$3 Œ 7! 2 @/ ?6 -$33 2, 4 *$) > h 6 D g

kryptos '4 H , : Cryptography AI * ') Y: (decryption) 4 %:! ^Z
*2. „> )' ƒ 3B graphein „ ( ƒ S'@Y
&/ >K 1 &
!
D 6 K 1 &
„~ % $ I X4ƒ $ ?6 D$ $8Z ,6 1 >4

?6 9:! 4 %:! 2 >4 *hmk m R )g $33 - Y. 4 %:! 9:!
2. V B ! @3= $ I +! 4 '+ >4 *$3) +4$ 4 j' B $34/ ,
*2. $ I </ $3) ) ~ % X4 $4 S = -$ : -$3 . ,
.‹ 2. m DES 4 „- 9:! $ .ƒ +! '@% 4 '+ X4
* ') - Y . p PIN 4 , 24' - A) < !
~ ) V 6 > $4 9:! w' $I 2. >4 1 >4 IJ R %
> > '6 $ I >4 $3 ' '+G V 6 $4/ F = D ‹. >4 ') ) 9:
DE $) > $ 4! , 'J 4 2 34 54 6 D E *$33 D$ +4$ 4
*2 > " x 2 34 </
D 6 K 1 & X! X 8 ,
* ') - Y. ?6 4 9:! < E + ! 2E E
1
. Symmetric
2
. Data Encryption Standard
3
. Personal Identity Number
3
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
^4 . , 8 'O ! $ I $ ' *2. 9:! S +3 2 . 1 >4 4!

> , 6 > $ I ^4 ' w T $I $B $) n ':< A ˆ ') S
1 >4 - Y. . >4 S A '" *2. < E +! • E >4 A@ w
*2. , J ? ?6 +!
*$33 H 'J $4 $ ') ^4 ' >A4 D X4 54 6 $4 < E $I
*2 , ~ % @3= $ I X4 '" $33 Z w $3 '; Y : D L < '3
Y w $33 Z > 6 54 6 >4 $3 '; Y @G 'J
' $I $B * 4 $ I F) K'A 3B4 ˆ2. S @3= $ I X4
*$4/ 2. mm m R ) D' , < E +! 4 '+
n*(n-1)/2 J K9%+%$ $+L+$+ :9 /)!$%0 2 A )MN $+ :9
D 6 &/ K 1 & > I * XX X 8 ,
O/) - )'g-[/Hb
R )g 4 %: ! +4 +! $ I X4 ˆ$3 - Y. $ I 1 >4
R Z X4 -$) +! - ': $ w ]4 $I *hmp m
X4 „ J'87 $ I ƒ X4 e $IŒ X4 , 2E E *$) +4 4 %:!
SA 7 'A $ I $) , '7 5IB “, J J'87 $ I *„ 'A $ I ƒ
* : Z $ , >4 w $8Z J ;)
$3 4 J'87 'A $ I 2Y" X4 < : < E +! +4 <
*$3 . Y - ! < %4 S = $ I </ 54 6 < +4 $3 %3 'A $ I
! S =$' „ J'87 $ I -$ @3 ƒ < '3 2. < : • ;) @3 24 @
*$3 'A $ I </ -$)
1
. Asymmetric
35
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
D 6 K 1 & X" X 8 ,
ˆ2. • ;) </ 'A $ I iE, • ;) -$) ! ?6 D .
R Z b< E X3 :W4 >4 @ *2. S >,6 'A $ I $ 4‚ @3
*$) 24' $ 4‚ T < '
* </ 2 3 2. $ I D . ^4 ' S$ < E 1 24! >4 A@
> 3G $ I Œ $ ' *$ F @"' R Z < ! 2 . </ -$ M = .(
*$3 fI6 -$ M = 4 '+ ! $3) ) O
0()* g:/+ I DH=
$33 A - Y . „$ I ƒ -$) n 4 '+ V ?7 Hash 4 . 4 '+

- ^ ' >4 IA *$3 S ?6 „ , O 4ƒ 'J + ! RA
2.$ > 2 4 4 -$ G X4 > X4 Hash ^ X4 D A 2. R ) >4$
*$4/
$3 2, 4 < '3 h- '; D'6 g '6 ) . ^ +4 <
m
*$34': S = -$ G " 7 >4 *$4 A $ ' " 7 < '3 2 QD'6 )
S =- ?6 '+M $) „ Y 8(3 ƒ S = -$ G 2. >4 2. @ M /
S = G' H *$4 A 4 -$ G < A $) +4 S = $ $ Z 7
e : 2. „> ƒ . ^ X4 *$4 A 4 Y S = -$ G $4 2 X4
*hmr m R )g $) IA </ -$ G S = '( > B •
1
. Hash
2
. Message digest
31
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
D L ,Q N % ) * D , N < X` X 8 ,
.hms m R )g $3) )$ < 4 -$ G = x •
N % L ,Q D D @ ,1 Xg X 8 ,
? 3B4 2, : - X4 „ 2%+ Qƒ 'J <' hash ^Z
hfixed lengthg 2 Q- $ ) $ ' A) 1 >4 *2. - <A • ; 4

P% *2. -$) + ! „ , 6 X4ƒ 'J ]4 1 $4 / 2. - X4
- $) n ':< A 2. > A b 4 E hj' B IA g </ digest IJ )
*$3 4 , 8(3 ? digest X4
O/) - )'h):g-[/Hb ! O/) - h):g-[/Hb h/)b'@ / ` [) 5
< E 4 '+ = D'6 *2. -$) S - : E E( 3 >4

2 .< E 4 '+ / 2. A < E 4 '+ ') +! $ '
4 '+ $4/ F= 23 •( Z *$3 3@ 4 '+ $
4 '+ 2 . < E 4 '+ ^Z *$ % 4 < E
'AB RA $) Y: ': < A R >A *$3 @ 23 < E
32
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
Y: (hybrid) 4 '+ 4 '+ >4 *$33 - Y. 4 '+ f

* ')
< E < E 4 '+ $) '7 "' \', 1 5Z .
- . +! D L '6 *$ YI ; $3 Y “? 2
2 . - 4 ') - Y. < E 4 '+ 2. 4 -
! < E X3 $ - 34 R = *$ ') 4 %:! +!
*$ ') ! < E + ! 54 6 @/ , 8 $ I •‡. $ ')
L >4 3 *$4 A .( S V J 4 < $ < E +!
>A4 w X4 4 * : - Y. < E < E f .
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+ ! XA w Z Z 4 * $ '7 D . < E +!
7$ -$) - Y . < E $ I 4 X4 w SA •= *$3) < E
* : \', $34/ , “$ 2 4 $ w X4 Z 'J
, , F
2 'A A < 3 A6 4 S!I 1 : $) Y: M 3G

- D 2 3 > AT 54 6 $4 < 3 A6 >4 2. K' >4
</ & 2(J ') +4 $3. 4 Z • I ' 4* : 'J
2(J 5E( B R ,: 'J T 4 @ 54 6 <'3 2. -$33 J
$4 S =- ?6 3. ! Z *2. - ' -$33 J&
>4 3 * @/ & 2(J < ' $. -$33 J • ;) T
>4!+4 " P4 B T X4 2. S Z 3. & 2(J
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K S
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*$3 J +! 4 T IA S '. , J h
33
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
i.' ?6 -$3 . , *2. -$) - < % S = X4 D . T $ mt m R )

•‡. *$34': hdigestg -$ G </ $ F J7 hhashg . 4 '+
< A ^Z -$) ! 2 4 >4 *$3 ! 1 '7 J'87 $ I -$ / 2. 2 4
* ') R8 S = 2. -$3 . , T
N % ?1 F Xj X 8 ,
*$ 3 -$ % ! T 3. R S =D. T - ? ml m R )
S = hhashg . ^ 54 6 •= $3 D . & -$) T S = X4 $8Z • /
S = - A - ! '7 J'87 $ I i.' 2 4 >4 •‡. *$3 4 2 4 X4
*$3 D.
2 4 X4 ') 4 %:! • / 'A $ I i.' -$) ! ?6 -$ : 2A.
: * ') 4 2 4 X4 ,4 S = . ^ - Y. > 3MA $4/ 2.
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*2. ,+ Z H 1'; .
34
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
D < N % ?1 F Xl X 8 ,
R ) *2. -$% +! -$) T @3 . S = ml m R ) $4$4 ':< A

*2. -$) T ! D. R Z S = 3B4 *$ <% R '6 R mq m
4'8 >4 •!" * ') 3. </ T -$) 4 %:! , 4 S = ! $8E
e 3 .
N % ?1 &/ F X# X 8 ,
3
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
B /+f h/)b'@ / " ? 8
*$3 $ ' , 8 < E $ I X4 , 8 $ I $ ' ^ X4 54 6 • / •
2A Z >4 $ 3 2Z *$3 ! , 8 $ I >4 '7 ( $3.

X4 S = 4 %:! $8E & 3B4 *2. -$) - Y . < E +!
*2) $ '7 , 8 < E $ I >4 > ‡
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-$ G $ ' hhashg . ^ X4 $3. h• /g -$3 . , 24 @ •
$3 + ! 1 '7 J'87 $ I *$3 $ ' </ hdigestg

*$4/ '"' T
F4 A S = S \', R ) * ') D . & $4 I . >4 " 7 •
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*$) -$) ! < E 'J
# /+f T [)Y S@ / " ? 8
$I $3 4 %:! 1 '7 J'87 $ I S = S =>,: & •
* / 2. < E
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( $3. - 4 %:! S = </ 54 6 $' & •= * '

* / 2.
1'; . - > -$) D . • / • ;) S = ') >ŠAO $4 & D •
'A $ I • / T >4 *2. -$% H

*$4/ 2. IJ S = 2 4 $3 4 %:!
' '- - Y. • / hhashg . ^ <A S = h& g -$ : •
* / 2. -$) 4 %:! S = 2 4 $
< 4“
? : *$3 4E -$ . 2 4 >4 & 24 @ •
</ -$3 . , 2. -$ '" S = H ') >ŠAO ˆ$3)

+4 " S = 4 $) < 4 : *2. - T 1 '7 J'87 $ I
RAB • -$ : 2. - HDE < >4 4 2. -$) - . ,
4
OLP H' ! EQR'!8-Q E: HS %;!+ " 66# $
*$ <% .3
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$= HDE > ?6 $) >ŠAO $ ' -$ : ehIntegrityg 2 A •
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(< (CA) , , > / ?1 + 4 (>
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4. & 'A $ I $ 3 ’ , *$ ') $@+ 2 34 'A $ I 2. Z
*$ H 24 . >4 ?6 b 'J S S 4'" '. ,* Z 2 34
'A $ I " 1 '7 'A $ I $ + '7 ! ‡ X4 & 'A $ I ^Z
>4 "' $3 T ': $ '" CA ! <'G * 9: &
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(< (CA) , , > / ?1 + 4 (> X$ X 8 ,
</ *$3 D . & ( $3. $8Z • / $3 mo m R )

S = - > S *$3 ! h2. & 'A $ I $3 , • /g S 'A $ I
IJ $3. >4!+4 " '7 IB" R4 , D *$3 4 %:! 1 '7 J'87 $ I -'
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$3 S IB" R4 , *$3 4 %:! 2, 4 & *$ . , & $3
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<' Z pm - 4 " > 4/ƒ m - 3. ') >4 *2. : 4 2. 4 '%
45
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* Z '% 'A
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R B -'( 'A $ I 27 . 4 3 ': $J 4 $7 4

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41
/HY X E H,. RWX \ _)* 89( i =8 ` W* E$8c %;H* " 66# $
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42
/HY X E H,. RWX \ _)* 89( i =8 ` W* E$8c %;H* " 66# $
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43
/HY X E H,. RWX \ _)* 89( i =8 ` W* E$8c %;H* " 66# $
D1 ' >L c =/ 1 B .1 8 = V > > O

S ': $J ! i.' ': I '6
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S R ) ]E , 8;% ,J ': K' >4 * ') J .' ‰2 )
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w' 8;% ]E , 8;% -? ': K' >4 * ') J .' ‰2 )
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/HY X E H,. RWX \ _)* 89( i =8 ` W* E$8c %;H* " 66# $
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/HY X E H,. RWX \ _)* 89( i =8 ` W* E$8c %;H* " 66# $
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3, 8;% < 3 A6 NO.

hard tokens or software based X.509 certificates in
Level 1
conjunction with pass-phrases or pins.
hard tokens or software based X.509 certificates in
Level 2
conjunction with pass-phrases or pins.
includes some hardware based X.509 certificate systems,
Level 3
such as crypto tokens.
includes some hardware based X.509 certificate systems,
Level 4
such as crypto tokens.
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