Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 233

ĂÃĀ Á  

Ä  Å ĄÄ  
ÀÂǺAĄǺÂĂÄ
Ä  ĄÆÁ ÀÁ Ä    ĄÂǼĀÁĂÆ  AÃǺĂ

ÃÁ  ÀÄÂ Ă   Ā ÂAÁ

%'" $#$!* %&) (" 


 ĈBĆ ÆÅCÅČ ÇCÅ ĄǼĊǺÇĊǼĈC
'0,368, 7;;, 459 685654,359 *54<,4*,8 ( 4;;,9:859 04:,825*;;:58,9 ;;9(359
+,:,8304(+(9 ,9:8(:,.0(9 +, 6,89;;(90B4 904 (6,4(9 +(8459 *;;,4:(! &(9 (68,4  
+,359 ( *0,.(9 *54 2( 68560( 2,4.;;( 6,85 45 5)9:(4:, 5),+,*,4 ( 2(9 8,.2(9

#B35 .(4(8 ;;4( +09*;;90B4


+, 2( 2B.0*( 04-­583(2! #54<0,4, +5304(82(9 > 6,8-­,**054(82(9 *549*0,4:,3,4:,
6(8( 9,4:08459 *B35+59 ,4 +09*;;9054,9 6(8( ,=654,8 *2(8(3,4:, 4;;,9:8(9
0+,(9 5 8,-­;;:(9 2(9 +, 5:859 7;;, 459 6(8,*,4 04*588,*:(9! %9:, (8:, +, 2( 2B.0*(
04-­583(2 9, /( ,9:;;+0(+5 (90+;;(3,4:, +,9+, 2( "4:0.D,+(+ ,4 2( +09*06204( +,
2( 8,:B80*(!
%4 2( (*:;;(20+(+ 3?9 7;;, 4;;4*( 459 <,359 ,=6;;,9:59 ( (8.;;3,4:59 +;;+5959
5 -­(2959 ,4 259 +09*;;8959 652@:0*59 ,4 259 4,.5*059 > ,4 2( 6;;)20*0+(+! '04
,3)(8.5 40 ,4 2(9 ,9*;;,2(9 40 ,4 2(9 ;;40<,890+(+,9 9, 459 ,49,A( 8,:B80*(
6(8( 65+,8 +,9*;;)808 5 90 /(*, -­(2:( ;;9(8 259 :8;;*59 3?9 /?)02,9!

$-­',2/%6 "%3%/(-­ ;;4 .8(4 ,96,*0(209:( ,4 2B.0*( 04-­583(2 5-­8,*, ,4 ,9:, 20)85
;;4( ,=620*(*0B4 *2(8( > 3;;> -­?*02 +, 9,.;;08 +, :5+(9 2(9 8,.2(9 +, 2( (8.;;3,4:(  
*0B4 *588,*:( > 95)8, :5+5 *B35 9, 354:(4 > +,9354:(4 2(9 :8(36(9 6590)2,9!
$5304(8 ,9:(9 8,.2(9 459 6,830:, /()2(8 3?9 -­?*023,4:, ,4 6C)20*5 *549:8;;08
3,158 4;;,9:859 (8.;;3,4:59 +,9*;;)808 2(9 -­(2(*0(9 ,4 259 +09*;;8959 652@:0*59
<,4+,8 3,158 ;;4 685+;;*:5 5 90362,3,4:, +0<,8:08459 *54 259 (30.59 1;;.(4+5 (
654,8459 :8(36(9 2B.0*(9!

"21 /%6 6)1'-­//%6 ):3/-­'%'-­21)6 ;; /26 (-­9)57-­(26 ).)03/26 () $-­',2/%6


"%3%/(-­ '8%/48-­)5 /)'725 38)() )175)1%56) 3%5% *2508/%5 686 0).25)6
()*)16%6! #/)9%1(2 6-­)035) '216-­+2 )67) /-­&52 7)1(5< % 0%12 81 %50%
6)'5)7% 3)5*)'7% 3%5% '219)1')5 )1 72(%6 /%6 2'%6-­21)6 6-­1 ().%56)
'219)1')5 181'% 0<6 () '26%6 -­0326-­&/)6 2 %&685(%6 %35)1()5 %
()*)1()5 81% '%86% 5)'212')5 81% *%/%'-­% ()6'8&5-­5 81 )1+%>2 3)568%  
(-­5 % 81 )6'=37-­'2 ;; '219)57-­5 /% ()5527% )1 9-­'725-­%!
E\V[b_pf :TcT_W\

#=13 .)2)5 82) +/6*86/=2

Gf\Vb_bZrT
GepVg\VT
<W\gbe\T_ >XW\fT bYeXVX _bf f\Zh\XagXf grgh_bf fbUeX

%"'  $#$!+ %&*  ("  

>8<C C@E;;<E=@<C;; @(,2 *32-­/)2;;) ,2 7/ 1/61)


=LA GRXA NAOA NEOFECCHMLAO JA NOMNHA
ARQMEPQHKA

;;@8E8 ?LEK P G8D ?8@K $0 ()3 +,0 7/,143


-­HLCM NAPMP NAOA DEPACEJEOAO T SHSHO
NJELAKELQE EJ NOEPELQE

;;I' G<K<I ;;' BI8D<I ?&36 6,4)5)136


-­MLPEIMP DE RL GOAL EPNECHAJHPQA NAOA
AFOMLQAO JMP CMLFJHCQMP DE NAOEIA

CL:P =I<<D8E #=13 75)26-­351)5 036 6,27/1/,2736


2,.)7/936
"""T PEO KWP FEJHU

?8IIP CFI8PE< #=13 +,6)55300)5 68 )7,2*/=2 :


1,135/)
4MP PECOEQMP DE RL KAGM

><FI>< N<@E9<I> P ;;\ 8E@J< IFN< #=13 63136 : *=13 236 9,2 036 37536
;;ABEO KHOAOPE EL EJ EPNEIM

JhJ8E 98LI %/43*32+5<)

I<>@E8 ?8D9LI>L<I $0 !"# +, 0) 6,+8**/=2


.EPCHFOAO EJ JELGRAIE CMONMOAJ T
DEPAOOMJJAO EJ NMDEO DE JA AQOACCHYL
PHGRE EL JA NWGHLA $%&
#=13 .)2)5 82)
+/6*86/=2
7U J[]N MN UJ J[P^VNW]JLRgW

cbe
E\V[b_pf :TcT_W\
;;\fXsb WX VhU\XegT3 GTb_b GbegT_he\

KXeVXeT XW\V\ta3 +)**% 9TeVX_baT

x <W\gbe\T_ >XW\fT% J' 8'


9TeVX_baT% <fcTsT

@`ceXfb cbe Ib`Talp MT__f% J'8'

@`ceXfb Xa <fcTsT
@[RW]NM RW CYJRW
]LDHCE

8>I8;;<:@D@<EKFJ'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''' **

GI<=8:@F'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''' *,

:8GÉKLCF @
2LQOMDRCCHYL """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#&
{Hhq Xf _T _tZ\VT7'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''*0
{Hhq Xf ha TeZh`Xagb7''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''+)
{:hpaWb Xf TVXcgTU_X ha TeZh`Xagb7'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''+,
IXfh`Xa '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''+.

:8GÉKLCF @@
4A HDELQHFHCACHYL DE JMP AOGRKELQMP""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""$'
8eZh`Xagbf''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''+0
;;\Y\Vh_gTWXf cTeT \WXag\Y\VTe _bf TeZh`Xagbf c_TagXTWbf'''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''+2
>eT`pg\VT% chaghTV\ta l Vb`ceXaf\ta WX _T _XVgheT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''',)
IXZ_Tf cTeT \WXag\Y\VTe ceX`\fTf l VbaV_hf\baXf'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''',+

:8GÉKLCF @@@
/J ALWJHPHP FMOKAJ DE JMP AOGRKELQMP""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%(
<_ \WXT_ WX _T _tZ\VT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' -­*
J\_bZ\f`bf ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''' -­,
IXZ_Tf WX _bf f\_bZ\f`bf ip_\Wbf'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''' -­0
Jb_\WXm l _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .)

0
:8GÉKLCF @M
CT ceXfXagTV\ta WX_ TeZh`Xagb'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .,
:t`b ZTaTefX X_ UXaXc_pV\gb WX_ cuU_\Vb''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .0
GeXfXagTV\ta WX _bf [XV[bf'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' //
JhUeTlTaWb _T VbaV_hf\ta'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 11
IXVhefbf ab iXeUT_Xf'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2+
CT chU_\V\WTW Vb`b X]X`c_b''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2,

:8GÉKLCF M
8gTVTaWb _bf TeZh`Xagbf'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *)*
CT eXTVV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *),
CT TaTgb`rT WX _T eXYhgTV\ta''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *)0
8gTVTaWb _T VbaV_hf\ta'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *+2
;;XUTgX YeXagX T YeXagX''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *,0

:8GÉKLCF M@
;;XYXaW\XaWb _bf TeZh`Xagbf cebc\bf''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *-­*
:bageTTgTdhX''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *-­/
>TaTe X_ TeZh`Xagb'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' */)
<a UhfVT WX_ X`cTgX''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' */.

:8GÉKLCF M@@
ITmbaT`\Xagb fXZua VThfT l XYXVgb'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' */0
?\fgbe\T WX_ VbaVXcgb WX VThfT_\WTW ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' */2
;;XY\a\V\ta WX VThfT l XYXVgb Xa ?h`X'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *0*
<_ eTmbaT`\Xagb VThfT_ Xa _T cepVg\VT''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *0,
Cbf `qgbWbf WX D\__''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *0.
=T_TV\Tf WX_ eTmbaT`\Xagb VThfT_''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *01
GebU_X`Tf Vba X_ VbaVXcgb WX VThfT_\WTW '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *1-­

8GoE;;@:< '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *12


@' {:hp_ Xf X_ cebU_X`T7''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *2+
@@' {Hhq fb_hV\baXf [Tl cTeT X_ cebU_X`T7'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *2.
@@@' <iT_hTV\ta''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' *21

<A<I:@:@FJ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ++*


<]XeV\V\b * ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ++,
<]XeV\V\b +3 =T_TV\Tf \aWhVg\iTf'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ++.

.
<]XeV\V\b ,3 J\_bZ\f`bf'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''++.
IXfchXfgTf T_ X]XeV\V\b *'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''++.
IXfchXfgTf T_ X]XeV\V\b +''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''++/
IXfchXfgTf T_ X]XeV\V\b ,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''++0

JL><I<E:@8J'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''++2

/
$
+GOADECHKHELQMP

;;XfXb TZeTWXVXe T CTjeXaVX C' ?X\agm% WX _T La\iXef\WTW WX


?TjT\\% f\gT Xa ?\_b% cbe __T`Te `\ TgXaV\ta [TV\T T_ZhaTf W\Y\Vh_gTWXf
dhX c_TagXTa _Tf eXZ_Tf cTeT WXgXe`\aTe _T iT_\WXm WX ha TeZh`Xagb'
8f\`\f`b% iTlT `\ XfcXV\T_ TZeTWXV\`\Xagb T_ cebYXfbe Ab[a >eXXajbbW%
WX _T La\iXef\WTW WX :Teb_\aT WX_ EbegX% >eXXafi\__X% cbe WTe`X T _XXe
fh `TahfVe\gb fbUeX _T VThfT_\WTW eXYXe\WT T _T TVV\ta [h`TaT'

''
8OEFACHM

<_ cXafT`\Xagb Verg\Vb Xf T_Zb Xa dhX gbWbf \aVhee\`bf% ThadhX ab


aXVXfTe\T`XagX gXaZT`bf VbaV\XaV\T WX X__b' 8fr Vb`b TceXaWX`bf
T [TU_Te ahXfgeb \W\b`T aTgT_ `hV[b TagXf Wb VbabVXe fh ZeT`pg\VT(
gT`U\qa cXafT`bf Xa Ybe`T Verg\VT `hV[b TagXf Wb WTeabf VhXagT WX
dhX XfgT TVg\i\WTW cbfXX fh cebc\T XfgehVgheT' P WX_ `\f`b `bWb Xa
dhX dh\XaXf gb`Ta VbaV\XaV\T WX _T XfgehVgheT WX_ _XaZhT]X gT`U\qa
_bZeTa haT `Tlbe XY\VTV\T Xa _T Vb`ha\VTV\ta% dh\XaXf fX ihX_iXa
VbafV\XagXf WX _T XfgehVgheT dhX [Tl cbe WXgepf WX_ cXafT`\Xagb Verg\Vb
TWdh\XeXa `Tlbe VTcTV\WTW cTeT _T Vb`ceXaf\ta WX _T _XVgheT% _T
Xkcbf\V\ta WX _T _tZ\VT WX ha TeZh`Xagb% l X_ TegX WX eXUTg\e [pU\_`XagX
_Tf TeZh`XagTV\baXf WXYXVghbfTf WX fhf TWiXefTe\bf'
<a XfgT bUeT [X geTgTWb Wb Xkc_\VTe% Vba V_Te\WTW l fXaV\__Xm% _bf
ce\aV\c\bf fhUlTVXagXf T ahXfgeb cXafT`\Xagb Verg\Vb' GeXfgTaWb _T
WXU\WT TgXaV\ta T _bf YTVgbeXf Vh_gheT_Xf X [\fgte\Vbf% [X Xkc_\VTWb Vhp_
Xf _T XfgehVgheT \WXT_ WX ha TeZh`Xagb WX W\fVhf\ta% Vt`b XfX \WXT_ fX
Vbai\XegX Xa cTeTW\Z`T WX_ cXafT`\Xagb Verg\Vb% l _Tf W\fg\agTf `TaXeTf
Xa dhX _bf TeZh`Xagbf chXWXa ab eXfh_gTe Tcgbf cTeT X]X`c_\Y\VTe XfT
XfgehVgheT \WXT_' ?X Ue\aWTWb gT`U\qa T_ZhaTf cThgTf WX be\XagTV\ta
fbUeX _T `Tlbe `TaXeT WX TcebiXV[Te _bf \aW\V\bf dhX Ue\aWT X_ _XaZhT]X
cTeT \WXag\Y\VTe ha TeZh`Xagb l fh XfgehVgheT' <a `hV[Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf
\aW\Vb Vt`b chXWX hg\_\mTefX haT T`c_\T iTe\XWTW WX [XeeT`\XagTf%
gTagb Ybe`T_Xf Vb`b \aYbe`T_Xf% cTeT TgTVTe TeZh`Xagbf l WX]Te Xa
Xi\WXaV\T fh WXU\_\WTW'
<_ cXafT`\Xagb Verg\Vb XageTsT% Vb`b `ra\`b% Wbf fhUVTgXZberTf'
<a ce\`Xe gqe`\ab% cXafTe Xa Ybe`T Verg\VT f\Za\Y\VT cXafTe Vba _tZ\VT'

')
<a fXZhaWb _hZTe% cXafTe Verg\VT`XagX Xf fTUXe WtaWX l Vt`b eXUTg\e
_bf TeZh`Xagbf dhX fX abf c_TagXTa Xa _T i\WT Vbg\W\TaT' <a eX_TV\ta
Vba _T _tZ\VT% TWi\Xegb dhX fX [T VbaiXeg\Wb Xa W\fV\c_\aT gqVa\VT l dhX%
Vb`b gT_% g\XaWX T VbaVXageTefX Xa _T XfgehVgheT WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf Xa
bgeTf W\fV\c_\aTf gqVa\VTf% Vb`b _T `TgX`pg\VT' ?X cebVheTWb eXWhV\e _T
gXe`\ab_bZrT gqVa\VT T fh `ra\`T XkceXf\ta% X \agebWhV\e ft_b TdhX__bf
ce\aV\c\bf WX _T _tZ\VT aXVXfTe\bf cTeT _bf Y\aXf Vbg\W\Tabf% \aV_h\Wbf
_bf TVTWq`\Vbf' <a _hZTe WX TaT_\mTe YT_TV\Tf \aYbe`T_Xf Xa ha iTVrb
b \af\fg\e Xa `\ahV\Tf gqVa\VTf% [X fhUeTlTWb _bf VbagXkgbf cepVg\Vbf
WXageb WX _bf VhT_Xf fhX_Xa WTefX gT_Xf YT_TV\Tf'
<a VhTagb T _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX XafXsTe T_ _XVgbe T Ve\g\VTe TeZh`Xagbf
WX `TaXeT VbafgehVg\iT l ZeTg\Y\VTagX% WX `TaXeT WX cebYhaW\mTe fh
Vb`ceXaf\ta% [X X`c_XTWb ha eXVhefb abiX_' 8WX`pf WX XYXVghTe ha
XaYbdhX beZpa\Vb WX_ gX`T% [X XfVe\gb XfgX _\Ueb gb`TaWb X_ chagb WX
i\fgT WX T_Zh\Xa dhX WXfXT XaZTsTe% \aWhV\e T Xeebe b `Ta\ch_Te T _bf
WX`pf' GTeg\XaWb WX _T UTfX WX dhX [Tl dhX VbabVXefX T fr `\f`b% [X
WXfVhU\Xegb dhX `hV[Tf cXefbaTf chXWXa WXgXVgTe _bf `T_bf hfbf b
TUhfbf WX _T _tZ\VT f\ X__Tf `\f`Tf fba `TXfgeTf Xa X_ TegX WX_ XaZTsb'
<_ _XVgbe WXUXerT ceXZhagTefX Vhpa W\fg\agb fXerT X_ `haWb f\ gbWbf
fhc\qeT`bf% eXT_`XagX% Vt`b Tc_\VTe l% cbe _b gTagb% Vt`b WXgXVgTe _bf
`T_bf hfbf WX _T _tZ\VT'
8ha WXfchqf WX Vb`c_XgTe ha Vhefb \agebWhVgbe\b Xa _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_%
_T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX Xf \aVTcTm WX \WXag\Y\VTe haT YT_TV\T' La YTVgbe
V_TiX dhX Xkc_\VT cbe dhq eXfh_gT W\YrV\_ XafXsTe T XaVTeTe _Tf YT_TV\Tf
Vba dhX gebcXmT`bf Xa _T i\WT Vbg\W\TaT fX WXUX T dhX fhX_X [TVXefX
[\aVTc\q Xa fh eXVbabV\`\Xagb' ?TU\ghT_`XagX fX c\WX T_ XfghW\TagX b T_
_XVgbe dhX \WXag\Y\dhX _Tf YT_TV\Tf Xa gXkgbf WX gXeVXebf% l ThadhX WXUTa
WTe haT eXfchXfgT% XfT eXfchXfgT fX XaVhTWeT WXageb WX haT f\ghTV\ta
ce\`beW\T_`XagX cTf\iT' La XaYbdhX gTa XfgeXV[b Xk\ZX dhX X_ Thgbe b
X_ cebYXfbe fX UTfX Xa X]X`c_bf cTeg\Vh_Te`XagX bUi\bf b fXaV\__bf' GXeb
eTeT iXm fX _bf geTfcbaX T bgebf VbagXkgbf'
8 _b _TeZb WX `\ cebc\T XkcXe\XaV\T Vb`b WbVXagX% [X WXfVhU\Xegb
dhX _T Tc_\VTV\ta WX ha `qgbWb WX X_TUbeTV\ta TVg\iT% `pf dhX WX
eXVbabV\`\Xagb cTf\ib% eXfh_gT `hV[b `pf cebWhVg\ib' <f `\ XfcXeTamT
dhX _bf _XVgbeXf [T__Xa gT`U\qa dhX XfgX XaYbdhX Xf `pf ZeTg\Y\VTagX l
ug\_'

E\V[b_Tf :TcT_W\

'*
-­ANXQRJM 2

26<:7.=-­-­2^6
[9=V /;; 4+ 4^12-­+*

8 iXVXf _T `X]be `TaXeT WX Xkc_\VTe T_Zb Xfgp Xa WXV\e _b dhX XfX T_Zb
WX Xf' <_ `X]be `bWb WX Xkc_\VTe dhq Xf _T _tZ\VT% XagbaVXf% eXf\WX Xa
ceXfXagTe X]X`c_bf \_tZ\Vbf' MXTafX _bf geXf VTfbf f\Zh\XagXf WX ThfXaV\T
WX _tZ\VT'
<a ce\`Xe _hZTe% {eXVhXeWT hfgXW T haT Tag\ZhT cTeX]T WX Vb`XW\TagXf
WX_ V\aX`TgtZeTYb abegXT`Xe\VTab% 8UUbgg l :bfgX__b7 \`TZraXfX_bf
XagbaVXf T T`Ubf Xa ha cebZeT`T WX eTW\b WX EhXiT Pbe^' |PT Xa X_
T\eX% 8UUbgg W\VX cbWXe WX`bfgeTe T :bfgX__b dhX qfgX ab Xfgp T__r <a
TcTe\XaV\T% _b dhX 8UUbgg fbfg\XaX eXfh_gT cTeTWt]\Vb% cbe ab WXV\e
TUfheWb% chXfgb dhX cTeT :bfgX__b `\f`b% l cTeT gbWb X_ cuU_\Vb% Xf U\Xa
Xi\WXagX dhX fh Vb`cTsXeb WX Yte`h_T Xfgp T__r\ ceXfXagX' Eb bUfgTagX%
8UUbgg \af\fgX3 cTeT X`cXmTe% _bZeT dhX :bfgX__b TW`\gT ab XfgTe Xa JTa
=eTaV\fVb4 _hXZb% dhX gT`cbVb Xfgp Xa :[\VTZb' =\aT_`XagX% :bfgX__b
TW`\gX dhX% chXfgb dhX ab fX XaVhXageT a\ Xa JTa =eTaV\fVb a\ Xa
:[\VTZb% [T WX XfgTe Xa bgeb _TWb' <agbaVXf 8UUbgg __XZT T _T VbaV_hf\ta
WX dhX% Vb`b :bfgX__b Xfgp Xa bgeb _TWb% ab chXWX XfgTe Xa EhXiT Pbe^'
<_ au`Xeb Vt`\Vb dhX TVTUT`bf WX WXfVe\U\e _X eXfh_gT ZeTV\bfb T gbWb
X_ `haWb' 8_Zhabf WX abfbgebf% f\a X`UTeZb% fbfcXV[T`bf dhX [Tl T_Zb
WX VTcV\bfb Xa X_ cbfgh_TWb WX 8UUbgg l Xa X_ cebVXW\`\Xagb fXZh\Wb
cTeT WX`bfgeTe_b3 _T VhXfg\ta Xfgp Xa fTUXe Vt`b WXfXa`TfVTeTe_b'
LaT `TaXeT cbf\U_X WX \`chZaTe W\V[b `qgbWb Xfgp Xa fXsT_Te dhX _T
XkceXf\ta Xa bgeb _TWb ahaVT fX X`c_XT Xa ha iTVrb% gbgT_`XagX YhXeT
WX VbagXkgb% f\ab chaghT_\mTaWb f\X`ceX X_ `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T' Gbe _b
gTagb% Xf TUfheWb WXV\e dhX T_Zh\Xa Xfgp Xa bgeb _TWb % chXfgb dhX ab
[Tl _hZTe dhX fX __T`X bgeb _TWb ' CT XkceXf\ta `XeT`XagX f\Za\Y\VT
dhX XfX T_Zh\Xa ab Xfgp Tdhr% cTeg\XaWb WX dhX Tdhr! Xfgq XfcXVrY\VT
b \`c_rV\gT`XagX WXY\a\Wb4 b U\Xa dhX Xfgp Xa ha _TWb W\fg\agb T_ _hZTe
b _hZTeXf Xkc_rV\gT`XagX `XaV\baTWbf' <a X_ V\gTWb X]X`c_b% _Tf ua\VTf
V\hWTWXf `XaV\baTWTf XfcXVrY\VT`XagX fba JTa =eTaV\fVb l :[\VTZb'
:bfgX__b Xfgp Xa ha _hZTe dhX ab Xf a\ JTa =eTaV\fVb a\ :[\VTZb3 cXeb X_
Tfr TW`\g\e_b Xa `bWb T_Zhab \`c_\VT dhX :bfgX__b ab fX XaVhXageX Xa
_T V\hWTW WX EhXiT Pbe^'
Gbe V\Xegb dhX ab YhX 8UUbgg _T ce\`XeT cXefbaT WX_ `haWb dhX W\b
ha `T_ hfb T _Tf cT_TUeTf% a\ Yh\`bf abfbgebf _bf ce\`Xebf Xa fhZXe\e
haT eXZ_T cTeT X_ X`c_Xb WX _T XkceXf\ta Xa bgeb _TWb ' 8 WXV\e iXeWTW%
dh\mp a\ f\dh\XeT Xk\fgT haT eXZ_T Xa fXag\Wb Xkc_rV\gb3 ft_b __XZT`bf T
X__T VhTaWb abf iX`bf bU_\ZTWbf T XkT`\aTe ha X]X`c_b WhWbfb' CT
`TlberT WX abfbgebf TceXaWX`bf T hfTe X_ \W\b`T `hV[b TagXf WX dhX
fX abf XafXsXa fhf eXZ_Tf3 gT_ iXm qfgTf ab fXTa `pf dhX Ybe`h_TV\baXf
Xkc_rV\gTf WX _b dhX Xf cepVg\VT Vbee\XagX% Ybe`h_TV\baXf dhX abf fba
\`chXfgTf VhTaWb T_Zh\Xa WXfVhUeX _b VTcV\bfb dhX chXWX fXe ha
TeZh`Xagb Xa ThfXaV\T WX haT eXZ\T Xfge\VgT'
<a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% Vbaf\WXeX`bf ha X]X`c_b cebc\b WX _T Y\_bfb&
YrT3 X_ W\p_bZb c_Tgta\Vb WX_ @[X]dPX[J\" Xa X_ dhX JtVeTgXf \agXeebZT T
qfgX TVXeVT WX _T eX_TV\ta XageX fTU\WherT l ThgbVbageb_ ' GebgpZbeTf
`Ta\Y\XfgT dhX ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX [Tl ha iraVh_b XageX T`Ubf gqe`\&
abf' JtVeTgXf Ybe`h_T XagbaVXf haT XkgXafT fXe\X WX \agXeebZTagXf Xa
eXfchXfgT T _bf VhT_Xf GebgpZbeTf TY\e`T geXf VbfTf3 dhX fTU\WherT Xf
_b bchXfgb T WXfTg\ab4 dhX gbWT cT_TUeT g\XaX ha Tagta\`b b gqe`\ab
bchXfgb% g\XaX fb_T l XkV_hf\iT`XagX hab4 l dhX WXfTg\ab Xf _b bchXfgb
WX ThgbVbageb_ ' JtVeTgXf \agXeeh`cX XagbaVXf T GebgpZbeTf l _X [TVX X_
f\Zh\XagX VhXfg\baT`\Xagb3 f\ fTU\WherT Xf _b bchXfgb WX WXfTg\ab% l f\
ThgbVbageb_ Xf _b bchXfgb WX WXfTg\ab% XagbaVXf fTU\WherT l Thgb&
Vbageb_ fba _bf Tagta\`bf WX haT `\f`T cT_TUeT% WXfTg\ab ' J\a X`&
UTeZb% GebgpZbeTf [T TW`\g\Wb gT`U\qa dhX gbWT cT_TUeT dhX g\XaX ha
Tagta\`b% g\XaX fb_T l XkV_hf\iT`XagX hab% l ab `pf' F U\Xa GebgpZbeTf
eXV[TmT XfgT TY\e`TV\ta% b WXUX WXfWXV\efX WX fh TfXiXeTV\ta \a\V\T_ Xa
X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX [Tl ha iraVh_b XageX fTU\WherT l
ThgbVbageb_ ' J\ XfgTf Wbf cT_TUeTf g\XaXa ha `\f`b Tagta\`b% Xagba&
VXf fba f\ata\`bf% b g\XaXa X_ `\f`b f\Za\Y\VTWb' GebgpZbeTf gXe`\aT
cbe WXfWXV\efX WX fh TY\e`TV\ta be\Z\aTe\T Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX ab aXVX&
fTe\T`XagX [Tl eX_TV\ta XageX _bf gqe`\abf fTU\WherT l ThgbVbageb_ '
<_ V\gTWb X]X`c_b eXfh_gT \agXeXfTagX cbe Wbf eTmbaXf' <a ce\`Xe
_hZTe% WX`hXfgeT Vt`b T haT cXefbaT eX_Tg\iT`XagX \agX_\ZXagX _X Xf
cbf\U_X VeXXe dhX Xag\XaWX X_ fXag\Wb WX TfXiXeTV\baXf T\f_TWTf% l _hXZb
TW`\g\e dhX X__Tf XageTa Xa VbaY_\Vgb VhTaWb T_Zh\Xa fX _Tf [TVX iXe
Vba]hagT`XagX' <a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% haT WX _Tf Wbf TfXiXeTV\baXf

'.
VbaY_\Vg\iTf Ybe`h_T haT eXZ_T V_pf\VT WX _T _tZ\VT3 UJ UNb MN Z^N ]XMX
]e[VRWX VNMRX Z^NMJ NaLU^RMX$ ;;X TVhXeWb Vba XfgT _Xl% gbWT TY\e`TV\ta
Xf iXeWTWXeT b Xf YT_fT' CT TfXiXeTV\ta WX dhX gbWT cT_TUeT dhX g\XaX
fh bchXfgb% g\XaX fb_T l XkV_hf\iT`XagX ha bchXfgb% W\VX XfXaV\T_`XagX
_b `\f`b' <_ [XV[b WX dhX GebgpZbeTf \a`XW\TgT`XagX TW`\g\XeT
XfT TY\e`TV\ta l eXV[TmTeT fh c_TagXb be\Z\aT_ "Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX
fTU\WherT l ThgbVbageb_ ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX Xfgqa eX_TV\baTWbf#
cTeXVX \aW\VTe dhX V\XegTf eXZ_Tf XageTa WXageb WX haT VTgXZberT XfcXV\T_'
GebgpZbeTf fX `bfget `hV[b `pf W\fchXfgb T TVXcgTe _T V\gTWT eXZ_T%
dhX T \af\fg\e Xa fhf WXY\a\V\baXf WX fTU\WherT l ThgbVbageb_ haT iXm
gb`TWT VbaV\XaV\T WX_ VbaY_\Vgb'
<a gXeVXe _hZTe% Vbaf\WXeT`bf ha X]X`c_b cebc\b WX _T W\fVhf\ta
cb_rg\VT VbagX`cbepaXT' FUfXeiX _T f\Zh\XagX TeZh`XagTV\ta3

"*# Cbf Vb`ha\fgTf TcblTa X_ WXfTe`X ahV_XTe ha\_TgXeT_'


"+# Cbf _\UXeT_Xf TcblTa X_ WXfTe`X ahV_XTe ha\_TgXeT_'

",# Gbe _b gTagb% _bf _\UXeT_Xf fba Vb`ha\fgTf'

CT `TlberT WX abfbgebf XfgTep WX TVhXeWb Xa dhX _Tf TY\e`TV\baXf "*#


l "+# fba V\XegTf% cXeb dhX _T ",# Xf YT_fT' J\a X`UTeZb% _T TeZh`XagTV\ta
WX ahXfgeb X]X`c_b cTeXVX \`c_\VTe dhX f\ _Tf TY\e`TV\baXf "*# l "+# fba
V\XegTf% XagbaVXf _T ",# gT`U\qa [T WX fXe V\XegT' GhXfgb dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb
eXfh_gT WXfVbaVXegTagX% cebVheX`bf XfdhX`Tg\mTe_b l TaT_\mTe fh
VbagXa\Wb' GTeT X__b% TWbcgTeX`bf _bf f\Zh\XagXf fr`Ub_bf3

: f\Za\Y\VT Vb`ha\fgTf4
C f\Za\Y\VT _\UXeT_Xf4
~PÄ f\Za\Y\VT TcblT X_ WXfTe`X ahV_XTe ha\_TgXeT_ '

<a fh Ybe`T XfdhX`pg\VT% _T TeZh`XagTV\ta TcTeXVX Vb`b3

"*# : Xf M
"+# C Xf M
",# C Xf :'

8 Y\a WX iXe\Y\VTe _b TVXcgTU_X WX XfgT TeZh`XagTV\ta% X_TUbeX`bf


bgeT f\Zh\XaWb _T `\f`T Ybe`T XfdhX`pg\VT3

02
"*# KbWbf _bf VT`X__bf fba iXZXgTe\Tabf'
"+# Cbf VbeWXebf fba iXZXgTe\Tabf'

",# Gbe _b gTagb% _bf VbeWXebf fba VT`X__bf'

<a fh Ybe`T XfdhX`pg\VT% XfgT TeZh`XagTV\ta Xf \Wqag\VT T _T WX_


cpeeTYb TagXe\be3

"*# : Xf M
"+# C Xf M
",# C Xf :

:b`b _T `TlberT WX abfbgebf Vb\aV\WX Xa dhX XfgT TeZh`XagTV\ta Xf


\aTVXcgTU_X% l Vb`b Xf \Wqag\VT Xa fh Ybe`T T _T TeZh`XagTV\ta ceXi\T%
eXfh_gT dhX qfgT gT`U\qa Xf \aTVXcgTU_X'
CT \`cbegTaV\T WX_ X]X`c_b gb`TWb WX _T XfYXeT cb_rg\VT Xfgp Xa dhX
WX`hXfgeT _b VbaiXa\XagX dhX fXerT \aiXagTe haT gqVa\VT f\`Ut_\VT
`XW\TagX _T VhT_ chW\qfX`bf iXe\Y\VTe _b TVXcgTU_X WX ha TeZh`Xagb'
Gbe TsTW\WheT% X__b abf __XiTerT T c_TagXTe fXe\bf \agXeebZTagXf Xa gbeab
T gbWT ahXfgeT W\fVhf\ta' {Hhq f\Za\Y\VT WXV\e dhX ha TeZh`Xagb Xf
TVXcgTU_X b \aTVXcgTU_X7 {Hhq Xf ha TeZh`Xagb7 =\aT_`XagX% {cbe dhq
abf \`cbegT gTagb X_ WXfVhUe\e dhX ha TeZh`Xagb eXfh_gT TVXcgTU_X b
\aTVXcgTU_X7 GXeb fXep `X]be c_TagXTe XfgTf ceXZhagTf T _T \aiXefT'
CT ZeTa \`cbegTaV\T WX _T _tZ\VT Vb`b \afgeh`Xagb cTeT W\fg\aZh\e
_bf TeZh`Xagbf TVXcgTU_Xf WX _bf \aTVXcgTU_Xf fX WT Xa _T XfYXeT WX _Tf
VhXfg\baXf cepVg\VTf' :b`b X_ gXeVXe X]X`c_b XkT`\aTWb _b cbaX Xa
Xi\WXaV\T% _T ZXagX W\fVhgX _bf Tfhagbf `pf \`cbegTagXf eXVhee\XaWb T
gbWT fhXegX WX TeZh`XagTV\baXf' CTf WXV\f\baXf `pf \`cbegTagXf dhX
TYXVgTa ahXfgeT i\WT l ahXfgeb U\XaXfgTe fhX_Xa c_TagXTefX Xa Ybe`T WX
TeZh`XagTV\baXf' GeXV\fT`XagX cbedhX X_ _XaZhT]X Xfgp eX_TV\baTWb Vba
_Tf TVV\baXf [h`TaTf% Xf dhX eXfh_gT gTa \`cbegTagX W\YXeXaV\Te XageX
TeZh`Xagbf TVXcgTU_Xf X \aTVXcgTU_Xf'

[9=V /;; =6 +:1=5/6<7*

8agXf WX cbWXe WXY\a\e X_ VbaVXcgb WX TeZh`Xagb% WXUXeabf


Vbaf\WXeTe T_ZhaTf VTeTVgXerfg\VTf ZXaXeT_Xf WX _T XfgehVgheT WX_

+)
_XaZhT]X' CT ha\WTW `pf cXdhXsT WX_ _XaZhT]X Xf _T UN][J" l qfgTf iTa% Xa
ahXfgeb TUXVXWTe\b% WX _T T T _T m ' CTf _XgeTf Vbafg\ghlXa _bf _TWe\__bf
T cTeg\e WX _bf VhT_Xf fX VbafgehlX gbWb X_ eXfgb WX_ _XaZhT]X' CT f\Zh\XagX
ha\WTW cbe gT`Tsb Xf _T YJUJK[J$ CTf cT_TUeTf Xfgpa Vb`chXfgTf WX
_XgeTf% l fX _Tf Vb`cbaX fbUeX _T UTfX WX WXgXe`\aTWTf eXZ_Tf' CTf eXZ_Tf
dhX e\ZXa _T Vb`U\aTV\ta WX _XgeTf Xa cT_TUeTf fX WXab`\aTa eXZ_Tf
WX X[]XP[JOfJ$ CT f\Zh\XagX ha\WTW% f\X`ceX [TU_TaWb Xa gqe`\abf WX
gT`Tsb% fX WXab`\aT Y[XYX\RLRgW" X[JLRgW b J\N_N[JLRgW$ CTf beTV\baXf fX
VbafgehlXa T cTeg\e WX cT_TUeTf% l fh VbafgehVV\ta gT`U\qa Xfgp eXZ\WT
cbe eXZ_Tf3 Xa XfgX VTfb% _Tf P[JVJ]RLJUN\$
CTf beTV\baXf fhX_Xa W\i\W\efX Xa VhTgeb g\cbf3 Xkcbf\g\iTf%
XkV_T`Tg\iTf% \`cXeTg\iTf X \agXeebZTg\iTf' 8_Zhabf XfcXV\T_\fgTf Xa
_tZ\VT [Ta geTgTWb WX TeZh`XagTe dhX Xk\fgX haT VbeeX_TV\ta XageX X_
g\cb WX beTV\ta l fh YhaV\ta' Gbe X]X`c_b% fhX_X TeZh`XagTefX dhX
_Tf beTV\baXf Xkcbf\g\iTf geTaf`\gXa \aYbe`TV\ta l% cbe _b gTagb% fba
iXeWTWXeTf b YT_fTf4 l dhX _Tf beTV\baXf \`cXeTg\iTf XkceXfTa teWXaXf%
cbe _b VhT_ ab fba a\ iXeWTWXeTf a\ YT_fTf' J\a X`UTeZb% ha XkT`Xa `pf
WXgXa\Wb eXiX_T dhX WXgXe`\aTWb g\cb WX beTV\ta chXWX fXe fhfg\gh\Wb
cbe bgeb f\a aXVXfTe\T`XagX `bW\Y\VTe fh YhaV\ta' Gbe X]X`c_b% chXWb
WXV\e :\XeeT _T chXegT "beTV\ta \`cXeTg\iT# b U\Xa Hh\Xeb dhX V\XeeXf
_T chXegT "beTV\ta Xkcbf\g\iT#'
<f T_ __XZTe T XfgX a\iX_ VhTaWb gb`T`bf VbaV\XaV\T WX _b Vb`c_X]T
dhX Xf _T XfgehVgheT WX_ _XaZhT]X' J\ chW\qeT`bf W\fVhg\e X_ _XaZhT]X
`XeT`XagX Xa YhaV\ta WX _Tf eX_TV\baXf XageX fr`Ub_bf "_b dhX fX
WXab`\aT \RW]JaR\!" XagbaVXf fXerT YpV\_ XfgTU_XVXe _T _tZ\VT b XfgehVgheT
WX ahXfgeb cXafT`\Xagb l ahXfgeT [TU_T' J\a X`UTeZb% TWX`pf WX _T
f\agTk\f WXUX`bf Vbaf\WXeTe gT`U\qa _T eX_TV\ta XageX _bf fr`Ub_bf l _Tf
VbfTf h bU]Xgbf Xk\fgXagXf Xa X_ `haWb "_b dhX WXab`\aT`bf \NVdW]RLJ!"
l _T eX_TV\ta XageX X_ _XaZhT]X l X_ hfhTe\b WX XfX _XaZhT]X Y[JPVd]RLJ!$
Eb Xf Tdhr YpV\_ WXV\e Vhp_Xf fba _Tf eXZ_Tf b XfgehVgheTf% f\a XageTe Xa
ha cebYhaWb WXUTgX Y\_bftY\Vb'
<_ `\f`b cebU_X`T chXWX TWiXeg\efX Xa _T f\Zh\XagX ha\WTW WX_
_XaZhT]X WXfchqf WX _T beTV\ta3 X_ Yd[[JOX$ Eb Xk\fgXa eXZ_Tf gbgT_`XagX
YT_gTf WX T`U\ZvXWTW cTeT Vb`U\aTe _Tf beTV\baXf Xa cpeeTYbf' Gbe _b
ZXaXeT_ fX abf TWi\XegX dhX WXUX [TUXe V\Xegb g\cb WX ha\WTW b Vb[XeXaV\T
Xa _Tf beTV\baXf dhX Ybe`Ta X_ cpeeTYb% T `XahWb Xa eX_TV\ta Vba ha
gX`T' GXeb Xfgb ab Xf YpV\_ WX iXe Xa ha gXeeXab cheT`XagX XfgehVgheT_'
?Tl% cbe bgeT cTegX% V\XegTf Vb`U\aTV\baXf WX beTV\baXf% cebcbf\V\baXf

('
b TfXiXeTV\baXf dhX XYXVg\iT`XagX cbfXXa haT Xi\WXagX ha\WTW' 8 haT
WX XfgTf Vb`U\aTV\baXf fX _Tf WXab`\aT TeZh`Xagb' La J[P^VNW]X chXWX
WXY\a\efX Vb`b haT fXe\X WX TfXiXeTV\baXf "beTV\baXf% cebcbf\V\baXf#%
fXT WXageb WX haT beTV\ta `pf T`c_\T b WXageb WX ha Zehcb WX beTV\baXf
ZeT`Tg\VT_`XagX W\YXeXaV\TWTf% dhX \aW\i\WhT_`XagX b Xa fh Vba]hagb
W\VXa TcblTe % WX`bfgeTe b WTe cehXUT WX bgeT TfXiXeTV\ta' CT
TfXiXeTV\ta dhX eXfh_gT TcblTWT% WX`bfgeTWT b cebUTWT fX WXab`\aT
LXWLU^\RgW$ ?Tl haT fb_T VbaV_hf\ta cTeT VTWT TeZh`Xagb' GXeb chXWX
[TUXe gbWT haT fXe\X WX TfXiXeTV\baXf WX Tcblb' CTf TfXiXeTV\baXf dhX
Ue\aWTa Tcblb% WX`bfgeTV\ta b cehXUT fX WXab`\aTa Y[NVR\J\$
CT V_TiX cTeT eXVbabVXe ha TeZh`Xagb Xfgp Xa _T VbaV_hf\ta3 T haT
VbaV_hf\ta% VbeeXfcbaWX ha TeZh`Xagb' :TUX TWiXeg\e% Tf\`\f`b% dhX
_bf gqe`\abf ceX`\fT l VbaV_hf\ta fba eX_Tg\ibf3 b fXT dhX haT
`\f`T TfXiXeTV\ta chXWX fXe gTagb ceX`\fT Xa WXgXe`\aTWb TeZh`Xagb%
Vb`b VbaV_hf\ta WX bgeb' <__b fX WXUX T dhX chXWX [TUXe gbWT haT fXe\X
WX TeZh`Xagbf XageX_TmTWbf' <a X_ f\Zh\XagX VTcrgh_b TaT_\mTeX`bf _Tf
cThgTf dhX abf cXe`\gXa \WXag\Y\VTe T _bf TeZh`Xagbf'
<_ cTeTW\Z`T V_pf\Vb WX ha TeZh`Xagb Xf3

GeX`\fT *3 KbWbf _bf [b`UeXf fba `begT_Xf'


GeX`\fT +3 JtVeTgXf Xf ha [b`UeX'

:baV_hf\ta3 JtVeTgXf Xf `begT_'

:hTWeb *' <_X`Xagbf WX_ _XaZhT]X

++
[-­=\6.7 /;; +-­/8<+,4/ =6 +:1=5/6<7*

C_XZT`bf T[beT T _T ceXZhagT3 {:t`b XfgTU_XVXe _T W\YXeXaV\T


XageX ha TeZh`Xagb TVXcgTU_X l bgeb \aTVXcgTU_X7 ' J\ ha TeZh`Xagb
fX Vb`cbaX WX ceX`\fTf l WX haT VbaV_hf\ta% XagbaVXf haT WX _Tf
W\YXeXaV\Tf XageX ha TeZh`Xagb TVXcgTU_X l bgeb \aTVXcgTU_X WXUX
eXf\W\e Xa _T eX_TV\ta XageX _Tf ceX`\fTf l _T VbaV_hf\ta'
La g\cb WX TeZh`Xagb Xf \agh\g\iT`XagX \aTVXcgTU_X3 X_ dhX abf
cXe`\gX __XZTe T haT YT_fT VbaV_hf\ta T cTeg\e WX ceX`\fTf V\XegTf' La
X]X`c_b lT i\fgb fX XaVhTWeT WXageb WX XfgT cThgT3

GeX`\fT *3 KbWbf _bf Vb`ha\fgTf ibgTa cbe X_ WXfTe`X ahV_XTe


ha\_TgXeT_'
GeX`\fT +3 KbWbf _bf _\UXeT_Xf ibgTa cbe X_ WXfTe`X ahV_XTe
ha\_TgXeT_'

:baV_hf\ta3 KbWbf _bf _\UXeT_Xf fba Vb`ha\fgTf'

CTf ceX`\fTf fba V\XegTf% cXeb _T VbaV_hf\ta Xf YT_fT' Cbf XfcXV\T_\fgTf


Xa _tZ\VT chXWXa T[beT cebVXWXe T W\TZeT`Te XfgX TeZh`Xagb% TaT_\mTe
_T eX_TV\ta XageX _Tf ceX`\fTf l _T VbaV_hf\ta% l Vb`cTeTe XfgT eX_TV\ta
Vba bgebf TeZh`Xagbf dhX gT`U\qa eXV[TmT`bf Vb`b \agh\g\iT`XagX
\aTVXcgTU_Xf' Cb abgTU_X Xf dhX _Tf `\f`Tf cbVTf cThgTf fX eX\gXeXa
haT l bgeT iXm' ;;\V[Tf cThgTf fba XagbaVXf V_Tf\Y\VTWTf% l fX _Tf chXWX
X`c_XTe cTeT eXT_\mTe haT XiT_hTV\ta \a`XW\TgT WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf'
:b`b iXeX`bf Xa X_ VTcrgh_b ,% _T cThgT XfcXVrY\VT dhX VTeTVgXe\mT
T_ TagXe\be TeZh`Xagb \aTVXcgTU_X fX WXab`\aT i\b_TV\ta WX _T eXZ_T
WX_ gqe`\ab `XW\b ab W\fge\Uh\Wb' <fgT gXe`\ab_bZrT aTWT f\Za\Y\VT
cTeT X_ _XVgbe cbe X_ `b`Xagb% cXeb fr \aW\VT dhX X_ `X`be\mTe haTf
cbVTf eXZ_Tf l cbWXe \WXag\Y\VTe _Tf cThgTf _X cXe`\g\ep W\fg\aZh\e WX
\a`XW\Tgb TdhX__bf TeZh`Xagbf dhX eXfh_gTa \aTVXcgTU_Xf cbe eTmbaXf
WX Ybe`T% b fXT% cbe _T eX_TV\ta Xk\fgXagX XageX ceX`\fTf l VbaV_hf\ta'
;;\eX`bf dhX Xfgpa RW_JURMJMX\ gbWbf _bf TeZh`Xagbf \aTVXcgTU_Xf
dhX i\b_Ta _Tf eXZ_Tf WX Ybe`T' ;;Xab`\aTeX`bf TeZh`Xagb _dURMX T
gbWb TdhX_ dhX ab \aYe\a]T XfTf eXZ_Tf'
?Tl gT`U\qa bgeb fXag\Wb Xa dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb chXWX eXfh_gTe
\aTVXcgTU_X' La TeZh`Xagb chXWX fXe Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wb% b fXT dhX
fh Ybe`T chXWX eXfh_gTe TVXcgTU_X% cXeb cbWX`bf eXV[TmTe _T iXeWTW b

+,
TVXcgTU\_\WTW WX _Tf ceX`\fTf' ;;X `TaXeT Tap_bZT% haT beTV\ta chXWX
fXe ZeT`Tg\VT_`XagX VbeeXVgT cXeb% Tha Tfr% YT_fT' La TeZh`Xagb chXWX
fXe Ybe`T_`XagX VbeeXVgb b ip_\Wb% cXeb% Tha Tfr% VTeXVXe WX ceX`\fTf
V\XegTf' :hTaWb ha TeZh`Xagb Xf ip_\Wb cXeb T_ `Xabf haT WX fhf
ceX`\fTf Xf YT_fT% XagbaVXf fX W\VX dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb WX N\ \gURMX$ :hTaWb
X_ TeZh`Xagb Xf Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wb l fhf ceX`\fTf fba gbWTf V\XegTf%
XagbaVXf WrVXfX dhX W\V[b TeZh`Xagb Xf \gURMX$ <_ TeZh`Xagb \WXT_ Xf%
V_Teb Xfgp% ft_\Wb'
CT _tZ\VT Ybe`T_ TgTsX XkV_hf\iT`XagX T _T iT_\WXm b YT_gT WX iT_\WXm
WX T_Zb' CT _tZ\VT cbe fr `\f`T% b _tZ\VT Ybe`T_% ab WXgXe`\aT _T iXeWTW
WX _Tf ceX`\fTf' CT _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_% cbe fh cTegX% Tg\XaWX T _T fb_\WXm WX
_bf TeZh`Xagbf'
;;XgXe`\aTe _T iXeWTW b YT_fXWTW WX V\XegTf ceX`\fTf cbWep cTeXVXe
T_Zb bUi\b% eXfXeiTWb T_ p`U\gb WX _T V\XaV\T b WX _T XkcXe\XaV\T% `pf dhX
T_ WX _T _tZ\VT' J\a X`UTeZb% X_ Tfhagb ab Xf gTa bUi\b Vb`b cTeXVX' CTf
ceX`\fTf cebchXfgTf Xa haT TeZh`XagTV\ta chXWXa fXe V\XegTf% cXeb ab
fXe cXeg\aXagXf eXfcXVgb WX _T VbaV_hf\ta' @`cbegT dhX haT iXeWTW fXT
cXeg\aXagX' ;;X `TaXeT T_gXeaTg\iT% _Tf ceX`\fTf chXWXa gXaXe gbWT _T
TcTe\XaV\T WX fXe V\XegTf% cXeb ab fXe_b eXT_`XagX' <_ eXiX_Te b hg\_\mTe
TeZh`Xagbf XaZTsbfbf gT`U\qa i\XaX T_ VTfb' =\aT_`XagX% [Tl dhX
fTUXe \agXeceXgTe _Tf iXeWTWXf3 XageTa gT`U\qa Tdhr T ]hZTe ]h\V\bf dhX
chXWXa fXe eXUTg\Wbf' 8hadhX _T _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_ ab chXWX VbW\Y\VTe l
V_Tf\Y\VTe gbWTf _Tf `TaXeTf cbf\U_Xf Xa dhX _bf TeZh`Xagbf eXfh_gTa
cbVb ft_\Wbf l% T _T iXm% YTV\_\gTeabf ha `XVTa\f`b f\`c_X WX_ `\f`b
`bWb Xa dhX _b [TVX _T _tZ\VT Ybe`T_% fr Xf V\Xegb% X`cXeb% dhX Tha Tdhr
fX WT haT abgTU_X eX\gXeTV\ta WX cThgTf' 8aT_\mTeX`bf T_ZhaTf WX X__Tf
Xa X_ eXfgb WX_ _\Ueb'

+-­
:EPRKEL

*' CT UgPRLJ Xf X_ XfghW\b WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf'


+' Cbf J[P^VNW]X\ XageTsTa haT LXWLU^\RgW l haT b `pf ceX`\fTf'
CTf Y[NVR\J\ cXe`\gXa __XZTe T haT VbaV_hf\ta YX[TV\XagX'
,' Cbf TeZh`Xagbf chXWXa fXe XiT_hTWbf% l VTgT_bZTWbf Vb`b
ip_\Wbf b VTeXagXf WX iT_\WXm' La TeZh`Xagb Xf _dURMX VhTaWb
ab VTeXVX WX iT_\WXm' La TeZh`Xagb VTeXVX WX iT_\WXm b dhXWT
RW_JURMJMX f\ i\b_T V\XegTf eXZ_Tf' CTf eXZ_Tf fba WXgXe`\aTWTf
TaT_\mTaWb _Tf cThgTf WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf VhlTf ceX`\fTf fba
V\XegTf cXeb VhlT VbaV_hf\ta Xf YT_fT'
-­' Cbf TeZh`Xagbf gT`U\qa chXWXa XiT_hTefX l VTgT_bZTefX
Vb`b ft_\Wbf b YT_gbf WX fb_\WXm' La TeZh`Xagb Xf \gURMX f\
eXfh_gT Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wb l fhf ceX`\fTf fba gbWTf V\XegTf'
5J[NLN MN _JURMNc f\ Xf Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wb cXeb T_ `Xabf haT
WX fhf ceX`\fTf eXfh_gT YT_fT' CT _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_ Tg\XaWX T
gbWbf _bf TfcXVgbf Xa dhX ha TeZh`Xagb chXWX VTeXVXe WX
fb_\WXm'
-­ANXQRJM 22

4+ 2./6<202-­+-­2^6 ./ 47;;
+:1=5/6<7;;
+:1=5/6<7;;

:b`b [X`bf i\fgb Xa X_ VTcrgh_b *% _T XfgehVgheT WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf


ceXfXagTWbf Xa haT W\fVhf\ta Xf gX`T WX _T _tZ\VT' ;;\V[bf TeZh`Xagbf
fX Vb`cbaXa WX ceX`\fTf l WX haT VbaV_hf\ta3 _Tf ceX`\fTf WXUXa
TcblTe% WX`bfgeTe b Ue\aWTe cehXUTf dhX fbfgXaZTa T _T VbaV_hf\ta'
GXeb TagXf WX cbWXe TaT_\mTe _T XfgehVgheT WX ha TeZh`Xagb l XiT_hTe
_Tf cehXUTf ceXfXagTWTf Xa _Tf ceX`\fTf% WXUX`bf XfgTe VTcTV\gTWbf
cTeT \WXag\Y\VTe T ha TeZh`Xagb l fhf cTegXf Vb`cbaXagXf'

.202-­=4<+./;; 8+:+ 2./6<202-­+: 47;; +:1=5/6<7;;


84+6</+.7;;

Eb gbWb gXkgb XfVe\gb cebcbaX ha TeZh`Xagb WX W\fVhf\ta3 Xa iXeWTW%


_T `TlberT WX _bf gXkgbf ab g\XaX X_ cebctf\gb WX c_TagXTe_bf' :ba fh`T
YeXVhXaV\T _bf ThgbeXf ft_b Xfgpa \agXeXfTWbf Xa WXY\a\e ha gqe`\ab%
VbgX]Te l bcbaXe Wbf \WXTf% WXfVe\U\e haT XkcXe\XaV\T b [XV[b bVhee\Wb
b% fXaV\__T`XagX% W\iXeg\e b \`ceXf\baTe T_ _XVgbe' CTf W\YXeXagXf Ybe`Tf
dhX chXWX TWbcgTe ha gXkgb l _bf Y\aXf dhX cXef\ZhX fba gTa ah`Xebfbf
dhX eXfh_gT \`cbf\U_X Xah`XeTe_bf T gbWbf'
Eb ft_b fba ah`XebfTf _Tf Ybe`Tf WX_ W\fVhefb f\ab dhX% T `XahWb%
gT`U\qa eXfh_gT W\YrV\_ WXgXe`\aTe Vhp_ b Vhp_Xf eXT_`XagX VTeTVgXe\mTa
T ha gXkgb' La Thgbe eTeT iXm \a\V\T fh bUeT TahaV\TaWb Vhp_ Xf fh bU]Xg\ib
l WXfVe\U\XaWb fh `qgbWb' <a T_ZhaTf VTfbf "cbe X]X`c_b% Xa _bf XfVe\gbf
fTgre\Vbf#% ha Vb`\Xamb Tfr WXfgeh\erT gbWb X_ XYXVgb cXefXZh\Wb cbe X_
XfVe\gbe' Gbe TsTW\WheT% _bf ThgbeXf}Vba _T cbf\U_X XkVXcV\ta WX _bf
dhX XfVe\UXa _\Uebf WX _tZ\VT}ab cebV_T`Ta T VTWT cTfb dhX Xfgqa
c_TagXTaWb TeZh`Xagbf WX W\fVhf\ta% a\ g\_WTa WX ceX`\fT b VbaV_hf\ta
T gbWTf l VTWT haT WX fhf YeTfXf'

+2
1:+5\<2-­+! 8=6<=+-­2^6 ? -­758:/6;;2^6 ./ 4+
4/-­<=:+

Eb Xf qfgX ha gXkgb fbUeX ZeT`pg\VT l Vb`ceXaf\ta WX _T _XVgheT% cbe


_b VhT_ ab cbWX`bf WTe Tdhr \afgehVV\baXf WXgT__TWTf fbUeX Vt`b _XXe'
Gbe bgeT cTegX% VTUX WXfgTVTe dhX _bf TeZh`Xagbf XkchXfgbf ab chXWXa
fXe \WXag\Y\VTWbf l Vb`ceXaW\Wbf f\ X_ _XVgbe ab Xfgp YT`\_\Te\mTWb Vba
_T `XVpa\VT WX _T ZeT`pg\VT l WX _T chaghTV\ta' ?Tl Wbf X_X`Xagbf dhX
`XeXVXa TgXaV\ta XfcXV\T_3 _bf cebab`UeXf l _T chaghTV\ta'
MXT`bf X_ f\Zh\XagX cpeeTYb WX_ =N_RJ]dW WX K[b`Tf ?bUUXf3

:hTaWb dh\XeT dhX ha [b`UeX geTafY\XeX fh WXeXV[b% b eXahaV\T T q_%


[TVX Xfgb Xa Vbaf\WXeTV\ta WX T_Zua WXeXV[b dhX% T _T eXVrcebVT% _X Xf
geTafYXe\Wb T q_% b Xa cbf WX T_Zua bgeb UXaXY\V\b dhX WX XfX `bWb XfcXeT
T_VTamTe' GhXf N\]X Xf ha TVgb ib_hagTe\b4 l Xa _bf TVgbf ib_hagTe\bf WX
VTWT [b`UeX% X_ bU]Xg\ib Xf T_VTamTe T_Zua UXaXY\V\b cTeT fr'

:b`XaVX`bf Vba _T f\Zh\XagX ceXZhagT3 {T dhq [TVX eXYXeXaV\T _T


cT_TUeT N\]X Xa UTfgTeW\__T7 CT Vb`ceXaf\ta WX_ cebab`UeX N\]X Xf
TUfb_hgT`XagX XfXaV\T_ cTeT Vb`ceXaWXe gbWb X_ TeZh`Xagb dhX c_TagXT
?bUUXf' <a iXeWTW% X_ cebab`UeX [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T gbWT _T YeTfX dhX W\VX
:hTaWb dh\XeT dhX ha [b`UeX geTafY\XeX fh WXeXV[b% b eXahaV\T T q_ '
{:t`b _b fTUX`bf7 GTeT X`cXmTe% gbWb cebab`UeX [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T ha
TagXVXWXagX% Xf WXV\e% T haT cT_TUeT b YeTfX dhX _b ceXVXWX' <a fXZhaWb
gqe`\ab% X_ cebab`UeX VbaVhXeWT Vba fh TagXVXWXagX Xa au`Xeb% b fXT
dhX f\ Xf f\aZh_Te% fh TagXVXWXagX gT`U\qa [T WX fXe f\aZh_Te' <a XfgX
VTfb% X_ cebab`UeX N\]X Xf f\aZh_Te l% cbe XaWX% [T WX eXYXe\efX T ha
TagXVXWXagX Xa au`Xeb f\aZh_Te'
<a X_ cpeeTYb WX ?bUUXf [Tl iTe\bf TagXVXWXagXf Xa au`Xeb
f\aZh_Te' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% X_ fhfgTag\ib WX_ `\f`b au`Xeb dhX ceXVXWX
\a`XW\TgT`XagX T_ cebab`UeX Xf fh TagXVXWXagX' P Tdhr% X_ fhfgTag\ib
\a`XW\Tgb ceXVXWXagX Xf UXaXY\V\b!' J\a X`UTeZb% ha UXaXY\V\b
ab Xf ha TVgb' ?Tl% TWX`pf% bgeTf Wbf V_TiXf3 VbagXkgb l XfgehVgheT'
<fgehVgheT_`XagX% [Tl bgeb Xfgb dhX g\XaX fh TagXVXWXagX Xa _T YeTfX
Xa f\aZh_Te VhTaWb dh\XeT''' eXahaV\T T q_ ' 8WX`pf% WXageb WX_
VbagXkgb% X_ ua\Vb TVgb `XaV\baTWb XeT X_ WX geTafYXe\e l eXahaV\Te T fh
WXeXV[b' <a VbafXVhXaV\T% VTUX ceXfhcbaXe dhX Xfgb [TVX eXYXeXaV\T
T _T geTafYXeXaV\T WX ha WXeXV[b l fh eXahaV\T T q_'

)&
8aT_\VX`bf bgeb X_X`Xagb WX_ `\f`b cpeeTYb3 <fgb Xf ha TVgb
ib_hagTe\b4 l Xa _bf TVgbf ib_hagTe\bf WX VTWT [b`UeX% X_ bU]Xg\ib Xf
T_VTamTe T_Zua UXaXY\V\b cTeT f\ ' ?Tl ha chagb l Vb`T Xa `XW\b WX XfgT
beTV\ta4 l _T YhaV\ta WX XfgX f\Zab WX chaghTV\ta Xf VbaXVgTe ha\WTWXf
ZeT`Tg\VT_Xf WX _T `\f`T ]XeTedhrT' LfT`bf% XagbaVXf% chagb l Vb`T
cTeT VbaXVgTe Wbf cebcbf\V\baXf dhX ab Xfgpa ha\WTf cbe _T Vba]haV\ta
l % cXeb % b T_Zua bgeb gqe`\ab f\`\_Te4 l Vb_bVT`bf XfX f\Zab XageX Wbf
ha\WTWXf dhX __XiTa Vb`Tf' <a ahXfgeb X]X`c_b gXaX`bf Wbf ha\WTWXf
\ZhT_Xf% VTWT haT WX _Tf VhT_Xf cbWerT fXe haT beTV\ta \aWXcXaW\XagX3
"*# <fgb Xf ha TVgb ib_hagTe\b % l "+# Xa _bf TVgbf ib_hagTe\bf WX VTWT
[b`UeX% X_ bU]Xg\ib Xf T_VTamTe T_Zua UXaXY\V\b cTeT fr ' ?bUUXf% X_ Thgbe%
Vb_bVT T`UTf cebcbf\V\baXf Xa _T `\f`T beTV\ta Tha VhTaWb cbWerTa
XfgTe fXcTeTWTf4 Xfgb dh\XeX WXV\e dhX WXfXT WXfgTVTe _T eX_TV\ta XageX
T`UTf4 _Tf Wbf cebcbf\V\baXf [Ta WX fXe Vbaf\WXeTWTf Vba]hagT`XagX%
_T eTmta WX dhX [TlT chagb l Vb`T TagXf WX _T Vba]haV\ta lb Xfgp Xa
dhX lT [Tl haT Vb`T Xa _T fXZhaWT cebcbf\V\ta'
{Hhq f\Za\Y\VT gbWb Xfgb7 :b`b iXeX`bf _hXZb Xa ahXfgeb Tap_\f\f
WX _Tf eXZ_Tf Tc_\VTWTf cTeT \WXag\Y\VTe T _Tf ceX`\fTf% _T cT_TUeT chXf
f\Za\Y\VT dhX gbWb _b dhX _X f\ZT Xa _T `\f`T ha\WTW ZeT`Tg\VT_ Xf haT
ceX`\fT' <a ahXfgeb X]X`c_b% Wbf VbfTf f\ZhXa T _T cT_TUeT chXf Xa _T
`\f`T ha\WTW ZeT`Tg\VT_' Gbe _b gTagb% cbWX`bf __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta
WX dhX Xa X_ cpeeTYb WX ?bUUXf [Tl cbe _b `Xabf Wbf ceX`\fTf3 "*# Xf ha
TVgb ib_hagTe\b "ceX`\fT au`Xeb hab#4 "+# Xa _bf TVgbf ib_hagTe\bf WX
VTWT [b`UeX% X_ bU]Xg\ib Xf T_VTamTe T_Zua UXaXY\V\b cTeT fr "ceX`\fT
au`Xeb Wbf#' <_ chagb l Vb`T b _T Vb`T TagXf WX haT Vba]haV\ta
Vbch_Tg\iT "cbe X]X`c_b% l #% \aW\VT _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX haT ha\WTW' ;;X
XfgX `bWb% cbWX`bf \WXag\Y\VTe VhpagTf ceX`\fTf f\ZhXa T _T cT_TUeT
chXf '
8 cTeg\e WX ahXfgeb Tap_\f\f WX_ cTcX_ ]hZTWb ceb _bf cebab`UeXf%
fTUX`bf dhX Xfgb [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T _T eXahaV\T b geTafYXeXaV\T WX
ha WXeXV[b ' J\ \aV_h\`bf XfgT \aYbe`TV\ta Xa X_ gXkgb% eXX`c_TmTaWb
T_ cebab`UeX Xfgb % bUgXaX`bf _b f\Zh\XagX3

GeX`\fT *3 CT geTafYXeXaV\T b eXahaV\T WX ha WXeXV[b Xf ha TVgb


ib_hagTe\b'

GeX`\fT +3 <_ bU]Xg\ib WX _bf TVgbf ib_hagTe\bf WX VTWT [b`UeX Xf


T_VTamTe T_Zua UXaXY\V\b cTeT fr' "8Wi\qegTfX dhX [X`bf

)'
WTWb T _T fXZhaWT ceX`\fT haT Ybe`T `pf VbaiXa\XagX
f\a `bW\Y\VTe fh fXag\Wb#'

8ha f\a gXaXe VbabV\`\Xagbf WX _tZ\VT% X_ _XVgbe chXWX bUfXeiTe% T


cTeg\e WX _T f\`c_X _XVgheT WX _Tf Wbf ceX`\fTf% dhX _T VbaV_hf\ta fheZX
WX cbe fr' {Hhq VbaV_hf\ta7 GbWX`bf WXWhV\e dhX _T geTafYXeXaV\T b
eXahaV\T WX ha WXeXV[b Xf haT TVV\ta eXT_\mTWT Vba _T \agXaV\ta WX
bUgXaXe T_Zua UXaXY\V\b cTeT X_ TZXagX' J\ bUfXeiT`bf _T WXV_TeTV\ta
be\Z\aTe\T WX ?bUUXf% iX`bf dhX Xfgb Xf XkTVgT`XagX _b dhX W\VX Xa _T
ce\`XeT beTV\ta'

:baV_hf\ta3
:hTaWb dh\XeT dhX ha [b`UeX geTafY\XeX fh WXeXV[b% b eXahaV\T T
q_% [TVX Xfgb Xa Vbaf\WXeTV\ta WX T_Zua WXeXV[b dhX% T _T eXVrcebVT% _X
Xf geTafYXe\Wb T q_% b Xa cbf WX T_Zua bgeb UXaXY\V\b dhX WX XfX `bWb
XfcXeT T_VTamTe '

:/14+;; 8+:+ 2./6<202-­+: 8:/52;;+;; ?


-­76-­4=;;276/;;

BNPUJ ^WX0 ?X \WXag\Y\VT`bf ceX`\fTf l VbaV_hf\baXf cbe fh VbagXa\Wb'

BNPUJ MX\0 ?X \WXag\Y\VT`bf ceX`\fTf l VbaV_hf\baXf cbe fh cbf\V\ta


b hU\VTV\ta WXageb WX_ cpeeTYb' Gbe eTmbaXf WX Xfg\_b b WX
T_ZhaT bgeT raWb_X% ceX`\fTf l VbaV_hf\baXf chXWXa TcTeXVXe
Xa VhT_dh\Xe _TWb'

BNPUJ ][N\0 CT TcTe\V\ta WX _T f\Zh\XagX cT_TUeT b cT_TUeTf T_


Vb`\Xamb WX haT beTV\ta b cebcbf\V\ta f\Za\Y\VT dhX W\V[T
beTV\ta b cebcbf\V\ta XageTsT haT LXWLU^\RgW0 YX[ UX ]JW]X" YX[
NWMN" J\f" MN JQf Z^N" NW LXW\NL^NWLRJ" YX[ LXW\RP^RNW]N" \N MN\Y[NWMN
Z^N" LXVX [N\^U]JMX" UUNPJVX\ J UJ LXWLU^\RgW" l bgebf gqe`\abf
f\ata\`bf'

8_ c_TagXTefX _bf f\Zh\XagXf TeZh`Xagbf% _T VbaV_hf\ta fX \WXag\Y\VT


Vb`b _T cebcbf\V\ta dhX f\ZhX T _bf gqe`\abf fhUeTlTWbf'

,+
8eZh`Xagb @3 KbWbf _bf [b`UeXf fba `begT_Xf' JtVeTgXf Xf ha
[b`UeX' @X[ UX ]JW]X" JtVeTgXf Xf `begT_'

8eZh`Xagb @@3 8lXe __bi\t% J\R dhX VbaYrb Xa dhX X_ WXctf\gb WX TZhT
Xfgq __Xab'

8eZh`Xagb @@@3 @[X NWMN" geTf [TUXe `XW\gTWb U\Xa X_ Tfhagb% l


XkT`\aTWb Vh\WTWbfT`XagX gbWbf fhf TfcXVgbf%
WXUb Y\aT_`XagX __XZTe T _T f\Zh\XagX LXWLU^\RgW" l
eXTY\e`Te_T3 G\Xafb% _hXZb Xk\fgb% Xf aXVXfTe\T`XagX
V\Xegb VTWT iXm dhX _b XahaV\b b VbaV\Ub `XagT_`XagX'
";;XfVTegXf#'

BNPUJ L^J][X0 CT TcTe\V\ta WX _T f\Zh\XagX cT_TUeT b cT_TUeTf T_


Vb`\Xamb WX haT beTV\ta b cebcbf\V\ta f\Za\Y\VT dhX W\V[T
beTV\ta b cebcbf\V\ta Vbafg\ghlX haT Y[NVR\J0 Y^N\]X Z^N" bJ
Z^N" LXVX" NW ]JW]X Z^N" MJMX Z^N" YX[ L^JW]X" _RNWMX Z^N" l bgebf
gqe`\abf f\ata\`bf'

<a X_ f\Zh\XagX TeZh`Xagb% _Tf ceX`\fTf fba \WXag\Y\VTWTf Vb`b _T


cebcbf\V\ta b cebcbf\V\baXf dhX f\ZhXa T _Tf cT_TUeTf Xa UTfgTeW\__T'

8eZh`Xagb3 5XVX X_ fXsbe I\iXeT Xf XkgeTa]Xeb% l Y^N\]X Z^N


_bf XkgeTa]Xebf ab chXWXa ibgTe Xa _Tf X_XVV\baXf
abegXT`Xe\VTaTf% __XZT`bf T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX dhX
X_ fXsbe I\iXeT ab chXWX ibgTe Xa _Tf cetk\`Tf
X_XVV\baXf'

?Tl bgeT cThgT Vb`ua Xa _bf TeZh`Xagbf' 8 `XahWb [T__T`bf


Wbf beTV\baXf b cebcbf\V\baXf dhX Y_TadhXTa T _Tf cT_TUeTf chXf
b cbedhX 8_ WTefX XfgT XfgehVgheT "Vb`b Xa X_ VTfb WX_ TagXe\be
TeZh`Xagb WX ?bUUXf#% dh\XeX WXV\e dhX _b dhX ceXVXWX T_ chXf b
cbedhX Xf haT VbaV_hf\ta% l _b dhX _X f\ZhX Xf haT b `pf ceX`\fTf'

,,
BNPUJ LRWLX0 @[X_NJ UJ\ Y[NVR\J\ b LXWLU^\RXWN\ RVYUfLR]J\ X %JU]JW]N\$
DhV[Tf iXVXf ha TeZh`Xagb dhXWT c_TagXTWb Vba gTagT
V_Te\WTW WXageb WX_ VbagXkgb% dhX X_ Thgbe ft_b _b XahaV\T
cTeV\T_`XagX' <a Xfgbf VTfbf dhXWT _\UeTWb T_ _XVgbe X_ dhX
TZeXZhX _Tf ceX`\fTf YT_gTagXf b ceXfhagTf% b Tha _T VbaV_hf\ta'
<fgX g\cb WX TeZh`Xagb fX WXab`\aT NW]RVNVJ$

8aT_\VX`bf X_ f\Zh\XagX X]X`c_b3 <_ fXsbe NbaZ Xf ha \a`\ZeTagX


\_XZT_% Tfr dhX ab fX _X cXe`\gX ibgTe ' GbWX`bf \WXag\Y\VTe Vb`b
VbaV_hf\ta T _T cTegX WX _T beTV\ta dhX f\ZhX T_ Tf\ ' CT ce\`XeT cTegX
Xf haT ceX`\fT' J\a X`UTeZb% [Tl bgeT ceX`\fT bUi\T dhX ab Xfgp
XahaV\TWT3 _T WX dhX T _bf \a`\ZeTagXf \_XZT_Xf ab fX _Xf cXe`\gX ibgTe '
<_ TeZh`Xagb Vb`c_Xgb fXerT3

GeX`\fT3 8 _bf \a`\ZeTagXf \_XZT_Xf ab fX _Xf cXe`\gX ibgTe


"XahaV\TWT cbe X_ _XVgbe#'
GeX`\fT3 <_ fXsbe NbaZ Xf ha \a`\ZeTagX \_XZT_'

:baV_hf\ta3 8_ fXsbe NbaZ ab fX _X cXe`\gX ibgTe'

BNPUJ \NR\0 KbWT cebcbf\V\ta chXWX fXe gTagb haT ceX`\fT Vb`b haT
VbaV_hf\ta VhTaWb [Tl `pf WX ha TeZh`Xagb XahaV\TWb Xa X_ `\f`b
cTfT]X' JX WXab`\aT \X[R]N\ T haT fXe\X WX TeZh`Xagbf \agXeeX_TV\baTWbf'
CT VbaV_hf\ta WX ha TeZh`Xagb chXWX fXe _T ceX`\fT WX_ fXZhaWb
TeZh`Xagb'
CX Ybe`T Vbee\XagX WX ceXfXagTV\ta WX_ fbe\gXf Xf _T f\Zh\XagX3

8eZh`Xagb @3
GeX`\fT "*#3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
GeX`\fT "+#3SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
:baV_hf\ta 3SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
8eZh`Xagb @@3
GeX`\fT "*#3 "cbe _b ZXaXeT_% VbaV_hf\ta WX_
8eZh`Xagb "@#SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
GeX`\fT "+#3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
:baV_hf\ta+3 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

)*
7SNVYUX @[XKUNVJ EWX$

:baf\WqeXfX X_ f\Zh\XagX fbe\gXf WX _T @XUf]RLJ WX 8e\fgtgX_Xf3

KbWb <fgTWb Xf haT Vb`ha\WTW WX T_Zua U\Xa4 Y^N\ _T [h`Ta\WTW


f\X`ceX TVguT Vba X_ Y\a WX bUgXaXe TdhX__b dhX Vbaf\WXeT UhXab' GXeb%
f\ gbWTf _Tf Vb`ha\WTWXf Tfc\eTa T T_Zua U\Xa% X_ <fgTWb b Vb`ha\WTW
cb_rg\VT% Z^N Xf _T `pf X_XiTWT WX gbWTf% l Z^N TUTeVT T gbWb X_ eXfgb%
Tfc\eT T_ U\Xa Xa `XW\WT `Tlbe dhX VhT_dh\Xe bgeT% l T_ U\Xa fhceX`b'

LaT Vh\WTWbfT _XVgheT WX XfgX cTfT]X eXiX_T dhX 8e\fgtgX_Xf Xfgp


[TU_TaWb WX_ <fgTWb' <a iXeWTW% X_ cTfT]X cTeXVX fXe haT XkgXafT
WXfVe\cV\ta b WXY\a\V\ta WX_ <fgTWb' La XkT`Xa WX _bf cebab`UeXf l
chaghTV\ta eXiX_T _b f\Zh\XagX4 <a _T ce\`XeT beTV\ta% ha chagb l Vb`T
\agXeeh`cX _T beTV\ta TagXf WX _T cT_TUeT V_TiX chXf ' CT fXZhaWT
beTV\ta Vb`\XamT eXc\g\XaWb X_ `\f`b c_TagXb WX _T ce\`XeT% cXeb TsTWX
T_Zb `pf' Cbf TsTW\Wbf \aV_hlXa Wbf cebcbf\V\baXf dhX Vb`\XamTa
Vba cebab`UeXf eX_Tg\ibf4 XfgTf cebcbf\V\baXf WXfVe\UXa T_ZhaTf WX
_Tf VTeTVgXerfg\VTf WX_ <fgTWb' CT fXZhaWT beTV\ta gXe`\aT Tge\UhlXaWb
haT cebc\XWTW ahXiT T_ <fgTWb% VTeTVgXerfg\VT dhX ab [T__T`bf Xa _T
ce\`XeT beTV\ta'
:hTaWb UhfVT`bf V_TiXf cTeT \WXag\Y\VTe ceX`\fTf l VbaV_hf\baXf%
[T__T`bf haT \`cbegTagX Xa _T cT_TUeT chXf ' JTUX`bf dhX _b dhX
ceXVXWX T chXf Xf haT VbaV_hf\ta% l dhX _b dhX _X f\ZhX Xf haT ceX`\fT'
Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% _T cebcbf\V\ta KbWb <fgTWb Xf haT Vb`ha\WTW WX
T_Zua g\cb% l gbWT Vb`ha\WTW Xf XfgTU_XV\WT Vba `\eTf T T_Zua U\Xa Xf
haT VbaV_hf\ta' Gbe TsTW\WheT% fTUX`bf T[beT dhX _T cebcbf\V\ta CT
[h`Ta\WTW f\X`ceX TVguT Vba X_ Y\a WX bUgXaXe TdhX__b dhX Vbaf\WXeT
UhXab Xf haT ceX`\fT'
?Tl bgeb X_X`Xagb dhX iT_X _T cXaT TWiXeg\e Xa _T ce\`XeT beTV\ta' <a
i\fgT WX _b dhX W\VX% cbWX`bf TsTW\e_X haT ceX`\fT YT_gTagX b \`c_rV\gT3
dhX haT Vb`ha\WTW Xf X_ cebWhVgb WX _T TVg\i\WTW [h`TaT' C_XZT`bf
XagbaVXf T_ f\Zh\XagX TeZh`Xagb3

8eZh`Xagb @3

GeX`\fT "*#3 CT [h`Ta\WTW f\X`ceX TVguT Vba X_ Y\a WX bUgXaXe


TdhX__b dhX Vbaf\WXeT UhXab' "8dhr _T V_TiX Xf _T
cT_TUeT chXf #'
,.
GeX`\fT "+#3 LaT Vb`ha\WTW Xf X_ cebWhVgb WX _T TVg\i\WTW
[h`TaT "ceX`\fT \`c_rV\gT#'

:baV_hf\ta3 KbWT Vb`ha\WTW Xf XfgTU_XV\WT Vba `\eTf T T_Zua


U\Xa' "8dhr _T V_TiX Xfgp Xa dhX XfgT cebcbf\V\ta
ceXVXWX T _T cT_TUeT chXf '#

GbWX`bf eXgb`Te T[beT _T ce\aV\cT_ _raXT WX_ cXafT`\Xagb' KbWTirT


dhXWT f\a `XaV\baTe haT cTegX WX _T ce\`XeT beTV\ta3 KbWb <fgTWb
Xf haT Vb`ha\WTW WX T_Zua g\cb % chXfgb dhX Xfgb gT`U\qa ceXVXWX T
_T cT_TUeT chXf fTUX`bf dhX WXcXaWX WX _T ceX`\fT XfgTU_XV\WT cbe
qfgT' GXeb gXaX`bf lT haT VbaV_hf\ta \aW\VTWT cbe _b dhX ceXVXWX T
chXf % Xi\WXagX`XagX% XfgT`bf TagX bgeb TeZh`Xagb `pf dhX WXcXaWX
WX _b XfgTU_XV\Wb cbe _T cT_TUeT chXf '

8eZh`Xagb @@3

GeX`\fT "*#3 KbWT Vb`ha\WTW Xf XfgTU_XV\WT Vba `\eTf T T_Zua


U\Xa "VbaV_hf\ta#'
GeX`\fT "+#3 KbWb <fgTWb Xf haT Vb`ha\WTW WX T_Zua g\cb'

:baV_hf\ta+3 KbWb <fgTWb Xf XfgTU_XV\Wb Vba `\eTf T T_Zua U\Xa'

GbWX`bf T[beT Vb`c_XgTe X_ TeZh`Xagb TsTW\XaWb _T \aYbe`TV\ta


ahXiT b TW\V\baT_ ceXfXagX Xa X_ eXfgb WX_ cTfT]X3

8eZh`Xagb @@@3

GeX`\fT "*#3 KbWb <fgTWb Xf XfgTU_XV\Wb Vba `\eTf T T_Zua U\Xa


"VbaV_hf\ta+#'
GeX`\fT "+#3 <_ <fgTWb Xf haT Vb`ha\WTW cb_rg\VT dhX Xf _T `pf
X_XiTWT WX gbWTf _Tf Vb`ha\WTWXf l dhX TUTeVT T
gbWb X_ eXfgb'

:baV_hf\ta,3 <_ <fgTWb Tfc\eT T_ U\Xa Xa `Tlbe `XW\WT dhX


VhT_dh\Xe bgeT Vb`ha\WTW% l T_ U\Xa fhceX`b'

),
7SNVYUX @[XKUNVJ 6X\$

<_ f\Zh\XagX cTfT]X YhX gb`TWb WX ha YT`bfb Y\_tfbYb Ue\gpa\Vb WX_


f\Z_b OM@@@% X_ bU\fcb 9Xe^X_Xl% Xa fh D[J]JMX LXWLN[WRNW]N J UX\ Y[RWLRYRX\
MNU LXWXLRVRNW]X Q^VJWX0

<f cbe V\Xegb bc\a\ta Vhe\bfT`XagX W\YhaW\WT XageX _bf [b`UeXf%


dhX i\i\XaWTf% `bagTsTf% erbf l% Xa haT cT_TUeT% gbWbf _bf bU]Xgbf
fXafbe\T_Xf% cbfXXa haT Xk\fgXaV\T% aTgheT_ b eXT_% W\fg\agT T _T cXeV\U\WT
cbe X_ XagXaW\`\Xagb' GXeb% ab \`cbegT Vba VhpagT VXeg\Wh`UeX
l TVXcgTV\ta chXWX fXe fbfgXa\Wb XfgX @[RWLRYRX Xa X_ `haWb% f\a
X`UTeZb dh\Xadh\XeT dhX [T__X `bg\ibf rag\`bf cTeT VhXfg\baTe_b
chXWX% f\ ab `X Xdh\ibVb% cXeV\U\e dhX XageTsT haT `Ta\Y\XfgT
VbageTW\VV\ta' @^N\ {dhq fba _bf `XaV\baTWbf bU]Xgbf f\ab _Tf VbfTf dhX
cXeV\U\`bf cbe _bf fXag\Wbf7 {l dhq cXeV\U\`bf TWX`pf WX ahXfgeTf
cebc\Tf \WXTf b fXafTV\baXf7 {l ab Xf iXeWTWXeT`XagX eXchZaTagX
dhX T_ZhaT WX X__Tf% b VhT_dh\Xe Vb`U\aTV\ta WX X__Tf% Xk\fgT f\a fXe
cXeV\U\WT7

CT ce\`XeT beTV\ta% <f cbe V\Xegb''' XagXaW\`\Xagb % f\`c_X`XagX


W\VX% Xa X_ _XaZhT]X VbagX`cbepaXb% dhX T_ZhaTf cXefbaTf T_\XagTa _T
XkgeTsT VeXXaV\T WX dhX _bf bU]Xgbf fXaf\U_Xf Xk\fgXa \aWXcXaW\XagX`XagX
WX _T cXeVXcV\ta' Gbe T[beT% ab fTUX`bf f\ Xfgb Xf haT ceX`\fT b haT
VbaV_hf\ta'
CT fXZhaWT beTV\ta% GXeb''' XageTsT haT `Ta\Y\XfgT VbageTW\VV\ta
W\VX dhX _T VeXXaV\T `XaV\baTWT Xa _T ce\`XeT beTV\ta Xf VbageTW\Vgbe\T
b YT_fT' <a iXm WX _Tf Wbf beTV\baXf% cbWerT`bf f\agXg\mTe _b dhX 9Xe^X_Xl
W\VX Xa haT fb_T3 CT VeXXaV\T WX dhX i\i\XaWTf% `bagTsTf% erbf'''
gbWbf _bf bU]Xgbf fXaf\U_Xf cbfXTa haT Xk\fgXaV\T W\fg\agT T _T cXeV\U\WT
XageTsT haT VbageTW\VV\ta '
CT gXeVXeT l u_g\`T beTV\ta Vb`\XamT Vba _T cT_TUeT chXf '
@a`XW\TgT`XagX% fTUX`bf dhX ahXfgeT beTV\ta ceXi\T`XagX
eXVbafgeh\WT Xf haT VbaV_hf\ta% l dhX _b dhX f\ZhX T _T cT_TUeT chXf
Xf haT ceX`\fT b fXe\X WX ceX`\fTf' CT beTV\ta au`Xeb geXf gT`U\qa
cbfXX haT chaghTV\ta W\ZaT WX abgT3 Vbag\XaX geXf ceXZhagTf eXgte\VTf%
Xf WXV\e% ceXZhagTf dhX ab eXdh\XeXa eXfchXfgT chXfgb dhX eXT_`XagX
WXUX gb`pefX_Tf Vb`b TY\e`TV\baXf% Vba _Tf VhT_Xf X_ Thgbe XfcXeT dhX
X_ _XVgbe Xfgq WX TVhXeWb' CT cT_TUeT chXf \aV_hlX T _Tf geXf ceXZhagTf

,0
eXgte\VTf "TY\e`TV\baXf W\f\`h_TWTf#% Vb`b fX iX cbe X_ [XV[b WX dhX
fba cTegX WX _T `\f`T beTV\ta% lT dhX a\aZhaT WX X__Tf Vb`\XamT Vba
haT `TlufVh_T'
<fgT`bf lT _\fgbf cTeT c_TagXTe X_ TeZh`Xagb' :b`b [Tl geXf
ceX`\fTf% cbWerT`bf ceXfXagTe X_ TeZh`Xagb Vb`b Vb`chXfgb cbe geXf
ceX`\fTf l haT VbaV_hf\ta' J\a X`UTeZb% Xa VhTagb Xah`XeT`bf _Tf
Wbf ce\`XeTf ceX`\fTf dhXWT fhZXe\WT _T VbaV_hf\ta \`c_rV\gT' Gbe _b
gTagb% g\XaX dhX [TUXe T_ `Xabf Wbf TeZh`Xagbf'

8eZh`Xagb @3

GeX`\fT "*#3 M\i\XaWTf% `bagTsTf% erbf% XgV' fba VbfTf dhX


cXeV\U\`bf cbe _bf fXag\Wbf' " Cbf `XaV\baTWbf
bU]Xgbf [TVXa eXYXeXaV\T T i\i\XaWTf% `bagTsTf% erbf%
XgV'#'
GeX`\fT "+#3 KbWb TdhX__b dhX cXeV\U\`bf fba ahXfgeTf cebc\Tf
\WXTf b fXafTV\baXf'

:baV_hf\ta%3 M\i\XaWTf% `bagTsTf% erbf% XgV'% fba ahXfgeTf cebc\Tf


\WXTf b fXafTV\baXf "VbaV_hf\ta \`c_rV\gT#'

8eZh`Xagb @@3

GeX`\fT "*#3 M\i\XaWTf% `bagTsTf% erbf% XgV'% fba ahXfgeTf cebc\Tf


\WXTf b fXafTV\baXf "VbaV_hf\ta#'
GeX`\fT "+#3 E\aZhaT WX ahXfgeTf \WXTf b fXafTV\baXf% b VhT_dh\Xe
Vb`U\aTV\ta WX X__Tf% chXWX Xk\fg\e f\a fXe cXeV\U\WT
" T_ZhaT WX X__Tf fX eXY\XeX T \WXTf b fXafTV\baXf#'

:baV_hf\ta+3 CT VeXXaV\T WX dhX i\i\XaWTf% `bagTsTf% erbf% XgV'


gXaZTa Xk\fgXaV\T W\fg\agT T _T dhX cXeV\U\`bf
XageTsT haT VbageTW\VV\ta'

,1
-­ANXQRJM 222
/4 +6\42;;2;; 07:5+4 ./ 47;;
+:1=5/6<7;;
#
<fgX VTcrgh_b cXef\ZhX ha WbU_X Y\a3 f\agXg\mTe XfT cTegX WX _T _tZ\VT
geTW\V\baT_ Te\fgbgq_\VT dhX eXfh_gT ug\_ cTeT TaT_\mTe TeZh`Xagbf% X
\aW\VTe Xa dhq fXag\Wb _T _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_ chXWX i\fhT_\mTefX Vb`b haT
fhUW\i\f\ta T_gT`XagX WXfTeeb__TWT WX _T _tZ\VT geTW\V\baT_'

/4 2./+4 ./ 4+ 4^12-­+

;;XfWX _T >eXV\T V_pf\VT% X_ \WXT_ WX _T _tZ\VT [T f\Wb XfgehVgheTe


ha TeZh`Xagb fXZua _Tf cThgTf WX _T ZXb`XgerT' <_ \WXT_ `TgX`pg\Vb
fXeirT T G_Tgta Vb`b `bWX_b cTeT gbWT UhXaT Xkc_\VTV\ta3 l qfgT Xf
T_Zb Tfr Vb`b haT cehXUT ZXb`qge\VT% Xa _T VhT_ fX XYXVguT ha cebVXfb
WX WXWhVV\ta T cTeg\e WX ce\aV\c\bf WTWbf WX `bWb gT_ dhX f\ W\V[bf
ce\aV\c\bf "dhX f\eiXa WX ceX`\fTf# fba ip_\Wbf% cXe`\gXa __XZTe%
XagbaVXf% T haT VbaV_hf\ta ip_\WT' Gbe X]X`c_b3

KbWbf _bf ge\paZh_bf fba Y\ZheTf VXeeTWTf WX geXf _TWbf'


<fX bU]Xgb Xf ha ge\paZh_b'

Gbe _b gTagb% XfX bU]Xgb Xf haT Y\ZheT VXeeTWT WX geXf _TWbf'

?TfgT X_ `\f`b 8e\fgtgX_Xf TVXcgTUT XfgX `bWX_b WX UhXaT


Xkc_\VTV\ta' J\a X`UTeZb% `\XageTf dhX G_Tgta VeXrT dhX XeT cbe
`XW\b WX haT fhXegX WX \agh\V\ta eTV\baT_ dhX __XZpUT`bf T VbabVXe
_T iXeWTW WX _bf ce\aV\c\bf \a\V\T_Xf b ceX`\fTf be\Z\aT_Xf WX gbWb%
8e\fgtgX_Xf \af\fgrT Xa dhX fX __XZTUT T X__bf cbe TUfgeTVV\ta% T cTeg\e WX
_T XkcXe\XaV\T' Gbe X]X`c_b3

KbWbf _bf [b`UeXf fba `begT_Xf'


JtVeTgXf Xf ha [b`UeX'

Gbe _b gTagb% JtVeTgXf Xf `begT_'


*'
GTeT 8e\fgtgX_Xf% fX __XZT T _T iXeWTW WX _T ceX`\fT Upf\VT% KbWbf
_bf [b`UeXf fba `begT_Xf % T cTeg\e WX _T XkcXe\XaV\T' <_ cebVXfb dhX iT
WX _Tf XkcXe\XaV\Tf b [XV[bf \aW\i\WhT_Xf Vb`b JtYbV_Xf Xf `begT_ l
:eXta Xf `begT_ [TfgT __XZTe T _T iXeWTW ZXaXeT_ WX dhX KbWbf _bf
[b`UeXf fba `begT_Xf fX WXab`\aT RWM^LLRgW" Xa gTagb dhX X_ cebVXfb
dhX __XiT WX _T iXeWTW ZXaXeT_ WX dhX KbWbf _bf [b`UeXf fba `begT_Xf
[TfgT JtVeTgXf Xf `begT_ fX WXab`\aT MNM^LLRgW$
<_ \WXT_ WX _T _tZ\VT [T f\Wb f\X`ceX X_ WX haT TeZh`XagTV\ta
WXWhVg\iT dhX fX \a\V\T Vba T_ZhaT iXeWTW ZXaXeT_ WX g\cb WX KbWTf _Tf k
fba l ' 8 cTeg\e WX T[r% _T `XagX bVV\WXagT_ [T Vbafgeh\Wb l eXVbafgeh\Wb
gbWbf _bf TeZh`Xagbf Vb`b WXWhVg\ibf% dhX cTegXa WX T_ZhaT fhchXfgT
iXeWTW ZXaXeT_% b \aV_hfb haT abe`T_ ZXaXeT_' Gbe X]X`c_b3

EhaVT [Tl dhX aXZbV\Te Vba _bf V[TagT]\fgTf'


Cbf gXeebe\fgTf fba V[TagT]\fgTf'

Gbe _b gTagb% ahaVT [Tl dhX aXZbV\Te Vba _bf gXeebe\fgTf'

;;X]TaWb WX _TWb _Tf VhXfg\baXf WX Ybe`T% _bf TfcXVgbf WXUTg\U_Xf


Xfge\UTa Xa WXgXe`\aTe f\ "T# [X`bf \WXag\Y\VTWb _T ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta
VbeeXVgT "f\ fX geTgT WX haT WXY\a\V\ta% [XV[b% abe`T ZXaXeT_ b _b dhX
YhXeX#% l "U# X_ VTfb dhX XfgT`bf XaYbVTaWb Xa XfgX `b`Xagb Vbafg\ghlX
ha X]X`c_b WX W\V[T ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta' <a gTagb dhX _T _tZ\VT Ybe`T_
Tg\XaWX T W\fchgTf fbUeX "T# l "U#' 8agXf WX cbWXe fh`XeZ\eabf Xa _T
_tZ\VT \aYbe`T_% f\a X`UTeZb% WXUX`bf gb`Te Xa VhXagT _bf X_X`Xagbf
XfgehVgheT_Xf' LaT iXm dhX VbabVX`bf _T Ybe`T VbeeXVgT "eXZ_Tf WX
iT_\WXm#% cbWX`bf f\X`ceX eXVbafgeh\e ha TeZh`Xagb% ahXfgeb b T]Xab%
Vba X_ Y\a WX VbaiT_\WTe_b' <a X_ cebVXfb WX eXVbafgehVV\ta% Teg\Vh_T`bf
_Tf ceX`\fTf TagXe\be`XagX ab XkceXfTf% aXVXfTe\Tf cTeT [TVXe dhX ha
TeZh`Xagb fXT Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wb' 8 _T iXm% cbe XfX `XW\b T\f_T`bf
_Tf ceX`\fTf dhX cbWerTa eXfh_gTe cb_q`\VTf l f\eiXa Vb`b `TgXe\T WX
_T _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_' <f \`cbegTagX fTUXe Vhp_Xf WX ahXfgeTf ceX`\fTf
eXfh_gTa cb_q`\VTf% WX `bWb WX cbWXe eXYbemTe fh Tcblb b TV_TeTe_Tf%
W\f\`h_Te_Tf Xa _T XfcXeTamT WX X_hW\e _bf TgTdhXf% b% gT_ iXm% gb`Te
VbaV\XaV\T WX dhX fba \aWXYXaW\U_Xf l% Xa VbafXVhXaV\T% WX]Te_Tf WX _TWb'
<f \`cbegTagX fTUXe% gT`U\qa% Vhp_Xf fba _Tf ceX`\fTf `pf WhWbfTf Xa
_T cbf\V\ta WX ahXfgeb TWiXefTe\b% WX `bWb WX cbWXe VXageTe ahXfgeb
VbageTTgTdhX Xa X_ chagb `pf ih_aXeTU_X'

-­+
;;24712;;57;;

KTagb Xa XfgX VTcrgh_b Vb`b T geTiqf WX gbWT XfgT bUeT [X`bf Tc_\VTWb
\`c_rV\gT`XagX _T cepVg\VT WX Tc_\VTe% cbe _b ZXaXeT_% TeZh`Xagbf
Vbaf\fgXagXf Xa Wbf ceX`\fTf' ;;\V[bf TeZh`Xagbf fX VbabVXa Vb`b
f\_bZ\f`bf' CT eTmta cbe _T VhT_ fX _bf X`c_XT gTa T `XahWb iT `pf
T__p WX _T VbaiXa\XaV\T l WX _T geTW\V\ta' KbWbf _bf TeZh`Xagbf chXWXa
eXVbafgeh\efX Vb`b f\_bZ\f`bf% b fXT% \agXZeTWbf cbe Wbf ceX`\fTf l
haT VbaV_hf\ta' Gbe TsTW\WheT% _bf TeZh`Xagbf eXVbafgeh\Wbf WX XfT
`TaXeT fba `pf YpV\_Xf WX fXZh\e' P _b `pf \`cbegTagX WX gbWb% Vb`b
iXeX`bf% Xf dhX Xa _T _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_ chXWX iXefX ha ug\_ X]XeV\V\b
Xa eTmbaT`\Xagb f\_bZrfg\Vb dhX \aV_hlX T_ZhaTf `hl VhXfg\baTU_Xf
ceX`\fTf fhce\`\WTf'
8hadhX [Tl iTe\Tf V_TfXf W\YXeXagXf WX f\_bZ\f`bf% abf VbaVXageT&
eX`bf Tdhr Xa _bf __T`TWbf f\_bZ\f`bf VTgXZte\Vbf' La f\_bZ\f`b
VTgXZte\Vb Xf Tdhq_ Xa X_ dhX gbWTf _Tf TfXiXeTV\baXf% gTagb ceX`\fTf
Vb`b VbaV_hf\ta% fba VTgXZte\VTf' LaT TfXiXeTV\ta Xf VTgXZte\VT f\
TWbcgT _T Ybe`T WX fh]XgbceXW\VTWb4 b fXT dhX fX geTgT WX haT TY\e`TV\ta
Vba VhTgeb cTegXf W\fg\ag\iTf4 VhTag\Y\VTWbe% fh]Xgb% Vtch_T l ceXW\VTWb'
CTf VhTgeb TY\e`TV\baXf f\Zh\XagXf fba VTgXZte\VTf3

:hTag\Y\VTWbe Jh]Xgb :tch_T GeXW\VTWb :tW\Zb


*' KbWTf ATf O fba P 8
+' E\aZhaT O Xf P <
,' 8_ZhaTf O fba P @
-­' 8_ZhaTf O ab fba P F

?X hg\_\mTWb f\X`ceX X_ `\f`b gX`T VXageT_ cTeT T__TaZTe X_ VT`\ab'


Eb abf \agXeXfT Tdhr _b iXeWTWXeb b YT_fb WX XfgTf TfXiXeTV\baXf% f\ab
gTa ft_b fh Ybe`T'
CTf TfXiXeTV\baXf VTgXZte\VTf chXWXa gT`U\qa V_Tf\Y\VTefX Xa
TY\e`Tg\iTf b aXZTg\iTf' CTf TfXiXeTV\baXf au`Xeb hab l geXf WX_ VhTWeb
fba JOR[VJ]R_J\ cbe VhTagb TY\e`Ta T_Zb "X_ ceXW\VTWb# Xa eX_TV\ta Vba X_
fh]Xgb' CTf TfXiXeTV\baXf au`Xeb Wbf l VhTgeb fba WNPJ]R_J\ cbe VhTagb
a\XZTa T_Zb "X_ ceXW\VTWb# eXfcXVgb WX_ fh]Xgb' :hTaWb WXV\`bf dhX
_Tf TfXiXeTV\baXf fba TY\e`Tg\iTf b aXZTg\iTf% XfgT`bf [TU_TaWb WX _T
L^JURMJM WX _b TfXiXeTWb'
8WX`pf WX haT VhT_\WTW% [Tl gT`U\qa haT VTag\WTW Xa _Tf

*)
TfXiXeTV\baXf' <fT VTag\WTW Xfgp WTWT cbe _T eX_TV\ta XageX X_ VhTag\Y\VTWbe
l q_ gqe`\ab fh]Xgb' ?Tl geXf g\cbf WX VTag\WTW3 ha\iXefT_% cTeg\Vh_Te
l f\aZh_Te' LaT TY\e`TV\ta g\XaX VTepVgXe ^WR_N[\JU VhTaWb X_ gqe`\ab
fh]Xgb [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T _T V_TfX XagXeT WX bU]Xgbf dhX WXab`\aT' 8fr%
Xa ahXfgeb VhTWeb _Tf TY\e`TV\baXf hab l Wbf fba ha\iXefT_Xf chXfgb
dhX T`UTf [TVXa eXYXeXaV\T T _Tf O Vb`b V_TfX gbgT_' LaT TY\e`TV\ta Xf
YJ[]RL^UJ[ VhTaWb X_ gqe`\ab fh]Xgb ab [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T _T V_TfX gbgT_ WX
bU]Xgbf dhX `XaV\baT f\ab% `pf U\Xa% ft_b T JUP^WJ cTegX WX XfT V_TfX'
8fr% _Tf TY\e`TV\baXf geXf l VhTgeb fba cTeg\Vh_TeXf chXf T`UTf [TVXa
eXYXeXaV\T T haT cTegX WX _T V_TfX WX _Tf O
LaT TfXiXeTV\ta Xf \RWP^UJ[ VhTaWb X_ gqe`\ab fh]Xgb Xf ha ab`UeX
cebc\b eXYXe\Wb T ha ua\Vb \aW\i\Whb' EhXfgeb VhTWeb ab \aV_hlX
X]X`c_bf WX TY\e`TV\baXf f\aZh_TeXf' La X]X`c_b fXerT X_ f\Zh\XagX3
8e\fgtgX_Xf XeT ha ZeTa _tZ\Vb ' Fgeb X]X`c_b Xf 9bU ;;l_Ta ab Xf
ha _tZ\Vb ' Gbe VbaiXaV\ta% gbWTf _Tf TY\e`TV\baXf f\aZh_TeXf fba
XaYbVTWTf Vb`b WXV_TeTV\baXf ha\iXefT_Xf cTeg\XaWb WX _T UTfX WX dhX
[TVXa eXYXeXaV\T T _T gbgT_\WTW WX_ fh]Xgb "gbWb 8e\fgtgX_Xf% gbWb 9bU
;;l_Ta#' Gbe TsTW\WheT% X_ X]X`c_b TVXeVT WX 8e\fgtgX_Xf Xf TY\e`Tg\ib
l X_ WX 9bU ;;l_Ta Xf aXZTg\ib' 8c_\VTaWb X_ VtW\Zb WX ahXfgeb VhTWeb%
iX`bf dhX _T TY\e`TV\ta TVXeVT WX 8e\fgtgX_Xf Xf WX_ g\cb 8% KbWTf _Tf
O fba P % `\XageTf dhX _T TfXiXeTV\ta fbUeX 9bU ;;l_Ta Xf WX_ g\cb <%
E\aZhaT O Xf P '
Lg\_\mTaWb ahXiT`XagX _Tf _XgeTf 8% <% @% F WX_ VtW\Zb% cbWX`bf
eXfh`\e ahXfgeT W\fVhf\ta% [TfgT Tdhr% WX_ f\Zh\XagX `bWb3

83 8Y\e`Tg\iT ha\iXefT_ @ 3 8Y\e`Tg\iT cTeg\Vh_Te


<3 EXZTg\iT ha\iXefT_ F3 EXZTg\iT cTeg\Vh_Te

<_ VbaVXcgb WX VTag\WTW [TVX eXYXeXaV\T ce\`beW\T_ T _T eX_TV\ta


XageX gqe`\ab fh]Xgb l VhTag\Y\VTWbe' CT VTag\WTW fX fhcXecbaX T bgeb
VbaVXcgb% X_ WX W\fge\UhV\ta% dhX [TVX eXYXeXaV\T gTagb T_ gqe`\ab
ceXW\VTWb Vb`b _T gqe`\ab fh]Xgb' La gqe`\ab "fXT fh]Xgb b ceXW\VTWb#
Xf MR\][RK^RMX fb [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T gbWT _T V_TfX dhX ab`\aT4 WX Xf
MR\][RK^RMX f\ ab [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T gbWT _T V_TfX dhX `XaV\baT% f\ab
fb_T`XagX T haT cTegX WX X__T' :b`b Xf Xi\WXagX T cTeg\e WX ahXfgeb
Tap_\f\f WX _T VTag\WTW% X_ fh]Xgb WX haT WXV_TeTV\ta 8 "gbWTf _Tf O#
l X_ fh]Xgb WX haT WXV_TeTV\ta < "a\aZhaT O# Xfgpa% Xa T`Ubf VTfbf%
W\fge\Uh\Wbf' Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% X_ fh]Xgb WX haT WXV_TeTV\ta @ "T_ZhaTf O#

**
l X_ WX haT WXV_TeTV\ta F "T_ZhaTf O# ab Xfgpa W\fge\Uh\Wbf' GTfX`bf
T[beT T XkT`\aTe _bf ceXW\VTWbf'
<_ ceXW\VTWb WX haT TY\e`TV\ta 8 " KbWTf _Tf O fba P # ab Xfgp
W\fge\Uh\Wb% chXfgb dhX ab abf XfgT`bf eXY\e\XaWb T gbWTf _Tf P' <_
ceXW\VTWb WX haT WXV_TeTV\ta < " E\aZhaT O Xf P # Xfgp W\fge\Uh\Wb%
chXf XfgT`bf W\V\XaWb dhX Xa gbWT _T V_TfX XagXeT WX P ab XaVbageTeX`bf
T a\aZhaT O' <_ ceXW\VTWb WX haT TfXiXeTV\ta @ " 8_ZhaTf O fba P # ab
Xfgp W\fge\Uh\Wb% cbedhX gT`cbVb Tdhr abf XfgT`bf eXY\e\XaWb T gbWTf
_Tf P' <_ ceXW\VTWb WX haT WXV_TeTV\ta F "!8_ZhaTf O ab fba P # Xfgp
W\fge\Uh\Wb% chXfgb dhX ft_b cbWX`bf WXV\e dhX T_ZhaTf O [Ta dhXWTWb
XkV_h\WTf WX _T V_TfX WX _Tf P f\ _Tf [X`bf XkV_h\Wb WX _T V_TfX XagXeT
WX XfgTf u_g\`Tf' <_ Tap_\f\f WX _T W\fge\UhV\ta VbUeT T[beT X_ f\Zh\XagX
TfcXVgb3

8fXiXeTV\ta Jh]Xgb GeXW\VTWb


8 W\fge\Uh\Wb ab W\fge\Uh\Wb
< W\fge\Uh\Wb W\fge\Uh\Wb
ab W\fge\Uh\Wb ab W\fge\Uh\Wb
F ab W\fge\Uh\Wb W\fge\Uh\Wb

?Tl bgeT fXe\X WX eX_TV\baXf XageX _Tf TfXiXeTV\baXf dhX gT`U\qa WXUX
fXe gb`TWT Xa VhXagT' <ageX Wbf WXV_TeTV\baXf Xk\fgX haT LXW][JMRLLRgW f\
ab chXWXa fXe V\XegTf T`UTf b f\ ab chXWXa fXe YT_fTf T`UTf T _T iXm' 8 l
F fba VbageTW\Vgbe\Tf3 J\ KbWTf _Tf O fba P Xf V\XegT% XagbaVXf 8_ZhaTf
O ab fba P WXUX fXe YT_fT% l i\VXiXefT' ;;rVXfX dhX Wbf TfXiXeTV\baXf
fba VbageTe\Tf f\ Xf cbf\U_X dhX T`UTf fXTa YT_fTf cXeb ab Xf cbf\U_X dhX
T`UTf fXTa V\XegTf T_ `\f`b g\X`cb' 8 l < fba VbageTe\Tf chXfgb dhX
Xf cbf\U_X dhX gTagb KbWTf _Tf O fba P Vb`b E\aZhaT O Xf P fXTa
YT_fTf f\ fX WT X_ VTfb WX dhX ft_b T_ZhaTf O fba P' 8 _T iXm% f\ KbWTf
_Tf k fba O Xf haT TY\e`TV\ta V\XegT% XagbaVXf ab chXWX fXe V\Xegb dhX
E\aZhaT O Xf P '
GbWerT`bf cbaXe Xa Y\Zhe\__Tf T ha TWiXefTe\b TgTVTaWb X_
TeZh`Xagb VbageTe\b% `pf dhX X_ VbageTW\Vgbe\b' :baf\WXeX`bf X_
f\Zh\XagX X]X`c_b3 LfgXW WXfXT TeZh`XagTe dhX KbWbf _bf Vb`ha\fgTf
fba `T_bf % TY\e`TV\ta WX_ g\cb 8% l fh TWiXefTe\b dh\XeX TeZh`XagTe
dhX 8_Zhabf Vb`ha\fgTf ab fba `T_bf % WXV_TeTV\ta WX_ g\cb F' 8_
TgTVTe_b% hfgXW f\`h_T dhX _T cbf\V\ta WX_ bgeb Xf < Xa iXm WX F% l TgTVT
Vba YTV\_\WTW _T cebchXfgT <% E\aZua Vb`ha\fgT Xf `T_b ' J\ U\Xa ab

-­.
chXWXa XfgTe T`Ubf Xa _b V\Xegb }b fXT dhX hab WX _bf Wbf g\XaX dhX
XfgTe Xdh\ibVTWb}6 X_ TgTdhX T < cbf\U\_\gT dhX T`Ubf fX Xdh\ibdhXa'
<fgT Xf haT ip_ih_T WX XfVTcX Xa VTfb WX iXefX hfgXW TVbeeT_TWb'
<_ VhTWe\_pgXeb geTW\V\baT_ WX _T bcbf\V\ta abf __XiT T _Tf f\Zh\XagXf
eX_TV\baXf3

&&&&&&&&&&&&&& VbageTe\bf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Z
LiW] I 8MVgwR R
bJ
[J

b
8[beT dhX [X`bf XkT`\aTWb l WXY\a\Wb _Tf cebc\XWTWXf WX _Tf
WXV_TeTV\baXf VTgXZte\VTf% Xf [beT WX ib_iXe ahXfgeT TgXaV\ta [TV\T
_bf f\_bZ\f`bf VTgXZte\Vbf' :TWT TfXiXeTV\ta cbfXX Wbf gqe`\abf% ha
fh]Xgb l ha ceXW\VTWb' GhXfgb dhX ha f\_bZ\f`b g\XaX Wbf ceX`\fTf l
haT VbaV_hf\ta "ha gbgT_ WX geXf TfXiXeTV\baXf#% [Tl ha gbgT_ Y\aT_ WX
fX\f gqe`\abf' J\a X`UTeZb% Xa ha f\_bZ\f`b VTWT hab WX Xfbf gqe`\abf
TcTeXVX Wbf iXVXf' 8fr% ha f\_bZ\f`b VTgXZte\Vb cbfXX geXf gqe`\abf%
VTWT hab WX _bf VhT_Xf TcTeXVX Wbf iXVXf' Gbe X]X`c_b3

KbWTf _Tf fTeW\aTf fba cXVXf'


KbWbf _bf cXVXf Xfgpa Xa X_ TZhT

Gbe _b gTagb% gbWTf _Tf fTeW\aTf Xfgpa Xa X_ TZhT'

:b`b iX`bf% cXm TcTeXVX Wbf iXVXf% fTeW\aTf TcTeXVX Wbf iXVXf%
l Xfgpa Xa X_ TZhT gT`U\qa Wbf iXVXf'
8 Vbag\ahTV\ta% VTUX W\fg\aZh\e XageX gqe`\ab `Tlbe% `Xabe l `XW\b'
<_ ]e[VRWX VJbX[ Xf X_ dhX TcTeXVX Vb`b ceXW\VTWb WX _T VbaV_hf\ta4
Xa ahXfgeb X]X`c_b3 Xfgpa Xa X_ TZhT ' CT ceX`\fT Xa dhX TcTeXVX _T
bgeT `XaV\ta WX_ gqe`\ab `Tlbe fX WXab`\aT ceX`\fT `Tlbe% dhX
Xa ahXfgeb X]X`c_b Xf KbWbf _bf cXVXf Xfgpa Xa X_ TZhT ' <_ ]e[VRWX
VNWX[ Xf X_ dhX TcTeXVX Vb`b fh]Xgb WX _T VbaV_hf\ta3 Xa ahXfgeb X]X`c_b%
fTeW\aTf ' CT ceX`\fT Xa _T dhX TcTeXVX _T bgeT `XaV\ta WX_ gqe`\ab
`Xabe fX WXab`\aT ceX`\fT `Xabe% dhX Xf% Xa ahXfgeb X]X`c_b% KbWTf
_Tf fTeW\aTf fba cXVXf ' <a VbafXVhXaV\T% gbWb f\_bZ\f`b VTgXZte\Vb
\aV_hlX haT ceX`\fT `Tlbe% haT ceX`\fT `Xabe% l haT VbaV_hf\ta' <_

*,
]e[VRWX VNMRX Xf X_ dhX TcTeXVX Xa T`UTf ceX`\fTf4 Xa ahXfgeb X]X`c_b%
Xf cXVXf '

:/14+;; ./ 47;; ;;24712;;57;; >\42.7;;

8[beT lT XfgT`bf ceXcTeTWbf cTeT iXe\Y\VTe _bf f\_bZ\f`bf3


W\fg\aZh\eX`bf XageX _bf f\_bZ\f`bf ip_\Wbf l _bf ab ip_\Wbf' <a ha
f\_bZ\f`b VTgXZte\Vb _dURMX" f\ T`UTf ceX`\fTf fba V\XegTf% XagbaVXf _T
VbaV_hf\ta [T WX fXe V\XegT' Cbf _tZ\Vbf [Ta cbW\Wb WXfTeeb__Te haTf
cbVTf eXZ_Tf% Vb`b _T dhX W\VX dhX gbWb f\_bZ\f`b dhX i\b_T XfgTf
eXZ_Tf dhXWT \aiT_\WTWb% l gbWb f\_bZ\f`b dhX ab i\b_T _Tf eXZ_Tf Xf
Thgb`pg\VT`XagX ip_\Wb' ;;XUX`bf% XagbaVXf% [TU_Te WX _Tf eXZ_Tf dhX
\aiT_\WTa ha f\_bZ\f`b'
<a ce\`Xe _hZTe% iXT`bf ha X]X`c_b WX f\_bZ\f`b ip_\Wb dhX abf
WT% Xa XfXaV\T% X_ Ybe`Tgb Upf\Vb WX gbWbf _bf TeZh`Xagbf f\_bZrfg\Vbf
ip_\Wbf3

KbWTf _Tf fTeW\aTf fba cXVXf'


KbWbf _bf cXVXf cXegXaXVXa T_ eX\ab Ta\`T_'

KbWTf _Tf fTeW\aTf cXegXaXVXa T_ eX\ab Ta\`T_'

FgeT iXef\ta Xf _T `\f`T Ybe`T XfXaV\T_ Xf _T f\Zh\XagX3

KbWbf _bf [b`UeXf fba `begT_Xf'


JtVeTgXf Xf ha [b`UeX'

JtVeTgXf Xf `begT_'

P haT iXef\ta Y\aT_3

8 gbWbf _bf a\sbf _Xf ZhfgTa _bf VTeT`X_bf'


8_Zhabf `\X`Uebf WX `\ YT`\_\T fba a\sbf'

8 T_Zhabf `\X`Uebf WX `\ YT`\_\T _Xf ZhfgTa _bf VTeT`X_bf'

-­0
<k\fgXa geXf eXZ_Tf% _T i\b_TV\ta WX haT WX _Tf VhT_Xf Thgb`pg\VT`XagX
[TVX dhX X_ f\_bZ\f`b VTgXZte\Vb dhXWX \aiT_\WTWb'

@[RVN[J [NPUJ0 <_ gqe`\ab `XW\b WXUX fXe W\fge\Uh\Wb cbe _b `Xabf
haT iXm' <fgT Xf _T ua\VT eXZ_T i\b_TWT Vba YeXVhXaV\T l Xa Ybe`T ZeTiX
Xa X_ eTmbaT`\Xagb Vbg\W\Tab' Gbe X]X`c_b3

KbWbf _bf Vb`ha\fgTf Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T'


KbWbf _bf _\UXeT_Xf Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T'

KbWbf _bf _\UXeT_Xf fba Vb`ha\fgTf'

<a XfgX TeZh`Xagb% X_ gqe`\ab `XW\b Xf Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T! '


8`UTf ceX`\fTf% Xa _Tf dhX fX WT X_ gqe`\ab `XW\b% fba TfXiXeTV\baXf
WX_ g\cb 8% l X_ gqe`\ab `XW\b Xf X_ ceXW\VTWb Xa T`UTf' JTUX`bf% T
cTeg\e WX ahXfgeb VhTWeb TagXe\be fbUeX W\fge\UhV\ta% dhX X_ ceXW\VTWb
WX haT TY\e`TV\ta 8 ahaVT Xfgp W\fge\Uh\Wb' Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% X_ gqe`\ab
`XW\b ab Xfgp W\fge\Uh\Wb cbe _b `Xabf haT iXm% l X_ TeZh`Xagb dhXWT
\aiT_\WTWb' CT YT_TV\T WX L^UYJ YX[ J\XLRJLRgW Xf haT WX _Tf Ybe`Tf dhX
Tfh`X XfgX g\cb WX TeZh`Xagb \aiT_\WTWb'

CNP^WMJ [NPUJ0 La gqe`\ab W\fge\Uh\Wb Xa _T VbaV_hf\ta WXUX XfgTe


W\fge\Uh\Wb Xa haT WX _Tf ceX`\fTf' Gbe X]X`c_b3

KbWbf _bf eTW\VT_Xf Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T'


E\aZua VbafXeiTWbe Xf eTW\VT_'

E\aZua VbafXeiTWbe Xfgp Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T'

<a XfgX c_TagXb% gXaX`bf haT TfXiXeTV\ta WX_ g\cb < cTeT _T VbaV_hf\ta%
E\aZua VbafXeiTWbe Xfgp Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T ' 8fr% gTagb fh]Xgb
Vb`b ceXW\VTWb Xfgpa W\fge\Uh\Wbf' J\a X`UTeZb% Xa _T ceX`\fT `Tlbe%
KbWbf _bf eTW\VT_Xf Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T % TfXiXeTV\ta WX_ g\cb
8% X_ ceXW\VTWb Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T ab chXWX fXe W\fge\Uh\Wb3 cbe _b
gTagb% [Tl ha gqe`\ab Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T dhX Xfgp W\fge\Uh\Wb Xa
_T VbaV_hf\ta cXeb ab Xa haT WX _Tf ceX`\fTf% cbe _b VhT_ X_ TeZh`Xagb
dhXWT \aiT_\WTWb'
:babVXe XfgT ceX`\fT Xf XfcXV\T_`XagX \`cbegTagX VhTaWb X_

*.
TWiXefTe\b X`c_XT ha TeZh`Xagb Vba haT ceX`\fT fhce\`\WT'
JhcbaZT`bf dhX fh TWiXefTe\b hg\_\mT X_ f\Zh\XagX TeZh`Xagb3 GhXfgb
dhX a\aZua VbafXeiTWbe Xf eTW\VT_% _bf ce\`Xebf ab chXWXa XfgTe Xa
YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T ' CT eXfchXfgT fhlT gXaWep Wbf cTegXf' <a ce\`Xe
_hZTe% hfgXW eXVbafgehlX X_ TeZh`Xagb WX fh VbagXaW\XagX Vba X_ Y\a
WX gbeaTe_b ip_\Wb4 cebiXT _T ceX`\fT YT_gTagX dhX _b iT_\WTerT " KbWbf
_bf dhX Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T fba eTW\VT_Xf #% l ceXZuagX_X f\
Xf Xfgb _b dhX q_ dh\XeX WXV\e' J\ W\VX dhX fr% XagbaVXf Xi\WXagX`XagX
Xfgp [TV\XaWb haT WXV_TeTV\ta YT_fT% l dhXWTep WXfVb_bVTWb YeXagX T_
cuU_\Vb' GeXfh`\U_X`XagX% gbWb X_ `haWb fTUX dhX _bf eTW\VT_Xf ab
fba _bf ua\Vbf dhX Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T' <a fXZhaWb _hZTe%
eXVbafgehlT X_ TeZh`Xagb WX fh TWiXefTe\b cTeT WX]Te_b \aiT_\WTWb%
l cebiXT _T ceX`\fT ThfXagX dhX _b \aiT_\WTerT " KbWbf _bf eTW\VT_Xf
Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T eXYbe`T #% cTeT WX]Te XagbaVXf Xa Xi\WXaV\T dhX X_
TeZh`Xagb ab Xf ip_\Wb% l dhX fh VbagXaW\XagX Xf ha \ZabeTagX Xa X_
gXeeXab WX _T _tZ\VT'

DN[LN[J [NPUJ0 <_ au`Xeb WX ceX`\fTf aXZTg\iTf WXUX fXe X_ `\f`b


dhX X_ au`Xeb WX VbaV_hf\baXf aXZTg\iTf' <fgT eXZ_T fhXaT XkgeTsT3 f\a
X`UTeZb% Vbaf\WqeXafX _Tf cbf\U\_\WTWXf' :b`b [Tl haT VbaV_hf\ta
"T#% f\ _T VbaV_hf\ta Xf aXZTg\iT% XagbaVXf g\XaX dhX [TUXe haT ceX`\fT
aXZTg\iT% l ft_b haT' <a gTagb [Tl Wbf ceX`\fTf aXZTg\iTf% X_ TeZh`Xagb
dhXWT Thgb`pg\VT`XagX \aiT_\WTWb% "U# J\ _T VbaV_hf\ta Xf TY\e`Tg\iT%
ab chXWX [TUXe ceX`\fTf aXZTg\iTf' J\ [Tl haT ceX`\fT aXZTg\iT% g\XaX
dhX [TUXe haT VbaV_hf\ta aXZTg\iT'
Gbe X]X`c_b% fhctaZTfX dhX fh VbagXaW\XagX TeZh`XagT dhX <_ GTrf
O ab Xf VTc\gT_\fgT% cbe _b gTagb X_ GTrf O eXfcXgT T_ geTUT]TWb ' Eb [Tl
Ybe`T cbf\U_X WX VbaiT_\WTe XfgX TeZh`Xagb'

KbWb "b E\aZua# cTrf dhX eXfcXgT T_ geTUT]TWbe Xf ha cTrf


VTc\gT_\fgT'
<_ GTrf O ab Xf ha cTrf VTc\gT_\fgT'

'Å' <_ GTrf O Xf ha cTrf dhX eXfcXgT T_ geTUT]TWbe'

;;X haT h bgeT Ybe`T% X_ TeZh`Xagb dhXWT \aiT_\WTWb' CT ua\VT


`TaXeT WX __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta TY\e`Tg\iT WXfXTWT Xf ceXfXagTe X_
TeZh`Xagb TY\e`Tg\ib3

*/
KbWbf _bf cTrfXf Tag\VTc\gT_\fgTf eXfcXgTa T_ geTUT]TWbe'
<_ GTrf O Xf ha cTrf Tag\VTc\gT_\fgT'

<_ GTrf O Xf ha cTrf dhX eXfcXgT T_ geTUT]TWbe'

J\a X`UTeZb% T_ gbeaTe ip_\Wb X_ TeZh`Xagb% WX]T`bf XkchXfgb fh


KT_ta WX 8dh\_Xf b TfcXVgb `pf VhXfg\baTU_X' {Gbe dhq [TUerT`bf WX
TVXcgTe _T TfXiXeTV\ta WX dhX KbWbf _bf cTrfXf Tag\VTc\gT_\fgTf eXfcXgTa
T_ geTUT]TWbe 7 CT TfXiXeTV\ta ab ft_b ab eXfh_gT \agh\g\iT`XagX bUi\T%
f\ab dhX Xf WXV\W\WT`XagX YT_fT' LaT iXm `pf% VbabVXe _Tf eXZ_Tf abf
cXe`\gX WX]Te Xa Xi\WXaV\T _Tf \`c_rV\gTf ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf Xa dhX VTX X_
TWiXefTe\b T_ XkcbaXe fh TeZh`Xagb'
<_ UTfT`Xagb WX XfgTf geXf eXZ_Tf chXWX TceX[XaWXefX WX `TaXeT
`pf \agh\g\iT' CT ce\`XeT eXZ_T fbUeX X_ `XW\b ab W\fge\Uh\Wb abf W\VX
dhX _Tf VbfTf dhX fba \ZhT_Xf Xa ha fXag\Wb chXWXa ab fXe_b Xa bgeb
b gbWbf _bf WX`pf fXag\Wbf' CT fXZhaWT eXZ_T fbUeX W\fge\UhV\ta abf
W\VX dhX _T iT_\WXm WX _T VbaV_hf\ta ab chXWX \e `pf T__p WX _T iT_\WXm
WX _Tf ceX`\fTf' CT VbaV_hf\ta ab chXWX fXe `pf ZXaXeT_ "gXaXe `Tlbe
W\fge\UhV\ta# b XkVXWXe _b dhX Xfgp \`c_rV\gb Xa _Tf ceX`\fTf' CT gXeVXeT
eXZ_T abf WX`hXfgeT dhX ab cbWX`bf __XZTe T haT VbaV_hf\ta cbf\g\iT T
cTeg\e WX ceX`\fTf cheT`XagX aXZTg\iTf' ;;X`bfgeTe dhX T_Zb VTeXVX WX
haT VhT_\WTW ab WX`hXfgeT WX cbe fr dhX cbfXT bgeT' GTeT __XZTe T haT
VbaV_hf\ta cbf\g\iT b TY\e`Tg\iT WXUX`bf \agebWhV\e% T WXgXe`\aTWT
T_gheT% haT b `pf ceX`\fTf TY\e`Tg\iTf' J\a X`UTeZb% chXWX __XZTefX
T VbaV_hf\baXf aXZTg\iTf `XW\TagX haT Vb`U\aTV\ta WX \aYbe`TV\ta
gTagb cbf\g\iT Vb`b aXZTg\iT' @aV_hfb haT VbaV_hf\ta aXZTg\iT eXdh\XeX
T_Zua eXfcT_Wb cbf\g\iT'
8WiXeg\`bf T _bf _XVgbeXf dhX Xfgpa XfghW\TaWb Xa cebYhaW\WTW _T
_T _tZ\VT f\_bZrfg\VT% dhX XfgTf eXZ_Tf ab TUTeVTa _bf VTfbf dhX XageTsTa
_T WXab`\aTWT YT_TV\T Xk\fgXaV\T_'

;;742./@ ? 4^12-­+ 2607:5+4

?X`bf WXY\a\Wb Vb`b ip_\Wb T ha TeZh`Xagb dhX ab i\b_T _Tf eXZ_Tf%


WX `bWb dhX \R fhf ceX`\fTf fba V\XegTf% NW]XWLN\ fh VbaV_hf\ta [T WX
fXe gT`U\qa V\XegT' J\a X`UTeZb% X__b ab f\Za\Y\VT dhX haT TeZh`Xagb

+&
ip_\Wb Thgb`pg\VT`XagX cbfXT ceX`\fTf V\XegTf' =X\ J[P^VNW]X\ Y^NMNW
\N[ _dURMX\ b" J^W J\f" YJ[]R[ MN OJU\J\ Y[NVR\J\$
Eb bUfgTagX% VhTaWb ha TeZh`Xagb Xf ip_\Wb "b fXT dhX ab i\b_T
_Tf eXZ_Tf# l fX fTUX dhX fhf ceX`\fTf fba V\XegTf% WXV\`bf dhX Xf ha
TeZh`Xagb \gURMX$
KXaZb _T VXegXmT WX dhX eTeT iXm V[bVT`bf Vba TeZh`Xagbf dhX
ab fXTa ip_\Wbf Xa _T i\WT Vbg\W\TaT4 cbe bgeT cTegX% f\a X`UTeZb%
WT`bf Vba \aVeXrU_X VTag\WTW WX TeZh`Xagbf VTeXagXf WX fb_\WXm' Gbe
Xfb% ceXV\fT`XagX% Xf gTa ug\_ fTUXe WX f\_bZ\f`bf' 8_ eXVbafgeh\e _bf
TeZh`Xagbf WX_ VbagXaW\XagX cTeT gbeaTe_bf ip_\Wbf% l% cbe XaWX% fTVTe
T eX_hV\e _T ceX`\fT \`c_rV\gT "cbe _b ZXaXeT_% _T `Tlbe#% chXWX cbaXefX
X_ WXWb Xa _T __TZT T_ WXfVhUe\e T_ZhaT ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta _b fhY\V\XagX`XagX
XaWXU_X Vb`b cTeT fXe TgTVTWT' <fgb _b [X`bf i\fgb Xa X_ VTfb WX _T
fXZhaWT l gXeVXeT eXZ_T XkchXfgTf' :hTaWb hfgXW TgTVT haT ceX`\fT
W\V\XaWb dhX Xf YT_fT% Xfgp TVhfTaWb T fh VbagXaW\XagX WX XkcbaXe ha
TeZh`Xagb cbVb ft_\Wb'
Gbe TsTW\WheT% _T `Tlbe cTegX WX _Tf geTW\V\baT_Xf OJUJLRJ\ MN UJ UgPRLJ
RWOX[VJU" cbe ab WXV\e gbWTf X__Tf% chXWXa i\fhT_\mTefX Vb`b TeZh`Xagbf
_dURMX\ YN[X Vba haT ceX`\fT `Tlbe \aTVXcgTU_X l% cbe XaWX% Vb`b
J[P^VNW]X\ OJU]X\ MN \XURMNc$ Gbe X]X`c_b% _T YT_TV\T WX Vb`cbf\V\ta Xfge\UT
Xa VeXXe dhX _b dhX Xf V\Xegb WX gbWTf _Tf cTegXf Xf V\Xegb WX_ gbWb3

KbWb _b dhX Xf V\Xegb WX _Tf cTegXf N\ V\Xegb eXfcXVgb WX_ gbWb'


KbWTf _Tf cTegXf WX haT _bVb`bgbeT fba _\i\TaTf'

Gbe _b gTagb% "gbWT# _T _bVb`bgbeT Xf _\i\TaT'

GhXfgb dhX XfgX TeZh`Xagb Xf ip_\Wb cXeb _T VbaV_hf\ta Xf YT_fT "b


\aTVXcgTU_X#% haT WX _Tf ceX`\fTf [T WX fXe YT_fT "b \aTVXcgTU_X#'
<_ hfb YT_Tm WX_ JM YXY^U^V TcX_T T _T ceX`\fT `Tlbe fXZua _T VhT_ _b
dhX T _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX _X ZhfgT% Xf UhXab' <kT`\aX`bf X_ f\Zh\XagX
TeZh`Xagb3

KbWb _\Ueb dhX _X ZhfgX T _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX Xf haT ZeTa


bUeT _\gXeTe\T'
8 _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX _X ZhfgT =X_N C]X[b$

Gbe _b gTagb% =X_N C]X[b Xf haT ZeTa bUeT _\gXeTe\T'

+'
CT fXZhaWT ceX`\fT Xf V\XegT f\ hab fX UTfT Xa _Tf _\fgTf WX KN\]
\NUUN[\$ GXeb _T VbaV_hf\ta Xf Vbaf\WXeTWT YT_fT cbe `hV[bf XfcXV\T_\fgTf
Xa _\gXeTgheT' 8 _T iXm% X_ TeZh`Xagb Xf _tZ\VT`XagX ip_\Wb' CT ua\VT
`TaXeT WX \aiT_\WTe _T VbaV_hf\ta Xfgp Xa TeZh`XagTe dhX _T ceX`\fT
`Tlbe " KbWb _\Ueb dhX _X ZhfgX T _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX Xf haT ZeTa bUeT
_\gXeTe\T # Xf YT_fT l% cbe _b gTagb% dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb VTeXVX WX fb_\WXm'
<_ JM KJL^U^V" b TcX_TV\ta T _T YhXemT% chXWX gT`U\qa fXe i\fhT_\mTWb
Vb`b X]X`c_b WX TeZh`Xagb cbVb ft_\Wb' 8aT_\VX`bf X_ f\Zh\XagX
TeZh`Xagb3

J\X`ceX dhX gX T`XaTmb Xf `b`Xagb WX [TVXe _b dhX gb W\Zb'


<a XfgX `b`Xagb gX T`XaTmb Vba fhU\egX _bf \`chXfgbf f\ ab
ibgTf cbe J`\g['

<a XfgX `b`Xagb WXUXf [TVXe _b dhX gX W\Zb "ibgTe cbe J`\g[#'

<_ TeZh`Xagb Xf ip_\Wb cXeb VTeXagX WX fb_\WXm% f\ eXV[TmT`bf _T


ceX`\fT WX dhX WXUXf [TVXe _b dhX gX W\Zb Xa X_ `b`Xagb Xa dhX gX
T`XaTmb'
;;X]X`bf T_ _XVgbe _T gTeXT WX X_TUbeTe X]X`c_bf WX bgeTf VbabV\WTf
YT_TV\Tf' :babVXe WX _tZ\VT f\_bZrfg\VT TlhWT% Tfr% T TaT_\mTe _bf chagbf
Y_b]bf Xa _bf TeZh`Xagbf WX_ TWiXefTe\b'
-­ANXQRJM 2>
4+ 8:/;;/6<+-­2^6 ./4
+:1=5/6<7
:hTaWb hfgXW XahaV\T ha TeZh`Xagb TagX gXeVXebf% WXUX gb`Te
Xa VhXagT iTe\bf TfcXVgbf ZXaXeT_Xf eXYXeXagXf T fh ceXfXagTV\ta' <a
ce\`Xe gqe`\ab% [T WX gXaXe `hl V_TeT \WXT WX Vhp_ Xf XfX TeZh`Xagb%
gXf\f b chagb WX i\fgT dhX dh\XeX WXYXaWXe' <a fXZhaWb _hZTe% WXUX
gb`Te VbaV\XaV\T WX _T eX_TV\ta Xk\fgXagX XageX fh cbfgheT eXfcXVgb
WX XfgX c_TagXb b gXf\f% l _T dhX TWbcgT fbUeX bgebf gX`Tf' Gbe eTmbaXf
bUi\Tf% ab dhXeep c_TagXTe fhf TeZh`Xagbf WX `TaXeT gT_ dhX% Xa
T_Zua `b`Xagb Yhgheb% VbageTW\ZTa b XageXa Xa VbaY_\Vgb Vba bgebf
TeZh`Xagbf fhlbf eXYXe\Wbf T bgeb gX`T' <a gXeVXe _hZTe% Vbai\XaX
dhX gXaZT haT \WXT UTfgTagX ceXV\fT WX_ g\cb WX cuU_\Vb TagX X_ VhT_
hfgXW Ybe`h_T fh c_TagXb' {JX geTgT WX cXefbaTf dhX lT WX TagX`Tab
Vb`cTegXa fhf bc\a\baXf% fX `Ta\Y\XfgTa \eeXfb_hgbf fbUeX _T `TgXe\T%
b chXWXa `bfgeTefX `hl cbVb eXVXcg\ibf% b WXV\W\WT`XagX [bfg\_Xf7
J\a WhWT% chXWX WTefX Xa XfX cuU_\Vb VhT_dh\Xe Vb`U\aTV\ta WX XfgTf
cbf\U\_\WTWXf' 8WX`pf% cuU_\Vbf W\YXeXagXf Xk\ZXa XaYbdhXf gT`U\qa
W\YXeXagXf' <a VhTegb _hZTe% WXUX hfgXW gXaXe cXeYXVgT Vb`ceXaf\ta WX_
`XW\b cbe X_ VhT_ [T WX geTaf`\g\e fhf \WXTf' {?TU_Tep W\eXVgT`XagX T_
cuU_\Vb% b XfVe\U\ep ha TegrVh_b cTeT ha cXe\tW\Vb% eXi\fgT b chU_\VTV\ta
i\fhT_ WheTep UeXiXf \afgTagXf4 haT cebcTZTaWT ThW\bi\fhT_ WX geX\agT
fXZhaWbf WX WheTV\ta4 haT [b]T `\`XbZeTYrTWT dhX fXep _XrWT Xa ha
`\ahgb% l WX]TWT T ha _TWb _hXZb4 ha VTegX_ dhX fXep _XiTagTWb Xa T_gb
cbe _Tf VT__Xf''' 7 =\aT_`XagX% WXUX f\X`ceX eXVbeWTe% Vb`b ce\`Xeb l
ce\aV\cT_ X_X`Xagb% X_ bU]Xg\ib dhX cXef\ZhX T_ XahaV\Te fh TeZh`Xagb'
J\ Xf hfgXW ha cebYXfbe `hl eTV\baT_ dhX cebVheT ceXfXagTe TeZh`Xagbf
gbgT_`XagX bU]Xg\ibf% TVghTep WX haT `TaXeT "cbe X]X`c_b% \aV_hfb%
gb`TaWb Xa VhXagT _Tf cbf\U_Xf YT__Tf WX fh c_TagXb#4 l WX `hl bgeT f\
_b dhX ceXgXaWX Xf VbaiXaVXe T _T ZXagX WX dhX Vb`ceX WXgXe`\aTWb
cebWhVgb "Xa Vhlb VTfb \af\fg\ep Xa dhX qfgX Xf TUfb_hgT`XagX cXeYXVgb#'
MT_X _T cXaT WX`beTeabf ha cbVb `pf Xa XfgX u_g\`b TfcXVgb WX _T
VhXfg\ta' J\ hfgXW fTUX dhq WXfXT T_VTamTe "fh bU]Xg\ib#% VbabVX X_ g\cb
WX ZXagX Vba dh\Xa WXUXep geTgTe cTeT XfX Y\a "fh cuU_\Vb#% l X_ teZTab

..
T fh W\fcbf\V\ta b _T `TaXeT WX \agXagTe_b "X_ `XW\b WX Vb`ha\VTV\ta#%
XfgTep XagbaVXf `X]be ceXcTeTWb cTeT _bZeTe_b' J\a WhWT% [Tl gbWb
g\cb WX \WXTf \agX_\ZXagXf b Ue\__TagXf dhX chXWX XafTlTe% cXeb gT`cbVb
VTUX WhWT WX dhX `hV[Tf WX X__Tf ab i\XaXa cTeT aTWT T_ VTfb% Vba
_b VhT_ chXWXa WXfi\Te _T TgXaV\ta WX fh bU]Xg\ib VXageT_ b% \aV_hfb%
eXfh_gTe VbageTcebWhVXagXf' J\ hfgXW eXVhXeWT dhX _b \`cbegTagX Xf
ZTaTe TcebUTV\ta cTeT fh cbfgheT% XagbaVXf Xf `Xabf cebUTU_X dhX fX
W\iXef\Y\dhX Xa iTe\Tf W\eXVV\baXf' ;;X `TaXeT Tap_bZT% ab [Tl eTmta
cTeT _TamTe ha eX_h`UeTagX ThadhX WXfTfgebfb TgTdhX WX VTUT__XerT
"cbe `pf dhX fX [TlTa \a`begT_\mTWb Xa X_ VbeTmta WX _bf cbXgTf#%
VhTaWb X_ f\`c_X YhXZb VbaVXageTWb WX Teg\__XerT cbWep _bZeTe X_ Y\a
cXefXZh\Wb'
<a X_ f\Zh\XagX Tap_\f\f WX_ gX`T% ceXfhcbaWeX`bf dhX [Tl cuU_\Vb
ceXfXagX% Xa Vhlb VTfb fX [Tep haT ceXfXagTV\ta beT_ WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf%
b dhX fX __XZT T XfX cuU_\Vb cbe _bf `XW\bf cXe\bWrfg\Vbf' :hTaWb fX geTgX
WX ha cuU_\Vb `pf XfcXV\T_\mTWb% TchagTeX`bf _Tf gqVa\VTf XfcXV\T_Xf
eXdhXe\WTf' :Tfb VbageTe\b% fX WTep cbe fXagTWb dhX X_ cuU_\Vb XfVhV[T
fh W\fVhefb b _b _XX'
8_ c_TagXTe hfgXW fh TeZh`Xagb% W\i\W\ep _T ceXfXagTV\ta Xa geXf
XgTcTf Upf\VTf3 cebVheTep ZTaTefX X_ UXaXc_pV\gb WX fhf blXagXf b _XVgbeXf4
ceXfXagTep _bf WTgbf aXVXfTe\bf% b [XV[bf dhX fX \agXeceXgXa Vb`b gT_Xf%
cTeT TcblTe fhf TeZh`XagTV\baXf4 l Ybe`h_Tep haT VbaV_hf\ta VXegXeT'
CTf geXf ce\`XeTf cTegXf WX XfgX VTcrgh_b Vbaf\WXeTepa VTWT hab WX Xfbf
cTfbf WXgT__TWT`XagX4 Xa _T VhTegT fX XkcbaWepa T_ZhaTf gqVa\VTf ab
iXeUT_Xf dhX fba ug\_Xf cTeT _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX_ TeZh`Xagb'
GTegX WX _T eTmta cbe _T VhT_ eXfh_gT gTa Vb`c_X]b WXYXaWXe ha
TeZh`Xagb Xfge\UT Xa dhX _bf cuU_\Vbf ab fba `bab_rg\Vbf3 cbe _b gTagb%
[Tl dhX geTgTe WX ZTaTe _T TcebUTV\ta WX cXefbaTf Vhlbf \agXeXfXf ab
fba ha\Ybe`Xf' ?Tl cbe _b `Xabf fX\f g\cbf W\YXeXagXf WX cuU_\Vbf%
Vbaf\WXeTWbf WXfWX X_ chagb WX i\fgT WX fhf \agXeXfXf3

*' <_ cuU_\Vb chXWX XfgTe Ybe`TWb cbe cXefbaTf dhX Vb\aV\WXa Vba X_
bU]Xg\ib b Y\a u_g\`b T_ dhX hfgXW WXfXT __XZTe'
+' <_ cuU_\Vb chXWX XfgTe Vbafg\gh\Wb cbe ZXagX dhX Vb\aV\WX gTagb
Vba fh bU]Xg\ib b Y\a u_g\`b Vb`b Vba _bf `XW\bf dhX hfgXW fhZ\XeX
cTeT __XZTeT q_'
,' GhXWX geTgTefX WX ha cuU_\Vb dhX Vb\aV\WX Vba fh bU]Xg\ib cXeb
ft_b Vb`b `XW\b cTeT _bZeTe T_Zua bgeb Y\a dhX ab Xf Vb`cTeg\Wb cbe

+,
hfgXW' Cb dhX cTeT hfgXW Xf ha Y\a% XagbaVXf% chXWX fXe ha `XW\b cTeT
_bf WX`pf'
-­' KT_ iXm X_ cuU_\Vb Vb\aV\WT Vba fhf `XW\bf cXeb cebVheX _T
VbafXVhV\ta WX bgebf Y\aXf' <a bgeTf cT_TUeTf% _b dhX hfgXWXf g\XaXa Xa
Vb`ua Vba _bf `XW\bf cXeb ab _bf Y\aXf'
.' ?Tl% cbe fhchXfgb% Vb`U\aTV\baXf cbf\U_Xf Xa dhX cTegX WX_
cuU_\Vb Vb\aV\WX Vba _bf Y\aXf l cTegX ft_b Vba fh bU]Xg\ib Vb`b `XW\b
WX T_VTamTe bgebf Y\aXf W\fg\agbf' JX geTgT WX haT Vb`U\aTV\ta WX "*# l "+#'
/' GhXWX geTgTefX WX ha cuU_\Vb Vb`c_X]b cTeT X_ dhX _bf Y\aXf dhX
hfgXW cXef\ZhX fba ft_b `XW\bf% ThadhX X_ Y\a dhX X__bf cXef\ZhXa fXT
gT`U\qa TVXcgTU_X cTeT hfgXW' JX geTgT WX haT Vb`U\aTV\ta WX ",# l "-­#'
<a XfgX VTfb% WXUXep hfgXW TeZh`XagTe Xa YTibe WX T_Zb Vbaf\WXeTWb% T
_T iXm% gTagb `XW\b Vb`b Y\a u_g\`b'

-­^57 1+6+:;;/ /4 ,/6/84\-­2<7 ./4 8_,42-­7

<f chXe\_ VeXXe dhX hab chXWX X`ceXaWXe _T TeZh`XagTV\ta Xa


YTibe WX ha gX`T _\`\gpaWbfX T _T f\`c_X Ybe`h_TV\ta WX WTgbf'
E\aZua WXUTgX% l V\XegT`XagX a\aZhaT TeZh`XagTV\ta% chXWX WTefX
Xa ha iTVrb' KbWb X_ `haWb% \aV_h\Wb X_ beTWbe l X_ cuU_\Vb% VhXagT
Vba ha `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T Xa YhaV\ta WX_ VhT_ fX XkceXfT% l T_ VhT_
\`c_rV\gT b Xkc_rV\gT`XagX TcX_T' <f XfXaV\T_ gXaXe Xa `XagX XfX `TeVb
WX eXYXeXaV\T T_ XahaV\Te ha TeZh`Xagb' J\ WXfXT ceXcTeTe T_ cuU_\Vb
cTeT _T Ybe`h_TV\ta WX fh chagb WX i\fgT l ZTaTe fh UXaXc_pV\gb% WXUXep
TcX_Te T_ `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T Vb`ua dhX Vb`cTegX Vba W\V[b cuU_\Vb'

+NEJALDM A JA CMKNAPHYL

8cX_Te T _T Vb`cTf\ta f\Za\Y\VT TcX_Te T _Tf X`bV\baXf WX fh cuU_\Vb%


X`bV\baXf dhX hfgXW XfcXeT fX be\XagXa YTibeTU_X`XagX [TV\T fh VThfT'
GXeb _T `TaXeT `pf XY\VTm WX TcX_Te T _T Vb`cTf\ta WX XageTsT X_ X`c_Xb
WX ha _XaZhT]X T_gT`XagX X`bg\ib X \aY_T`TWb4 cbe X_ VbageTe\b% fX
UTfT Xa _T `XeT ceXfXagTV\ta WX [XV[bf f\`c_Xf X \aVbagebiXeg\U_Xf' <f
\`cbegTagX ab XkTZXeTe Xa XfgT TcX_TV\ta T _Tf X`bV\baXf% WX `bWb WX ab
[TVXe dhX T_Zhabf `\X`Uebf WX_ cuU_\Vb fX cbaZTa \aaXVXfTe\T`XagX
Xa VbageT4 T_Zb dhX fX WT% fbUeX gbWb% VhTaWb hfgXW ab VbabVX U\Xa T fh

+-­
cuU_\Vb% b VhTaWb qfgX gbWTirT ab g\XaX haT cbfgheT WXY\a\WT fbUeX X_
gX`T T c_TagXTe'
Cbf VTfbf `pf YeXVhXagXf Xa dhX fX TcX_T T _T Vb`cTf\ta fX WTa Xa _X
Vhefb WX _bf ]h\V\bf% WbaWX X_ TUbZTWb \agXagT [TVXe ha T_XZTgb dhX ZTaX
YTibe cTeT fh V_\XagX' La X]X`c_b XkgeX`b Xf X_ WX ha ]biXa \aVe\`\aTWb
cbe \aVXaW\Te _T VTfT WX fhf cTWeXf `\XageTf qfgbf Wbe`rTa% l TVhfTWb%
cbe XaWX% WX [b`\V\W\b' |Jh WXYXafbe c\WX Vb`cTf\ta cTeg\XaWb WX_
TeZh`Xagb WX dhX X_ `hV[TV[b Xf T[beT [hqeYTab
JtVeTgXf [\mb X_ `pf Vq_XUeX T_XZTgb}gTa fTZTm Vb`b \eta\Vb% Xa
V\Xegb `bWb}TcX_TaWb T _T Vb`cTf\ta WX_ ]heTWb dhX _b ]hmZTUT
cbe _Tf TVhfTV\baXf WX \`c\XWTW l WX VbeehcV\ta WX _bf ]tiXaXf WX
8gXaTf' <_ YT`bfb ]h\V\b Xf WXfVe\cgb Xa X_ W\p_bZb WX G_Tgta g\gh_TWb
3YXUXPfJ0

KT_ iXm [TlT dh\Xa fX f\XagT bYXaW\Wb cbe `r VhTaWb eXVhXeWX Vt`b q_
`\f`b% Xa bVTf\ta f\`\_Te b Tha `Xabf ZeTiX% ebZt l fhc_\Vt T _bf ]hXVXf
Vba TUhaWTagXf _pZe\`Tf Xa _bf b]bf% l ceXfXagt T fhf [\]bf Xa X_ ]hmZTWb%
Xa Vba`biXWbe XfcXVgpVh_b% ]hagb Vba ha f\aau`Xeb WX cTe\XagXf
l T`\Zbf4 `\XageTf dhX lb% cebUTU_X`XagX Xa cX_\Zeb WX `hXegX%
ab [TZb aTWT WX Xfgb' <a fh `XagX chXWX c_TagXpefX_X X_ VbageTfgX%
ceXW\fcbaXefX Xa VbageT WX `r% l ibgTe __Xab WX Vt_XeT cbedhX Tfr \afc\eb
fh Ta\`TWiXef\ta' GhXf U\Xa4 f\ [Tl XageX ibfbgebf T_Zh\Xa Tfr}Yr]XafX
dhX ab W\Zb dhX aXVXfTe\T`XagX _b [TlT}% T q_ chXWb eXc_\VTe_X Vba
XVhTa\`\WTW4 D\ T`\Zb% lb fbl ha [b`UeX% l Vb`b gbWbf _bf [b`UeXf%
ha fXe WX VTeaX l [hXfb l ab WX `TWXeT b c\XWeT % Vb`b W\VX ?b`Xeb4 l
gXaZb haT YT`\_\T% fr% X [\]bf% b[% TgXa\XafXf% geXf Xa au`Xeb4 hab dhX Xf
VTf\ ha [b`UeX% l bgebf Wbf gbWTirT a\sbf4 l f\a X`UTeZb% ab geTXeq Tdhr
T a\aZhab WX X__bf Vba X_ Y\a WX cXg\V\baTe ihXfgeT TUfb_hV\ta' {P cbe
dhq ab7 Eb cbe TeebZTaV\T b YT_gT WX eXfcXgb [TV\T hfgXWXf''' J\ab dhX%
gXa\XaWb Vbaf\WXeTV\ta cbe _T bc\a\ta cuU_\VT% f\Xagb dhX fX`X]TagX
VbaWhVgT `X WXfTVeXW\gTerT T `r% l T ibfbgebf% l T gbWb X_ <fgTWb''' P
W\Zb dhX ab WXUXa [TVXe XfgTf VbfTf Tdhq__bf dhX% WX XageX abfbgebf%
cbfXX`bf haT eXchgTV\ta4 l f\ fX [TVXa% ab WXUq\f cXe`\g\e_Tf4 f\ab `pf
U\Xa WX`bfgeTe dhX Xfgp\f `hV[b `pf W\fchXfgbf T VbaWXaTe T_ [b`UeX
dhX `bagT haT XfVXaT Wb_bebfT l cbaX Xa e\WrVh_b T gbWT _T V\hWTW% dhX
T_ dhX `Tag\XaX _T VT_`T'

Fgeb VbabV\Wb X]X`c_b WX TcX_TV\ta T _T c\XWTW fX XaVhXageT Xa X_

+.
W\fVhefbf cebahaV\TWb cbe DTeVb 8agba\b Xa ;;^URX 5e\J[% _T bUeT WX
J[T^XfcXTeX "8Vgb @@@% <fVXaT @@#3

|8`\Zbf% eb`Tabf% Vb`cTge\bgTf% ceXfgTW`X TgXaV\ta |MXaZb T \a[h`Te


T :qfTe% ab T XafT_mTe_X |<_ `T_ dhX [TVXa _bf [b`UeXf _Xf fbUeXi\iX
|<_ U\Xa dhXWT YeXVhXagX`XagX fXch_gTWb Vba fhf [hXfbf |JXT Tfr Vba
:qfTe <_ abU_X 9ehgb fb [T W\V[b dhX :qfTe XeT T`U\V\bfb' J\ _b YhX% XeT
_T fhlT haT YT_gT% l ZeTiX`XagX _b [T cTZTWb' :ba _T iXa\T WX 9ehgb l
_bf WX`pf}chXf 9ehgb Xf ha [b`UeX [baeTWb% Vb`b fba gbWbf X__bf%
[b`UeXf gbWbf [baeTWbf}iXaZb T [TU_Te Xa X_ YhaXeT_ WX :qfTe' <eT `\
T`\Zb% cTeT `r _XT_ l f\aVXeb4 cXeb 9ehgb W\VX dhX XeT T`U\V\bfb% l 9ehgb
Xf ha [b`UeX [baeTWb' @aY\a\gbf VThg\ibf geT]b T Ib`T% Vhlbf eXfVTgXf
__XaTeba X_ gXfbeb cuU_\Vb' {GTeXVrT Xfgb T`U\V\ta Xa :qfTe7 J\X`ceX
dhX _bf cbUeXf WX]TUTa bre fh ibm _Tfg\`XeT% :qfTe __beTUT' |CT T`U\V\ta
WXUXerT fXe WX haT fhUfgTaV\T `pf WheT Eb bUfgTagX% 9ehgb W\VX dhX
XeT T`U\V\bfb% l 9ehgb Xf ha [b`UeX [baeTWb' KbWbf i\fgX\f dhX Xa
_Tf ChcXeVT_Xf _X ceXfXagq geXf iXVXf haT VbebaT eXT_% l _T eXV[Tmt geXf
iXVXf' {<eT Xfgb T`U\V\ta7 Eb bUfgTagX% 9ehgb W\VX dhX XeT T`U\V\bfb%
l% V\XegT`XagX% Xf ha [b`UeX [baeTWb' |Eb [TU_b cTeT WXfTcebUTe _b
dhX 9ehgb [TU_t |GXeb Xfgbl Tdhr cTeT WXV\e _b dhX fq KbWbf _X T`TfgX\f
T_ZhaT iXm l ab f\a VThfT' {Hhq eTmta% XagbaVXf% bf WXg\XaX T[beT
cTeT ab __XiTe_X _hgb7 |F[ eTV\bV\a\b |?Tf \Wb T UhfVTe Tf\_b Xa _bf
\eeTV\baT_Xf% chXf _bf [b`UeXf [Ta cXeW\Wb _T eTmta |Kb_XeTW`X |D\
VbeTmta Xfgp T[r% Xa XfX YqeXgeb% Vba :qfTe% l [X WX WXgXaXe`X [TfgT dhX
gbeaX T `r ''' "$#

<a haT iXaT `pf VbagX`cbepaXT% [Tl `hV[bf X]X`c_bf WX _T


ceXfXagTV\ta WX ha TeZh`Xagb dhX fX \a\V\T TcX_TaWb T _T Vb`cTf\ta'
8_ Ybe`h_Te ha T_XZTgb VbageT _T WebZTW\VV\ta b Xa YTibe WX haT cb_rg\VT
W\e\Z\WT T Vb`UTg\e_T% cbWerT`bf X`cXmTe WXfVe\U\XaWb _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX
ha `hV[TV[b WX WbVX Tsbf dhX fX Vbai\eg\t Xa TW\Vgb T _T [XebraT' J\
_b dhX WXYXaWX`bf Xf X_ cTV\Y\f`b% cbWeX`bf WXfVe\U\e _bf [beebeXf WX
_T ZhXeeT Xa _T fXVhX_T WX _T Ub`UT Tgt`\VT Teeb]TWT fbUeX ?\ebf[\`T'
Hh\XaXf XfgTUTa Xa VbageT WX _T >hXeeT WX M\XgaT` eXVheerTa T _T _XVgheT
WX UT]Tf Vb`b \afgeh`Xagb XY\VTm cTeT TcX_Te T _T Vba`\fXeTV\ta WX _T

"$# MXef\ta VTfgX__TaT WX Ch\f 8fgeTaT DTera% :b_XVV\ta 8hfgeT_% <fcTfT&


:T_cX 8eZXag\aT% J'8' a" WX _T g"

+/
ZXagX' Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% dh\XaXf YTibeXVXa haT cb_rg\VT l ceXcTeTV\ta
`\_\gTe YhXegX cbWerTa \a\V\Te fh T_XZTgb Vba haT WXfVe\cV\ta WX_
Ub`UTeWXb WX GXTe_ ?TeUbe b WX_ VT`cb WX VbaVXageTV\ta WX 8hfV[
j\gm% fXsT_TaWb Vt`b X__bf YhXeba Xa cTegX eXfh_gTWb WX_ T\f_TV\ba\f`b
cb_rg\Vb'

8cX_TaWb T _T Thgbe\WTW

8cX_Te T _T Thgbe\WTW f\Za\Y\VT \aYbe`Te T_ cuU_\Vb dhX cXefbaTf `hl


WXfgTVTWTf Xfgpa Xa YTibe WX _T cbfgheT dhX hfgXW WXY\XaWX' JX TcX_T
T _T Thgbe\WTW% Tfr Vb`b T _T Vb`cTf\ta% Xa ha \agXagb cbe XfgTU_XVXe
ha `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T cTeT _b dhX eXfgT WX _T TeZh`XagTV\ta' Eb [Tl
\agerafXVT`XagX aTWT WX `T_b Xa Tfr [TVXe_b4 fX geTgT% `pf U\Xa% WX T_Zb
X_X`XagT_ Xa VhT_dh\Xe TeZh`XagTV\ta' ETW\X chXWX fTUXe_b gbWb% a\
XfgTe Xa gbWTf cTegXf T_ `\f`b g\X`cb' KbWbf abf iX`bf bU_\ZTWbf T
WTe cbe fXagTWb dhX bgeTf cXefbaTf chXWXa fXe XkcXegTf Xa fh cebc\b
VT`cb% l dhX% cbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% chXWXa fXe haT YhXagX VbaY\TU_X WX
\aYbe`TV\ta' J\ dh\XaXf \a\V\Ta haT W\fVhf\ta% TeZh`XagTV\ta b
WXUTgX ab fX chXWXa cbaXe WX TVhXeWb fbUeX _Tf Thgbe\WTWXf Xk\fgXagXf
Xa _T `TgXe\T% XagbaVXf `hl \aV\XegTf fXepa _Tf cXefcXVg\iTf WX haT
eXfb_hV\ta fTg\fYTVgbe\T' Gbe TsTW\WheT% f\ hfgXW chXWX TcX_Te T _Tf
Thgbe\WTWXf cXeg\aXagXf% gT`U\qa ZTeTag\mTep dhX fX _b XfVhV[X Vba
`Tlbe UXaXc_pV\gb'
?Tl cbe _b `Xabf bV[b eXdh\f\gbf dhX WXUXa eXVbeWTefX T_ V\gTe
T haT Thgbe\WTW' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% WXUX hfgXW XfgTe fXZheb WX dhX _T
Thgbe\WTW dhX V\gT ab fXT Vbaf\WXeTWT `XaWTm cbe _bf \agXZeTagXf WX
fh cuU_\Vb' La [b`UeX Vbai\Vgb cbe cXe]he\b `T_ chXWX fXe ha gXfg\Zb
W\Zab WX VeXW\U\_\WTW' KT`cbVb `XeXVX YX% T b]bf WX_ cuU_\Vb% ha _rWXe
cb_rg\Vb dhX T_ZhaT iXm __Xit T_ chXU_b cbe _T fXaWT Xdh\ibVTWT' 8W_T\
JgXiXafba fhYe\t XfT fhXegX Xa _Tf ETV\baXf La\WTf cbedhX% Xa ha
`b`Xagb Verg\Vb% aXZt dhX <fgTWbf La\Wbf [hU\XeT TcblTWb _T \aiTf\ta
T :hUT WheTagX X_ Xc\fbW\b Xa 9T[rT WX :bV[\abf'
<a fXZhaWb _hZTe% hfgXW WXUX V\gTe T Thgbe\WTWXf dhX T b]bf WX_
cuU_\Vb fXTa \`cTeV\T_Xf% b fXT dhX ab gXaZTa \agXeXfXf VeXTWbf Xa
X_ gX`T Xa W\fVhf\ta' CT eTmta WXU\XeT fXe bUi\T' 8_Zh\Xa dhX gXaZT
\agXeXfXf VeXTWbf Xa _T `TgXe\T fX chXWX fXag\e gXagTWb% VbafV\XagX
b \aVbafV\XagX`XagX% T \agXeceXgTe _bf [XV[bf Xa fh cebc\b YTibe'

#
ETgheT_`XagX% Xfgb iT Xa WXf`XWeb WX fh VeXW\U\_\WTW' <a V\Xegbf
VT`cbf gqVa\Vbf% Xf VTf\ \`cbf\U_X \agXeceXgTe XeetaXT`XagX _bf WTgbf'
Gbe X]X`c_b% Xa X_ VTfb WX_ Tap_\f\f ZeTYb_tZ\Vb% UT_rfg\Vb b dhr`\Vb%
Xf W\YrV\_ cXafTe dhX _Tf Thgbe\WTWXf fXTa cTeV\T_Xf' ;;X gbWbf `bWbf%
f\X`ceX Xf cbf\U_X WTe Vba Thgbe\WTWXf \`cTeV\T_Xf f\ hfgXW Xfgp
VbaiXaV\Wb WX dhX _bf [XV[bf [TU_Ta Xa fh YTibe'
Gbe bgeT cTegX% [Tl V\XegTf XfYXeTf Xa _Tf dhX Xf VTf\ \`cbf\U_X WTe Vba
haT Thgbe\WTW gbgT_`XagX \`cTeV\T_' :baf\WXeX`bf% XfcXVrY\VT`XagX% X_
gXeeXab WX _T cb_rg\VT' ;;X]TaWb `b`XagpaXT`XagX WX _TWb _T VhXfg\ta WX
WXgXe`\aTe \aV_hfb f\ Xk\fgX Xfb __T`TWb Thgbe\WTW Xa gX`Tf cb_rg\Vbf%
fX c_TagXT X_ cXe`TaXagX cebU_X`T WX gXaXe dhX fXcTeTe X_ Tap_\f\f
\`cTeV\T_ WX haT f\ghTV\ta cb_rg\VT% WX _bf \agXeXfXf% WXfXbf% aXVXf\WTWXf
b XkcXVgTg\iTf WX _T cXefbaT dhX XYXVguT W\V[b Tap_\f\f' <a ha peXT gT_% _b
`pf VXeVTab T haT Thgbe\WTW fXerT T_Zh\Xa Vba ha W\fg\aZh\Wb [\fgbe\T_
WX cebatfg\Vbf lT eXT_\mTWbf% Tha VhTaWb W\V[bf cebatfg\Vbf YhXfXa
VbageTe\bf T _bf \agXeXfXf LXWXLRMX\ WX dh\Xa _bf XYXVght'
;;T`bf T Vbag\ahTV\ta X]X`c_bf WX \aW\i\Whbf Vhlbf cbf\U_Xf
\agXeXfXf cbWerTa WXfVT_\Y\VTe_bf Vb`b Thgbe\WTWXf W\ZaTf WX fXe
\aibVTWTf' La VbeeXWbe WX 9b_fT VhlTf ZTaTaV\Tf cebi\XaXa WX_
ib_h`Xa WX TVV\baXf iXaW\WTf ab chXWX Vbaf\WXeTefX haT Thgbe\WTW
\`cTeV\T_ Xa `TgXe\T WX ceXW\VV\baXf WX_ `XeVTWb' <fT i\f\ta ft_b
cbWerT fXe VbageTeeXfgTWT f\ W\V[b bcXeTWbe chW\XeT fhfgXagTe X_ [XV[b
WX dhX [T XYXVghTWb cebatfg\Vbf ip_\Wbf Xa X_ cTfTWb% l TVbafX]TWb T
_T ZXagX VbageT _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX \aiXeg\e Xa WXgXe`\aTWb `b`Xagb3
XfgTep% Tfr% WTaWb cehXUTf WX fh \agXZe\WTW' 8_ TaT_\mTe YbaWbf cTeT
X_ ceXfhchXfgb `\_\Te% WXUX eXVbeWTefX dhX _bf T_gbf `TaWbf cbfXXa
\agXeXfXf VeXTWbf dhX _bf __XiTeTa T UhfVTe _T `pk\`T Tf\ZaTV\ta
cbf\U_X' 8 _T iXm% _bf TVTWq`\Vbf X \aiXfg\ZTWbeXf dhX geTW\V\baT_`XagX
cebgXfgTa Xa VbageT WX_ `Tlbe ZTfgb `\_\gTe g\XaXa `hV[b dhX ZTaTe Vba
fh eXVbegX% chXf [TUerT `pf YbaWbf W\fcba\U_Xf cTeT _T XWhVTV\ta l _T
\aiXfg\ZTV\ta' ;;X T[r dhX gT`U\qa X__bf cbWerTa gXaXe \agXeXfXf VeXTWbf
Xa XfT VbagebiXef\T'
<a gXeVXe _hZTe% X_ cuU_\Vb WXUX XfgTe VbaiXaV\Wb WX dhX _T Thgbe\WTW
V\gTWT Xfgp \aW\fVhg\U_X`XagX iXefTWT Xa X_ VT`cb Xa dhX W\VX gXaXe
XkcXe\XaV\T' 8_Zh\Xa dhX ab fX `hXfgeX Vh\WTWbfb Vba _bf WXgT__Xf
cebagb WX]Tep WX fXe Vbaf\WXeTWb haT Thgbe\WTW Xa _T `TgXe\T' Gbe
TsTW\WheT% ha XkcXegb dhX WXcXaWT WX _T TlhWT WX ha ah`Xebfb
Xdh\cb WXUX XfgTe fXZheb WX fh W\_\ZXaV\T' La YhaV\baTe\b dhX g\XaX T

,'
fhf teWXaXf ha XkgXafb VhXecb WX UhetVeTgTf YpV\_`XagX chXWX iXefX
gXagTWb T TVXcgTe ha \aYbe`X l ceXfXagTe_b T_ cuU_\Vb f\a fb`XgXe_b
T Vh\WTWbfb XfVehg\a\b' CT `TlberT WX abfbgebf [X`bf TWiXeg\Wb X_
`\ahV\bfb geTUT]b WX iXe\Y\VTV\ta dhX fX gb`Ta T_Zhabf V\XagrY\Vbf
TagXf WX TahaV\Te ha WXfVhUe\`\Xagb% b _T `XW\WT Xa dhX V\eVhafVe\UXa
X_ T_VTaVX WX fhf \aiXfg\ZTV\baXf' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% fba _bf cXe\bW\fgTf Xa
UhfVT WX ce\`\V\Tf dh\XaXf fX Tag\V\cTa T WTe _T abg\V\T'
<a VhTegb _hZTe% VhTaWb fX \aibVT X_ ab`UeX WX haT Thgbe\WTW Xa
WXgXe`\aTWb gX`T% `X]be Xf XfgTe fXZhebf WX dhX W\V[T Thgbe\WTW fXT
U\Xa VbabV\WT' Eb eXfh_gT XY\VTm V\gTe T Thgbe\WTWXf dhX ab fXTa gXa\WTf
cbe gT_Xf Xa fhf eXfcXVg\ibf VT`cbf% b dhX fXTa WXfVbabV\WTf cTeT X_
cuU_\Vb' Gbe X]X`c_b% T_ [TU_Te WX _T Ve\TamT WX _bf a\sbf% VThfTep `pf
XYXVgb eXYXe\efX T _bf WbVgbeXf >XfX__ b JcbV^ dhX T_ WbVgbe AhTa GqeXm'
:babV\Wb % Xa XfgX VTfb% f\X`ceX fXep T_Zb T WXgXe`\aTe Xa eXYXeXaV\T T
ha cuU_\Vb XfcXVrY\Vb' 8hadhX WXgXe`\aTWT cXefbaT fXT Xa ZXaXeT_ `hl
VbabV\WT% cbWep ab fXe_b Xa V\XegT XfYXeT b TagX ha cuU_\Vb XfcXV\Y\Vb' 8
_T \aiXefT% VhTaWb abf W\e\Z\`bf T ha cuU_\Vb XfcXVrY\Vb' 8 _T \aiXefT%
VhTaWb abf W\e\Z\`bf T ha cuU_\Vb XfcXVrY\Vb% gT_ iXm fXT `X]be V\gTe T_
XkcXegb _bVT_ dhX T_ WX YT`T \agXeaTV\baT_'
<a dh\agb _hZTe% _T Thgbe\WTW V\gTWT WXUX fXe ha XkcXegb Xa X_ VT`cb
XfcXVrY\Vb dhX fX geTgX' <_ WbVgbe JcbV^ chXWX fXe ha `hl VbabV\Wb
XkcXegb Xa chXe\Vh_gheT% cXeb {chXWX [baXfgT`XagX WXV\efX dhX _b fXT
Xa X_ p`U\gb WX _Tf eX_TV\baXf \agXeaTV\baT_Xf% Xa cTeg\Vh_Te% l _T cb_rg\VT
Xa ZXaXeT_7 8_ [TU_Te WX Yrf\VT% cTeXVXerT aTgheT_ XfZe\`\e X_ ab`UeX
WX WXgXe`\aTWbf Yrf\Vbf Vb`b Thgbe\WTWXf Xa _T `TgXe\T4 T_ TaT_\mTe _Tf
cbf\U\_\WTWXf WX eXVhee\e T_ `Te cTeT Vh_g\iTe T_\`Xagbf% _Tf Thgbe\WTWXf
cXeg\aXagXf fXepa _bf U\t_bZbf `Te\abf4 l Tfr fhVXf\iT`XagX' @aibVTe _T
Thgbe\WTW WX_ XkcXegb Xa ha VT`cb Vb`b XfcXV\T_\fgT Xa bgeb% dh\mp
gbgT_`XagX \aVbaXkb% abf ihX_iX ih_aXeTU_Xf T gbWb g\cb WX cXea\V\bfbf
TgTdhXf% cbe X]X`c_b% Xa V\XegT bVTf\ta T_Zh\Xa fbfghib [TUXe \aiXagTWb
ha Y\_geb eXT_`XagX XY\VTm cTeT X_ V\ZTee\__b l fX cebchfb ceb`bV\baTe_b
Vba X_ cTgebV\a\b WX _T La\iXef\WTW WX :b_h`U\T% Xa EhXiT Pbe^'
:b_h`U\T chXWX Xa ZXaXeT_ cbfXXe haT abgTU_X eXchgTV\ta Vb`b VXageb
WX XfghW\bf% cXeb Xfgb ab \`c_\VT dhX gbWb _b dhX Vba X__T fX TfbV\X fXT
WX ce\`Xe beWXa' 8haTWb T _T YT_gT WX VbaV\XaV\T WX T_ZhaTf Thgbe\WTWXf
WX _T La\iXef\WTW% fX`X]TagX WXfVh\Wb cebibVt gbWb g\cb WX f\ghTV\ta
X`UTeTmbfTf' Gbe _b dhX fTUX`bf% X_ Y\_geb ahaVT __XZt T XfgTe T_ T_VTaVX
WX_ cuU_\Vb'

#  
<a _b dhX T V\gTe Thgbe\WTWXf eXfcXVgT% _T ua\VT XkVXcV\ta WX abgT
Xfgp Xa _T cTeg\V\cTV\ta WX V\XegTf VX_XUe\WTWXf% fXT WXfgTVTWbf Teg\fgTf
WX_ `haWb WX_ XfcXVgpVh_b b `\X`Uebf WX _T Te\fgbVeTV\T ' <a V\Xegb
fXag\Wb% XfgT ZXagX ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX Xf XkcXegT Xa aTWT' J\a X`UTeZb%
fh cebc\b Ue\__b TgeTXep `pf _T TgXaV\ta [TV\T haT VThfT b cbfgheT dhX
_T dhX fX _bZeX cbe VhT_dh\Xe bgeb `XW\b' Jhcba\XaWb dhX cbWT`bf
VbagTe Vba _bf eXfcXVg\ibf XkcXegbf% aTWT WX `T_b [Tl Xa Vb`c_X`XagTe
fh ab`UeX Vba X_ WX VX_XUe\WTWXf dhX ab fba XfcXV\T_\fgTf Xa _T `TgXe\T'
M\XaX T_ VTfb _T VT`cTsT WX _T JbV\XWTW EbegXT`Xe\VTaT VbageT X_
:paVXe% W\e\Z\WT T WXfT_XagTe X_ Vbafh`b WX_ gTUTVb' Eb VTUX WhWT WX
dhX W\V[T JbV\XWTW chXWX eXVhee\e T Thgbe\mTWbf XkcXegbf Xa _Tf V\XaV\Tf
`qW\VTf dhX TcblXa fh VThfT4 cXeb TWX`pf% gT`U\qa [T eXVhee\Wb T
VbabV\Wbf TVgbeXf cTeT WeT`Tg\mTe _T eX_TV\ta XageX X_ V\ZTee\__b l X_
VpaVXe' CT VT`cTsT eXfh_gt fh`T`XagX XY\VTm' G\qafXfX Xa X_ TVgbe Ph_
9elaXe W\V\XaWb3 :hTaWb hfgXWXf iXTa Xfgb% lb XfgTeq `hXegb'
MX`bf Tfr Vt`b X_ eXdh\f\gb au`Xeb VhTgeb "U\Xa VbabV\Wb# l X_
au`Xeb V\aVb "XkcXegb Xa _T `TgXe\T# chXWXa Vb`c_X`XagTefX XageX fr'
8 _T iXm% ab [Tl dhX b_i\WTe X_ eXdh\f\gb au`Xeb geXf "\aW\fVhg\U_X#' Lab
WX _bf TVgbeXf X`c_XTWbf Xa _T VT`cTsT VbageT X_ V\ZTee\__b _TamTWT cbe
_T JbV\XWTW EbegXT`Xe\VTaT VbageT X_ :paVXe YhX _hXZb TeeXfgTWb Xa
CbaWeXf cbe gXaXaV\T WX `Te\[hTaT'
<a fXkgb _hZTe% WX fXe cbf\U_X _Tf Thgbe\WTWXf V\gTWTf WXUXa fXe
gTagb Y\ZheTf VbagX`cbepaXTf Vb`b [\fgte\VTf' :hTagb `pf gqVa\Vb
fXT X_ gX`T dhX fX geTgX% `pf \`cbegTagX Xf dhX fX eXVheeT T Y\ZheTf
WX TVghT_\WTW Vb`b Thgbe\WTWXf Xa _T `TgXe\T' <a X_ VT`cb WX _T
VTeW\b_bZrT% cbe X]X`c_b% cbf\U_X`XagX X_ WbVgbe :[e\fg\Ta 9TeaTeW
[TlT f\Wb `pf eXfcXgTWb Vb`b Thgbe\WTW dhX >T_Xab b ?\ctVeTgXf'
Cbf XfghW\bf XfgTWrfg\Vbf% Xa cTeg\Vh_Te% WXUXa fXe _b `pf eXV\XagXf
cbf\U_Xf' Gbe bgeT cTegX% f\ cbWX`bf VbagTe Vba YhXagXf [\fgte\VTf Vb`b
Vb`c_X`Xagb% ahXfgeT TeZh`XagTV\ta dhXWTep eXYbemTWT' <a <fgTWbf
La\Wbf% X_ ab`UeX WX >XbeZX NTf[\aZgba fhX_X eX\gXeTefX Xa gbWb g\cb
WX WXUTgXf% TfbV\TWb T iXVXf T_ fXaTWbe =h_Ue\Z[g "Tdhq_ Vb`b Y\ZheT
[\fgte\VT WX cXfb% qfgX Vb`b Thgbe\WTW `pf VbagX`cbepaXT# Vb`b
XkcXegb Xa T_XZTgbf VbageT \age\aVTWTf T_\TamTf \agXeaTV\baT_Xf'
KT`U\qa [X cbW\Wb iXe Vt`b X_ ab`UeX WX NTf[\aZgba fX \aibVTUT% T_
`Xabf \`c_rV\gT`XagX% Xa WXYXafT WX _T `Te\[hTaT% chXf Tdhq_ [TUerT
Vh_g\iTWb VpsT`b Xa fhf VT`cbf% l WheTagX X_ f\Z_b OM@@@ fh hfb XeT
`hl W\YhaW\Wb Xa X_ geTgT`\Xagb WX _T Uebadh\g\f' 8fr% X_ ab`UeX WX

,)
NTf[\aZgba cbWrT XfZe\`\efX Xa cTeX]T Vba X_ WX VhT_dh\Xe TVghT_
Y\ZheT cbch_Te dhX WXYXaW\XeT X_ Vbafh`b WX _T WebZT'
<a fqcg\`b _hZTe% _T Thgbe\WTW V\gTWT WXUX gXaXe haT bc\a\ta dhX
Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT WX _T ZXaXeT_\WTW WX _bf XkcXegbf Xa fh VT`cb' CT
cT_TUeT eXceXfXagTg\iT Xf W\YrV\_ WX WXY\a\e% cXeb gT_ iXm X_ VbaVXcgb
chXWT TV_TeTefX cbe `XW\b WX T_Zhabf X]X`c_bf' La Yrf\Vb WXfgTVTWb
chXWX Vb`cTeg\e `hV[Tf bc\a\baXf Vba fhf Vb_XZTf% cXeb% T _T iXm%
fbfgXaXe `hV[Tf bgeTf bc\a\baXf fh`T`XagX cXefbaT_Xf dhX ab fba
Vb`cTeg\WTf b a\ f\dh\XeT \`chZaTWTf cbe Tdhq__bf% XfcXV\T_`XagX
Xa peXTf cb_q`\VTf' La Yrf\Vb ahV_XTe dhX _\gXeT_`XagX VeXT Xa _T
Xk\fgXaV\T WX _T i\WT Xa bgebf c_TaXgTf Xfgp fbfgXa\XaWb haT bc\a\ta
cbVb eXceXfXagTg\iT' <a *2,/% VhTaWb =eTa^_\a ;;' IbbfXiX_g ceXfXagt
fh VTaW\WTgheT T _T ceXf\WXaV\T WX <fgTWbf La\Wbf% `pf WX _Tf Wbf
gXeVXeTf cTegXf WX _bf cXe\tW\Vbf WX_ cTrf fX bcbarTa T fh eXX_XVV\ta
Xa fhf XW\gbe\T_Xf' <fgX cbeVXagT]X WX a\aZhaT `TaXeT eXceXfXagTUT
X_ iXeWTWXeb fXag\e WX _T Vb`ha\WTW% l a\ f\dh\XeT X_ WX _T ZXagX dhX
geTUT]TUT Xa Xfbf `\f`bf W\Te\bf' <eT haT bc\a\ta dhX% f\`c_X`XagX%
eXY_X]TUT _T cbfgheT WX _bf cebc\XgTe\bf WX _bf cXe\tW\Vbf'
<_ bVgTib eXdh\f\gb Xk\ZX dhX _Tf Thgbe\WTWXf V\gTWTf fXTa gTa
ah`XebfTf% W\iXefTf l W\YXeXagXf Vb`b fXT cbf\U_X' J\ hfgXW WT Vba X_
ab`UeX WX Wbf Thgbe\WTWXf VhlTf bc\a\baXf Xa bgebf gX`Tf fX VbageTW\VXa%
cXeb dhX Xa XfgX gX`T XfcXVrY\Vb Vb\aV\WXa Vba fh cbfgheT% X__b gXaWXep
T \`ceXf\baTe T_ cuU_\Vb% VeXrWb WX dhX gTa VbeeXVgT Xf fh cbf\V\ta dhX
cepVg\VT`XagX gbWb X_ `haWb WXUX Vb\aV\W\e Vba hfgXW' Gbe X]X`c_b%
fXerT cbVb [pU\_ V\gTe Wbf iXVXf _T bc\a\ta XW\gbe\T_ WX ha cXe\tW\Vb cTeT
TcblTe fh TeZh`XagTV\ta3 Xi\WXagX`XagX% Vba haT iXm UTfgT' Gbe bgeT
cTegX% f\ i\iX hfgXW Xa haT mbaT WbaWX [Tl Wbf b `pf cXe\tW\Vbf dhX cbe
_b ZXaXeT_ ceXfXagTa Xa fhf XW\gbe\T_Xf `TeVbf WX eXYXeXaV\T bchXfgbf
XageX fr% cXeb dhX XfgT iXm fhfgXagTa _T `\f`T cbfgheT dhX hfgXW% fXep
`hl VbaiXa\XagX V\gTe_bf T gbWbf'

8cX_TaWb T _T geTW\V\ta "Dbafgehbf fTZeTWbf#

8cX_Te T _T geTW\V\ta% b T_ VbaVXcgb WX JM YXY^U^V" f\Za\Y\VT TcX_Te T


ha \WXT_% ha ce\aV\c\b gXte\Vb b TUfgeTVgb TagX X_ dhX gbWb X_ `haWb}b

,*
cbe _b `Xabf% X_ dhX \agXZeT fh cuU_\Vb} fX \aV_\aT eXiXeXagX' J\ WhWT%
T_ZhaTf cXefbaTf gb`Ta Xfbf \WXT_Xf `pf Xa fXe\b dhX bgeTf% cXeb
gbWb X_ `haWb W\VX eXfcXgTe_bf' ?X Tdhr ha \`cbegTagX ce\aV\c\b WX _T
TeZh`XagTV\ta% cbedhX Vbafg\ghlX hab WX Xfbf ce\aV\c\bf dhX XfgTU_XVX
X_ `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T WX _T W\fVhf\ta' J\ hfgXW ab chXWX [T__Te XfX
X_X`Xagb Xa Vb`ua% XagbaVXf a\aZhaT TeZh`XagTV\ta fXep cbf\U_X'
"IXVhXeWX dhX ab fX geTgT Tdhr WX TcX_Te T_ ceXVXWXagX% gX`T dhX
TaT_\mTeX`bf UT]b X_ f\Zh\XagX fhUgrgh_b'#
La X]X`c_b dhX \_hfgeT _T \`cbegTaV\T WX TcX_Te T _T geTW\V\ta Xf X_
WX DTeg\a Chg[Xe B\aZ \aibVTaWb X_ ce\aV\c\b WX _T ab i\b_XaV\T' J\ U\Xa
[Tl% cbe V\Xegb% dh\XaXf Xa f\`\_TeXf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf ab eXVhee\erTa T _T
ab i\b_XaV\T% X \aV_hfb Tdhq__bf dhX ab TW[\XeXa T XfgX ce\aV\c\b Xa fh
YhXeb rag\`b% bVheeX dhX `hl cbVbf fX TgeXiXerTa T TgTVTe TU\XegT`XagX
_T cebchXfgT WX ab i\b_XaV\T cebchZaTWT cbe T_Zh\Xa' 8cX_Te T _T ab
i\b_XaV\T f\Za\Y\VT TcX_Te T haT geTW\V\ta Vba cebYhaWTf eTrVXf `beT_Xf%
cb_rg\VTf% fbV\T_Xf l eX_\Z\bfTf% dhX fX Xkg\XaWXa `pf T__p WX VhT_dh\Xe
Vh_gheT b cXerbWb [\fgte\Vb' @aibVTe _T ab i\b_XaV\T cXe`\gX bUgXaXe haT
\aVeXrU_X eXTVV\ta WX Tcblb WX cTegX WX gbWbf _bf cuU_\Vbf' :TUX TsTW\e%
Tf\`\f`b% dhX Vba YeXVhXaV\T XfgX ce\aV\c\b fhX_X gT`U\qa WXfTe`Te T
_bf XaX`\Zbf'

8cX_TaWb T_ ceXVXWXagX

8cX_Te T_ ceXVXWXagX f\Za\Y\VT XfZe\`\e VTfbf b \afgTaV\Tf f\`\_TeXf


T _T WXYXaW\WT' Eb Xf aXVXfTe\b dhX gbWb X_ `haWb Xfgq WX TVhXeWb Vba
X_ ceXVXWXagX dhX hfgXW geTX T Vb_TV\ta% Vb`b f\ _b Xf VhTaWb fX TcX_T T
_T geTW\V\ta' Cbf ceXVXWXagXf WXUXa fXe eXT_Xf b iXerW\Vbf% Xa VbageTfgX
Vba _Tf geTW\V\baXf% dhX eXY_X]Ta ha \WXT_' ;;X [XV[b% T `XahWb TcX_T`bf
T_ ceXVXWXagX VhTaWb ab cbWX`bf V\gTe haT geTW\V\ta dhX abf TcblX%
cXeb [Tl dhX eXVbabVXe dhX XfgX g\cb WX TcX_TV\ta Vbafg\ghlX ha e\XfZb
VT_Vh_TWb dhX Thgb`pg\VT`XagX [TVX dhX cTegX WX_ cuU_\Vb fX cbaZT Xa
VbageT WX abfbgebf'
CT eXib_hV\ta i\b_XagT Xf ha ceXVXWXagX Xa _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX <fgTWbf
La\Wbf% Vb`b Xf Xi\WXagX T cTeg\e WX _T >hXeeT WX @aWXcXaWXaV\T l _T
>hXeeT WX JXVXf\ta4 cXeb fbaTerT `hl XkgeTsb WXV\e dhX _T eXib_hV\ta
i\b_XagT Xf hab WX _bf \WXT_Xf WX_ chXU_b abegXT`Xe\VTab' :hTaWb X_
_rWXe aXZeb eTW\VT_\mTWb ?' ITc 9ebja W\]b% fXZua V\gTeba _Tf YhXagXf%

,+
dhX _T i\b_XaV\T Xf gTa abegXT`Xe\VTaT Vb`b X_ cTfgX_ WX `TamTaT %
XfgTUT TcX_TaWb Tha ceXVXWXagX% ab T _T geTW\V\ta'
:ba fh`T YeXVhXaV\T fX TcX_T T_ ceXVXWXagX Xa _Tf VbegXf WX ]hfg\V\T%
VhTaWb _bf TUbZTWbf WXUXa UhfVTe VTfbf fbUeX _bf dhX [Tl lT ha
iXeXW\Vgb ceXi\b cTeT fhfgXagTe fhf T_XZTgbf' J\ _Tf T_gTf VbegXf WX
]hfg\V\T% Xa cTeg\Vh_Te% [Ta X`\g\Wb Xa X_ cTfTWb iXeXW\Vgbf YTibeTU_Xf T
WXgXe`\aTWT f\ghTV\ta% l f\ ha TUbZTWb Vbaf\WXeT dhX X_ VTfb dhX g\XaXa
XageX `Tabf XageT WXageb WX XfT WXgXe`\aTWT VTgXZberT% cbWep
XagbaVXf V\gTe TdhX_ iXeXW\Vgb b fXe\X WX iXeXW\Vgbf Vb`b ceXVXWXagXf'
?hX_ZT WXV\e dhX bgebf TUbZTWbf cbWepa [T__Te ceXVXWXagXf W\fg\agbf b
WX`bfgeTe dhX X_ VTfb ab XageT WXageb WX XfT WXgXe`\aTWT f\ghTV\ta
b VTgXZberT'
IXVbeWX`bf _T [\fgbe\T WX ha UbVTW\gb WX [\Zbf dhX VhXagT ha
Xk ]hXm WX _T :begX JhceX`T WX <<'LL' LaT X`ceXfT cebWhVgbeT WX
ZT__Xg\gTf l cebWhVgbf WX cTfgX_XerT _X XagTU_t ]h\V\b T bgeT Xa eX_TV\ta
Vba _bf WXeXV[bf WX YTUe\VTV\ta WX WXgXe`\aTWb cebWhVgb' CT <`ceXfT
8 fbfg\XaX gXaXe WXeXV[bf XkV_hf\ibf WX YTUe\VTV\ta WX WXgXe`\aTWT
ZT__Xg\gT% dhX _T <`ceXfT 9 [TUerT i\b_TWb T_ X_TUbeTWb haT ZT__Xg\gT
f\`\_Te' CT <`ceXfT 9 fbfg\XaX dhX fh cebWhVgb Xf W\YXeXagX% chXfgb dhX
ab fX geTgT WX haT ZT__Xg\gT f\ab WX ha UbVTW\gb YehgTWb' {<a dhq eXf\WX
_T W\YXeXaV\T7 J\ X_ ]hXm YTibeXVX T _T <`ceXfT 8 W\VgT`\aTep dhX _T
XkV_hf\i\WTW WX _bf WXeXV[bf [T f\Wb i\b_TWT% `\XageTf dhX f\ W\VgT`\aT
Xa YTibe WX _T <`ceXfT 9 cbWerT WXV\e dhX X_ cebWhVgb eXT_`XagX Xf ha
UbVTW\gb YehgTWb l ab haT ZT__Xg\gT% cbe _b VhT_ ab fX [T i\b_TWb a\aZua
WXeXV[b' ?Tl ha f\aYra WX ceXVXWXagXf Xa _T `TgXe\T% l WTe Vba X_ `pf
VbaiXa\XagX cTeT _T cbfgheT dhX hfgXW WXY\XaWX XageTsT "T# \aZXa\b cTeT
\aiXfg\ZTe% l "U# fTUXe dhq chXWX Vba`biXe T fh cuU_\Vb' Eb ft_b _bf
]hXVXf cbfXXa ha Zhfgb WXY\a\Wb'

GeXfXagTV\ta WX _bf [XV[bf

7\]JMf\]RLJ\

<_ bU]Xg\ib WX XfgX TcTegTWb Xf WX`bfgeTe WX dhq `TaXeT WXUXa


XfZe\`\efX [XV[bf% WTgbf b iXeWTWXf VbafTU\WTf Xa Tcblb WX fh
TeZh`Xagb' ?Tl dhX gXaXe Xa VhXagT% gT`U\qa% dhX haT iXeWTW T `XW\Tf
Xf% T iXVXf% `X]be dhX a\aZhaT iXeWTW'

,,
<a _T XeT Xa dhX i\i\`bf% X_ g\cb `pf Vbai\aVXagX WX cehXUTf Xfgp Xa
_Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf' {Hhq a\sb ab fTUX Vhpagbf Zb_Xf [T [XV[b Xa X_ Tsb fh
V_hU YTibe\gb7 {:hpagTf iXVXf [X`bf brWb X_bZ\Te ha Thgb`ti\_ cbedhX
ZTfgT `Xabf Vb`Uhfg\U_X cbe `Tlbe au`Xeb WX ^\_t`Xgebf eXVbee\Wbf
dhX hab cTeXV\Wb WX bgeT `TeVT7 <a ahXfgeb X`c_Xb WX XfgTWrfg\VTf
ah`qe\VTf% T_ cTeXVXe cTeg\`bf WX_ fhchXfgb WX dhX ha au`Xeb `Tlbe
Thgb`pg\VT`XagX \aW\VT dhX T_Zb Xf `X]be' Eb fX chXWX W\fVhg\e Vba
V\YeTf% fT_ib Xa eX_TV\ta Vba bgeTf V\YeTf'
;;TeX`bf T Vbag\ahTV\ta T_ZhaTf eXZ_Tf ZXaXeT_Xf fbUeX X_ X`c_Xb
WX _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf' ;;X cbWXe eXVhee\e T X__Tf% f\X`ceX WXUXep [TVXe _b
f\Zh\XagX3 <a ce\`Xe gqe`\ab% TfXZueXfX WX dhX cebiXaZTa WX YhXagXf
VbaY\TU_Xf' MhX_iX T Tc_\VTefX Tdhr gbWb _b W\V[b Xa eX_TV\ta Vba _T V\gT
WX Thgbe\WTWXf' CT YhXagX `pf TWXVhTWT WX WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf chXWX
eXfh`\efX Xa _T XkceXf\ta _TUbeTgbe\b \aWXcXaW\XagX ' <a fXZhaWb
_hZTe% Vb`b _bf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf eTeT iXm fba ha\Ybe`Xf% chXWX
TZehcpefX_bf b \agXeceXgpefX_bf WX W\YXeXagXf `bWbf' Eb iTV\_X Xa
X`c_XTe ft_b XfT cTegX WX _bf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf dhX fhfgXagXa fh cbfgheT%
XfcXV\T_`XagX f\ ab XfcXeT dhX fXT eXUTg\WT' Gbe X]X`c_b% haT XaVhXfgT
aTV\baT_ fbUeX X_ fXag\e WX _T ZXagX TVXeVT WX_ TUbegb cbWep \aW\VTe dhX
_T `TlberT Xfgp Xa VbageT' GXeb VhTaWb _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf fX WXfZ_bfTa cbe
XfgTWb b cebi\aV\T% chWX bVhee\e dhX Xa _T fhlT _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX
Xfgq Xa YTibe' 8fr% f\ _b dhX WXfXT hfgXW Xf cebchZaTe haT _XZ\f_TV\ta
YTibeTU_X T_ TUbegb% WXUXep V\gTe _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf WX fh mbaT4 f\% cbe X_
VbageTe\b% WXfXT dhX fX TcehXUX haT _Xl Xa VbageT WX_ TUbegb% V\gTep _Tf
XfgTWrfg\VTf T a\iX_ aTV\baT_' <a T`Ubf VTfbf% XfgTep W\V\XaWb _T iXeWTW'
<fgb abf __XiT T _T gXeVXeT eXZ_T ZXaXeT_% _T WX geXcTefX T_ VTeeb
WX _T i\Vgbe\T ' ;;X cbWXe WX`bfgeTe hfgXW dhX _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX
TcblT fh cbfgheT h bc\a\ta% ab ft_b cbWep \aibVTe XfT \aYbe`TV\ta
Vb`b cehXUT WX dhX Xfgp Xa _b V\Xegb% f\ab gT`U\qa \ai\gTe T_ cuU_\Vb%
cbe _b `Xabf \`c_rV\gT`XagX% T ha\efX T XfT `TlberT' 8 aTW\X _X ZhfgT
dhXWTefX TYhXeT'
LaT \`cbegTagX iTe\TV\ta WX XfgT eXZ_T ZXaXeT_ Xfgp Xa _T YeTfX `pf
ZXagX ' |:ba VhpagT YeXVhXaV\T [X`bf brWb WXV\e dhX 8 `pf ZXagX _X
ZhfgT _T DTeVT O dhX a\aZhaT bgeT {Hhq f\Za\Y\VT Xfgb Vba XkTVg\ghW7
GhXWX dhXeXe WXV\e dhX X_ .* cbe V\Xagb WX _T ZXagX hfT _T DTeVT O4 cXeb
gT`U\qa% dhX X_ *+ cbe V\Xagb WX _T ZXagX hfT XfT `TeVT' {:t`b Xf cbf\U_X7
JhcbaZT`bf X_ VTfb Xa dhX [Tl W\XV\fq\f `TeVTf Vb`cXg\g\iTf WX VXeiXmT
"b W\XV\fq\f cbfgh_TagXf cTeT ha chXfgb#' {Eb Xf TVTfb cbf\U_X dhX a\aZhaT

#$
`TeVT "b cbfgh_TagX#% WX XageX _bf W\XV\fq\f% VhXagX Vba ha eXfcT_Wb
TUfb_hgT`XagX `Tlbe\gTe\b% l dhX _T `TeVT "b cbfgh_TagX# ceXYXe\Wb ft_b
gXaZT ha *+ cbe V\Xagb WX _bf ibgbf7 <agbaVXf ab ft_b fXerT cbf\U_X f\ab
gT`U\qa V\Xegb WXV\e dhX _T DTeVT O "b X_ cbfgh_TagX O# g\XaX Vd\ eXfcT_Wb
dhX VhT_dh\Xe bgeT `TeVT "b cbfgh_TagX#' CT YeTfX `pf ZXagX''' chXWX
\aibVTefX Vba X_ fXag\Wb WX bc\a\ta WX haT `TlberT ab TUfb_hgT'
LaT VhTegT eXZ_T ZXaXeT_ [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T_ X`c_Xb WX V\YeTf X_XiTWTf'
@aiTe\TU_X`XagX% _bf au`Xebf T_gbf \`ceXf\baTa T _T ZXagX `hV[b
`pf' 8sTW\Wb T X__b X_ [XV[b WX dhX Xa ahXfgeT fbV\XWTW _T `TlberT
WX _Tf cXefbaTf ab Vb`ceXaWX eXT_`XagX X_ X`c_Xb WX _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf%
cbeVXagT]Xf l YeTVV\baXf% cbe _b ZXaXeT_ eXfh_gT `pf XY\VTm V\gTe ha T_gb
au`Xeb dhX ha cbeVXagT]X' JhXaT `X]be WXV\e dhX X_ VTaW\WTgb CtcXm
bUghib fX\f `\__baXf WX ibgbf% dhX WXV\e dhX bUghib X_ .+ cbe V\Xagb
WX _bf ibgbf' :Tf\ _T `\gTW WX _T ZXagX ibgt Xa VbageT WX CtcXm% cXeb X_
XYXVgb Xf `Tlbe f\ WXV\`bf dhX _b eXfcT_WTa fX\f `\__baXf WX cXefbaTf'
:TUX TZeXZTe% Tf\`\f`b% dhX VhTaWb WX V\YeTf X_XiTWTf fX geTgT% X_
eXcXg\e_T fhX_X gXaXe ha XYXVgb `TgX`pg\VT`XagX TVh`h_Tg\ib' JX W\VX
dhX VhTaWb _T La\ta Jbi\qg\VT VbaVXWX TlhWT T ha cTrf XkgeT]Xeb% _X Xfgp
Tf\ZaTaWb cbe _b `Xabf X_ ge\c_X WX _b dhX eXT_`XagX _X XageXZT' {:t`b
chXWX fXe7 Gbe X]X`c_b% ce\`Xeb fX TahaV\T T geTiqf WX _T ceXafT dhX
_T La\ta Jbi\qg\VT LXWLNMN[d TlhWT cbe iT_be WX ha `\__ta WX Wt_TeXf'
ChXZb% T_ XageXZTefX XfT fh`T% ihX_iX T TahaV\TefX dhX _T La\ta
Jbi\qg\VT LXWLNMN TlhWT cbe iT_be WX ha `\__ta WX Wt_TeXf' =\aT_`XagX%
haT iXm XageXZTWT XfT fh`T% fX TahaV\T dhX _T La\ta Jbi\qg\VT QJ
LXWLNMRMX TlhWT cbe iT_be WX ha `\__ta WX Wt_TeXf' DhV[T ZXagX gXaWep
_T \`ceXf\ta WX dhX fX VbaVXW\Xeba geXf `\__baXf WX Wt_TeXf'
<a dh\agb _hZTe% Tfr Vb`b _Tf ZeTaWXf V\YeTf fhX_Xa \`ceXf\baTe%
_bf au`Xebf cXdhXsbf g\XaWXa T fbf_TlTefX' <fgb f\Za\Y\VT dhX hfgXW
chXWX TU\XegT`XagX cTfTe cbe T_gb ha au`Xeb UT]b% b eXfgTe_X gbWT
\`cbegTaV\T' La X]X`c_b WX X__b YhX X_ fh`\a\fgeTWb cbe X_ `Te\fVT_ K\gb%
WX PhZbf_Ti\T' 8_ gbVTe X_ gX`T WX _bf cTeg\Wbf cb_rg\Vbf% K\gb bUfXeit Xa
V\XegT bcbegha\WTW dhX <fgTWbf La\Wbf g\XaX Wbf% l PhZbf_Ti\T hab' |CT
W\YXeXaV\T XeT \af\Za\Y\VTagX% WX ft_b hab
GbWX`bf T[beT XaYbVTe T_Zhabf VTfbf iXerW\Vbf fbUeX X_ X`c_Xb
WX WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf' E\aZhaT V\YeT \`cbegT WX cbe fr3 ft_b TWdh\XeX
f\Za\Y\VTWb Xa eX_TV\ta Vba T_ZhaT bgeT V\YeT b `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T' ;;X
T[r dhX _b \`cbegTagX ab fXT _\`\gTefX T eXVbZXe WTgbf% f\ab fX_XVV\baTe
X_ `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T WXageb WX_ VhT_ fX c_TaXT Tc_\VTe_bf'

,.
<a ahXfgeb VTfb% fhcbaZT`bf dhX haT \`cbegTagX X`ceXfT chU_\VT
fh \aYbe`X Y\aTaV\Xeb TahT_' CTf V\YeTf \`cbegTagXf% gbWTf eXT_Xf% fba
_Tf f\Zh\XagXf3

@aZeXfbf3 "T# * cbe V\Xagb WX _Tf iXagTf% X


"U# hab cbe V\Xagb WX Wt_Te% X
"V# *+ cbe V\Xagb WX _T \aiXef\ta% X
"W# .')))'))) Wt_TeXf WX ZTaTaV\T% X
"X# -­) cbe V\Xagb WX \aVeX`Xagb WX _Tf ZTaTaV\Tf cbe
fbUeX *2,2% b
"Y# /) cbe V\Xagb WX W\f`\ahV\ta WX _Tf ZTaTaV\Tf
eXfcXVgb WX_ Tsb cTfTWb'

KbWTf XfgTf V\YeTf W\VXa XkTVgT`XagX _b `\f`b' CT X`ceXfT g\XaX


ZeTaWXf \aZeXfbf Uehgbf% cXeb X_ aXgb Y\aT_ Xf `hl UT]b' CTf Wbf ce\`XeTf
V\YeTf% "T# l "U#% eXY_X]Ta gT_ [XV[b' Lab Vb`\XamT T ceXZhagTefX Vt`b
Xf dhX haT X`ceXfT f\ZhX YhaV\baTaWb}b dh\XeX fXZh\e}Vba ha
`TeZXa gTa UT]b WX ZTaTaV\Tf' CT eXfchXfgT Xf dhX _Tf iXagTf W\Te\Tf
cebcbeV\baTa ha ZeTa `bi\`\Xagb WX VT]T% Vba W\aXeb XYXVg\ib dhX
chXWX fXe Vb_bVTWb T T_gTf gTfTf WX \agXeqf cbe X_ eXfgb WX_ Tsb' KbWbf
XfgT`bf YT`\_\Te\mTWbf Vba X_ [XV[b WX dhX VhTagb `pf W\aXeb fX chXWX
\aiXeg\e% `pf fXep _b dhX eXW\guX' <_ `\f`b hab cbe V\Xagb chXWX% T
Y\a WX Tsb% eXW\ghTe X_ WbVX cbe V\Xagb' 8 Y\a WX Tsb% _T ZTaTaV\T eXT_
Xa Wt_TeXf chXWX fXe% Vb`b Xa "W#% WX V\aVb `\__baXf' {:t`b eXfh_gT
XfgT ZTaTaV\T Vb`cTeTWT Vba X_ eXaW\`\Xagb TagXe\be7 KbWb WXcXaWX%
haT iXm `pf% WX_ `TeVb WX eXYXeXaV\T' J\ gb`T`bf X_ Tsb *2,2 Vb`b
UTfX% _Tf ZTaTaV\Tf [Ta Th`XagTWb Vbaf\WXeTU_X`XagX' J\ gb`T`bf Vb`b
eXYXeXaV\T _Tf hg\_\WTWXf WX_ Tsb cTfTWb% _Tf hg\_\WTWXf chXWXa [TUXe
W\f`\ah\Wb% Tha VhTaWb _T X`ceXfT gbWTirT Xfgq bUgXa\XaWb ZTaTaV\Tf'
{:t`b Tc_\VTe XfgTf XfgTWrfg\VTf7 CT TW`\a\fgeTV\ta WX _T X`ceXfT
chXWX hg\_\mTe_Tf WX_ f\Zh\XagX `bWb3 cTeT eXYhgTe ha TeZh`Xagb fbUeX
Vbageb_ WX ceXV\bf% [Tep eXYXeXaV\T T "T#4 cTeT \aYbe`Te T _bf TVV\ba\fgTf%
[Tep eXYXeXaV\T T "V#% "W# b "X#4 cTeT aXZbV\Te Vba _bf f\aW\VTgbf% fX eX`\g\ep
T "Y#' <_ f\aW\VTgb% cbe fhchXfgb% \af\fg\ep Xa "W# l "X# cTeT Xk\Z\e fhX_Wbf
l UXaXY\V\bf `TlbeXf cTeT _bf X`c_XTWbf' Cbf TVV\ba\fgTf W\f\WXagXf
cbWepa fXsT_Te "Y# h bU]XgTe dhX "V# fba WX`Tf\TWb UT]Tf WX eXfh_gTf WX
\aiXef\baXf \aTWXVhTWTf% l fhZXe\e _T aXVXf\WTW WX \agXZeTe ha ahXib
W\eXVgbe\b'

#%
Kb`X`bf bgeb X]X`c_b' <a X_ f\Zh\XagX W\TZeT`T% WT`bf \aZeXfbf
ceb`XW\bf WX haT cXefbaT WXfZ_bfTWbf fXZua a\iX_ WX XWhVTV\ta' PXaWb
WX \mdh\XeWT T WXeXV[T% _bf \aZeXfbf Th`XagTa% l X_ a\iX_ XWhVTV\baT_
fhUX WX Tee\UT [TV\T TUT]b'

<a ha XfYhXemb cbe T_XagTe T _bf XfghW\TagXf T TWdh\e\e X_ `pk\`b


a\iX_ WX XWhVTV\ta cbf\U_X% fX [T fXsT_TWb Vba YeXVhXaV\T dhX _bf
\aZeXfbf Th`XagTa Vba X_ a\iX_ XWhVTV\baT_' :hTagb `pf g\X`cb fX
ceb_baZhXa ahXfgebf XfghW\bf% `pf W\aXeb ZTaTeX`bf Xa _T i\WT' J\a
X`UTeZb% fX`X]TagX TeZh`Xagb ft_b chXWX XfZe\`\efX f\ ab gb`T`bf
Xa VhXagT _bf \aZeXfbf `XW\bf WX dh\XaXf [Ta gXe`\aTWb X_ WbVgbeTWb
b XfghW\bf ha\iXef\gTe\bf WX cbfZeTWb' GTeT dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb fXT `pf
Vbai\aVXagX% [TUerT dhX fhce\`\e X_ u_g\`b eXaZ_ta WX_ VhTWeb' 8 _T
\aiXefT% f\ abf TgXaX`bf fb_T`XagX T _bf Wbf u_g\`bf eXaZ_baXf% U\Xa
cbWerT TeZh`XagTefX dhX ab Vbai\XaX fXZh\e XfghW\b WX cbfZeTWb'
KT_ iXm _T cT_TUeT `pf ug\_ Xa gbWb X_ TefXaT_ XfgTWrfg\Vb fXT X_ gqe`\ab
Y[XVNMRX$ <fgX chXWX \`c_\VTe haT WX XageX geXf VbfTf W\YXeXagXf' <a
ce\`Xe _hZTe% chXWX eXYXe\efX T _T VNMRJ Te\g`qg\VT% b fXT X_ gbgT_ W\i\W\Wb
cbe X_ au`Xeb WX cXefbaTf b Xag\WTWXf \aib_hVeTWTf4 Xa fXZhaWb

-­&
gqe`\ab% T _T VNMRJWJ ZXb`qge\VT% X_ chagb `XW\b XageX X_ au`Xeb WX
cXefbaTf b Xag\WTWXf \aib_hVeTWTf4 gXeVXeb% chXWX [TVXe eXYXeXaV\T
XfgTWrfg\VT T_ _JUX[ WX `pf JU]J O[NL^NWLRJ" X_ chagb WX _T XfVT_T Xa dhX [Tl
VbaVXageTWTf `Tlbe VTag\WTW WX cXefbaTf b Xag\WTWXf dhX Xa VhT_dh\Xe
bgeb'
EhXfgeb X]X`c_b WX _bf W\YXeXagXf hfbf WX_ gqe`\ab ceb`XW\b
YhX gb`TWb WX _Tf VT_\Y\VTV\baXf bUgXa\WTf Xa _XVgheT cbe T_h`abf WX
ha fqcg\`b ZeTWb' JX TW`\a\fgeT ha gXfg cTeT WXgXe`\aTe X_ a\iX_ T_
dhX _XXa _bf T_h`abf' <_ a\iX_ WX_ ZeTWb Xf Tdhq_ dhX fX XfcXeT WX _bf
T_h`abf WX fqcg\`b Xa _XVgheT' <fgTe cbe WXUT]b WX XfX a\iX_ f\Za\Y\VT
XfgTe \aVTcTV\gTWb cTeT _XXe _b dhX Vb`ua`XagX fX XfcXeT WX_ T_h`ab
WX fqcg\`b ZeTWb' <fgTe cbe XaV\`T WX XfX a\iX_ \`c_\VT cbWXe _XXe ab
ft_b _b dhX fX XfcXeT WX ha T_h`ab WX fqcg\`b ZeTWb f\ab gXkgbf `hV[b
`pf W\YrV\_Xf'

J\ hg\_\mT`bf X_ gqe`\ab ceb`XW\b Vba X_ fXag\Wb WX `XW\T


Te\g`qg\VT% XagbaVXf X_ WbVXagX chXWX _XZrg\`T`XagX fbfgXaXe dhX fh
Vhefb _XX fXZua X_ a\iX_ dhX VbeeXfcbaWX T fh ZeTWb' J\ hg\_\mT`bf
ceb`XW\b Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX `XW\TaT b WX `pk\`T YeXVhXaV\T% XagbaVXf
_bf Verg\Vbf WX XfX WbVXagX _XZrg\`T`XagX chXWXa TWhV\e dhX X_ T_h`ab
ceb`XW\b WX XfX Vhefb ab _XX fXZua X_ a\iX_ WX_ ZeTWb' <f Xi\WXagX% V_Teb%
dhX Xk\fgX ha fXe\b cebU_X`T Xa _T V_TfX% l Xf \ZhT_`XagX bUi\b dhX
VhT_dh\Xe \agXagb cbe XagXaWXe X_ cebU_X`T Xa YhaV\ta WX ceb`XW\bf
\aWhV\erT T Xeebe'

-­'
JhcbaZT`bf dhX Xfgbl VbagX`c_TaWb _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX `hWTe`X%
l dhX UhfVb ha V_\`T `pf XfgTU_X' <`c\Xmb T _XXe Ti\fbf% l WXfVhUeb
dhX [Tl Wbf mbaTf Vba haT gX`cXeTgheT `XW\T TahT_ WX *. ZeTWbf'
JhXaT TVXcgTU_X' J\a X`UTeZb% haT WX XfgTf mbaTf g\XaX gX`cXeTgheTf
dhX bfV\_Ta XageX _bf *) l _bf +) ZeTWbf% Xa gTagb dhX Xa _T bgeT _Tf
gX`cXeTgheTf iTa WX _bf ) T _bf ,) ZeTWbf' <i\WXagX`XagX% ab Xf _b
`\f`b'
<_ \`cbegTagX ce\aV\c\b dhX iX`bf YhaV\baTe eX\gXeTWT`XagX Xf
X_ dhX abf W\VX dhX _T `\f`T \aYbe`TV\ta chXWX fXe ceXfXagTWT WX
W\YXeXagXf `TaXeTf' CT VhXfg\ta Xfgp Xa X_XZ\e _T `pf TcgT cTeT X_ Y\a
cXefXZh\Wb' @[NP^W]J0 {:bai\XaX hg\_\mTe au`Xebf gbgT_Xf b cbeVXagT]Xf7
BN\Y^N\]J0 ;;XcXaWX' JhcbaZT`bf dhX _b dhX fX WXfXT Xf WXahaV\Te _T
VbeehcV\ta Xa X_ WXcTegT`Xagb WX cb_\VrT b VhT_dh\Xe bgeb beZTa\f`b WX_
ZbU\Xeab% _b VhT_ fXep ug\_ Vb`b [XeeT`\XagT cTeT fbVTiTe _T VbaY\TamT
WX_ chXU_b Xa _Tf TVghT_Xf Thgbe\WTWXf' JhcbaZT`bf% gT`U\qa% dhX X_
Tsb cTfTWb [hUb ha Vbai\Vgb cbe fbUbeab l XfgX Tsb% Wbf' <a iXm WX
XfZe\`\e au`Xebf gbgT_Xf% Xa XfgX VTfb Vbai\XaX hg\_\mTe cbeVXagT]Xf'
?T [TU\Wb ha *)) cbe V\Xagb WX Th`Xagb Xa X_ au`Xeb WX Vbai\Vgbf
cbe fbUbeabf% l ft_b ;;\bf fTUX Vhpagbf VTfbf dhXWTeba f\a WXfVhUe\e'
Gbe bgeT cTegX% f\ hfgXW chU_\V\gT ha `XW\VT`Xagb cTeT X_ eXfYerb dhX
VheT T_ + cbe V\Xagb WX _bf hfhTe\bf% l X_ ce\aV\cT_ cebWhVgb WX _T
Vb`cXgXaV\T VheT T_ *%. cbe V\Xagb% VbaiXaWep `XaV\baTe X_ au`Xeb
gbgT_ WX VTfbf l fbfgXaXe dhX fh eX`XW\b VheT T `pf ZXagX dhX VhT_dh\Xe
bgeb'
IXfh_gT W\YrV\_ fXZh\e XfgTWrfg\VTf dhX fba _TeZTf% Vb`c_\VTWTf%
l Xk\ZXa dhX gbWbf _bf `\X`Uebf WX_ cuU_\Vb XYXVguXa `XagT_`XagX
Vb`cTeTV\baXf' 8 Y\a WX YTV\_\gTe X_ XahaV\TWb WX fhf TeZh`Xagbf%
Vbai\XaX ceXfXagTe fhf XfgTWrfg\VTf Xa Ybe`T WX ZepY\Vb' GXeb ab g\XaX
fXag\Wb hg\_\mTe ZepY\Vbf T `Xabf dhX _X f\eiTa WX TlhWT% WX `bWb dhX
T Vbag\ahTV\ta _X WTeX`bf T_ZhaTf eXZ_Tf cTeT `X]beTe _T ceXfXagTV\ta
WX WTgbf cbe XfX `XW\b'
<a ce\`Xe _hZTe% Vba X_ bU]Xgb WX XkTZXeTe ha Th`Xagb b W\f`\ahV\ta
fbUeX _bf dhX WXfXT __T`Te _T TgXaV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb% hfgXW g\XaX Wbf
bcV\baXf3 b U\Xa ceXfXagTe ha ZepY\Vb Xa dhX YT_gX _T _XlXaWT XfVe\gT% b
T`c_\Te cTegX WX_ ZepY\Vb' IXVhXeWX dhX Xa a\aZua `b`Xagb XfgT`bf
ceXfXagTaWb V\YeTf YT_fTf' JX geTgT cheT`XagX WX ha X]XeV\V\b Xa X_ TegX
WX WTe qaYTf\f'
:b`b X]X`c_b% \`TZ\aX`bf dhX T_Zh\Xa cebVheT __T`Te _T TgXaV\ta

$  
[TV\T X_ Th`Xagb WX _T Ve\`\aT_\WTW Xa WXgXe`\aTWTf mbaTf' <_
iXeWTWXeb ZepY\Vb WX _T f\ghTV\ta ceXfXagT X_ f\Zh\XagX TfcXVgb3

:ba X_ Y\a WX WXfgTVTe X_ Th`Xagb WX _T Ve\`\aT_\WTW% hfgXW cbWep


X_\`\aTe _Tf cT_TUeTf XfVe\gTf l ceXfXagTe X_ ZepY\Vb WX_ f\Zh\XagX `bWb3

DX]be Tua fXep ha ZepY\Vb T`c_\TWb cTeT WXfgTVTe X_ Th`Xagb WX _T


Ve\`\aT_\WTW3

$!
8WX`pf WX Xfgbf ZepY\Vbf _\aXT_Xf% cbWep gT`U\qa ceXfXagTe f\`c_Xf
W\TZeT`Tf' LaT `TaXeT Tcebc\TWT WX T_\i\Te _T Taf\XWTW WX_ cuU_\Vb
Xfgp Xa XaYTg\mTe _b dhX dh\XeX WXV\e cbe `XW\b WX VbegXf' 8 Vbag\ahTV\ta
fX ceXfXagT Xa Ybe`T XfcXVgTVh_Te X_ Th`Xagb Xa X_ ceXfhchXfgb
XWhVTV\baT_3

FgeT gqVa\VT W\e\Z\WT T eXT_mTe X_ XYXVgb cebWhV\Wb Vbaf\fgX Xa


V\eVhafVe\U\e _Tf `XW\WTf T haT fb_T W\`Xaf\ta l `Ta\ch_Te _Tf WX`pf'
Gbe X]X`c_b% ha cTgeta WXfXT WXfgTVTe X_ Th`Xagb Xa _bf UXaXY\V\bf dhX
TVhXeWT T fhf X`c_XTWbf% l `hXfgeT _T Y\ZheT WX Wbf WX X__bf fXagTWbf
fbUeX haT c\_T WX `baXWTf dhX eXceXfXagTa fh f\ghTV\ta TagXf l
WXfchqf WX VbaYXe\Wbf _bf UXaXY\V\bf' CT iXeWTW Xf dhX [T Whc_\VTWb
Xfbf UXaXY\V\bf l% cbe _b gTagb% _T c\_T WX _T WXeXV[T Xf X_ WbU_X WX T_gT dhX
_T c\_T WX _T \mdh\XeWT' J\a X`UTeZb% Vb`b T`UTf c\_Tf fba W\Uh]TWTf Xa
XfVT_T% _T WX _T WXeXV[T g\XaX X_ WbU_X WX TaV[b dhX _T WX _T \mdh\XeWT'
<a YhaV\ta WX fh ib_h`Xa% _T WX _T WXeXV[T Xf VhTgeb iXVXf `pf ZeTaWX%
ThadhX _bf UXaXY\V\bf ft_b fX [Ta Whc_\VTWb'
LaT gqVa\VT Y\aT_ dhX Vbai\XaX eXVbeWTe% Vba X_ bU]Xgb WX [TVXe `pf
__T`Tg\iT _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf( Vbaf\fgX Xa geTWhV\e _bf
WTgbf WX ha `XW\b T bgeb' KT_ iXm X_ VTfb `pf Vb`ua fXT _T XVhTV\ta
WX cbU_TV\ta Vba ZXbZeTYrT' Eb [Tl% V_Teb% a\aZhaT eX_TV\ta ha\Ybe`X
XageX _T fhcXeY\V\X WX haT mbaT Xa ^\_t`Xgebf VhTWeTWbf l _T WXaf\WTW
cbU_TV\baT_ WX W\V[T mbaT' DhV[Tf eXZ\baXf iTfgrf\`Tf cbfXXa `hl
XfVTfT cbU_TV\ta Xa gTagb dhX T_ZhaTf peXTf `hl eXWhV\WTf VhXagTa
Vba T_grf\`T WXaf\WTW cbU_TV\baT_'

J\ WXgXe`\aTWT W\`Xaf\ta b `XW\b ab eXT_mT _b fhY\V\XagX fhf TeZh`Xagbf%


cehXUX XagbaVXf XkceXfTe _b `\f`b cbe bgeb `XW\b dhX \`ceXf\baX
`pf' <a X_ VTfb WX _Tf VT`cTsTf ceXf\WXaV\T_Xf Xa <fgTWbf La\Wbf% cbe
X]X`c_b% Xf Vbfgh`UeX dhX _bf `XW\bf WX Vb`ha\VTV\ta `hXfgeXa ha
`TcT WX_ cTrf Xa X_ dhX TcTeXVX _T V\YeT WX ibgbf VbeeXfcbaW\XagX T_
Vb_XZ\b X_XVgbeT_ WX VTWT XfgTWb% fb`UeXTWT b ab% cTeT \aW\VTe T dhq
VTaW\WTgb VbeeXfcbaWX' <fgT gqVa\VT chXWX \aWhV\e T Xeebe b fXe `hl
XY\VTm% fXZua Vhp_ fXT fh chagb WX i\fgT% chXf ha VTaW\WTgb Vba T`c_\T
cbf\U\_\WTW WX ibgbf chXWX gXaXe haT UT]T eXceXfXagTg\i\WTW ZXbZepY\VT%
Xa gTagb dhX ha VTaW\WTgb Vba T_gT eXceXfXagTV\ta ZXbZepY\VT chXWX
gXaXe cbVT cbf\U\_\WTW WX ibgbf' CT \`TZXa WX_ VTaW\WTgb gT`U\qa fhYeX
WXge\`Xagb b `X]beT WX TVhXeWb Vba _T VTag\WTW WX XfgTWbf YebagXe\mbf
dhX _b eXfcT_WXa' :hTagb `pf WXafb TcTeXmVT Xa X_ XfcTV\b X_ Tcblb
dhX eXV\UX% `pf ft_\WTf cTeXVXa fhf UTfXf4 l bVheeX T _T \aiXefT VhTagb
`pf W\Yhfb Xa X_ XfcTV\b fXT XfX Tcblb' CT ua\VT `TaXeT WX fhcXeTe XfgX
WXfXdh\_\Ue\b% f\ _b TYXVgT% Xf ab geTmTe ha `TcT Xa XfVT_T ZXbZepY\VT f\ab
Xa cebcbeV\ta T_ ibgb X_XVgbeT_' <a XfgX u_g\`b VTfb% cbe X]X`c_b% ha
XfgTWb cXdhXsb% Vb`b I[bWX Kf_TaW% TcTeXVXep `pf ZeTaWX dhX 8_Tf^T'
CT bgeT `Ta\bUeT Vb`cXafTgbe\T Vbaf\fgX Xa ha\e _bf XfgTWbf dhX
TcblTa T_ VTaW\WTgb% ab cbe fhf YebagXeTf eXT_Xf% f\ab cbf\V\bapaWb_bf
cbe X_ ZeTWb WX Tcblb dhX Ue\aWTa b TZehcpaWb_bf cbe beWXa T_YTUqg\Vb'
DhV[b fX [TU_T WX Vt`b _T V_TfX `XW\T Xf f\X`ceX X_ XfgeTgb fbV\T_
dhX eXfh_gT `pf VTfg\ZTWb Xa <fgTWbf La\Wbf' JhcbaZT`bf dhX WXfXT

$"
hfgXW WX`bfgeTe dhX X__b bVheeX Xa cebiXV[b WX _bf e\Vbf' LaT `TaXeT
WX [TVXe_b Xf \^YN[YXWN[ ha ZepY\Vb WX _T cbeV\ta VbeeXfcbaW\XagX T _T
V_TfX `XW\T WX_ gbgT_ WX _bf \aZeXfbf WX_ cTrf% T ha ZepY\Vb dhX \aW\VT _T
cebcbeV\ta WX Xfbf \aZeXfbf dhX iTa T cTeTe T_ +) cbe V\Xagb fhcXe\be
"_bf e\Vbf#' <_ ZepY\Vb fXsT_T Wbf TfcXVgbf3 "*# dhX _T cebcbeV\ta WX
\aZeXfbf WX _T V_TfX T_gT iT Xa Th`Xagb `\XageTf dhX WXfV\XaWX _T WX _T
V_TfX `XW\T4 "+# dhX Xk\fgX ha TU\f`b XageX _Tf Wbf V_TfXf'
CT fhcXecbf\V\ta _X TlhWTeT T W\fYeTmTe TfghgT`XagX X_ [XV[b WX
dhX Xa X_ Vhefb WX geX\agT Tsbf "*2.)&*21)# _T cebcbeV\ta WX \aZeXfbf
WX _T V_TfX `XW\T UT]t `Xabf WX .%) cbe V\Xagb Xa gTagb dhX X_ Th`Xagb
WX _bf \aZeXfbf WX _T V_TfX T_gT ft_b [T f\Wb WX ha )%* cbe V\Xagb' <fgTf
iTe\TV\baXf XfgTWrfg\VT`XagX \af\Za\Y\VTagXf fX c\XeWXa T _T i\fgT WX_
cuU_\Vb dhX ft_b iX X_ TU\f`b \aW\VTWb WX_ _TWb WXeXV[b WX_ ZepY\Vb'

 $)*, +,*+*,"&/) #$ &)%,$-*- +!,! '! "'!-$ ($#&!


(63436*/=2 +,0 /2.6,7, 838)0 59, :) ) 4)6)6 )0 '# 436 */,283 +, 0)7 -­)1/0/)7
2368,)1,6/*)2)7  *0)7, 1,+/)! ;; )0   436 */,283  -­)1/0/)7 1<7 6/*)7!"

&& ? ?%$

<_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf

?Tl% V_Teb Xfgp% `hV[Tf `TaXeTf WX V_Tf\Y\VTe _Tf bc\a\baXf% cXeb


cTeT ahXfgebf Y\aXf UTfgTep Vba W\i\W\e_Tf Xa Wbf ZeTaWXf Zehcbf3
"T# _Tf dhX fX UTfTa Xa WTgbf chebf% l "U# _Tf gXberTf b X_TUbeTV\baXf
gXte\VTf' <]X`c_bf WX WTgbf chebf \aV_hlXa _bf ab`UeXf WX cXefbaTf%

$#
X_ Vb_be WX ha Thgb`ti\_% YXV[Tf% XgV' Cbf WTgbf chebf chXWXa fXe
fhV\agT`XagX VTeTVgXe\mTWbf Vb`b gbWT \aYbe`TV\ta dhX [TlT
f\Wb iXe\Y\VTWT cbe _T bUfXeiTV\ta% b chXWT Tfr iXe\Y\VpefX_T' CTf
X_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf% cbe X_ VbageTe\b% ab chXWXa iXe\Y\VTefX cbe _T
f\`c_X bUfXeiTV\ta4 fba cebWhVgb WX _T TVg\i\WTW \agX_XVghT_ l fX _Tf
hg\_\mT _\UeX`XagX cTeT Vbage\Uh\e T \agXZeTe WTgbf chebf' <a _T TagXe\be
fXVV\ta fbUeX XfgTWrfg\VTf% TaT_\mpUT`bf T qfgTf Vb`b f\ YhXeTa WTgbf
chebf4 Xa XfgX TcTegTWb TaT_\mTeX`bf _Tf X_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf l fh
Tc_\VTV\ta'
8VXaghX`bf _T W\fg\aV\ta i\XaWb WX dhq `TaXeT fX X`c_XTa
`pf XY\VTm`XagX _Tf W\fdh\f\V\baXf gXte\VTf% Vb`b% cbe X]X`c_b%
Xa X_ VT`cb WX _T Yrf\VT' Cbf V\XagrY\Vbf W\fg\aZhXa XageX gqe`\abf
bUfXeiTU_Xf% Vb`b Vb_be% cXfb% ceXf\ta% XgV' "Xa eXYXeXaV\T T Xag\WTWXf
dhX chXWXa bUfXeiTefX#% l gqe`\abf gXte\Vbf% Vb`b X_XVgeta% YhaV\ta
cf\% XgV' "ab eXYXe\Wbf T Xag\WTWXf bUfXeiTU_Xf#' CTf X_TUbeTV\baXf
gXte\VTf fX X`c_XTa cTeT Xkc_\VTe _bf WTgbf chebf dhX bUfXeiT`bf' CT
_Tl WX 9bl_X% cbe X]X`c_b% [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T gqe`\abf bUfXeiTU_Xf3 T
haT gX`cXeTgheT VbafgTagX X_ ib_h`Xa WX haT VTag\WTW WTWT WX
VhT_dh\Xe ZTf Xf \aiXefT`XagX cebcbeV\baT_ T _T ceXf\ta WX_ ZTf' Gbe
X_ VbageTe\b% _T gXberT WX _bf ZTfXf \WXT_Xf% dhX TY\e`T dhX ha ZTf \WXT_
XfgTerT Vbafg\gh\Wb cbe `b_qVh_Tf cXeYXVgT`XagX X_pfg\VTf% l dhX X_
ib_h`Xa bVhcTWb cbe _Tf `b_qVh_Tf eXT_Xf l _Tf YhXemTf WX TgeTVV\ta
XageX _Tf `b_qVh_Tf Xf VXeb b fbf_TlTU_X% ab [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T aTWT
dhX fXT bUfXeiTU_X% cXeb fX _T hg\_\mT cTeT Xkc_\VTe cbe dhq [Tl T_Zb
WXab`\aTWb _Xl WX 9bl_X' @aYXe\`bf dhX _bf ZTfXf fX Vb`cbegTa WX XfgX
`bWb cbedhX ceXfhcbaX`bf dhX ha ZTf Xfgp Vbafg\gh\Wb cbe `b_qVh_Tf
cXeYXVgT`XagX X_pfg\VTf'
8UhaWTa X]X`c_bf WX X_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf' :hTaWb _bf
cf\VbTaT_\fgTf YeXhW\Tabf [TU_Ta WX_ Vb`c_X]b WX <W\cb % ab fX
Xfgpa eXY\e\XaWb T aTWT dhX cbWT`bf bUfXeiTe% f\ab X`c_XTaWb haT
gXberT cTeT Xkc_\VTe WTgbf chebf' :hTaWb _bf `Tek\fgTf [TU_Ta WX_
\`cXe\T_\f`b XVbat`\Vb% XfgT XkceXf\ta ab fX eXY\XeX T T_Zb i\f\U_X
f\ab T haT gXberT dhX Xkc_\VT T_Zb dhX fr fX iX3 cbe X]X`c_b% Vb_ba\Tf'
:hTaWb _bf [\fgbe\TWbeXf [TU_Ta WX _T IXib_hV\ta =eTaVXfT ab fX
Xfgpa eXY\e\XaWb T ha [XV[b ua\Vb% Vb`b _T gb`T WX _T 9Tfg\__T% f\ab dhX
Xfgpa \aibVTaWb haT X_TUbeTV\ta gXte\VT cTeT Xkc_\VTe gbWT haT fXe\X
WX TVbagXV\`\Xagbf' :hTaWb _bf XfghW\TagXf eTW\VT_\mTWbf WX _T WqVTWT
WX *2/) [TU_TUTa VbageT X_ J\fgX`T % ab fX XfgTUTa eXY\e\XaWb T haT

$$
cXefbaT b [XV[b XfcXVrY\Vb f\ab cbfgh_TaWb haT gXberT cTeT Xkc_\VTe
gbWb ha XfcXVgeb WX [XV[bf l TVg\i\WTWXf'
Cb \agXeXfTagX WX _Tf X_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf Xf dhX ab fX eXY\XeXa
T T_Zb bUfXeiTU_X% ThadhX fr _Tf hg\_\mT`bf cTeT Xkc_\VTe T_Zb dhX
bUfXeiT`bf' GhXfgb dhX ab fX eXY\XeXa T aTWT bUfXeiTU_X% Xf \`cbf\U_X
WX`bfgeTe _\gXeT_`XagX dhX fXTa YT_fTf' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ T_Zh\Xa hg\_\mT
ha gqe`\ab dhX Xf cebWhVgb WX _T bUfXeiTV\ta% Vb`b eb]b % cbe X]X`c_b
Xa _T YeTfX gh VbV[X Xf eb]b % cbWX`bf iXe\Y\VTe f\ _T TY\e`TV\ta Xf V\XegT
`\eTaWb XfX Thgb`ti\_' J\ X_ VbV[X ab Xf eb]b% f\ab Tmh_% XagbaVXf _T
TfXiXeTV\ta fXep YT_fT' Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% ab [Tl `TaXeT WX iXe\Y\VTe Xa
Ybe`T VbaV_hlXagX haT X_TUbeTV\ta gXte\VT% a\ f\dh\XeT Xa X_ p`U\gb WX _T
V\XaV\T' 8hadhX X_ gX`T Xf WX`Tf\TWb Vb`c_X]b cTeT geTgTe_b Tdhr% VTUX
fXsT_Te dhX f\ W\qeT`bf Vba ha ZTf dhX ab bUXWXV\XeT T _T _Xl WX 9bl_X%
ahXfgeT eXTVV\ta \a\V\T_ fXerT ceXfhcbaXe dhX [Tl T_ZhaT bUfgehVV\ta%
b T_ZhaT bgeT VThfT b iTe\TU_X dhX ab [X`bf gXa\Wb Xa VhXagT' :bagTe
Xa X_ cebc\b TefXaT_ Vba gXberTf dhX ab chXWXa fXe eXYhgTWTf Xdh\iT_X T
cbfXXe ha Te`T `begrYXeT'
<]X`c_\Y\dhX`bf haT X_TUbeTV\ta gXte\VT Xa TVV\ta' JhcbaZT`bf
dhX WXfXb WXYXaWXe _T gXf\f WX dhX ahXfgeT fbV\XWTW Xf VbeehcgT'
GhXWb \aibVTe _T gXberT WX dhX ahXfgeT fbV\XWTW Xfgp ZbUXeaTWT cbe
haT VT`Te\__T fXVeXgT% b dhX Xf _T irVg\`T WX haT iTfgT Vbafc\eTV\ta'
JhcbaZT`bf% XagbaVXf% dhX fX `X c\WX TcbegTe cehXUTf WX XfT
Vbafc\eTV\ta' D\ eXfchXfgT Xf dhX gbWTf _Tf cehXUTf [Ta f\Wb WXfgeh\WTf
cbe _bf Vbafc\eTWbeXf'
Fgeb X]X`c_b% X`c_XTaWb XfgT iXm T_ZhaTf cehXUTf dhX _b TcblXa% Xf
_T TeZh`XagTV\ta T _bf XYXVgbf WX dhX 8UeT[T` C\aVb_a ahaVT Xk\fg\t3
C\aVb_a XeT haT Y\ZheT `rg\VT \aiXagTWT cbe ha Zehcb WX \aWhfge\T_Xf WX_
abegX WX <fgTWbf La\Wbf% dhX WXfXTUTa Tfh`\e X_ Vbageb_ WX gbWb X_ cTrf'
@[^NKJ\0 CTf [\fgbe\Tf WX C\aVb_a Xa haT VTUTsT WX _Xsbf fba WX`Tf\TWb
\aVeXrU_Xf' ETW\X chXWX [TUXe XfVe\gb gbWbf _bf [Xe`bfbf W\fVhefbf
Tge\Uh\Wbf T C\aVb_a4 Xi\WXagX`XagX% XeTa bUeT WX gbWb ha Xdh\cb WX
eXWTVgbeXf' CT Vh\WTWbfT bUfXeiTV\ta WX _bf eXgeTgbf WX C\aVb_a `hXfgeT
haT ZeTa VTag\WTW WX VT`U\bf Vba X_ Vhefb WX _bf Tsbf3 bUfqeiXfX Vt`b
fh UTeUT iTerT WX ha cXerbWb T_ bgeb3 Xfgb ft_b chWb bVhee\e cbedhX
fX VbageTgt T haT fXe\X WX TVgbeXf W\YXeXagXf cTeT XaVTeaTe X_ cTcX_
WX C\aVb_a' =\aT_`XagX% VhTaWb X_ TfXf\ab WX C\aVb_a % X_ TVgbe Ab[a
N\_^Xf 9bbg[% _X W\fcTet ha g\eb% eXT_`XagX XfgTUT TchagTaWb VbageT
ha TVgbe e\iT_ dhX [TUrT bUgXa\Wb X_ cTcX_ Xa iXm WX q_3 TWi\qegTfX

-­.
dhX 9bbg[ ab YhX VTcgheTWb i\ib% f\ab dhX fX _X cXZt ha g\eb TagXf WX
dhX chW\XeT eXiX_Te _T iXeWTWXeT [\fgbe\T WX _T Vbafc\eTV\ta' {KbWb Xfgb
fhXaT c_Thf\U_X7
:baf\WXeX`bf ha X]X`c_b Y\aT_% dhX Vb`cTeTeX`bf Vba _bf
TagXe\beXf' <a ha `Ta\Vb`\b [Tl ha [b`UeX dhX fbfg\XaX XfgTe `hXegb'
<a ha XfYhXemb cbe ib_iXe_b T _T eXT_\WTW% ha `qW\Vb _X [TVX ha cXdhXsb
gT]b WX_\UXeTWT`XagX% Vba _T \agXaV\ta WX WX`bfgeTe_X dhX fTaZeT' <_
`qW\Vb XaVTeT ge\haYTagX T_ cTV\XagX l WXV_TeT3 LfgXW g\XaX dhX XfgTe
i\ib% cbedhX fTaZeT ' <_ cTV\XagX fX _\`\gT T eXc_\VTe3 <fb ft_b cehXUT
dhX T iXVXf _bf `hXegbf chXWXa fTaZeTe '
<f \`cebUTU_X dhX _T `TlberT WX_ cuU_\Vb TVXcgX _T gXberT WX_ _bVb
Xa X_ `Ta\Vb`\b' Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% _T \WXT WX haT Vbafc\eTV\ta f\X`ceX
TgeTX T _T ZXagX' <_ TeW\W Vbaf\fgX Xa UhfVTe gXberTf dhX lT fX hg\_\VXa
l fXTa T`c_\T`XagX TVXcgTWTf cbe ahXfgeb cuU_\Vb% l XfZe\`\e_Tf
Vb`b f\ YhXeTa WTgbf chebf' 8 cXfTe WX dhX ab [Tl Vb\aV\WXaV\T c_XaT
XageX gbWbf _bf \agXZeTagXf WX _T Vb`ha\WTW V\XagrY\VT% X_ cf\VbTap_\f\f
YeXhW\Tab fX [T TWhXsTWb [TfgT gT_ chagb WX _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb dhX
_T `TlberT% b UhXaT cTegX WX _T ZXagX% _\gXeT_`XagX VeXX Xa VbfTf gT_Xf
Vb`b X_ \aVbafV\XagX% _T eXceXf\ta l X_ Vb`c_X]b WX <W\cb' >XaXeTV\baXf
WX XfghW\TagXf ha\iXef\gTe\bf [Ta TVXcgTWb \`c_rV\gT`XagX _Tf gXberTf
`Tek\fgTf WX _T [\fgbe\T% _T XVbab`rT l _T cb_rg\VT Tha VhTaWb ab fXTa
VbafV\XagXf WX dhX W\V[Tf W\fdh\f\V\baXf gXte\VTf g\XaXa fh be\ZXa Xa
DTek' <a X_ TegX WX _T TeZh`XagTV\ta% f\X`ceX Xf VhXfg\ta WX fTUXe dhq
Xf _b dhX X_ cuU_\Vb TVXcgT V\XZT`XagX'

:_Tf\Y\VTV\ta

8WX`pf WX ceXfXagTe WTgbf chebf% WXUX`bf V_Tf\Y\VTe_bf h


beZTa\mTe_bf' CTf X_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf ab fba `pf dhX haT `TaXeT
WX beZTa\mTe b V_Tf\Y\VTe _T \aYbe`TV\ta' <k\fgXa iTe\bf bgebf `bWbf'

DXMX\ b JUP^WX\0

<i\gX hg\_\mTe Xfgbf VhTag\Y\VTWbeXf' Eb W\ZT gbWbf _bf geTUT]TWbeXf


f\aW\VT_\mTWbf eXfcbaWXa T _T WXV_TeTV\ta WX [hX_ZT 4 W\ZT% `pf U\Xa3
_bf geTUT]TWbeXf f\aW\VT_\mTWbf eXfcbaWXa T _T WXV_TeTV\ta WX [hX_ZT
{Gbe dhq7 J\ hfgXW ab X`c_XT _T cT_TUeT gbWbf % Tha Tfr cbWep TVghTe

$%
Vb`b f\ _T Xfghi\XeT hg\_\mTaWb% Xa iXm WX_ gqe`\ab T_Zhabf ' <fgX
u_g\`b gqe`\ab WXUXep Xi\gTefX Xa _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX_ TeZh`Xagb%
cbedhX ft_b _bZeTep WXU\_\gTe_b' CT cT_TUeT gbWbf % Tha \`c_rV\gT% fhXaT
`hV[b `pf cbWXebfT' 8 _T iXm% T_ ab X`c_XTe TU\XegT`XagX _T cT_TUeT%
WX]T TU\Xegb X_ VT`\ab cTeT WXV\e dhX Xa eXT_\WTW ft_b dh\fb f\Za\Y\VTe
T_Zhabf % XfcXV\T_`XagX f\ ha TWiXefTe\b bU]XgT fhf TfXiXeTV\baXf'

5XW]RW^X0

?Tl T_Zhabf gqe`\abf WX V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta iTZbf dhX Ybe`Ta cTegX


WX ha XfcXVgeb b Vbag\ahb% `pf dhX WX _bf XkgeX`bf WX haT W\i\f\ta
U\Xa VTgXZte\VT' Gbe X]X`c_b% fX chXWX W\fg\aZh\e VTgXZte\VT`XagX
XageX Ta\`T_Xf Vba Xfc\aT WbefT_ "iXegXUeTWbf# l Ta\`T_Xf f\a Xfc\aT
WbefT_ "\aiXegXUeTWbf#' GXeb ab [Tl haT W\YXeXaV\TV\ta gTa VTgXZte\VT
XageX [b`UeXf VT_ibf l _bf dhX ab _b fba' {:hpagbf VTUX__bf WXUX [TUXe
VbafXeiTWb _T VTUXmT WX ha [b`UeX cTeT dhX ab fX _b __T`X VT_ib7 <a
VTfbf gT_Xf% hfgXW Xfgp Thgbe\mTWb T geTmTe _T _raXT WX`TeVTgbe\T WbaWX
`pf _X VbaiXaZT b c_TmVT' <i\WXagX`XagX% X_ dhX bU]XgX _T W\fg\aV\ta
geTmTWT Xa gT_Xf VTfbf ab fXep bgeT VbfT dhX ha fbY\fgT'

7U ]e[VRWX VNMRX RMNJU0

KeTW\V\baT_`XagX f\X`ceX [X`bf VeXrWb dhX X_ gqe`\ab `XW\b XageX


Wbf XkgeX`bf Xf _T cbf\V\ta `pf WXfXTU_X' Gbe _b gTagb% hab f\X`ceX
WXUX geTgTe WX ceXfXagTe _T cebc\T cbf\V\ta Vb`b _T WX XfX gqe`\ab
`XW\b \WXT_ XageX Wbf XkgeX`bf \aWXfXTU_Xf' CT gTeXT Vbaf\fgX Tdhr Xa
\WXag\Y\VTe Vhp_Xf fba _bf XkgeX`bf cTeT _T `XagT_\WTW WX ha cuU_\Vb
WXgXe`\aTWb'
<a cb_rg\VT% chXWX [TU_TefX WX _bf f\Zh\XagXf gqe`\abf `XW\bf \WXT_Xf3
<_ VXMN[JMX Xf X_ gqe`\ab `XW\b XageX _bf _\UXeT_Xf l _bf VbafXeiTWbeXf'
<_ URKN[JU Xf X_ gqe`\ab `XW\b XageX _bf X_X`Xagbf `pf eTW\VT_\mTWbf
l _bf eXTVV\baTe\bf'
<_ LXW\N[_JMX[ Xf X_ gqe`\ab `XW\b XageX _bf YTfV\fgTf l _bf fbV\T_\fgTf'
?TfgT Xa _T `TgX`pg\VT cbWX`bf [TU_Te WX ha gqe`\ab `XW\b \WXT_'
J\ Xk\fgX haT W\fchgT XageX Wbf cTegXf% haT WX _Tf VhT_Xf fbfg\XaX dhX
Wbf `pf Wbf fba VhTgeb% Xa gTagb dhX _T bgeT fbfg\XaX dhX Wbf `pf Wbf
fba fX\f% cbWX`bf TWhV\e dhX Wbf `pf Wbf fba V\aVb' IXVhXeWX dhX T _T
ZXagX _X XaVTagT __XZTe T haT TiXa\XaV\T'

.&
La VbafX]b Y\aT_3 [Tl haT iTe\XWTW \aY\a\gT WX V_Tf\Y\VTV\baXf cbf\U_Xf'
<_ ua\Vb _r`\gX Xf fh cebc\T \`TZ\aTV\ta'

;;XY\a\V\ta

<a gbWT W\fVhf\ta V_pf\VT`XagX fX __XZT T ha `b`Xagb Xa dhX fX


c\WX T i\iT ibm dhX _bf VbagXaW\XagXf WXY\aTa fhf gqe`\abf' JX cebWhVX
Tdhr haT V_pf\VT cThfT% dhX Xf `hl \`cbegTagX' ETW\X% a\ f\dh\XeT hfgXW
`\f`b% XagXaWXep fh cebc\b TeZh`Xagb f\ ab VbabVX X_ fXag\Wb ceXV\fb
dhX Xfgp WTaWb T _bf gqe`\abf dhX X`c_XT' ?Tl geXf `TaXeTf W\YXeXagXf
Xa dhX chXWX gb`Te VbaV\XaV\T WX fhf WXY\a\V\baXf'
<a ce\`Xe gqe`\ab% fX WT _T iXeWTW cbe MNORWRLRgW$ J\ fhf gqe`\abf
Xfgpa WXY\a\Wbf Vba fhY\V\XagX V_Te\WTW% l f\ fhf bgebf WTgbf eXT_Xf
fba VbeeXVgbf% XagbaVXf fh TeZh`Xagb XfgTep T fT_ib WX VhT_dh\Xe
TgTdhX' JhcbaZT`bf% cbe X]X`c_b% dhX WXY\ab X_ gqe`\ab @_hfgeTV\ta
T_ Vb`\Xamb `\f`b WX `\ W\fVhefb% cTeT TUTeVTe T _bf XfVe\gbeXf WX
<hebcT FVV\WXagT_ Xa X_ f\Z_b OM@@@ dhX VeXrTa dhX X_ `qgbWb V\XagrY\Vb
T _T _TeZT eXfb_iXerT gbWbf _bf cebU_X`Tf [h`Tabf' JhcbaZT`bf% cbe
TsTW\WheT% dhX XfcXV\Y\Vb Vba ceXV\f\ta _Tf YebagXeTf ZXbZepY\VTf WX
<hebcT FVV\WXagT_% _T W\`Xaf\ta gX`cbeTe\T WX_ f\Z_b OM@@@% _T raWb_X
XkTVgT WX_ `qgbWb V\XagrY\Vb% l _b dhX dh\Xeb WXV\e cbe cebU_X`T [h`Tab'
;;TWT XfgT WXY\a\V\ta% XkT`\ab _bf XfVe\gbf WX AXTa&ATVdhVf IbhfXTh% l
WXfVhUeb dhX fX XaVhTWeTa WXageb WX gbWTf _Tf XfcXV\Y\VTV\baXf% Vba
XkVXcV\ta WX _T YX \`c_rV\gT b Xkc_rV\gT Xa _T `XgbWb_bZrT V\XagrY\VT'
GhXWb XagbaVXf __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX dhX IbhffXTh ab XeT ha
XfVe\gbe WX _T @_hfgeTV\ta' J\a WhWT% [TUep [\fgbe\TWbeXf dhX cbWepa
bU]XgTe \a`XW\TgT`XagX `\ XkV_hf\ta WX IbhffXTh X \aV_hfb `bfgeTe
Vt`b `hV[bf _b [Ta V_Tf\Y\VTWb WXageb WX _T @_hfgeTV\ta' GXeb gbWb X__b
WX aTWT iT_X T _T _hm WX `\ WXY\a\V\ta' D\ cbfgheT Xf \`cXe`XTU_X T
gbWbf _bf X`UTgXf' :_Teb dhX T_Zh\Xa cbWerT ceXZhagTe dhq iT_\WXm
g\XaX `\ WXY\a\V\ta% cXeb ThadhX _T ceXZhagT Xf _XZrg\`T% Xf gbgT_`XagX
\aWXcXaW\XagX WX _T VhXfg\ta WX dhX IbhffXTh fXT b ab ha XfVe\gbe WX
_T @_hfgeTV\ta% WTWT WX `\ WXY\a\V\ta'
<a fXZhaWb _hZTe% fX c_TagXTa _bf WXab`\aTWbf NZ^f_XLX\$ ;;rVXfX
dhX ha gqe`\ab XfcXVrY\Vb Xf XdhribVb VhTaWb fX ceXfgT T `pf WX
ha f\Za\Y\VTWb' Gbe X]X`c_b% X_ gqe`\ab W\fVe\`\aTV\ta g\XaX haT
VbaabgTV\ta cbf\g\iT Xa TdhX__bf VTfbf Xa dhX \`c_\dhX fXe fX_XVg\ib

.'
fbUeX _T UTfX WX WXgXe`\aTWTf cThgTf' GhXWX WXV\efX dhX haT cXefbaT
fTUX W\fVe\`\aTe Xa fh X_XVV\ta WX iXfg\`XagT' GXeb W\fVe\`\aTV\ta
cbfXX haT VbaabgTV\ta aXZTg\iT Xa _bf VTfbf Xa dhX f\Za\Y\VT aXZTe
T_Zb T T_Zh\Xa Vba UTfXf cheT`XagX TeU\geTe\Tf' ;;rVXfX WX T_Zh\Xa dhX
W\fVe\`\aT VhTaWb fX a\XZT T fXei\e T cXefbaTf WX eTmT aXZeT Xa fh
eXfgTheTagX' :hTaWb hfgXW X`c_XT gqe`\abf XdhribVbf% l ab [Tl aTWT
\agerafXVT`XagX WX `T_b b ThadhX chXWT Xi\gTefX Xa Xfbf VTfbf% WXUXep
gXaXe VbaV\XaV\T WX XfT T`U\ZvXWTW% l WX Vhp_ Xf X_ fXag\Wb ceXV\fb Xa
dhX ceXgXaWX dhX fX \agXeceXgX X_ gqe`\ab' 8 iXVXf Vbai\XaX XfcXV\Y\VTe
X_ fXag\Wb XkTVgb cbe Tag\V\cTWb% f\ ab Xk\fgX ha gqe`\ab T_gXeaTg\ib l
WXfXT hfgXW TcebiXV[Te X_ iT_be cbf\U_X WX XfX WXgXe`\aTWb ibVTU_b
XdhribVb'
Gbe bgeT cTegX% T iXVXf eXfh_gT iXagT]bfb ab XfcXV\Y\VTe X_ fXag\Wb
XkTVgb dhX WXfXT`bf WTe_X T ha gqe`\ab' 8dhr _bf `bg\ibf chXWXa fXe
dhX W\V[b gqe`\ab g\XaXa haT VbaabgTV\ta cbf\g\iT cTeT gbWb X_ `haWb%
dhX hfgXW WXfXT TcebiXV[Te% ThadhX T _T iXm WXfXT WX]Te TU\XegTf
T_ZhaTf T_gXeaTg\iTf fbUeX fh \agXeceXgTV\ta' Cbf cb_rg\Vbf Xa ZXaXeT_%
l _bf W\c_b`pg\Vbf Xa cTeg\Vh_Te% cTegXa WX_ hfb Xfge\Vgb WX XdhribVbf
Xa X_ _XaZhT]X' :baf\WXeX`bf% cbe X]X`c_b% X_ ibVTU_b aXhgeT_\WTW '
<_ gqe`\ab cbfXX haT VbaabgTV\ta cbf\g\iT3 gbWb X_ `haWb eXfcXgT T
T_Zh\Xa aXhgeT_' GXeb% {dhq dh\XeX WXV\e XkTVgT`XagX7 CT aXhgeT_\WTW
chXWX f\Za\Y\VTe haT cb_rg\VT bY\V\T_ ab`\aT_ bchXfgT T _T cepVg\VT eXT_'
KT`U\qa% ha Xfge\Vgb ab \agXeiXaV\ba\f`b% gTagb WX [XV[b Vb`b WX
cT_TUeT' F% \aV_hfb% _T aXZTg\iT T TlhWTe T haT WX _Tf cTegXf `\XageTf
fX WX]T cXecXghTe ha XfgTWb WX VbfTf dhX% cbe b`\f\ta% Xfgp TlhWTaWb
T _T cTegX VbageTe\T'
La gXeVXe TfcXVgb WX _T WXY\a\V\ta VbaV\XeaX T _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX
ha iXeWTWXeb YNW\JVRNW]X L[NJ]R_X "XhYX`\f`b#' <_ cebZeXfb WX_
VbabV\`\Xagb [h`Tab Xk\ZX dhX X_ [b`UeX \aiXagX ahXibf VbaVXcgbf4
X__b Xf Xi\WXagX`XagX V\Xegb Xa X_ VTfb WX _Tf V\XaV\Tf% gT_ Vb`b _b
TgXfg\ZhT _T \`cbegTaV\T WX_ \aiXagb WX_ Vp_Vh_b cbe EXjgba Vb`b
`XW\b WX Xkc_\VTe X_ `bi\`\Xagb T geTiqf WX_ g\X`cb' J\a X_ \aiXagb WX_
Vp_Vh_b ab cbWerT`bf [TU_Te WX Yrf\VT `bWXeaT' :\XegT`XagX% ab [Tl
eTmta cTeT ab T_XagTe _T VeXTg\i\WTW gT`U\qa Xa bgebf VT`cbf'
CT f\Zh\XagX Xf haT _\fgT WX T_Zhabf WX _bf VbaVXcgbf `pf VeXTg\ibf
Vba dhX [X`bf WTWb Xa _bf u_g\`bf g\X`cbf' JX geTgT WX YeTfXf dhX
\aVbecbeTa "T# ha gqe`\ab geTW\V\baT_ Vba haT VbaabgTV\ta T_gT`XagX
cbf\g\iT% l "U# _T XkcTaf\ta WX_ gqe`\ab cTeT VhUe\e ahXibf VTfbf'
*' =TVfr`\_ Thgqag\Vb 3 Vb`b Y\ZheT _T cT_TUeT YTVfr`\_ % aTW\X chXWX
eXV_T`Te dhX fX _b Xfgq XaZTsTaWb4 T _T iXm% X_ gqe`\ab Thgqag\Vb
g\XaX ha cbWXebfb XYXVgb' CT YeTfX% Vb`b ha gbWb% f\`c_X`XagX [TVX
eXYXeXaV\T T haT \`\gTV\ta `hl Xf`XeTWT'
+' 8eg\fgT \ai\gTWb cXe`TaXagX 3 ha Teg\fgT \ai\gTWb ab chXWX
cXegXaXVXe T ha X_XaVb XfgTU_X4 cXeb% f\ Xf cXe`TaXagX% Xa eXT_\WTW
cXegXaXVX T XfX X_XaVb' <a eXT_\WTW% fX geTgT WX haT VTgXZberT XfcXV\T_
cTeT WXfgTVTe _T ceXfXaV\T WX T_Zh\Xa dhX TcTeXVX Vba eXZh_Te\WTW l
cXegXaXVX T_ X_XaVb cXe`TaXagX% cXeb ab Xfgp V\eVhafVe\cgb T _Tf eXZ_Tf
dhX fX Tc_\VTa T _bf WX`pf'
,' ;;XcTegT`Xagb WX ;;XYXafT 3 _T XkceXf\ta fhfg\ghlX X_ gqe`\ab
;;XcTegT`Xagb WX >hXeeT4 {T_Zh\Xa blt T_ZhaT iXm WX WXV_TeTe _T WXYXafT7
JX geTgT WX ha XhYX`\f`b cTeT ha `T_ aXVXfTe\b l% ceXfh`\U_X`XagX%
dh\XeX \aW\VTe dhX X_ cTrf ft_b [TVX _T ZhXeeT Xa WXYXafT cebc\T'
-­' GTV\Y\f`b fX_XVg\ib 3 gbWbf fTUX`bf dhX _bf cTV\Y\fgTf fX a\XZTa
T Vb`UTg\e Xa gbWT V\eVhafgTaV\T4 cXeb% T_ `bfgeTefX fX_XVg\ibf% fX WX]T
TU\XegT _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX Vb`UTg\e VhTaWb hab Tfr _b WXfXT% l WX eXgXaXe
gbWT _T TheXb_T `beT_ WX_ cTV\Y\fgT' {?Tl T_ZhaT `TaXeT WX W\fg\aZh\e%
cbe `XW\b WX _T VbaWhVgT l ab WX _T eXgte\VT% XageX ha cTV\Y\fgT WX_ g\cb
fX_XVg\ib% ha UX_\V\fgT% l X_ g\cb Vbee\XagX WX VbaWhVgT7
.' =hXemT ab i\b_XagT 3 hfgXW chXWX T[beT [TVXe _b dhX dh\XeT% Tha
X`c_XTe _T YhXemT% cXeb qfgT iT TVb`cTsTWT cbe _T eXgte\VT dhX TcX_T T
_T ab i\b_XaV\T'
/' ;;\fVhefb f\`Ut_\Vb 3 VhT_dh\Xe VbaWhVgT% YhXeT WX _T iXeUT_%
dhX fXT \_XZT_ b \a`beT_% chXWX eXV_T`Te _T cebgXVV\ta WX _T ce\`XeT
Xa`\XaWT WX _T :bafg\ghV\ta abegXT`Xe\VTaT TWhV\XaWb dhX fX geTgT
WX ha _XaZhT]X f\`Ut_\Vb'
0' :XafheT fX_XVg\iT 3 dh\Xa TcX_T T X__T ab Xfgp Xa YTibe WX _T
VXafheT4 f\`c_X`XagX% [Tl LRN[]X\ _\Uebf l LRN[]J\ cXefbaTf dhX ab
WXUXerTa cXe`\g\efX cuU_\VT`XagX' {?Tl T_ZhaT W\YXeXaV\T XageX Xfgb
l _T VXafheT _\fT l __TaT7
1' 8f\`\_TV\ta ZeTYb_tZ\VT "gT`U\qa VbabV\WT Vb`b YT_f\Y\VTV\ta#'
2' JhfgeTXe T _T fbV\XWTW "_b dhX gT`U\qa fX VbabVX Vb`b X_ TVgb
WX TfXf\aTe#'

GTeT VbaV_h\e% WXfXTerT cbWXe TfbV\Te _b Tdhr W\V[b fbUeX _Tf


WXY\a\V\baXf Vba _b XkchXfgb Xa X_ TcTegTWb fbUeX Vt`b ZTaTe X_
UXaXc_pV\gb WX_ cuU_\Vb' J\ hfgXW iT T `bfgeTefX eXT_`XagX VeXTg\ib

.)
Xa fh cXafT`\Xagb% _X fhZ\Xeb XagbaVXf dhX \aVbecbeX VbaVXcgbf dhX
T_ `Xabf fhXaXa cTeXV\Wbf T _bf dhX fh cuU_\Vb lT g\XaX TVXcgTWbf'
GeXYXe\U_X`XagX% WXUX X`cT_`Te_bf Vba _bf `\f`bf VbaVXcgbf b \WXTf
WX _Tf dhX fX iT_\t T_ ceXfXagTe fh TeZh`Xagb'

8aT_bZrT

:hTaWb Ybe`h_T`bf haT TaT_bZrT% XfgT`bf cebV_T`TaWb dhX Wbf


VbfTf dhX fba f\`\_TeXf Xa hab b `pf TfcXVgbf% gT`U\qa _b [Ta WX fXe
Xa bgebf' :hTagb `Tlbe fXT _T f\`\_\ghW% `pf ZeTaWX fXep _T TaT_bZrT'
J\a X`UTeZb% f\`\_\ghW ab f\Za\Y\VT \WXag\WTW3 WX T[r dhX f\X`ceX [Tl
T_Zua chagb Xa dhX _T TaT_bZrT fX \agXeeh`cX' <fgb ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX
f\Za\Y\VT ha \aVbaiXa\XagX% chXfgb dhX _b \`cbegTagX Xf dhX _T f\`\_\ghW
fX `TagXaZT Xa TdhX__bf TfcXVgbf dhX fXTa cXeg\aXagXf cTeT _T gXf\f dhX
hfgXW WXfXT WX`bfgeTe'
<k\fgXa Wbf g\cbf WX TaT_bZrTf% _\gXeT_ b Y\ZheTg\iT' <a haT TaT_bZrT
UR]N[JU fbfgXaX`bf dhX3

<fgX g\cb WX TaT_bZrT _\gXeT_ [T f\Wb hg\_\mTWT `hl cebiXV[bfT`XagX


Xa _T \aiXfg\ZTV\ta V\XagrY\VT cTeT Vbafgeh\e gXberTf' Gbe X]X`c_b% _T
gXberT WX_ pgb`b WX E\X_f 9b[e YhX be\Z\aTe\T`XagX X_TUbeTWT Xa gbeab
T_ `bWX_b WX_ f\fgX`T fb_Te "X_ auV_Xb Xf Tap_bZb T_ fb_ l _bf X_XVgebaXf
fba Tap_bZbf T _bf c_TaXgTf dhX Z\eTa% XgV'#' <fgX `bWX_b YhX _hXZb
TUTaWbaTWb% cXeb eXfh_gt XkgeX`TWT`XagX ug\_ WheTagX ha _TeZb g\X`cb'
8_ geTgTe WX WXfVhUe\e _T VheT WX ZeTiXf Wb_XaV\Tf% _bf \aiXfg\ZTWbeXf
V\XagrY\Vbf cebVheTa geTmTe TaT_bZrTf Vba bgebf eX`XW\bf' Gbe X]X`c_b%
dh\mp X_ VpaVXe% Vb`b bgebf `T_Xf% fXT VThfTWb cbe ha i\ehf' KT_ iXm _T
\abVh_TV\ta fXT ha `XW\b WX ceXiXaV\ta' La `TcT% Xa V\Xegb fXag\Wb%
Xf Tap_bZb T _T eXZ\ta ZXbZepY\VT dhX eXceXfXagT% ThadhX W\V[T mbaT
cbfXX cebc\XWTWXf WX _Tf dhX X_ `TcT VTeXVX "cbe X]X`c_b% _T eXZ\ta
ZXbZepY\VT Xf ge\W\`Xaf\baT_ `\XageTf dhX X_ `TcT [TU\ghT_`XagX g\XaX
Wbf W\`Xaf\baXf#'
?Tl haT W\YXeXaV\T XageX WXV\e dhX 8 l 9 g\XaX cebc\XWTWXf W\YXeXagXf%
.*
l WXV\e dhX 8 l 9 g\XaXa cebc\XWTWXf \aVb`cTg\U_Xf' :hTaWb _T TaT_bZrT
XageX 8 l 9 fX \agXeeh`cX% ab Xf cbedhX gXaZTa cebc\XWTWXf W\YXeXagXf
f\ab% `pf U\Xa% cbedhX g\XaXa cebc\XWTWXf \aVb`cTg\U_Xf' Gbe X]X`c_b%
_bf `TcTf l _Tf eXZ\baXf cbe X__bf eXceXfXagTWbf g\XaXa cebc\XWTWXf
W\YXeXagXf "Vb`b [X`bf W\V[b% Wbf W\`Xaf\baXf YeXagX T geXf#' J\a
X`UTeZb% VTUX VbaVXU\e _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX ha `TcT ge\W\`Xaf\baT_'
Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% Xk\fgX haT \aVb`cTg\U\_\WTW XageX _T `XgTWbaT l haT
i\gT`\aT' CT `XgTWbaT Xf ha fhUfg\ghgb WX _T [XebraT f\agqg\VT hg\_\mTWT
cTeT X_ geTgT`\Xagb WX _bf TW\Vgbf' 8 cXfTe WX gbWbf fhf UXaXY\V\bf% _T
`XgTWbaT Xf TW\Vg\iT%`\XageTf dhX haT ZeTZXT WX i\gT`\aTf ab _b Xf%
ThadhX WX `TaXeT Tap_bZT T`UTf Vbage\UhlTa T ceXiXa\e T_Zb' 8dhr
T_ TaT_bZrT TWb_XVX WX haT ZeTiX \aVb`cTg\U\_\WTW% l fX WXf`bebaT' <a
haT cT_TUeT3 TagXf WX X`c_XTe haT TaT_bZrT _\gXeT_ [Tl dhX TfXZheTefX
WX dhX ab fXT \aVb`cTg\U_X Vba _T gXf\f VXageT_ dhX hfgXW Xfgp geTgTaWb
WX cebUTe
CTf TaT_bZrTf ORP^[J]R_J\ "RU^\][J]R_J\# ab ceXgXaWXa WX`bfgeTe
f\`\_\ghWXf l XfgehVgheTf b YhaV\baXf _\gXeT_Xf3 fX geTgT% `pf U\Xa%
WX eXVhefbf _\gXeTe\bf cTeT X]X`c_\Y\VTe Vba i\i\WXm T_Zb' J\ hfgXW
X`c_XT TaT_bZrTf Y\ZheTg\iTf% WXUX TfXZheTefX WX dhX _T TaT_bZrT
fXT WXV\W\WT`XagX cbf\g\iT% l YTibeTU_X cTeT fhf TeZh`Xagbf' 8 _T
iXm% _T TaT_bZrT WXUX eXYbemTe Xfbf eXVhefbf W\e\Z\Wbf T ZTaTefX X_
UXaXc_pV\gb WX_ cuU_\Vb T _bf dhX hfgXW eXVhee\t WheTagX _T ce\`XeT
cTegX WX fh ceXfXagTV\ta' <a gbWb `b`Xagb WXUX gb`TefX Xa VhXagT _T
ceXW\fcbf\V\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb'
La X]X`c_b WX TaT_bZrT Y\ZheTg\iT dhX Xf% T _T iXm% X]X`c_b WX
TcX_TV\ta JM YXY^U^V" Xf _T WX g\`baXTe _T aTiX WX_ <fgTWb' 8Wi\qegTfX
Xa _bf f\Zh\XagXf X]X`c_bf _T `XW\WT Xa dhX haT cXefbaT \agX_\ZXagX
chXWX cTeg\e WX _T `\f`T `XgpYbeT l __XZTe T haT VbaV_hf\ta W\YXeXagX3

*' K[b`Tf :Te_l_X3 <fgTe T_ g\`ta WX ha ZbU\Xeab Xf Vb`b XfgTe T_


g\`ta WX haT aTiX3 fX aXVXf\gT `Tab YhXegX '
+' ?Xae\^ @UfXa3 CT fbV\XWTW Xf Vb`b haT aTiX4 gbWb X_ `haWb WXUX
XfgTe ceXcTeTWb cTeT gb`Te X_ g\`ta '
,' 8_Xk\f WX KbVdhXi\__X3 :b`b X_ aTiXZTagX% q_ "X_ XfgTW\fgT# WXUX
VbaWhV\e X_ UhdhX dhX _b __XiT% cXeb ab chXWX `bW\Y\VTe fh XfgehVgheT
a\ _XiTagTe i\Xagbf a\ Tc_TVTe _Tf TZhTf dhX fX _XiTagTa T fh cTfb '
-­' A' D' 9XV^3 CT :bafg\ghV\ta ab Xf% cbe ha _TWb% a\ ha GXsta WX
>\UeT_gTe% dhX eXf\fgX \aVt_h`X _Tf \aVXfTagXf b_XTWTf WX_ g\X`cb l

.+
_Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf% a\ gT`cbVb% cbe X_ bgeb _TWb% haT c_TlT WX TeXaT
_XagT`XagX WXfgeh\WT cbe X_ cbWXe WX Xebf\ta WX _Tf b_Tf' JX cTeXVX `pf
U\Xa T haT c_TgTYbe`T Y_bgTagX% dhX% ThadhX Y\e`X`XagX fbfgXa\WT cbe
fhf T`TeeTf l% cbe _b gTagb% T fT_ib WX_ VTce\V[b WX _Tf b_Tf% f\a X`UTeZb
fX X_XiT b UT]T Vba _T `TeXT WX_ g\X`cb l _Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf '

FgeT TaT_bZrT Y\ZheTg\iT dhX% T _T iXm% eXYhXemT X_ eXVhefb WX TcX_Te T


_T Vb`cTf\ta% Xf _T TaT_bZrT XageX X_ WX_\gb l _T XaYXe`XWTW' <f fh _\Ueb
7[N`QXW" dhX f\Za\Y\VT WX`QN[N "Xa a\aZhaT cTegX# WX_XgeXTWb T_ eXiqf%
JT`hX_ 9hg_Xe fTg\e\mT _T @aZ_TgXeeT i\Vgbe\TaT T _T iXm dhX TeZh`XagT
dhX gbWT W\fg\aV\ta XageX X_ WX_\gb l _T XaYXe`XWTW Xf e\W\Vh_T' <a
7[N`QXW gbWb Tdhq_ dhX Vb`XgX ha WX_\gb Xf VheTWb % `\XageTf dhX
gbWb X_ dhX fX XaYXe`T "cbe X]X`c_b% dh\Xa VbageTX ghUXeVh_bf\f#% Xf
VTfg\ZTWb'
;;\VX X_ Thgbe3

<fgbXf _b dhX [X eXVbZ\Wb' HhX Xa XfX cTrf% f\ ha [b`UeX XaYXe`T% b


VbageTX T_Zua `T_% b WX T_ZhaT `TaXeT WXV_\aT Yrf\VT`XagX TagXf WX
Vh`c_\e Cbf fXgXagT Tsbf% Xf ]hmZTWb cbe ha ]heTWb WX VbgXeepaXbf l%
WX [T__pefX_b Vh_cTU_X% fX _b fb`XgX T_ XfVTea\b cuU_\Vb l fX _b VbaWXaT
Vba `Tlbe b `Xabe fXiXe\WTW% fXZua fXT X_ VTfb' CTf XaYXe`XWTWXf fX
fhUW\i\WXa Xa WX_\gbf X \aYeTVV\baXf% Vb`b bVheeX XageX abfbgebf Vba
_bf TVgbf VbageTe\bf T _T _Xl3 ha [b`UeX Xf VTfg\ZTWb Vba ZeTa fXiXe\WTW
cbe haT XaYXe`XWTW ZeTiX% `\XageTf dhX VhTaWb T T_Zh\Xa WX `pf WX
fXfXagT l V\aVb Tsbf% [TfgT XagbaVXf fTab% Vb`\XamT T YT__Te_X _T i\fgT b
X_ brWb% fX _X Tc_\VT haT `XeT `h_gT% b iT T ce\f\ta f\ ab chXWX cTZTe_T'
GXeb f\ ha [b`UeX YT_f\Y\VT ha V[XdhX% b \aVXaW\T fh VTfT% b _X ebUT T bgeT
cXefbaT Tc_\VTaWb _T i\b_XaV\T% b [TVX VhT_dh\Xe bgeT VbfT Vbaf\WXeTWT
WX_\Vg\iT Xa ahXfgeT g\XeeT% fX _b __XiT T ha [bfc\gT_ WbaWX fX _b Tg\XaWX
`hl Vh\WTWbfT`XagX T XkcXafTf WX_ XeTe\b cuU_\Vb% b% f\ g\XaX ha UhXa
cTfTe% [TVX fTUXe T gbWbf fhf T`\Zbf dhX Xfgp cTWXV\XaWb ha ZeTiX
TgTdhX WX \a`beT_\WTW''' CT `T_T VbaWhVgT''' fX Vbaf\WXeT% ab bUfgTagX%
eXfh_gTWb WX haT WXfZeTV\T ceXaTgT_ b cbfaTgT_''' <_ ]hXm W\]b eXVbabVXe
_T cebUTU_X iXeWTW% b fXT dhX X_ ce\f\baXeb XeT [\]b WX cTWeXf ab fTabf%
b dhX fX _b [TUrT `TgTWb WX [T`UeX Xa _T \aYTaV\T% b dhX [TUrT fhYe\Wb
T_Zhabf TVV\WXagXf dhX _X cebibVTeba ghUXeVh_bf\f''' gbWb Xfgb q_ _b fTUrT%
l _T`XagTUT dhX _T cebgXVV\ta WX _T fbV\XWTW _b bU_\ZTeT T \aY_\Z\e Wb_be
TW\V\baT_''' <_ ]hXm XfgTUT gbgT_`XagX cXefhTW\Wb WX dhX \aY_\Z\e Wb_be T

.,
_bf WqU\_Xf l XaYXe`bf XeT _T ua\VT `TaXeT WX \`cXW\e _T XkcTaf\ta WX _T
WXU\_\WTW l _T XaYXe`XWTW% l dhX X_ fhYe\`\Xagb \aY_\Z\Wb T_ TVhfTWb XeT
W\Xm iXVXf ceXiXa\Wb Xa bgebf% T _T _TeZT% `XW\TagX _T TcTeXagX fXiXe\WTW
WX [bl' GhWX XagXaWXe cXeYXVgT`XagX% cbe _b gTagb% X_ dhX \aY_\Z\XeT gbWb
Wb_be dhX Vbaf\WXeTeT aXVXfTe\b T Y\a WX \`cXW\e dhX gTa `T_ X]X`c_b fX
W\YhaW\XeT Tha `pf l UT]TeT _T `beT_ WX _bf XeXj[\a\Tabf4 cXeb cTeXVrT
VTf\ chXe\_ WXV\e T_ ce\f\baXeb dhX cbWerT [TUXe ZbmTWb WX UhXaT fT_hW f\
[hU\XeT gXa\Wb haT Vb`c_Xk\ta `pf TYbeghaTWT% l WX a\sb fX _b [hU\XfX
XkchXfgb T `Xabf cXahe\Tf'

La X]X`c_b WX TaT_bZrT dhX WT `hV[b dhX cXafTe% l dhX cbWerT fXei\e


Vb`b TaT_bZrT _\gXeT_ b Y\ZheTg\iT% Xf _TdhX fX geTmT XageX X_ `Tek\f`b l
X_ Ve\fg\Ta\f`b' Gbe _b dhX fq% 9XegeTaW IhffX__ YhX X_ ce\`Xeb Xa fXsT_Te
_bf cTeT_X_bf Xa fh 9R\]X[RJ MN UJ ORUX\XOfJ XLLRMNW]JU0

GTeT cbWXe XagXaWXe X_ `Tek\f`b cf\Vb_tZ\VT`XagX% WXUX hg\_\mTefX X_


f\Zh\XagX W\VV\baTe\b3

Cbf gqe`\abf WX _T \mdh\XeWT WTa X_ VbagXa\Wb X`bV\baT_ WX _bf


gqe`\abf WX _T WXeXV[T% l Xf XfgX VbagXa\Wb X`bV\baT_% YT`\_\Te cTeT
dh\XaXf [TlTa gXa\Wb haT XWhVTV\ta Ve\fg\TaT b ]hWrT% _b dhX [TVX
VeXrU_X _T XfVTgb_bZrT WX DTek'''
CXj\f =XhXe [T X`c_XTWb _T `\f`T TaT_bZrT X \aV_hfb _T [T XkcTaW\Wb
_\ZXeT`XagX3 ''' Vb`b bgebf VeXWbf% cbfXX fh gXkgb fTZeTWb% fhf fTagbf%
fhf [XeX]Xf% fhf X_XZ\Wbf% fh V\hWTW fTagT' J\ DTek YhX X_ DXfrTf% CXa\a
YhX fh JTa GTU_b '

.-­
JL9I8P8E;;F C8 :FE:CLJ@ÑE

<_ TfcXVgb dhX hfgXW Xfgp geTgTaWb WX chaghT_\mTe% X_ TeZh`Xagb dhX


hfgXW WXY\XaWX% WXUX fXe eXfh`\Wb Xa _T VbaV_hf\ta' KbWb _b WXfTeeb__TWb
[TfgT T[beT ab [T f\Wb `pf dhX ha ceXcTeTg\ib cTeT _T VbaV_hf\ta' <a
ce\`Xe _hZTe% [T cebVheTWb hfgXW ZTaTefX _T \`c_rV\gT VbaY\TamT WX_
cuU_\Vb4 Xa fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% [T ceXfXagTWb WTgbf Vba X_ Y\a XkceXfb WX
eXfcT_WTe fh VbaV_hf\ta' ETgheT_`XagX% WXUX eXVbeWTe f\X`ceX Vhp_ [T
WX fXe _T VbaV_hf\ta VhTaWb fX_XVV\baX _T \aYbe`TV\ta T ceXfXagTe' CT
VhXfg\ta dhX c_TagXT`bf T[beT TgTsX T_ `bWb l _T Ybe`T Xa dhX WXUX
ceXfXagTefX _T VbaV_hf\ta'
?Tl V\XegTf cT_TUeTf l YeTfXf V_TiXf dhX ab ft_b \aW\VTa T_ cuU_\Vb
dhX hfgXW Xfgp XkgeTlXaWb _T VbaV_hf\ta f\ab dhX% T _T iXm% eXYhXemTa Xa
_T `XagX WX _bf Tf\fgXagXf X_ [XV[b WX dhX fh VbaV_hf\ta Xf _T VbeeXVgT'
CTf f\Zh\XagXf cT_TUeTf b YeTfXf V_TiXf WXUXa X`c_XTefX cebYhfT`XagX
VhTaWb XahaV\X _T VbaV_hf\ta3

*' Xi\WXagX`XagX
+' V\XegT`XagX
,' ab [Tl WhWT WX dhX'''
-­' cbe fhchXfgb
.' Vba fXZhe\WTW
/' Xf cXeYXVgT`XagX V_Teb dhX'''

<i\WXaV\T l VbaV_hf\ta fX eX_TV\baTa XageX fr cbe _b `Xabf WX Wbf


`TaXeTf' F U\Xa _T VbaV_hf\ta Xf haT \afgTaV\T XfcXVrY\VT l _T Xi\WXaV\T
Vbaf\fgX Xa ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf UT]b _Tf VhT_Xf VTX _T \afgTaV\T XfcXVrY\VT% b
_T VbaV_hf\ta Xf haT ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta l _T Xi\WXaV\T Vbaf\fgX Xa \afgTaV\Tf
XfcXVrY\VTf dhX fhfgXagTa _T VbaV_hf\ta'

:baf\WXeX`bf _T ce\`XeT cbf\U\_\WTW3


ZXaXeT_&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&â XfcXVrY\Vb

8_ WTe TeZh`Xagbf dhX cXe`\gTa __XZTe T haT VbaV_hf\ta fbUeX T_Zb


XfcXVrY\Vb}cbe X]X`c_b% _T ceb[\U\V\ta WX _T `Te\[hTaT} cbWX`bf
TcX_Te T _T ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta WX dhX gbWTf _Tf WebZTf Xfgpa b WXU\XeTa XfgTe
ceb[\U\WTf T `Xabf dhX fX _Tf TW`\a\fgeX UT]b fhcXei\f\ta `qW\VT' Fgeb
X]X`c_b fXerT _T ]hfg\Y\VTV\ta WX eXUX_TefX VbageT X_ ZbU\Xeab WX <fgTWbf
La\Wbf TcX_TaWb T_ ceXVXWXagX "dhX Tdhr f\eiX WX ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta# WX
_T eXib_hV\ta Xa _T Xk\fgXaV\T abegXT`Xe\VTaT' 8dhr fX eXV_T`T ha
cTeXagXfVb Vba GTge\V^ ?Xael l Ab[a ?TaVbV^' LaT iXm dhX X_ cuU_\Vb
[T TVXcgTWb V\XegTf ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf% dhX hfgXW ceXfXagt WheTagX _Tf
Wbf ce\`XeTf XgTcTf WX fh ceXfXagTV\ta% g\XaX dhX TVXcgTe _T VbaV_hf\ta'

<kT`\aX`bf T[beT _T fXZhaWT cbf\U\_\WTW3


XfcXVrY\Vb&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& â ZXaXeT_

Cbf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf fhX_Xa X]X`c_\Y\VTe _T `TaXeT Xa dhX fX iT WX


VTfbf XfcXVrY\Vbf T haT VbaV_hf\ta ZXaXeT_ CTf XaVhXfgTf WX bc\a\ta
X_XVgbeT_ TVghT_`XagX fX X`c_XTa Vba YeXVhXaV\T Vb`b ]hfg\Y\VTg\ib cTeT
gb`Te WXV\f\baXf cb_rg\VTf dhX fX Xkg\XaWXa T gbWb ha cTrf' <a eXT_\WTW%
cbWerT TeZh`XagTefX dhX _Tf X_XVV\baXf ab fba bgeT VbfT dhX XaVhXfgTf
VehV\T_Xf'
?Tl bgebf X]X`c_bf' JhcbaZT`bf dhX dh\Xeb Ybe`Te ha Xdh\cb WX
YugUb_ \agXZeTWb cbe dh\XaXf \aW\i\WhT_`XagX fba _bf `pf ZeTaWXf
]hZTWbeXf3 T cTeg\e WX fh \agXZeTV\ta% chXWb __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX
dhX X_ Xdh\cb fT_Wep VT`cXta
:b`b X]X`c_b Y\aT_% \`TZ\aX`bf T Wbf TWiXefTe\bf dhX geTgTa WX
TeZh`XagTe Xa YTibe WX haT `\f`T VbaV_hf\ta3 Vt`b \`cXW\e _T ZhXeeT%
VhT_dh\Xe ZhXeeT' Lab WX _bf VbagXaW\XagXf TeZh`XagT dhX _T VTeeXeT
Te`T`Xag\fgT b _T TVh`h_TV\ta WX Te`T`Xagbf f\X`ceX [T ceXVXW\Wb
T haT ZhXeeT WX `TZa\ghW' ;;X T[r dhX% f\ WXgXaX`bf _T VTeeXeT
Te`T`Xag\fgT% ab [TUep haT ZhXeeT' <_ bgeb VbagXaW\XagX fbfg\XaX dhX
_T YT_gT WX ceXcTeTV\ta `\_\gTe WX haT WX _Tf cTegXf \aV\gT _T TZeXf\ta Xa
_T bgeT' @aV_hfb XfZe\`X Vb`b cehXUT _b bVhee\Wb Xa @aZ_TgXeeT Xa _bf
Tsbf geX\agT% VhTaWb% cTeT fh cbfgXe\be cXfTWh`UeX% `hV[bf [b`UeXf
WXfgTVTWbf XahaV\Teba TeZh`Xagbf VbageT _T Ybeg\Y\VTV\ta `\_\gTe' Gbe
XaWX% _T ceXcTeTV\ta Xf _T ua\VT `TaXeT WX \`cXW\e haT ZhXeeT' :TWT
hab WX _bf VbagXaW\XagXf Xfgp TcX_TaWb T W\fg\agbf X]X`c_bf XfcXVrY\Vbf'
Gbe fhchXfgb dhX Xf cbf\U_X WXYXaWXe haT cbfgheT b haT VbaV_hf\ta
hg\_\mTaWb \aYbe`TV\ta gTagb ZXaXeT_ Vb`b XfcXVrY\VT' ;;X [XV[b% _bf
TeZh`Xagbf `pf cbWXebfbf cbe _b ZXaXeT_ fX fbfg\XaXa T Wbf chagTf'
JhctaZTfX dhX WXfXT`bf WXYXaWXe _T VbaV_hf\ta WX dhX _T cebfg\ghV\ta
WXUXerT fXe _XZT_\mTWT' GbWerT`bf TcX_Te T_ ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_ WX
_\UeX X`ceXfT% dhX T_\XagT T gbWb X_ `haWb T Vb`cXg\e Xa ha `XeVTWb
TU\Xegb l bYeXVXe gbWb cebWhVgb b fXei\V\b dhX fX chXWT T_ cuU_\Vb' 8_
ab [TUXe _XZT_\mTWb _T cebfg\ghV\ta "Vba fhcXei\f\ta `qW\VT#% XfgT`bf
T_XagTaWb ha `babcb_\b \_XZT_ WX cTegX WX _T `TY\T h bgebf Zehcbf' Gbe
TsTW\WheT}l Tdhr TcX_T`bf T WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf XfcXVrY\Vbf} X_ J@;;8
Xfgp VbUeTaWb `pf irVg\`Tf VTWT Tsb'
<a _T ceXfXagTV\ta \a\V\T_% ft_b WXUXa XahaV\TefX WTgbf cbf\g\ibf
Xa Tcblb WX fh c_TagXb' GbfgXe\be`XagX fX Vbaf\WXeTep bgebf g\cbf WX
eXfcT_Wb cbf\U_X% VhTaWb [TU_X`bf WX _T eXYhgTV\ta WX TeZh`Xagbf'
8`qa WX T_VTamTe ha bU]Xg\ib% gbWb `XW\b b Vhefb WX TVV\ta dhX f\ZT`bf
fhX_X gXaXe bgeTf VbafXVhXaV\Tf' KbWT cXefbaT eTV\baT_ [T WX Vbaf\WXeTe
]XMJ\ XfTf VbafXVhXaV\Tf TagXf WX X_XZ\e ha eX`XW\b XfcXVrY\Vb4 XfgT Xf
haT iXeWTW `hl iT_\bfT Xa _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX ha TeZh`Xagb' 8WX`pf
WX WTe WTgbf dhX cehXUXa dhX fh cbfgheT b chagb WX i\fgT Xf X_ VbeeXVgb%
aTWT _X \`c\WX fXsT_Te gT`U\qa _bf UXaXY\V\bf eXf\WhT_Xf WX fh fb_hV\ta3
Vba YeXVhXaV\T% haT _\fgT WX X__bf Vbafg\ghlX ha YTVgbe WXV\f\ib'
GTeT X`cXmTe% TVguX Vb`b f\ fh fb_hV\ta ft_b Teeb]TeT UXaXY\V\bf
eXf\WhT_Xf cbf\g\ibf' <a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% fXcT dhq cebU_X`Tf% TWX`pf
WX _bf dhX fX Xfgpa W\fVhg\XaWb% Xfgpa fbUeX gbWb ceXfXagXf Xa _T `XagX
WX_ cuU_\Vb' <a gXeVXe _hZTe% TY\e`X dhX gbWbf l VTWT hab WX Xfgbf
cebU_X`Tf VXageT_Xf gT`U\qa fXepa eXfhX_gbf b% T_ `Xabf% cT_\TWbf Xa
T_Zb% f\ fX TWbcgT fh chagb WX i\fgT fbUeX X_ gX`T WX W\fVhf\ta XfcXVrY\Vb'
8hadhX XfgT gpVg\VT chXWX VThfTe cXec_X]\WTW l fbeceXfT% X_ ua\Vb _r`\gX
dhX g\XaX XfgX cebVXW\`\Xagb Xf fh \`TZ\aTV\ta'
MXT`bf T_Zhabf X]X`c_bf' JhcbaZT`bf dhX `X Xkc\Wb Xa VbageT
WX_ Vbafh`b WX `Te\[hTaT l Xa YTibe WX _XlXf Xfge\VgTf dhX ceb[\UrTa
fh W\fge\UhV\ta l Vbafh`b' GbWerT TsTW\e% Vb`b UXaXY\V\b eXf\WhT_% dhX
_T UeXV[T ZXaXeTV\baT_ Xf cebWhV\WT b XkTVXeUTWT cbe X_ Vbafh`b WX
`Te\[hTaT' 8WbcgXa `\ fb_hV\ta l eXfb_iXepa T`Ubf cebU_X`Tf' ?TfgT
_T `\f`T ZhXeeT YerT chXWX WXfVbaZX_TefX f\ ahXfgeT ]hiXaghW Xf VTcTm
WX cXafTe Vba V_Te\WTW% l ft_b cbWep cXafTe Vba V_Te\WTW f\ ab Yh`T
`Te\[hTaT'
GXe`rgTfX`X T[beT TeZh`XagTe Xa YTibe WX_ Vbafh`b _XZT_ WX
`Te\[hTaT' CXZT_\Vq`bf_T% \aV_hfb T_XagX`bf T _bf cTWeXf T Yh`Te_T Xa
iXm WX Vbafh`\e UXU\WTf T_Vb[t_\VTf% l fT_iTeX`bf _T UeXV[T ZXaXeTV\baT_'
Gbe TsTW\WheT% f\ gbWb X_ `haWb Xfghi\XeT fXagTWb Yh`TaWb `Te\[hTaT
l [TV\XaWb X_ T`be% aTW\X fX fXag\erT _b fhY\V\XagX`XagX TZeXf\ib Vb`b
cTeT dhXeXe [TVXe haT ZhXeeT'
<_ iXeWTWXeb X_X`Xagb WXV\f\ib Xa gbWT VbaV_hf\ta Xf X_ X`c_Xb WX_
UNWP^JSN NVXLRXWJU" fXT cbf\g\iT`XagX% Xa YTibe WX _T VThfT dhX hfgXW
WXY\XaWX% b aXZTg\iT`XagX% Xa VbageT WX TdhX__b T _b dhX hfgXW fX bcbaX'
J\ chXWX XfgTe TUfb_hgT`XagX fXZheb WX dhX fh cuU_\Vb _b TVb`cTsT% _X
fXep cbf\U_X eXWbaWXTe fh TeZh`XagTV\ta _\`\gpaWbfX T eXYbe`h_Te fh
VbaV_hf\ta hg\_\mTaWb haT gXe`\ab_bZrT X`bg\iT'
:baf\WXeX`bf _T f\Zh\XagX eXVTc\gh_TV\ta WX_ T_XZTgb ceXfXagTWb
TagX ha ]heTWb WX_ fhe WX <fgTWbf La\Wbf cbe DTgg Dhec[l% TUbZTWb
WXYXafbe WX ha [b`UeX U_TaVb TVhfTWb WX TfXf\aTgb3

{P XfgT `h]Xe T _T dhX TfXf\aTeba7 {LaT `h]Xe U_TaVT7 GXafq dhX ahaVT
__XZTerT T iXe X_ WrT Xa dhX _bf Vb`ha\fgTf% _bf aXZebf% _bf U_TaVbf&
aXZebf l _bf ]hWrbf fX VbaZeXZTeTa UT]b _T UTaWXeT WX _Tf ETV\baXf
La\WTf% l ab UT]b _T UTaWXeT abegXT`Xe\VTaT cbe _T dhX _hV[T`bf'''
Pb Xfgbl beZh__bfb WX fXe ha [b`UeX U_TaVb% beZh__bf WX XfgTe WX c\X
eXceXfXagTaWb _T fhceX`TVrT U_TaVT4 ab _T fhceX`TVrT aXZeT% a\ _T
`XmV_T l `Xfg\mTV\ta WX _Tf eTmTf''' a\ _bf f\ba\fgTf dhX ZbU\XeaTa T XfX
[Tgb WX aXZebf' Cbf U_TaVbf ab iTa T VbeeXe geTf X__bf% l VhTaWb T_Zhabf
U_TaVbf fX _Xf haXa fX Vbai\XegXa Xa U_TaVbf&aXZebf'''

CT XfXaV\T WX_ TeZh`Xagb WX_ fXsbe Dhec[l Xf `hl f\`c_X% ThadhX


WXUTg\U_X' <_% l cbe _b gTagb fh V_\XagX% TW[\XeXa T WXgXe`\aTWT \WXb_bZrT%
l _T `h]Xe TfXf\aTWT TW[XerT T _T \WXb_bZrT bchXfgT' 8WX`pf% X_ TUbZTWb
VeXX dhX X_ cuU_\Vb Vb`cTegX _T \WXb_bZrT WX fh V_\XagX l% cbe XaWX%
W\fVh_cTep fh TVgb% dhX ahaVT YhX aXZTWb' J\a X`UTeZb% _b \`cbegTagX
Tdhr Xf _T `TaXeT Xa dhX fX geTaf`\gX X_ VbagXa\Wb% `pf dhX X_ VbagXa\Wb
`\f`b'
<_ [XV[b WX dhX W\YXeXagXf TfXiXeTV\baXf chXWTa geTaf`\g\e% cbe
_b `Xabf `ra\`T`XagX% _T `\f`T \aYbe`TV\ta cXeb Vba W\YXeXagXf
VbaabgTV\baXf b cebibVTaWb ha W\YXeXagX XYXVgb X`bV\baT_% ihX_iX T
fXe VTUT_`XagX X]X`c_\Y\VTWb Xa bgeT V\gT WX 9XegeTaW IhffX__% eXYXe\WT
T _T \agXeceXgTV\ta WX _T Y\e`XmT3 Pb fbl Y\e`X4 gu XeXf bUfg\aTWb4 q_ Xf
ha VTUXmT WheT '
Eb ft_b _bf XW\gbe\T_Xf cXe\bWrfg\Vbf f\ab gT`U\qa _bf g\gh_TeXf
Xfgpa Vb_beXTWbf cbe WXgXe`\aTWb g\agX X`bV\baT_% T `XahWb
WX_\UXeTWT`XagX' IXVhXeWb ha [XV[b WXgXe`\aTWb% Xa Vhlbf WXgT__Xf
ab XageTeX`bf Tdhr' DX _\`\gTeq% `pf U\Xa% T geTafVe\U\e _bf g\gh_TeXf
WX W\YXeXagXf cXe\tW\Vbf l WX]Te dhX X_ _XVgbe WXV\WT dhq Xf _b dhX
eXT_`XagX% T fh XagXaWXe% fhVXW\t3

/'
GFC@:@8 DFEK8;;8 D8J8:I8 <JKL;;@8EK<J
;;FJ <JKL;;@8EK<J DL<IKFJ
<E K@IFK<F :FE C8 GFC@:@8
8J<J@E8KF <E C8 LE@M<IJ@;;8;;

GFC@:@8J F9C@>8;;FJ 8 ;;@JG8I8I <E ;;<=<EJ8


GIFG@8

I<:LIJFJ EF M<I98C<J

<_ Tap_\f\f WX _T gXe`\ab_bZrT X`bg\iT aTgheT_`XagX __XiT T _T


W\fVhf\ta WX _bf bgebf eXVhefbf fhU_\`\aT_Xf dhX ab WXUX`bf cXeWXe
WX i\fgT T_ ceXfXagTe ha TeZh`Xagb' KT_ Vb`b DTef[T__ DVCh[Ta [T
eXcXg\Wb \aVTafTU_X`XagX% X_ `XW\b Xf X_ `XafT]X' 8dhr% haT iXm `Tf%
fh XiT_hTV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb Xf VehV\T_' {Hhq ceXVbaVXcgbf T_\XagTa fhf
\agXZeTagXf% l WX dhq `bWb fTVTe cebiXV[b WX X__bf7 ;;XfVhUeT Vhp_Xf
fba% l _X eXfh_gTepa Xi\WXagXf _bf eXVhefbf ab iXeUT_Xf T _bf dhX chXWT
TcX_Te
Gbe X]X`c_b% _T iXfg\`XagT Xf \`cbegTagX' La `hV[TV[b YhX TeeXfgTWb
cbe gXaXaV\T WX `Te\[hTaT' <_ `hV[TV[b gXarT ha VbegX WX cX_b T _b
`b[\VTab l XfgTUT iXfg\Wb Vba ebcTf WX VhXeb aXZeb Vba gTV[Tf VhTaWb
YhX WXgXa\Wb' GXeb VhTaWb fX \a\V\t X_ ]h\V\b% gbWb fh TfcXVgb [TUrT
VT`U\TWb cbe Vb`c_Xgb3 iXfgrT ha geT]X Ybe`T_% l gXarT X_ VTUX__b Vbegb
l cTeX]b'
<a haT ceXfXagTV\ta beT_% _T ibm Xf \`cbegTagX' Jh ibm WXUX fbaTe
f\aVXeT l VbaY\TWT% cXeb% cbe fbUeX gbWb% fXe cebYhaWT' 8Ufb_hgT`XagX
gbWb X_ `haWb dhXWT \`ceXf\baTWb cbe haT ibm cebYhaWT% X \aV_hfb [Tl
X]XeV\V\bf dhX hfgXW chXWX [TVXe cTeT gbeaTe `pf cebYhaWT fh cebc\T
ibm' KT`U\qa fba \`cbegTagXf _Tf XkceXf\baXf YTV\T_Xf l X_ `bi\`\Xagb
WX _bf b]bf' CT eXZ_T ZXaXeT_ Xf Tdhr `\eTe T _T ZXagX T _bf b]bf% l ahaVT
WXfi\Te |T `\eTWT b gXaXe haT XkceXf\ta [h\W\mT' 8 _Tf cXefbaTf Vba
`\eTWT [h\W\mT Thgb`pg\VT`XagX fX _Tf Vbaf\WXeT TegXeTf% Xa gTagb dhX
X_ [b`UeX dhX _b `\eT T hfgXW W\eXVgT`XagX T _bf b]bf WXUX WX fXe
[baXfgb'
<_ T`U\XagX ZXaXeT_ b _T Tg`tfYXeT WX _T fT_T gT`U\qa fba `hl
\`cbegTagXf' @aV_hfb [X brWb haT [\fgbe\T fXZua _T VhT_ A' <WZTe ?bbiXe%
X_ Xk W\eXVgbe WX_ =9@% fX cTeTUT fbUeX haT c_TgTYbe`T X_XiTWT WXgepf WX

%  
fh XfVe\gbe\b VhTaWb cbe ce\`XeT _Nc fX ceXfXagTUT TagX /* ha TZXagX' <_
ce\aV\c\b \`c_rV\gb fXerT X_ WX dhX _T T_gheT gT`U\qa cTeXVX geTf_hV\efX
`beT_`XagX% l Xf V\Xegb dhX T gbWbf abf \`ceXf\baTa _bf [b`UeXf
T_gbf'
<_ VTaV\__Xe cehf\Tab Fggb 9\f`TeV^ gXarT ZeTa eXchgTV\ta Vb`b
W\c_b`pg\Vb' :ba YeXVhXaV\T% VbaiXegrT Xa fhf irVg\`Tf T [b`UeXf
`Xabf WhV[bf dhX q_ \af\fg\XaWb Xa fXei\e V[T`cpa WheTagX X_ Vhefb
WX _Tf aXZbV\TV\baXf' GTegX WX fh fXVeXgb eXf\WrT Xa fh VTcTV\WTW cTeT
Vbafh`\e ZeTaWXf VTag\WTWXf WX T_Vb[b_ f\a cXeWXe X_ ThgbVbageb_ b X_
Vbageb_ WX _T f\ghTV\ta'
<_ TcebiXV[T`\Xagb `pf VTUT_ WX_ T`U\XagX WX dhX gXaZT abg\V\Tf
cbWrT iXefX Xa _T _TUbe WX_ XiTaZX_\fgT 9\__ l >eT[T`' Cbf iTfgbf f\g\bf
cuU_\Vbf WbaWX [TU_TUT XfgTUTa WXVbeTWbf Vba Y_beXf l UTaWXeTf% l fh
cuU_\Vb fX ceXcTeTUT Vba Vpag\Vbf l WX`pf [TfgT dhX% _XagT`XagX% fX
cebWhVrT ha L[N\LNWMX Xa `XW\b WX_ VhT_ fX X_XiTUT fh cebc\T ibm'
8_ XkcbaXe X_ hfb WX gqVa\VTf ab iXeUT_Xf WXUX eXVbeWTefX f\X`ceX
X_ X`c_Xb WX \aabiTV\baXf gXVab_tZ\VTf% Vb`b i\WXbf l VTfXgXf' CT ZeTa
iXagT]T WX _bf i\WXbf Xf dhX T_ XYXVghTefX X_ `bagT]X WX _b Y\_`TWb chXWXa
[TVXefX VbegXf l X`cT_`Xf cTeT eXT_mTe fh XYXVg\i\WTW% l% cbe bgeT
cTegX% ZeTUTV\baXf l i\WXbf ab chXWXa fXe fb`Xg\Wbf T \agXeebZTgbe\b'
<fgb Xf XfcXV\T_`XagX \`cbegTagX f\ fh ZeTUTV\ta f\ZhX XfX Xfg\_b
fX`\WbVh`XagT_ gTa WX `bWT' CT ua\VT `TaXeT WX VbageTeeXfgTe fh
XYXVgb Xf `bfgeTaWb bgeb i\WXb b ZeTUTV\ta X`cT_`TWT WX `TaXeT gT_
WX XkcbaXe X_ chagb WX i\fgT bchXfgb'
8UhaWTa _bf X]X`c_bf WX _T hg\_\mTV\ta WX Y\_`Xf' <_ W\eXVgbe YeTaVqf
AXTa ChV >bWTeW f\X`ceX cTeXV\t bUfXf\baTWb cbe hg\_\mTe X_ `XW\b
Vba XkV_hf\ibf Y\aXf WX cebcTZTaWT' ;;heTagX _T :baiXaV\ta ETV\baT_
;;X`tVeTgT WX *2/-­ Xa <fgTWbf La\Wbf% fX cTft haT cX_rVh_T dhX
`bfgeTWT T haT a\s\gT ]hZTaWb Vba haT Y_be% fXZh\WT epc\WT`XagX cbe
haT Xkc_bf\ta Tgt`\VT' <_ Y\_` fX hg\_\mt VbageT X_ VTaW\WTgb eXchU_\VTab
9Teel >b_WjTgXe'

C8 GL9C@:@;;8;; :FDF <A<DGCF

<a chU_\V\WTW% `hV[Tf WX _Tf gqVa\VTf TaT_\mTWTf fX eXY\aTa [TfgT


X_ chagb WX VbaiXegrefX_Tf Xa UX__Tf TegXf' <a XfX `XW\b% eXfh_gT
cTeg\Vh_Te`XagX \afgehVg\ib X_ X`c_Xb VTf\ XkV_hf\ib WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf

/)
YX\R]R_X\$ FUfXeiX`bf X_ f\Zh\XagX XfdhX`T l iXT`bf [TfgT dhq chagb
_T chU_\V\WTW X]X`c_\Y\VT VTWT hab WX _bf ce\aV\c\bf XkchXfgbf'
GTeT X`cXmTe% X_ Ti\fTWbe WXUX \WXag\Y\VTe T fh `XeVTWb% WXfZ_bfTe_b
Xa fhf Vb`cbaXagXf `pf f\Za\Y\VTg\ibf "cbe X]X`c_b% ZXbZeTYrT% XWTW%
fXkb% XgV'#% l Y\]Te _bf bU]Xg\ibf dhX XfcXeT Vh`c_\`XagTe `XW\TagX
fh Ti\fb' <a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% WXUX \WXag\Y\VTe T fh cebWhVgb% Vba _T
WbU_X `XgT WX "*# XkcbaXe_b Xa YhaV\ta WX _bf WXfXbf l aXVXf\WTWXf WX
_bf Vbafh`\WbeXf% l "+# WXfgTVTe _T \aW\i\WhT_\WTW b fhcXe\be\WTW WX_
cebWhVgb fbUeX bgebf cebWhVgbf e\iT_Xf' @`cbegT TWiXeg\e% f\a X`UTeZb%
dhX Xfgb u_g\`b WXUX [TVXefX Xa Ybe`T fhg\_'
:t`b ZTaTe X_ UXaXc_pV\gb WX_ cuU_\Vb3
<a X_ VTfb WX _T chU_\V\WTW% Xfgb f\Za\Y\VT VeXTe haT aXVXf\WTW
VbafV\XagX WX_ cebWhVgb% b [TVXe dhX W\V[T aXVXf\WTW fX f\XagT'

"T# 3YNUJ[ J UJ LXVYJ\RgW0 <fgb YhaV\baT WX Wbf `TaXeTf Xa chU_\V\WTW3


fXT W\eXVgT`XagX% Xa YhaV\ta WX_ cebWhVgb b fXei\V\b% b \aW\eXVgT`XagX%
T geTiqf WX _T Vb`cTf\ta cbe dh\XaXf aXVXf\gTa XfX cebWhVgb' :b`b
X]X`c_b WX _b ce\`Xeb chXWXa V\gTefX Ti\fbf abegXT`Xe\VTabf WX _bf
Thgbf WX T_dh\_Xe WX 8i\f% __T`TaWb _T TgXaV\ta [TV\T X_ QNLQX WX dhX
8i\f Xf _T au`Xeb + Xa X_ `XeVTWb "?Xegm Xf _T ce\`XeT# l chX% cbe _b
gTagb% WXUX XfYbemTefX `pf' 8dhr fX TcX_T T _T Vb`cTf\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb
dhX f\`cTg\mT Vba X_ `pf cXdhXsb' <]X`c_b WX _b fXZhaWb3 Ti\fbf WX
cebZeT`Tf WX X]XeV\V\bf cTeT T_YXs\dhXf dhX WXfXTa `X]beTe fh Yrf\Vb'
EhXfgeT f\`cTgrT [TV\T X__bf fX Xkg\XaWX [TV\T VhT_dh\Xe cebWhVgb dhX
_bf TlhWX T XaYeXagTe T XfgX `haWb VehX_'

"U# 3YNUJ[ J UJ J^]X[RMJM0 <fgX eXVhefb WXUX fXe X_ ce\`Xeb b fXZhaWb `pf
hg\_\mTWb Xa _X `haWb WX _T chU_\V\WTW' Cbf X]X`c_bf fba \aah`XeTU_Xf'
La `XW\VT`Xagb cTeT ]TVdhXVTf l `T_XfgTeXf TY\aXf chaghT_\mT dhX
Vbag\XaX `Tlbe VTag\WTW WX _bf \aZeXW\XagXf `pf eXVb`XaWTWbf cbe
_bf `qW\Vbf' JXTa VhT_Xf YhXeXa Xfbf \aZeXW\XagXf% X_ [XV[b WX dhX
fba eXVb`XaWTWbf cbe T_Zh\Xa Xa cbf\V\ta WX Thgbe\WTW }`XW\VT%
Xa XfgX VTfb} cXe`\gX dhX fX TcX_X T W\V[b X_X`Xagb' 8_ZhaTf cTfgTf
WXagrYe\VTf __XiTa T_Zb Tfr Vb`b haT eXVb`XaWTV\ta WX _T 8fbV\TV\ta
;;XagT_ EbegXT`Xe\VTaT' GTeT dh\XaXf fba WX`Tf\TWb Vra\Vbf cTeT
eXfcXgTe _T Thgbe\WTW `qW\VT% b YT_gbf WX _T fhg\_XmT aXVXfTe\T cTeT
dhX X__b _Xf \`cbegX% [Tl f\X`ceX T_Zua bgeb cebWhVgb% Vb`b X_ cTa
Xae\dhXV\Wb Vba i\gT`\aTf eXVb`XaWTWTf cbe ha Tg_XgT YT`bfb'

/*
"V# 3YNUJ[ J UJ ][JMRLRgW0 ?Tl T_ZhaTf iTe\TV\baXf WX \agXeqf fbUeX X_
gX`T' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% Xf VbabV\Wb X_ ab`UeX WX_ UeTaWl YTibe\gb WX
ETcb_Xta% l f\ _T _XlXaWT aTcb_Xta\VT _X eXfh_gT TgeTVg\iT% gT`U\qa _X
TgeTXep _T UXU\WT "dhX Xf UhXaT% T cXfTe WX ETcb_Xta#'
8cX_Te T _T geTW\V\ta \agXagTaWb WX`bfgeTe dhX ha cebWhVgb Xf
Vb[XeXagX Vba ha \WXT_ iTfgT`XagX TVXcgTWb% cXe`\gX% T _T iXm% TcX_Te T
[XV[bf VbaVeXgbf' 8[beT _bf WXgXeZXagXf g\XaXa Vb`cbaXagXf dhr`\Vbf
dhX Xi\gTa _T cb_hV\ta WX _T TZhTf' Cbf ce\`Xebf Ti\fbf WX Xfgbf
cebWhVgbf ab ft_b TcX_TUTa T ha iT_be geTW\V\baT_ f\ab dhX% Xa Ybe`T
fhg\_% [TVrTa abgTe _T fhcXe\be\WTW WX ha cebWhVgb fbUeX bgeb' J\a T_Zua
g\cb WX chU_\V\WTW% _T `TlberT WX abfbgebf ahaVT XfgTerT T_ gTagb WX
Xfgbf [XV[bf'
:b`b X]X`c_b Y\aT_% T_Zhabf cebWhVgbf __XiTa X_ ab`UeX WX _T
VbbcXeTg\iT dhX _bf YTUe\VT3 gbWbf _bf cTeg\WTe\bf WX_ VbbcXeTg\i\f`b
fX `bfgeTepa U\Xa W\fchXfgbf [TV\T X__bf' Cb `\f`b bVheeX Vba _T
aTV\baT_\WTW WX_ cebWhVgb3 T iXVXf% fX TcX_T T_ cuU_\Vb cTeT dhX Wq fh
Tcblb T _T \aWhfge\T aTV\baT_'

"W# 3YNUJ[ JU Y[NLNMNW]N0 CT VbageTcTegX chU_\V\gTe\T WX Xfgb fba _bf


gXfg\`ba\bf' <fgbf% V_Teb Xfgp% gT`U\qa TcX_Ta T_ fXag\Wb WX Thgbe\WTW'
J\ chXWb ceXfXagTe VTegTf WX TZeTWXV\`\Xagb b XageXi\fgTf dhX XkceXfXa
Xaghf\Tf`b cbe ha cebWhVgb WX cTegX WX cXefbaTf dhX f\aVXeT`XagX
TY\e`Ta dhX W\V[b cebWhVgb fTg\fY\mb fhf aXVXf\WTWXf% [TUeq XagbaVXf
XfgTU_XV\Wb ha ceXVXWXagX dhX _b __XiTep T hfgXW T cXafTe dhX XfX
cebWhVgb chXWX fXe_X UXaXY\V\bfb' <f \`cbegTagX dhX [TlT chagbf WX
VbagTVgb XageX X_ ceXVXWXagX l X_ Vb`ceTWbe cbgXaV\T_' KbWT Y\ZheT
Vq_XUeX cXe`\gX TcX_Te T _T Thgbe\WTW4 Xfb f\Za\Y\VT dhX _T ZXagX YT`bfT
chXWX cTeXVXe W\fgTaV\TWT WX_ [b`UeX Vb`ua% l dhX qfgX% b X_ T`T WX
VTfT % [Ta WX fXe ce\be\mTWbf' <a X_ VTfb WX ha cebWhVgb U_TadhXTWbe% ha
[b`UeX Vq_XUeX f\a WhWT XairT fh ebcT T haT UhXaT g\agbeXerT% b gT_ iXm
a\ f\dh\XeT gXaZT dhX hfTe_T Wbf iXVXf' Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% ha AhTa GqeXm%
dhX ft_b cbfXX Wbf geT]Xf% g\XaX haT XfcbfT \agXeXfTWT Xa ha cebWhVgb
U_TadhXTWbe dhX X_\`\aX _Tf `TaV[Tf T`Te\__XagTf WX_ VhX__b WX _Tf
VT`\fTf' CT fXsbeT WX GqeXm% XagbaVXf% XfgTep \agXeXfTWT Xa X_ gXfg\`ba\b
dhX WXa bgeTf T`Tf WX VTfT Vb`b X__T% _Tf fXsbeTf WX IbWerZhXm b
>TeVrT'

/+
@[N\NW]JLRgW MN UX\ QNLQX\0

<a chU_\V\WTW% Xfgb f\Za\Y\VT Ue\aWTe X_ aXVXfTe\b Tcblb T _T


TY\e`TV\ta WX dhX fh cebWhVgb fTg\fYTVX _T aXVXf\WTW dhX [T VbafXZh\Wb
WXfcXegTe Xa _T cTegX TagXe\be WX fh ceXfXagTV\ta'
"T# 7\]JMf\]RLJ\0 {Hhq `TWeX ab XfgTerT VbagXagT f\ fh [\]b ib_i\XeT
Vbee\XaWb T VTfT W\V\qaWb_X3 |D\eT% `T`p% a\aZhaT VTe\Xf b |D\eT%
`T`p% -­) cbe V\Xagb `Xabf WX VTe\Xf 7 ?Tl iTe\Tf cTfgTf WXagrYe\VTf
dhX TaXkTa gXfg\`ba\bf WbVh`XagTWbf T cTeg\e WX XfghW\bf XfgTWrfg\Vbf
WX`bfgeTg\ibf WX dhX fhf cebWhVgbf cebgXZXa `pf VbageT _Tf VTe\Xf' 8 _T
iXm% iX`bf Vt`b X_ XaYbdhX WX fhU\efX T_ VTeeb ge\haYT_ WX _T i\Vgbe\T
fhX_X hg\_\mTefX Xa chU_\V\WTW4 f\ `pf cXefbaTf hfTa X_ GebWhVgb 8 dhX
VhT_dh\XeT WX _T Vb`cXgXaV\T% XagbaVXf% Xi\WXagX`XagX% gT`U\qa hfgXW
WXUXerT hfTe_b' <fgT`bf Tf\`\f`b `hl YT`\_\Te\mTWbf Vba X_ X`c_Xb WX
ZepY\Vbf4 fTUX`bf dhX WXgXe`\aTWb cebWhVgb `TgT `pf Zqe`XaXf l `pf
epc\Wb cbedhX [T`bf i\fgb ZepY\Vbf Xa TVV\ta cbe gX_Xi\f\ta'
?Tl haT \`cbegTagX iTe\TagX WX_ gX`T WX JLNW]^J[ UX YX\R]R_X$ KbWbf
cbWX`bf iXe ha cebWhVgb WXfWX ha chagb WX i\fgT W\YXeXagX' ;;X T[r dhX
f\ fh cebWhVgb cbfXX haT cebc\XWTW dhX bgebf Vbaf\WXeTa \aWXfXTU_X%
WXUXep eXXfgehVgheTe fh XaYbdhX WX `bWb dhX __XZhXa T iXe dhX _b dhX
T hfgXW _X YT_gT ab Xf ha WXYXVgb% cXeb _b dhX fr cbfXX Xf haT i\eghW' Gbe
X]X`c_b% WheTagX `hV[b g\X`cb X_ Thgb`ti\_ Mb_^fjTZXa VTeXV\t WX
VT`U\b Thgb`pg\Vb' <a iXm WX TW`\g\e_b Vb`b VTeXaV\T% fhf YTUe\VTagXf
_b chU_\V\gTeba WXfgTVTaWb dhX _bf VT`U\bf `TahT_Xf XeTa eXT_`XagX
_bf `X]beXf% l {dhq [b`UeX iXeWTWXeb cbWrT dhXeXe dhX fh VbV[X _b
VbaWh]XeT T q_% Xa iXm WX q_ VbaWhV\e T fh VbV[X7 Fgeb X]X`c_b3 VhT_dh\XeT
dhX [TlT hg\_\mTWb T_ZhaT iXm cTcX_ LXW]JL]" cbe bgeT cTegX `hl ug\_%
fTUX dhX Vba X_ g\X`cb fX Xfg\eT' GXeb Xa iXm WX TW`\g\e_b% _T Vb`cTsrT
YTUe\VTagX chU_\V\gt X_ cebWhVgb W\V\XaWb dhX ab XaVbZrT' KbWb WXcXaWX
WX_ chagb WX i\fgT WXfWX X_ dhX fX `\eXa _Tf VbfTf'
;;X eXfh_gTf WX _T VeXV\XagX \adh\XghW cbe _T eX_TV\ta XageX _T ceXfXaV\T
WX Vb_XfgXeb_ l _bf TgTdhXf VTeWrTVbf% _T \aWhfge\T WX _T VTeaX [T XfgTWb
`hl bVhcTWT Xa <fgTWbf La\Wbf geTgTaWb WX WXfTeeb__Te U\YXf Vba
`Xabf Vb_XfgXeb_% l chU_\V\gpaWb_bf Xa Ybe`T VeXTg\iT' Gbe X]X`c_b%
\a\V\t haT VT`cTsT chU_\V\gTe\T Xa Wbf W\`Xaf\baXf' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe%
fX WXfgTVTUT dhX hab WX _bf UXaXY\V\bf eXf\WhT_Xf WX Vb`Xe VTeaX Xfgp
Xa dhX cXe`\gX WXfTeeb__Te `Tlbe YhXemT% cbedhX Vbag\XaX cebgXraTf%
[\Xeeb l i\gT`\aT 9' 8WX`pf% fX _Tamt haT fXe\X WX Ti\fbf dhX WXVrTa3

/,
CT VTeaX WX iTVT ft_b g\XaX 1) `\_\ZeT`bf WX Vb_XfgXeb_ cbe VTWT
cbeV\ta WX *)) ZeT`bf % l dhX haT cXefbaT fT_hWTU_X cbWrT \aZXe\e f\ a
cebU_X`Tf [TfgT ,)) `\_\ZeT`bf cbe WrT' Cb dhX X_ Ti\fb ab WXVrT Xf dhX
Xa VTWT cbeV\ta WX VTeaX fX [TUrT Xkg\ecTWb% Vb`b Xa haT bcXeTV\ta
dh\eueZ\VT% [TfgT X_ u_g\`b `\_r`Xgeb WX ZeTfT% l dhX _T cbeV\ta `XW\T
WX VTeaX dhX fX f\eiX Xa _T `XfT Xf WX *.) ZeT`bf'
CT \aYbe`TV\ta cebcbeV\baTWT cbe _T \aWhfge\T WX _T VTeaX Xf VbeeXVgT'
GXeb _b dhX fX fbf_TlT Xf% Xi\WXagX`XagX% VehV\T_ cTeT X_ Vbafh`\Wbe'
8 ahXfgebf Y\aXf% _b `pf \`cbegTagX Xf dhX _T VT`cTsT chU_\V\gTe\T
V\gX \aYbe`TV\ta VbeeXVgT Xa fhf X]X`c_bf W\e\Z\Wbf T VeXTe TVg\ghWXf
b T \aY_h\e fbUeX X__Tf4 cXeb XfgTf TVg\ghWXf fXerTa `hl W\YXeXagXf f\
gT`U\qa fX VbagTeT Vba bgebf WTgbf' Eb Xf `Xag\e _b dhX abf \agXeXfT%
f\ab ceXfXagTe TWXVhTWT`XagX _T \aYbe`TV\ta'

"U# 5UJ\RORLJLRgW0 8_ V_Tf\Y\VTe fhf cebWhVgbf b ceblXVgbf% _b `pf


\`cbegTagX Xf TfXZheTefX WX dhX _T V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta Xa fr Vba__XiX ha X_bZ\b'
Gbe X]X`c_b% Xa haT ebg\fXerT fX iXaWXa Wbf g\cbf WX cb__bf ceXVbV\Wbf3
ZeTaWXf l XkgeT ZeTaXf' Eb Xk\fgXa cb__bf `XW\Tabf b cXdhXsbf Xa
W\V[T V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta' Fgeb X]X`c_b _b XaVbageT`bf Xa _T V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta WX
_bf [hXibf' {JTUrT hfgXW dhX Xf \`cbf\U_X bUgXaXe ha [hXib cXdhXsb7
<_ WX gT`Tsb `pf cXdhXsb dhX fX iXaWX T_ Vb`XeV\b fX TahaV\T Vb`b
[hXib `XW\Tab'

"V# 6NORWRLRgW0 LfgXW _XX _T cT_TUeT V[T`cTZaX Xa haT UbgX__T' {Hhq


_X W\VX X_ gqe`\ab7 GTeT T_Zhabf% dhX fX geTgT WX ha i\ab WX _T eXZ\ta WX
:[T`cTZaX% Xa =eTaV\T4 gqVa\VT`XagX% ab f\Za\Y\VT bgeT VbfT' 8WX`pf%
_T `TlberT WX _bf i\abf WX XfgT eXZ\ta fba Xfch`TagXf% b fXT dhX
[TVXa UheUh]Tf' Gbe TsTW\WheT% _T `TlberT WX Xfbf i\abf fba U_TaVbf'
J\a X`UTeZb% [Tl i\abf WX _T eXZ\ta WX :[T`cTZaX dhX fba g\agbf%
l T_Zhabf ab fba Xfch`TagXf' <_ V[T`cTZaX YeTaVqf Xf cebWhV\Wb
l Vbageb_TWb Xa VbaW\V\baXf `hl Xfge\VgTf% XfcXV\T_`XagX Xa _b dhX
eXfcXVgT T fh Xg\dhXgT' <]X`c_b WX X__b Xf X_ [XV[b WX dhX fX _b [TVX
YXe`XagTe X`UbgX__TWb3 _Tf UheUh]Tf fX Ybe`Ta aTgheT_`XagX Xa _T
UbgX__T% ab fba cebWhV\WTf cbe T_Zua `XW\b Teg\Y\V\T_' <fgb [TVX dhX X_
i\ab gXaZT ha fTUbe XkVX_XagX% cXeb gT`U\qa dhX fXT `hl Vbfgbfb'
<a <fgTWbf La\Wbf _T _Xl cXe`\gX dhX V\Xegbf cebWhVgbf hg\_\VXa _T
cT_TUeT V[T`cTZaX % cXeb _bf eXdh\f\gbf fba gTa cbVb Xfge\Vgbf dhX
ab Xf W\YrV\_ dhX Vb`ceX`bf ha cebWhVgb WX VT_\WTW \aYXe\be' DhV[bf

%$
V[T`cTZaXf abegXT`Xe\VTabf fX YXe`XagTa Xa ZeTaWXf VhUTf% ab Xa
_Tf UbgX__Tf' GXbe VhTaWb X_ V[T`cTZaX Xf YXe`XagTWb Xa VhUTf% WXUX
TV_TepefX_b Xa _T Xg\dhXgT `XW\TagX _T _XlXaWT cebVXfTWb Xa VhUTf ' J\a
X`UTeZb% Xfgb ab \`c\WX dhX T_Zhabf YTUe\VTagXf \aXfVehch_bfbf W\ZTa
aTgheT_`XagX YXe`XagTWb l cebVXfTWb Xa VhUTf 3 Tdhr% _T cT_TUeT
aTgheT_ Xf VTf\ haT VbageTW\VV\ta% cXeb X_ \aXfVehch_bfb YTUe\VTagX
TcebiXV[T X_ XdhribVb l _T aTgheT_ VeXWh_\WTW WX_ Vb`ceTWbe'

"W# 3WJUXPfJ0 JX geTgT WX haT gqVa\VT iTfgT`XagX hg\_\mTWT' JXep Tdhr


ug\_ eXVbeWTe ahXfgeT TagXe\be W\fg\aV\ta XageX TaT_bZrTf _\gXeT_Xf l
Y\ZheTg\iTf' LaT TaT_bZrT _\gXeT_ cTegX WX _T UTfX WX dhX f\ Wbf VbfTf fba
cTeXV\WTf Xa hab b `pf fXag\Wbf% XagbaVXf gT`U\qa _b fXepa Xa T_Zua
bgeb TfcXVgb' LaT TaT_bZrT Y\ZheTg\iT ab Xf `pf dhX ha eXVhefb __T`Tg\ib
cTeT WXfgTVTe b Xkc_\VTe WXgXe`\aTWb TfcXVgb' CT chU_\V\WTW WXcXaWX
Xa ZeTa `XW\WT WX _T bfVhe\WTW WX XfgT W\fg\aV\ta3 _b dhX Xa eXT_\WTW fba
TaT_bZrTf Y\ZheTg\iTf%fX ceXfXagTa Vb`b TaT_bZrTf _\gXeT_Xf' La VbV[X
WXcbeg\ib abegXT`Xe\VTab% eX_Tg\iT`XagX cbVb Vbfgbfb% Xf WXfVe\cgb
Vb`b _T =XeeTe\ WX _bf Thgb`ti\_Xf WX <fgTWbf La\Wbf' =XeeTe\ Xf haT
`TeVT WX Thgbf fh`T`XagX ceXfg\Z\bfT% `hl VTeT% l haT bUeT `TXfgeT
WX _T gXVab_bZrT' GhXWX fXe dhX _T ua\VT fX`X]TamT "_b VhT_ V\XegT`XagX
ab Xf haT TaT_bZrT# XageX X_ VbV[X =XeeTe\ l X_ Thgb abegXT`Xe\VTab fXT
T_ZhaT VTeTVgXerfg\VT WX fh Xfg\_b3 f\a X`UTeZb% _T chU_\V\WTW TcebiXV[T
XfX cTeXV\Wb'
Fgeb VbV[X abegXT`Xe\VTab chXWX TahaV\Te dhX fh \agXe\be Xf `pf
f\_XaV\bfb dhX X_ WX ha Ib__f IblVX' <__b cebUTU_X`XagX fXT V\Xegb% cXeb
`hl cebUTU_X`XagX% gT`U\qa T[r Vb`\XaVX l gXe`\aX gbWb cTeXV\Wb'

JhUeTlTaWb _T VbaV_hf\ta3

CT chU_\V\WTW ab WXcXaWX WX TeZh`Xagbf Vb`c_\VTWbf' CT eXcXg\V\ta


Xf haT WX fhf [XeeT`\XagTf [TU\ghT_Xf' ;;X _bf eXVhefbf dhX X`c_XT% _bf
`pf \`cbegTagXf fba X_ _XaZhT]X X`bg\ib l _T ceb`XfT WX UXaXY\V\bf
eXf\WhT_Xf'

"T# 4NWNORLRX\ [N\RM^JUN\0 <a fh GK[XDQN9RMMNW @N[\^JMN[\" MTaXXGTV^TeW


chaghT_\mT _T ceb`XfT fhU_\`\aT_ dhX TVb`cTsT T VTWT cebWhVgb' KT_
Vb`b W\]b T_Zh\Xa3 Cbf YTUe\VTagXf WX Vbf`qg\Vbf ab Xfgpa iXaW\XaWb

/.
_Tab_\aT% Xfgpa iXaW\XaWb XfcXeTamTf''' Ebfbgebf Vb`ceT`bf T_Zb
`pf dhX ha Thgb`ti\_% Vb`ceT`bf ceXfg\Z\b % 8hadhX T_Zb XkTZXeTWT%
[Tl UTfgTagX WX iXeWTW Xa XfgT TY\e`TV\ta' J\ ha [b`UeX ab f\XagX _T
aXVXf\WTW WX ha Thgb`ti\_% Xf \`cebUTU_X dhX hfgXW chXWT iXaWqefX_b'
Gbe bgeT cTegX% WTWT _T aTgheT_XmT [h`TaT% X_ `XeVTWb WX VbV[Xf l _bf
cebWhVgbf WX _T Vb`cXgXaV\T dhX gqVa\VT`XagX fba `hl f\`\_TeXf T_
dhX hfgXW Xk[\UX% WXUX bYeXVXefX T_Zua UXaXY\V\b eXf\WhT_' ;;X `bWb dhX
hfgXW cbWep WXV\e dhX VhT_dh\XeT chXWX Vb`ceTe ha VbV[X O% cXeb dhX
f\ Vb`ceT _T `TeVT dhX hfgXW bYeXVX% ab ft_b XfgTep TWdh\e\XaWb ha Thgb%
f\ab gT`U\qa ha fr`Ub_b WX i\e\_\WTW' CT eX_TV\ta XageX Thgb`ti\_Xf
l fXkb ab chXWX [TUXe f\Wb \aiXagTWT cbe _bf chU_\V\gTe\bf3 lT g\XaX
dhX [TUXefX [XV[b _T TfbV\TV\ta ceXi\T Xa _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb' ;;XfWX
X_ chagb WX i\fgT fbV\b_tZ\Vb% WXUX`bf TWiXeg\e dhX XfgT TfbV\TV\ta
XfcXVrY\VT XageX VbV[Xf l fXkb Xf eXfh_gTWb WX_ [XV[b WX dhX _bf [pU\gbf
WX_ VbegX]b T`bebfb [Ta VT`U\TWb abgTU_X`XagX Xa X_ Vhefb WX _bf
u_g\`bf V\aVhXagT Tsbf Xa <fgTWbf La\Wbf% ceXV\fT`XagX WXU\Wb T _T
Xk\fgXaV\T WX Thgb`ti\_Xf'
<_ `X]be X]X`c_b WX _XaZhT]X X`bg\ib% gTa Tfghgb dhX Xf VTf\
\aVeXrU_X% Xf X_ WX ha Ti\fb dhX ab chU_\V\gTUT ha cebWhVgb XfcXVrY\Vb
f\ab% fXaV\__T`XagX% DTeVTf WX =pUe\VT ' <a XfgX VTfb% hfgXW Xfgp f\XaWb
VbaW\V\baTWb cTeT eXfcbaWXe T _T chU_\V\WTW Xa fr% b T_ VbaW\V\baT`\Xagb
`\f`b' |8fb`Uebfb
8_ZhaTf `TeVTf fX [Ta VbaiXeg\Wb Xa fr`Ub_b WX X_XiTWb fgTghf'
FgeTf% Vb`b _T V\agT JVbgV[% lT [Ta WX]TWb WX fXe haT `TeVT T Xa _T
`XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb% cTeT cTfTe T fXe X_ gqe`\ab ZXaqe\Vb hg\_\mTWb cbe
_bf Vbafh`\WbeXf WX XfX cebWhVgb' 8agX fX`X]TagX ZeTWb WX TfbV\TV\ta
VbaabgTg\iT% Xf \`cebUTU_X dhX _T Vb`cXgXaV\T chXWT [TVXe T_Zb' CT
chU_\V\WTW f\X`ceX chXWX XafXsTeabf `hV[b'
!
-­ANXQRJM >
+<+-­+6.7 47;;
+:1=5/6<7;;
;;bf fba _bf `bg\ibf ce\aV\cT_Xf dhX abf __XiTa T TceXaWXe gqVa\VTf
ug\_Xf cTeT TgTVTe TeZh`Xagbf' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% chXWX Tfr X_TUbeTefX ha
T_XZTgb `pf ft_\Wb Xa YTibe WX _T cebc\T cbfgheT% f\% TWX`pf WX ceXfXagTe
Vbaf\WXeTV\baXf cbf\g\iTf [TV\T X__T% fX WX`hXfgeT dhX [Tl YT_XaV\Tf
ZeTiXf Xa _bf TeZh`Xagbf WX _bf TWiXefTe\bf' ?T WX eXVbeWTefX% Xa XfgX
fXag\Wb dhX fba cbVbf _bf TeZh`Xagbf cepVg\Vbf dhX chXWXa MNVX\][J[\N
MN VJWN[J LXWLU^bNW]N1 cbe _b gTagb% `\XageTf dhX Xf \`cebUTU_X dhX hfgXW
chXWT MNVX\][J[ VTUT_`XagX _bf TeZh`Xagbf cebc\bf% fr cbWep eXYbemTe
fh cbfgheT WX`b_\XaWb _bf WX _T bcbf\V\ta'
<a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% haT iXm dhX [TlT hfgXW Wb`\aTWb X_ TegX WX
gb`Te _T bYXaf\iT% f\a WhWT fXep `pf WhV[b Xa WXYXaWXe fh cbfgheT
be\Z\aT_' J\ _bZeT ceXiXe _bf TgTdhXf Xa fh VbageT% X_ be\ZXa l fhf TiTaVXf%
gXaWep ZTaTWT `XW\T UTgT__T'

C8 I<8::@ÑE GÖ9C@:F

8 _bf Y\aXf WX ahXfgeT W\fVhf\ta% fhcbaZT`bf dhX T_ZhX\Xa [T


ceXfXagTWb lT fhf TeZh`Xagbf% l T[beT fX _b VbaibVT T hfgXW cTeT
TgTVTe_bf' 8agX gbWb% WXUXep RWNU^MRKUNVNW]N VT_\UeTe _T eXTVV\ta WX_
cuU_\Vb TagX _T ceXfXagTV\ta \a\V\T_ WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf WX fh TWiXefTe\b'
Jba geXf _Tf eXTVV\baXf cbf\U_Xf3 "*# Xa `XW\WT `Tlbe b `Xabe% fh
TWiXefTe\b [T _bZeTWb cXefhTW\e T_ cuU_\Vb WX dhX TWbcgX fh chagb WX
i\fgT4 "+# X_ cuU_\Vb cXe`TaXVX \aWXV\fb4 ",# Xa `XW\WT `Tlbe b `Xabe%
fh TWiXefTe\b ab [T VbafXZh\Wb dhX X_ cuU_\Vb TVXcgX fhf TeZh`Xagbf'
8aT_\VX`bf _T XfgeTgXZ\T ZXaXeT_ eXfcXVgb WX XfgTf geXf cbf\U\_\WTWXf%
\ai\eg\XaWb X_ beWXa WX fh Vbaf\WXeTV\ta' J\ fh TWiXefTe\b [T YeTVTfTWb
WX c_Tab% _b ce\`Xeb dhX hfgXW WXUXep [TVXe Xf% ceXV\fT`XagX% fXsT_Te
T_ cuU_\Vb _bf chagbf `pf WqU\_Xf WX fh TeZh`XagTV\ta' :baVXageX
XagbaVXf _T `Tlbe cTegX WX fhf TgTdhXf Xa W\V[bf chagbf% eXYbemTaWb Tfr
Xa _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb _T WXU\_\WTW WX XfT cbfgheT% l _T TZhWXmT Vba dhX

&)
hfgXW `\f`b Vb`cTegX XfT cXeVXcV\ta' 8dhr% XfgTep hfgXW Vb`U\aTaWb
_T Verg\VT WX _T bcbf\V\ta Vba [T_TZbf T_ cuU_\Vb' 8 Vbag\ahTV\ta% VhTaWb
f\XagT dhX g\XaX T_ cuU_\Vb WX fh _TWb% cbWep cTfTe T X`c_XTe _Tf gqVa\VTf
l eXZ_Tf dhX TaT_\mT`bf T Vbag\ahTV\ta% TcX_TaWb T_ fXag\Wb WX_ [h`be
l WX_ e\WrVh_b' 8Wi\XegT dhX NU \NW]RMX MNU Q^VX[ b MNU [RMfL^UX \gUX \XW
NORLJLN\ VbageT ha TWiXefTe\b \R ^\]NM N\]d LXW_NWLRMX MN ]NWN[ JU YhKURLX MN
\^ UJMX$ ;;X _b VbageTe\b% ab [Tep `pf dhX bYXaWXe T gbWb X_ `haWb'

8W [b`\aX`

<_ TgTdhX JM QXVRWNV f\Za\Y\VT TgTVTe T_ [b`UeX dhX c_TagXT ha


TeZh`Xagb% `pf dhX T_ TeZh`Xagb Xa fr' ?Tl T_ZhaTf iTe\TagXf fhg\_Xf
WX Xfgb dhX cbWep WXfVhUe\e T _b _TeZb WX XfgX VTcrgh_b% cXeb _b dhX
Tdhr abf \`cbegT Xf fh hfb `pf Y_TZeTagX' GbWep eXVhee\e T XfgT Ybe`T
WX TgTdhX Xa Wbf bVTf\baXf T _b _TeZb WX_ WXUTgX3 geTf [TUXe WX`b_\Wb
_bf TeZh`Xagbf WX_ bgeb cbe `XW\bf \aWXcXaWXaW\XagXf% b Xa TdhX__bf
VTfbf Xa dhX _T TeZh`XagTV\ta WX fh TWiXefTe\b [T f\Wb gTa Y_b]T dhX
ab iT_X _T cXaT fXZh\e WX`b_\qaWb_T TagX X_ cuU_\Vb' <fgb Xf `hl
\`cbegTagX' J\a WhWT T_ZhaT% Vb`b iXeX`bf% [Tl gbWb g\cb WX TeW\WXf
\agX_\ZXagXf T _bf dhX cbWep hfgXW eXVhee\e% cXeb ft_b f\ Xf aXVXfTe\b
cTeT ZTaTe _T W\fVhf\ta3 f\ chXWX ZTaTe_T f\a eXVhee\e T a\aZhaT WX
XfgTf gqVa\VTf% gTagb `X]be' :Tfb VbageTe\b% cbWep WXfi\TefX WX_ gX`T% l
WXfi\Te gT`U\qa _T TgXaV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb'
Jba iTe\Tf _T `TaXeTf Xa dhX chXWX TgTVTefX T_ e\iT_' Gbe X]X`c_b
cbWep Vb`XamTe Ve\g\VpaWb_b cbe \afh_gTe _T \agX_\ZXaV\T WX_ cuU_\Vb Vba
haT TeZh`XagTV\ta gTa WXf`TsTWT4 b U\Xa Xkc_\VTe cbe dhq X_ bgeb [T
TWbcgTWb ha chagb WX i\fgT gTa TUfheWb'
Cbf X]X`c_bf WX_ JM QXVRWNV \aV_hlXa _bf dhX T Vbag\ahTV\ta V\gT`bf'
:hTaWb fX _X c\WX dhX TaT_\VX ha gX`T XfcXVrY\Vb Vba fhf T_h`abf%
ha WbVXagX cbWep eXc_\VTe dhX ab W\fVhgX Tfhagbf gTa fXe\bf Vba ha
[Tgb WX \ZabeTagXf' Gbe bgeT cTegX% X_ beTWbe \ai\gTWb T [TU_Te Xa haT
ha\iXef\WTW cbe fhf XfghW\TagXf cbWep aXZTefX T eXfcbaWXe T _Tf
ceXZhagTf WX_ cuU_\Vb TVTWq`\Vb fXsT_TaWb dhX fhf \agXZeTagXf ab [Ta
_XrWb T ha Thgbe XfcXVrY\Vb b ha _\Ueb b TegrVh_b WXgXe`\aTWbf'
<_ cebctf\gb WX_ TgTdhX JM QXVRWNV Xf WXfTVeXW\gTe T _T bcbf\V\ta
cbe `XW\bf \aW\eXVgbf' LaT `TaXeT WX [TVXe_b Xf __T`TaWb _T TgXaV\ta
[TV\T _bf WXfZeTV\TWbf hfbf WX_ \W\b`T Xa dhX \aVheeX fh bcbf\gbe3

'&*
XeebeXf ZeT`Tg\VT_Xf% WX W\VV\ta% cbUeX X_XVV\ta WX `XgpYbeTf "b
XageX`XmV_T`\Xagb WX X__Tf#' ;;Tep Tfr T XagXaWXe dhX f\ T_Zh\Xa
XageX`XmV_T \aTWXVhTWT`XagX _Tf `XgpYbeTf% Xa _T `XagX WX XfX T_Zh\Xa
[T WX eX\aTe _T VbaYhf\ta l% cbe _b gTagb% ab fX _b chXWX gb`Te Xa fXe\b'
?Tl dhX fXe Vh\WTWbfb Vba X_ X`c_Xb WX XfgT gpVg\VT cbedhX T iXVXf
_bf \agXZeTagXf WX_ cuU_\Vb Vb`XgXa gT`U\qa XfX g\cb WX XeebeXf% l fX
fXag\erTa bYXaW\Wbf f\ fbfg\XaX hfgXW dhX haT `XgpYbeT VbaYhfT \aiT_\WT
gbgT_`XagX ha cbfgh_TWb' J\a X`UTeZb% cbWep WX]Te Xa Xi\WXaV\T W\V[T
VbaYhf\ta XkceXfpaWbfX Xa haT iXaT [h`berfg\VT% Xkcba\XaWb Xfbf
chagbf WqU\_Xf Xa X_ W\fVhefb WX fh TWiXefTe\b T _T cTe dhX fX ZTaT X_
UXaXc_pV\gb WX_ cuU_\Vb'
La Xeebe geTW\V\baT_ Xf X_ WXab`\aTWb JWORKXUXPfJ" cebWhVgb WX _T
T`U\ZhT XfgehVgheT WX _T beTV\ta' ?Tl X]X`c_bf YT`bfbf3 VhTaWb X_ eXl
:eXfb Vbafh_gt T_ bepVh_b WX ;;X_Ybf cTeT fTUXe f\ WXUrT \aiTW\e b ab T_
eX\ab iXV\ab% X_ bepVh_b _X eXfcbaW\t3 J\ :eXfb iT T _T ZhXeeT% WXfgeh\ep
ha cbWXebfb eX\ab ' IXVbeWX`bf gT`U\qa _T ceXW\VV\ta [XV[T T DTVUXg[
Xa _T bUeT [b`ta\`T WX J[T^XfcXTeX3 ETW\X dhX [TlT aTV\Wb WX `h]Xe
cbWep WTsTegX ' DTVUXg[ YhX `hXegb cbe DTVWhYY% dhX ab [TUrT aTV\Wb
WX `h]Xe Xa cTegb aTgheT_% f\ab cbe VXfpeXT'

=T_TV\T ZXaqg\VT

CT Ybe`T `pf eXY\aTWT WX TgTdhX JM QXVRWNV Xf ha g\cb XfcXV\T_


WX VbageTTeZh`Xagb% _T YT_TV\T ZXaqg\VT' <kc_\VTe T_Zb ZXaqg\VT`XagX
f\Za\Y\VT WXfVe\U\e X_ be\ZXa WX ha [XV[b% cebVXfb% bU]Xgb b _b dhX YhXeX%
Xa haT fhXegX WX eX_Tgb [\fgte\Vb dhX WXfVe\UX Vt`b _Tf VbfTf __XZTeba T
fXe _b dhX fba' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_ fX _b X`c_XT cTeT X_TUbeTe ha W\TZatfg\Vb%
WTaWb T XagXaWXe Tfr dhX hfgXW Xfgp TaT_\mTaWb V\XagrY\VT`XagX _T [\fgbe\T
V_ra\VT WX haT XaYXe`XWTW' CTf Xkc_\VTV\baXf ZXaqg\VTf V\XegT`XagX
fba ip_\WTf l ug\_Xf Xa bgebf VbagXkgbf% cXeb `hl XfcXV\T_`XagX cTeT
fbVTiTe _bf c_TagXbf WX ha TWiXefTe\b'
KT_ iXm _bf Wbf g\cbf `pf YT`bfbf WX Xkc_\VTV\ta ZXaqg\VT fXTa
X_ cf\VbTap_\f\f YeXhW\Tab l _Tf W\iXefTf Ybe`Tf WX `Tek\f`b' CTf
Taf\XWTWXf% aXhebf\f l cf\Vbf\f WX `hV[bf cTV\XagXf fba W\TZabfg\VTWTf
Vb`b eXfh_gTWb WX ha Vhefb Xib_hg\ib \a\V\TWb Xa _T \aYTaV\T' Gbe _b
ZXaXeT_% T_ZhaT XkcXe\XaV\T geTh`pg\VT fhYe\WT Xa _T \aYTaV\T Xf _T VThfT
WX _T aXhebf\f' Gbe X]X`c_b% [TUXe f\Wb XaVXeeTWb Xa ha ebcXeb Vb`b

!  "
VTfg\Zb chXWX cebWhV\e V_ThfgebYbU\T4 \aVh_VpefX_X T T_Zh\Xa _T i\f\ta
WX_ fXkb Vb`b T_Zb fhV\b chXWX cebWhV\e Ye\Z\WXm b \`cbgXaV\T% b
eXdhXe\e WX Vb`c_X]bf ]hXZbf `Tfbdh\fgTf cTeT T_\i\Te _T gXaf\ta fXkhT_'
Gbe fh cTegX% _bf `Tek\fgTf fbfg\XaXa cbWXe Xkc_\VTe ab ft_b _T [\fgbe\T
WX_ WXfTeeb__b XVbat`\Vb% f\ab gT`U\qa _Tf WXgXe`\aTWTf cThgTf dhX
TWbcgT% Vb`b _bf cXerbWbf Y_beXV\XagXf b WX WXceXf\ta% l _T VThfT WX _T
T_\XaTV\ta WX _bf geTUT]TWbeXf Xa X_ f\fgX`T VTc\gT_\fgT' Gbe TsTW\WheT%
gTagb YeXhW\Tabf Vb`b `Tek\fgTf chXWXa Xkc_\VTe cbe dhq T_ZhaTf
cXefbaTf ab TVXcgTa fhf gXberTf' 8dhX_ dhX fX a\XZhX T TVXcgTe
dhX X_ fXkb _b \`UhlX gbWb% eXiX_T fragb`Tf WX haT eXceXf\ta fXkhT_
i\Vgbe\TaT' KT_ iXm _b TdhX]T ha Vb`c_X]b WX <W\cb% l UhfVT bVh_gTe_b
aXZTaWb fh Xk\fgXaV\T' Gbe fh cTegX% X_ dhX a\XZT fXag\efX Xkc_bgTWb Xf
haT [XeeT`\XagT WX _T eXceXf\ta VTc\gT_\fgT' DTa\YXfgTefX Xa VbageT WX
XfgTf gXberTf Xf XkcbaXefX T_ XfVTea\b cuU_\Vb Xa T_Zhabf VreVh_bf'
CTf Xkc_\VTV\baXf ZXaqg\VTf TUhaWTa Xa T_Zhabf c_TagXbf
W\YhaW\Wbf' <_ WXfWqa dhX X_ `haWb X`ceXfTe\b f\XagX cbe X_ `haWb
TVTWq`\Vb fX XkceXfT Vba _T YeTfX dhX W\VX dhX _bf dhX chXWXa% [TVXa4
_bf dhX ab chXWXa% XafXsTa ' Gbe fh cTegX% X_ WXfWqa dhX X_ `haWb
TVTWq`\Vb f\XagX cbe X_ `haWb WX _bf aXZbV\bf fX XkceXfT W\V\XaWb dhX
XfgX u_g\`b g\XaX Vb`b ua\Vb `bgbe _T VbW\V\T% ahaVT _T UXaXib_XaV\T'
Cbf TWb_XfVXagXf ab chXWXa [TU_Te Vba aTW\X dhX gXaZT `pf WX
iX\ag\V\aVb Tsbf3 YhaV\baT Tdhr _T XWTW Vb`b Xkc_\VTV\ta ZXaqg\VT WX
haT VXZhXeT cb_rg\VT% fbV\T_ l Vh_gheT_' CT eXUX_WrT WX _bf ]tiXaXf Xf
f\X`ceX TV[TVTWT T _T TVg\ghW cXe`\f\iT WX _bf cTWeXf' ;;X VbagTe Vba X_
YTibe WX_ cuU_\Vb% cbWep f\X`ceX [T__Te T_ZhaT `TaXeT WX Xkc_\VTe cbe
dhq fhf TWiXefTe\bf fba gTa Xfguc\Wbf% l T[beeTefX X_ geTUT]b WX gXaXe
dhX XaYbVTe fhf TeZh`Xagbf WXfWX ha chagb WX i\fgT _tZ\Vb'
C_XZT`bf T[beT T _T fXZhaWT cbf\U\_\WTW% Xa dhX X_ cuU_\Vb
gbWTirT fX [T__T \aWXV\fb' <a XfgX VTfb WXUXep hfgXW TUfgXaXefX WX
Tc_\VTe _T `TlberT WX _Tf gqVa\VTf `XaV\baTWTf [TfgT Tdhr' Gbe X_
VbageTe\b% haT iXm `pf WXUXep geTgTe WX WXfVhUe\e dhq X_X`Xagbf
XeTa _bf `pf ft_\Wbf l Vhp_Xf _bf `pf WqU\_Xf Xa _T TeZh`XagTV\ta WX
fh TWiXefTe\b' J\ chXWX TgTVTe _bf TeZh`Xagbf `pf ft_\Wbf% [pZT_b4
VTfb VbageTe\b% TVguX Vb`b f\ a\ f\dh\XeT [hU\XfXa f\Wb `XaV\baTWbf'
<a gbWbf _bf VTfbf cbWep Xkc_bgTe _bf chagbf WqU\_Xf WX _T
TeZh`XagTV\ta' GbVb `pf TWX_TagX TaT_\mTeX`bf _T TaTgb`rT XkTVgT
WX _bf cebVXW\`\Xagbf T fXZh\e'
CT gXeVXeT cbf\U\_\WTW Xf _T WX dhX fh bcbaXagX [TlT f\Wb Xk\gbfb'

'&,
GTeT X`cXmTe% haT YX\]^[J VX[JU WXfg\aTWT T TiXeZbamTe gTagb T fh e\iT_
Vb`b T_ cuU_\Vb N\ V^b NORLJc L^JWMX ^\]NM \N NWL^NW][J NW \R]^JLRgW MN XK_RJ
MN\_NW]JSJ Xa haT W\fVhf\ta' J\ X_ qk\gb _bZeTWb cbe fh TWiXefTe\b fX WXUX
T dhX eU VR\VX [T hg\_\mTWb gqVa\VTf XaZTsbfTf Vb`b _Tf dhX XfgT`bf
TaT_\mTaWb% cebUTU_X`XagX chXWT hfgXW bUgXaXe T_Zhabf chagbf T YTibe
cba\qaWb_b Xa WXfVhU\Xegb l TVhfpaWb_b "Vba `Tlbe b `Xabe fhTi\WTW#
WX fXe ha geT`cbfb' GXeb f\ fh cuU_\Vb Xf gTa Vbegb WX XagXaWXWXeTf
dhX ab T_VTamT T iXe TWbaWX dh\XeX \e hfgXW T cTeTe% eXVheeT XagbaVXf
hfgXW `\f`b T XfTf gqVa\VTf XaZTsbfTf' Gbe fbUeX gbWb% ab fX `hXfgeX
XkVXf\iT`XagX Wheb Vba fh bcbaXagX% chXf cbWep Th`XagTe _T
f\`cTgrT WX_ cuU_\Vb cbe q_% a\ Wq _T fXafTV\ta WX XfgTe eXVhee\XaWb T
TeW\WXf b geXgTf' <a _T `Tlbe cTegX WX_ cuU_\Vb fhX_X cebibVTe \a`XW\Tgb
WXfTZeTWb gbWb TdhX_ dhX cTeXVX WX`Tf\TWb VbaiXaV\Wb WX fh cebc\T
VTcTV\WTW cTeT _T W\fVhf\ta% WX `bWb dhX Xi\gX cTeXVXe dhX fX Xfgp
hYTaTaWb WX`Tf\TWb% l ab fX `hXfgeX WX`Tf\TWb Vb`c_TV\Wb Vba fhf
cebc\bf TeZh`Xagbf \aV\f\ibf b \aZXa\bfbf' 8VhfX V\XegT WXU\_\WTW%
Vb`b f\ fX [T__TeT \a]hfgT`XagX Xa f\ghTV\ta WX WXfiXagT]T% cXeb
gT`cbVb fX XkVXWT Xa Xfgb' |8ceXaWT T VbabVXe T_ cuU_\Vb
J\ fh cuU_\Vb Xf `XW\TaT`XagX fbY\fg\VTWb% cXeb gT_ iXm fX `hXfgeT
\`ceXf\baTWb cbe _T [pU\_ ceXfXagTV\ta WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf WX fh e\iT_%
VbaiXaWep% WX]Te T qfgX Xa Xi\WXaV\T Vb`b ha geT`cbfb fbY\fgT dhX Xfgp
\afh_gTaWb _T \agX_\ZXaV\T WX XfX cuU_\Vb' <`ceXaWT XagbaVXf _T Verg\VT
WX VTWT hab WX fhf TeW\WXf' =\aT_`XagX% geTf cbaXe_bf Xa WXfVhU\Xegb%
WX]X Xa V_Teb dhX hfgXW WX \N [NKJSJ[d T X`c_XTe `XW\bf gTa WXf[baXfgbf'

C8 8E8KFDÉ8 ;;< C8 I<=LK8:@ÑE

C_XZT`bf T[beT T _T TaTgb`rT WX _T eXYhgTV\ta% `XW\b cbe X_ VhT_


cbWX`bf fbVTiTe _bf TeZh`Xagbf WX_ e\iT_' IXVhXeWX3 Xf cbf\U_X
WX`bfgeTe _b WXY\V\XagXf dhX fba gbWbf _bf TeZh`Xagbf WX fh TWiXefTe\b3
f\`c_X`XagX% Xf VhXfg\ta WX [TVXe ZT_T WX \aZXa\b l cXef\fgXaV\T'
:b`XamTeX`bf cbe W\TZeT`Te _T Ybe`T WX TgTdhX% X]X`c_\Y\VTaWb
T_Zhabf WX _bf ce\aV\c\bf ZXaXeT_Xf WX_ W\TZeT`T% cTeT _TamTeabf _hXZb
T_ Tap_\f\f WXgT__TWb WX cebVXW\`\Xagbf WX eXYhgTV\ta XfcXVrY\Vbf'

'&-­
KbWb TeZh`Xagb XageTsT ha gX`T VXageT_ b haT VbaV_hf\ta TcblTWT
cbe ceX`\fTf b eTmbaXf dhX fhchXfgT`XagX f\eiXa WX cehXUTf' 8_
TgTVTe WXgXe`\aTWb TeZh`Xagb% XfgT`bf fbfgXa\XaWb hab WX XageX Wbf
cbfgh_TWbf% b gT_ iXm T`Ubf3 "*# dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb Xf WXY\V\XagX VhTaWb
_Tf cehXUTf VbageTW\VXa _T VbaV_hf\ta% b "+# VhTaWb _Tf cehXUTf fba YT_fTf
b \aTWXVhTWTf' GhXfgb dhX Xa ahXfgeb W\TZeT`T 8 dhXWT fhUW\i\W\Wb%
cTfX`bf ce\`Xeb T XkT`\aTe 9'

93 La TeZh`Xagb ceXfXagT VbageTW\VV\baXf \agXeaTf fXTf VhTaWb haT


WX fhf ceX`\fTf VbageTW\VX T _T VbaV_hf\ta% b VhTaWb _Tf ceX`\fTf fX
VbageTW\VXa XageX fr'
Lab WX _bf X]X`c_bf V_pf\Vbf WX VbageTW\VV\ta chXfgT Xa Xi\WXaV\T
fX WT Xa X_ W\p_bZb c_Tgta\Vb Vba <hg\Yeb' IXVhqeWXfX dhX [Tl haT
VbageTW\VV\ta VhTaWb X_ beTWbe XYXVguT Wbf TY\e`TV\baXf dhX ab chXWXa
fXe V\XegTf T _T iXm' JtVeTgXf cXZhagT T <hg\Yeb3 :hp_ Xf X_ f\Za\Y\VTWb WX_
gqe`\ab c\X&WTW 7 <hg\Yeb eXfcbaWX dhX ha TVgb Xf c\TWbfb VhTaWb _bf
W\bfXf _b TcehXUTa X \`crb VhTaWb _bf W\bfXf _b WXfTcehXUTa' JtVeTgXf
fXsT_T XagbaVXf T <hg\Yeb dhX% chXfgb dhX [Tl `hV[bf W\bfXf "_bf WX
_T `\gb_bZrT Ze\XZT#% l WTWb dhX T_Zhabf W\bfXf TcehXUTa WXgXe`\aTWb
TVgb l bgebf ab% XagbaVXf X_ `\f`b TVgb fXep VThfT WX TcebUTV\ta l
WXfTcebUTV\ta T_ `\f`b g\X`cb' Gbe XaWX% f\ X`c_XT`bf _T WXY\a\V\ta

'&.
WX c\XWTW cebchXfgT cbe <hg\Yeb% X_ `\f`b TVgb chXWX fXe c\TWbfb X
\`crb T_ `\f`b g\X`cb' P <hg\Yeb% V_Teb Xfgp% fX VbageTW\VX T fr `\f`b'

83 La TeZh`Xagb chXWX ab fXe Vb[XeXagX Vba _bf [XV[bf bU]Xg\ibf


fXT cbedhX _Tf ceX`\fTf b eTmbaXf XfZe\`\WTf fba% fXaV\__T`XagX% YT_fTf
":#% b cbedhX _Tf \`c_\VTV\baXf b eXfh_gTWbf WX _T VbaV_hf\ta fXerTa
Vbaf\WXeTWbf YT_fbf ";;#' <]X`c_b WX Xfgb u_g\`b fXerT ha TeZh`Xagb
dhX Vb`\XamT WTaWb \aYbe`TV\ta fbUeX _T cb_hV\ta \aWhfge\T_% cTeT
_hXZb gXe`\aTe Vba _T VbaWXaT WX gbWT gXVab_bZrT% cbe Vbaf\WXeTe_T
cXe]hW\V\T_ cTeT _T i\WT Xa XfgX c_TaXgT' CT YT_fXWTW WX _Tf \`c_\VTV\baXf
WX XfgX TeZh`Xagb dhXWT Xa Xi\WXaV\T f\ eXVbeWT`bf dhX UhXaT cTegX
WX _T `XW\V\aT `bWXeaT% dhX ceXfXeiT _T i\WT l f\eiX T X__T% Xf eXfh_gTWb
WX _T gXVab_bZrT' :\XegT`XagX% ab WX]TerT`bf WX _TWb XfgX X_X`Xagb
XYXVghTaWb haT VbaWXaT gTa Z_bUT_'

:3 CTf eTmbaXf b ceX`\fTf fba YT_fTf b \aTVXcgTU_Xf VhTaWb _T


VbaV_hf\ta T dhX fX __XZT ab Xf cXeg\aXagX "=#% b VhTaWb% fXaV\__T`XagX%
cbWX`bf WX`bfgeTe dhX _Tf ceX`\fTf fba YT_fTf "<#' <a X_ VTfb WX =
WXV\`bf dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb Xf ha WXW \NZ^R]^[$ ;;\YXeXagX Xf X_ VTfb 9%
cbedhX Xa 9 [Tl haT VbageTW\VV\ta% `\XageTf dhX Xa X_ VTfb = ab [Tl
VbageTW\VV\ta% Xa TUfb_hgb' Gbe X]X`c_b% cTeT __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX
dhX _bf abegXT`Xe\VTabf Xa ZXaXeT_ cbfXXa `Tlbe \agX_\ZXaV\T \aaTgT
TVghT_`XagX dhX [TVX VhTeXagT Tsbf% cbWerT c_TagXTefX X_ TeZh`Xagb WX
dhX [bl Xf `Tlbe dhX ahaVT X_ au`Xeb WX abegXT`Xe\VTabf dhX Tf\fgXa
T _T ha\iXef\WTW' JX Xfgp bYeXV\XaWb Tdhr haT eTmta iT_XWXeT% cXeb dhX
aTWT g\XaX dhX iXe Vba _T VbaV_hf\ta3 ab [Tl eX_TV\ta W\eXVgT XageX _T
\agX_\ZXaV\T \aaTgT l _bf XfghW\bf ha\iXef\gTe\bf' CT ha\iXef\WTW chXWX
[TUXe W\f`\ah\Wb fhf Xk\ZXaV\Tf% b Th`XagTWb X_ \aZeXfb cbe eTmbaXf
dhX aTWT g\XaX dhX iXe Vba _T \agX_\ZXaV\T WX _bf Tfc\eTagXf'

<3 GhXWX WX`bfgeTefX dhX haT eTmta b ceX`\fT Xf YT_fT cbe irT
W\eXVgT b \aW\eXVgT' Gbe irT W\eXVgT% f\ T_Zh\Xa W\VX dhX Xfgp __bi\XaWb%
cbWX`bf WX`bfgeTe_X dhX fX Xdh\ibVT `\eTaWb cbe _T iXagTaT' ?Tl
iTe\Tf `TaXeTf Xa dhX cbe irT \aW\eXVgT chXWX WX`bfgeTefX dhX haT
eTmta b ceX`\fT Xf YT_fT'
:baf\WXeX`bf X_ TeZh`Xagb fXZua X_ VhT_ T _bf ]tiXaXf WX W\XV\bV[b
Tsbf WXUXerT cXe`\grefX_Xf Vbafh`\e UXU\WTf T_Vb[t_\VTf' JhcbaZT`bf%
Tf\`\f`b% dhX _T ua\VT eTmta b ceX`\fT XfZe\`\WT Xf dhX% Vb`b X_

'&/
`hV[TV[b chXWX fXe __T`TWb cTeT [TVXe X_ fXei\V\b `\_\gTe% qfgX Xf X_
YTVgbe WXgXe`\aTagX dhX fhfgXagT fh WXeXV[b T \aZXe\e T_Vb[b_' Gbe _b
ZXaXeT_% fX _b c_TagXT Xa gbab T_gT`XagX X`bg\ib% T _bf XYXVgbf WX dhX
fb`bf UTfgTagX `TWhebf cTeT `be\e cbe _T cTge\T cXeb ab cTeT UXUXe
T_Vb[b_ '
CT ce\`XeT Ybe`T WX TgTVTe XfgT ceX`\fT Vbaf\fgX Xa "*# TZeXZTe bgeT
ceX`\fT dhX fX fXcT V\XegT% l "+# __XZTe XagbaVXf T haT VbaV_hf\ta YT_fT'
<i\WXagX`XagX% Vba Xfgb dhXWT \aiT_\WTWT _T ceX`\fT' Gbe X]X`c_b% _Tf
fXsbe\gTf ab fba __T`TWTf T Vh`c_\e Vba X_ fXei\V\b `\_\gTe3 cbe _b gTagb%
dhXWTerTa XkV_h\WTf WX _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX \aZXe\e UXU\WTf T_Vb[t_\VTf' <f
bUi\b dhX _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX fXe eXV_hgTWb ab chXWX fXe X_ ua\Vb YTVgbe
WXgXe`\aTagX dhX cXe`\gT XfgTU_XVXe haT XWTW fbV\T_`XagX TVXcgTU_X
cTeT UXUXe T_Vb[b_'
CT fXZhaWT Ybe`T WX TgTVTe XfgT ceX`\fT Vbaf\fgX Xa __XZTe T bgeT
VbaV_hf\ta% dhX fXerT \aVb[XeXagX Vba _T VbaV_hf\ta WTWT b Vba T_ZhaT
bgeT VbaV_hf\ta dhX chW\XeT XkgeTXe fh TWiXefTe\b' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ _T
XWTW cTeT Vh`c_\e X_ fXei\V\b `\_\gTe fX eXWh]XeT T _bf W\XV\fq\f Tsbf%
XagbaVXf _bf ]biXaV\gbf WX W\XV\fq\f Tsbf "b WX WbVX% b VhT_ YhXeX _T XWTW
cTeT fXe eXV_hgTWbf# gXaWerTa WXeXV[b T UXUXe T_Vb[b_' GXeb fh bcbaXagX
[T TeZh`XagTWb dhX _T XWTW cTeT cXe`\g\e dhX fX \a\V\X X_ Vbafh`b WX
UXU\WTf T_Vb[t_\VTf Xf WX W\XV\bV[b Tsbf' <_ `\f`b g\cb WX VbaV_hf\ta
ab cXeg\aXagX YhaV\baTerT Xa X_ VTfb WX ha X]qeV\gb ib_hagTe\b3 XagbaVXf%
ft_b _bf ib_hagTe\bf gXaWerTa WXeXV[b T \aZXe\e T_Vb[b_'

=3 La gXeVXe `qgbWb W\YhaW\Wb cTeT TgTVTe XfgT ceX`\fT Xfge\UT Xa


WX`bfgeTe dhX Xf haT ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta Vba XkVXcV\baXf VbabV\WTf% l%
cbe XaWX% \aTVXcgTU_X' CT cbf\U\_\WTW WX fXe eXV_hgTWbf ab Xf Ve\gXe\b
ip_\Wb% chXfgb dhX _bf [b`UeXf WX `pf WX geX\agT l V\aVb Tsbf% dhX
Xi\WXagX`XagX ab fba cTf\U_Xf WX eXV_hgT`\Xagb% g\XaXa WXeXV[b T UXUXe
T_Vb[b_' CT UXU\WT% XagbaVXf% WXcXaWX WX T_Zua bgeb Ve\gXe\b b Ve\gXe\bf'
KbWb Xfgb ab f\Za\Y\VT dhX _bf ]tiXaXf WX W\XV\bV[b Tsbf ab gXaZTa
WXeXV[b T \aZXe\e UXU\WTf T_Vb[t_\VTf3 _T eXYhgTV\ta ft_b WX`hXfgeT dhX
_T cbf\U\_\WTW WX fXe __T`TWbf T Vh`c_\e Vba X_ fXei\V\b `\_\gTe ab Xf
ceX`\fT b eTmta ip_\WT dhX chXWT XfZe\`\efX'

Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% gbWT fhcbf\V\ta chXWX fXe TgTVTWT cbe hab WX geXf
`XW\bf3 b U\Xa fbf_TlT _bf [XV[bf% _bf XiTWX% b _bf W\fgbef\baT'
CX\UJbJVX\ UX\ QNLQX\ VhTaWb ab TWiXeg\`bf dhX [Tl XkVXcV\baXf

''&
T V\XegTf eXZ_Tf4 VhTaWb Tc_\VT`bf haT eXZ_T Xa haT f\ghTV\ta Xa dhX
bgeT Xf `pf Tc_\VTU_X4 VhTaWb \aVhee\`bf Xa iTfgTf ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf "l
fbfgXaX`bf dhX _b dhX Xf V\Xegb Xa T_Zhabf VTfbf% _b Xf Xa gbWbf#4 VhTaWb
XYXVghT`bf ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf TceXfheTWTf "Vba UTfXf \afhY\V\XagXf#4 b
VhTaWb U\YheVT`bf ha gX`T f\a TeZh`Xagbf fhY\V\XagXf' Gbe X]X`c_b%
WXV_TeTe dhX b Xfgpf Vba`\Zb% b Xa VbageT WX `\ c_TagXT X_ VTfb Xa dhX
_Tf T_gXeaTg\iTf chXWXa ab fXe gTa XkV_hlXagXf' 8 iXVXf bUfXeiT`bf XfgX
g\cb WX TeZh`Xagbf Xa X_ cbfgh_TWb WX dhX% b U\Xa fX Xfgp Xa YTibe WX
haT TVV\ta WXV\W\WT Xa VbageT WX _T W\fVe\`\aTV\ta% b WX _b VbageTe\b
ab fX Xfgp W\fchXfgb T Vb`UTg\e_T' <i\WXagX`XagX VTUX Tdhr haT gXeVXeT
T_gXeaTg\iT% X_ WXfXb WX TWbcgTe `XW\WTf Tag\&W\fVe\`\aTgbe\Tf dhX ab
\`c_\dhXa WX cbe fr W\fVe\`\aTV\ta Xa X_ fXag\Wb \aiXefb'
7_JMRVX\ UX\ QNLQX\" Xa ahXfgeTf fhcbf\V\baXf% VhTaWb WT`bf cbe
fXagTWb T_Zb dhX gbWTirT ab [T f\Wb cebUTWb "cbe X]X`c_b% eXTY\e`TaWb
ahXfgeT cbfgheT be\Z\aTe\T Xa _hZTe WX Ue\aWTe_X Tcblb TW\V\baT_#%
VhTaWb TcX_T`bf T Vbaf\WXeTV\ta XfcXV\T_% b VhTaWb VTX`bf Xa _T
YT_TV\T WX `bW\Y\VTe X_ gX`T "b fXT% TeZh`XagTaWb Xa YTibe WX _b dhX Xa
eXT_\WTW Xf ha gX`T W\YXeXagX#' <]X`c_b WX Xfgb u_g\`b fXerT T_Zh\Xa dhX
W\VX3 Dhl U\Xa% W\fVhgT`bf X_ gX`T WX _T WXYXafT aTV\baT_' {>TfgTeX`bf
`pf Xa `\f\_Xf% b WXW\VTeX`bf `pf YbaWbf T _Tf YhXemTf geTW\V\baT_Xf7
CT VhXfg\ta be\Z\aT_ XeT f\ ZTfgTerT`bf T_Zb% `pf% `Xabf% b _b `\f`b3
cXeb Xa _T ceXZhagT Tdhr c_TagXTWT fX WT Wbe fXagTWb dhX lT [X`bf
WXV\W\Wb \aVeX`XagTe _bf ZTfgbf WX WXYXafT'
6R\]X[\RXWJVX\ UX\ QNLQX\ VhTaWb X`c_XT`bf TaT_bZrTf YT_fTf dhX
\aWhVXa T Xeebe " eXZ\fgeTe gbWbf _bf XaVXaWXWbeXf X \`cXW\e \aVXaW\bf
Xa _bf UbfdhXf #% \WXag\Y\VT`bf VThfTf YT_fTf "cbe X]X`c_b% dhX gbWTf
_Tf ZhXeeTf Xa dhX <fgTWbf La\Wbf cTeg\V\ct Xa X_ f\Z_b OO ghi\Xeba
_hZTe Vba ZbU\Xeabf WX_ cTeg\Wb WX`tVeTgT#% b cebcbaX`bf haT gXf\f ab
cXeg\aXagX Vb`b `XW\b WX WXfi\Te _T TgXaV\ta "T_Zb dhX TaT_\mTeX`bf
_hXZb#'

IXYhgTV\ta WX _Tf TcX_TV\baXf T _T Vb`cTf\ta

8cX_Te T _T Vb`cTf\ta Tfr Vb`b T _T Thgbe\WTW% JM YXY^U^V b T_


ceXVXWXagX% fX WT Xa ZeTa `XW\WT Vb`b \agXagb WX ZTaTefX X_ UXaXc_pV\gb
WX_ cuU_\Vb' J\ T_ZhaT WX XfgTf Ybe`Tf WX TcX_TV\ta [T f\Wb Xk\gbfT%
fXep \`cbegTagX% XagbaVXf% gb`Te VbaV\XaV\T WX dhX X_ cuU_\Vb Xa V\XegT

'''
`XW\WT YTibeXVX XfX g\cb WX TeZh`Xagb' ;;X T[r dhX fh eXYhgTV\ta WXUX
fXZh\e hab WX Wbf VT`\abf4 b U\Xa TcX_T`bf T ha TeZh`Xagb WX _T
`\f`T aTgheT_XmT cXeb WX beWXa `pf X_XiTWb% b cebVheT`bf WTe ihX_gT
T _bf TeZh`Xagbf'
J\ fh e\iT_ [T TcX_TWb T _T Vb`cTf\ta% hfgXW WXUXep TVghTe Vb`b f\
XfX X]X`c_b WX Vb`cTf\ta YhXfX haT ceX`\fT ZXaXeT_' 8sTWT XagbaVXf
T_ZhaT ceX`\fT cebc\T dhX VeXT TVXcgTU_X cTeT X_ cuU_\Vb% cXeb __XZhX
T haT VbaV_hf\ta dhX ab Vb\aV\WT Vba _T WX fh e\iT_' Gbe X]X`c_b%
fhcbaZT`bf dhX fh TWiXefTe\b [T TeZh`XagTWb dhX WXUXerT`bf
WXfgeh\e gbWbf _bf Te`T`Xagbf Tgt`\Vbf% X \a\V\TWb fh TeZh`Xagb Vba
ha WXgT__TWb XkT`Xa WX _Tf VbafXVhXaV\Tf WX ?\ebf[\`T' 8f\`\f`b%
fhcbaZT`bf dhX [T _bZeTWb fh cebctf\gb WX TcX_Te T _T Vb`cTf\ta
WX_ cuU_\Vb3 qfgX Xi\WXagX`XagX f\XagX c\XWTW cbe _bf dhX fhYeXa' CT
ua\VT `TaXeT cbf\U_X WX VbageTTgTVTe gT_ TcX_TV\ta Xfgp Xa fXsT_Te
dhX f\ <fgTWbf La\Wbf ab [hU\XeT cbfXrWb b hg\_\mTWb Te`Tf Tgt`\VTf
VbageT ATcta "TeZh`Xagb WX fh e\iT_#% l dhX f\ _T ZhXeeT [hU\XeT gXa\Wb
dhX fXe WXY\a\WT cbe haT \aiTf\ta WX _Tf \f_Tf ]TcbaXfTf% XagbaVXf
"TsTW\XaWb Tdhr _T ceX`\fT fhc_X`XagTe\T# fXZua gbWb Vp_Vh_b
_Tf UT]Tf WX T`Ubf _TWbf% \aV_h\Wbf V\i\_Xf l `\_\gTeXf% [TUerTa f\Wb
Tfgebat`\VTf' 8ZeqZhXfX XagbaVXf _T ceXZhagT3 {:hpagbf a\sbf
]TcbaXfXf l abegXT`Xe\VTabf}l fhf cTWeXf}Xfgpa i\ibf ZeTV\Tf T _T
iT_\XagX WXV\f\ta WX Teeb]Te XfT Ub`UT7 <_ X`c_Xb WX Te`Tf Tgt`\VTf
Xa iXeWTW eXWh]b X_ fhYe\`\Xagb'
:b`b fXZhaWb X]X`c_b% \`TZ\aX`bf T ha TUbZTWb dhX WXY\XaWX
T ha WX_\aVhXagX ]hiXa\_ TWhV\XaWb dhX% LXVX fh WXYXaW\Wb Xf ]biXa%
WXUX`bf NW]XWLN\ [TVXe VbaVXf\baXf' <fgp TcX_TaWb T _T Vb`cTf\ta WX
TVhXeWb T _T f\Zh\XagX XfgehVgheT3 WXU\Wb T a" fX WXfceXaWX dhX b$
8dhr WXUX`bf WTe ihX_gT X_ TeZh`Xagb __XZTaWb T haT VbaV_hf\ta
W\YXeXagX T cTeg\e WX _T `\f`T ceX`\fT3 WXU\Wb T a" ab fX chXWb __XZTe T
l' :b`b fX geTgT WX ha ]biXa% ab WXUX`bf [TVXe a\aZhaT VbaVXf\ta4 Xfb
VbageTe\b XfgTerT`bf T_XagTaWb _T `T_T VbaWhVgT ]hiXa\_ l fXagTaWb
ha ceXVXWXagX'

IXYhgTV\ta WX _T Thgbe\WTW

?Tl Wbf `TaXeTf WX fbVTiTe X_ eXVhefb T _T Thgbe\WTW Xa fh e\iT_%


fXT `XW\TagX ha TgTdhX JM QXVRWNV WX _Tf Thgbe\WTWXf XfcXV\Y\VTf T _Tf

''$(
dhX T_hWX% b geTlXaWb T Vb_TV\ta Thgbe\WTWXf VbageTe\Tf' <k\fgXa cbe _b
`Xabf fX\f g\cbf W\YXeXagXf WX TgTdhXf JM QXVRWNV VbageT haT Thgbe\WTW'
<a ce\`Xe _hZTe% f\ fX V\gT T WXgXe`\aTWb ab`UeX Vb`b Thgbe\WTW
l% T _T iXm% fX fTUX dhX Tdhq_ cbfXX bc\a\baXf cbVb T gbab Vba _Tf
TcX_TV\baXf T _T Vb`cTf\ta% JM YXY^U^V" b X_ ceXVXWXagX XfZe\`\Wb cbe fh
TWiXefTe\b% WXUXep hfgXW XagbaVXf _TamTefX VbageT W\V[T \aVb[XeXaV\T'
Mb_iT`bf T ha X]X`c_b ceXi\b' J\ fh e\iT_ [T TeZh`XagTWb Xa VbageT
WX_ T_`TVXaT`\Xagb WX Te`Tf ahV_XTeXf l% Tha `pf% [T X]X`c_\Y\VTWb
fh TeZh`Xagb TcX_TaWb T _T Vb`cTf\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb cbe _b bVhee\Wb
Xa ?\ebf[\`T% T`qa WX V\gTe Vb`b Thgbe\WTW fbUeX _bf XYXVgbf WX _Tf
Xkc_bf\baXf ahV_XTeXf T T_Zua TaT_\fgT V\XagrY\Vb b `\_\gTe% WXUXep hfgXW
cebVXWXe WX _T `TaXeT f\Zh\XagX3 J\ X_ TaT_\fgT `\_\gTe b V\XagrY\Vb Xf
XkcXegb Xa _Tf VbafXVhXaV\Tf WX _bf WXfTfgeXf cebibVTWbf Vb`b Vbeb_Te\b
WX _Tf Xkc_bf\baXf ahV_XTeXf l% T _T iXm% Xfgp Xa YTibe WX TVh`h_Te W\V[bf
Te`T`Xagbf% WXUXep _bZeTe dhX _b TW`\gT WX \a`XW\Tgb' J\ X_ XkcXegb
T_ dhX TVhW\t fh bcbaXagX ab Vb`cTegX fh VbaV_hf\ta Y\aT_% hfgXW _b
cbaWep Xa ha iXeWTWXeb Tce\Xgb'
<a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% f\ X_ ceXfhagb XkcXegb cXegXaXVX T haT
TZehcTV\ta b WXY\XaWX haT VThfT [TV\T _T VhT_% fXZua lT fTUX hfgXW%
X_ cuU_\Vb fX `hXfgeT [bfg\_% fbVTiX XagbaVXf fh Thgbe\WTW TWhV\XaWb
fh Vh_cT cbe TfbV\TV\ta3 Vba gbWT fXZhe\WTW% T_Zh\Xa dhX cXegXaXmVT
T beZTa\mTV\baXf VhXfg\baTU_Xf ab chXWX fXe haT Thgbe\WTW W\ZaT WX
VbaY\TamT' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ ha cb_\VrT Xf TVhfTWb WX W\fcTeTe VbageT ha
[b`UeX aXZeb WXfTe`TWb% l fX __T`T T ha XkcXegb Xa UT_rfg\VT cTeT
gXfg\`ba\Te dhX _T UT_T YhX XYXVg\iT`XagX W\fcTeTWT cbe X_ eXit_iXe WX
XfX cb_\VrT% iXe\Y\dhX T dhq TZehcTV\baXf chXWX cXegXaXVXe W\V[b XkcXegb'
J\ qfgX% cbe X]X`c_b% Vb_TUbeT Vba eXZh_Te\WTW Vba haT TZehcTV\ta WX
WXYXafT WX _bf WXeXV[bf V\i\_Xf WX _T ZXagX WX Vb_be% l hfgXW fTUX dhX
Xfgp TagX ha cuU_\Vb b ]heTWb eTV\fgT% W\ih_ZhX XfT \aYbe`TV\ta T _bf
XYXVgbf WX fX`UeTe WhWTf TVXeVT WX _T [baXfg\WTW WX_ Tap_\f\f XYXVghTWb
cbe X_ XkcXegb'
<a gXeVXe _hZTe% chXWX fbVTiTefX _T Thgbe\WTW WX ha XkcXegb fXsT_TaWb
_T W\YXeXaV\T XageX gXberT l cepVg\VT' DhV[rf\`Tf VbfTf chXWXa fbaTe
Ybe`\WTU_Xf Xa gXberT% Vb`b X_ WXV\e dhX _Tf Vb`chgTWbeTf [Ta __XZTWb
cTeT fT_iTe T_ [b`UeX% cTeT ]hXZb eXfh_gTe gbgT_`XagX YT__\WTf Xa _T
cepVg\VT' Gbe X]X`c_b% T_ geTgTe WX bUgXaXe Tcblb cuU_\Vb cTeT ha
cebZeT`T XfcTV\T_% fX VbaibVt T `hV[bf XkcXegbf cTeT dhX [TU_TeTa
WX _bf UXaXY\V\bf WX _T \aiXfg\ZTV\ta XYXVghTWT Xa W\V[bf cebZeT`Tf'
8_Zhabf WX Xfbf UXaXY\V\bf Xa eXT_\WTW gbWTirT ab fX [Ta WTWb' DhV[bf
WX X__bf fX UTfTUTa Xa fhchXfgbf gXte\Vbf dhX cbWrTa fXe TgTVTWbf Vba
YTV\_\WTW' Gbe TsTW\WheT% T_ XaYbVTe _T cebU_X`pg\VT [h`TaT% cbe
_b ZXaXeT_ fX abf \ahaWT WX TUfheWTf gXberTf TVXeVT WX fh fb_hV\ta%
l lT fTUX`bf VhpagTf WX _Tf fb_hV\baXf cebchXfgTf [Ta YeTVTfTWb'
8WX`pf% gbWbf fTUX`bf `hl U\Xa dhX _bf XkcXegbf `XaV\baTWbf cbe
fh TWiXefTe\b fba ZXagX dhX i\iX Xa haT gbeeX WX `TeY\_ "fh ha\iXef\WTW
b eXV\agb TVTWq`\Vb#% gbgT_`XagX T_X]TWbf WX _T eXT_\WTW'
<a VhTegb _hZTe% gbWT Thgbe\WTW dhX XaVTeX TUfgeTVV\baXf XkgeX`Tf
chXWX fXe fbVTiTWT f\ TVXaghT`bf _T W\fg\aV\ta XageX gXberT l cepVg\VT'
<_ chXU_b fhX_X ab gXaXe VbaV\XaV\T WX W\V[T W\YXeXaV\T% chXf _bf `XW\bf
cXe\bWrfg\Vbf \aW\fVe\`\aTWT`XagX TahaV\Ta gbWb cebahaV\T`\Xagb
V\Xag\Y\Vb Vb`b [XV[b eXT_ lT Vbafh`TWb' JX geTgT% Xa `hV[bf VTfbf
WX gXf\f cheT`XagX gXte\VTf' Gbe X]X`c_b% cbe \agX_\ZXagX dhX T_Zh\Xa
fXT% {chXWX eXT_`XagX Xkc_\VTe X_ Vb`\Xamb WX_ ha\iXefb7 J\ [hUb ha
Vb`\Xamb% XagbaVXf T_Zb WXU\t WX ceXVXWXe_b' KbWTf _Tf gXberTf fX UTfT a
Xa T_Zua [XV[b% X_X`Xagb b XfgTWb ceXXk\fgXagX% Vb`b ha ZTf XkcTaf\ib'
Eb [Tl% _\gXeT_`XagX% ha Vb`\Xamb WX_ ha\iXefb f\ lT T_Zb XfgTUT T__r'
8WX`pf% {cbWerT`bf ]T`pf iXe\Y\VTe gT_ [XV[b7 Gbe TsTW\WheT% _T
[\fgbe\T WX _T V\XaV\T TUhaWT Xa ab`UeXf WX ZeTaWXf V\XagrY\Vbf dhX
__XZTeba T T_XagTe VeXXaV\Tf YT_fTf% cbe ab WXV\e TUfheWTf' >T_\_Xb% cbe
X]X`c_b% dhXerT Xkc_\VTe _Tf `TeXTf Xa YhaV\ta WX_ fb_' La cbVb W\YrV\_
WX iXe\Y\VTe% XfcXV\T_`XagX Vba _Tf `TeXTf abVgheaTf BXc_Xe% T cXfTe WX
fh ZXa\b% T_XagTUT gbWT haT fXe\X WX VeXXaV\Tf XkgeTsrf\`Tf TVXeVT WX_
`\fg\V\f`b WX _bf au`Xebf' DhV[bf [b`UeXf ZTaTeba YT`T X_TUbeTaWb
gXberTf dhX YhXeba _hXZb eXUTg\WTf'
<a dh\agb _hZTe% l Vb`b eXVhefb u_g\`b VbageT VhT_dh\Xe XkcXegb%
chXWX hfgXW X`ceXaWXe ha TgTdhX ZXaXeT_\mTWb VbageT _T XfcXVrT_\mTV\ta
gbWT' Gbe X]X`c_b% chXWX WXfXfg\`Te b WXfiT_be\mTe _bf VbabV\`\Xagbf WX
ha XkcXegb TcX_TaWb T haT iXeWTW `pf T`c_\T' JhcbaZT`bf dhX WXUX
hfgXW iqefX_Tf Vba ha fhchXfgb XkcXegb Xa `XW\V\aT Vhlb gXfg\`ba\b
ab Xf WX fh TZeTWb' GbWep fXsT_Te XagbaVXf dhX X_ VbabV\`\Xagb Xa
ZXaXeT_ Xf \aV\Xegb% XagbaVXf% Vba gbWT fXZhe\WTW T_Zua g\cb XfcXV\Y\Vb
WX fhchXfgb VbabV\`\Xagb% \aV_hfb X_ VbabV\`\Xagb `qW\Vb% fXep
\aV\Xegb' =\aT_`XagX% cbWerT hfgXW __XZTe T \af\ahTe X_ [XV[b WX dhX
Xk\fgX haT Vbafc\eTV\ta XageX gbWbf _bf XkcXegbf ceXfXagTWbf cbe fh
e\iT_% XfcXV\T_`XagX f\ gbWbf X__bf g\XaXa haT i\f\ta Vb\aV\WXagX'
CT bgeT Ybe`T ZXaXeT_\mTWT WX TgTdhX VbageT XkcXegbf l Thgbe\WTWXf

''*
eXf\WX Xa ceXfXagTe XkcXegbf dhX fhfgXagXa _T bc\a\ta VbageTe\T'
?Tl Tdhr% gT`U\qa% Wbf cbf\U\_\WTWXf' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% f\ VeXX hfgXW dhX
[T cbW\Wb fbVTiTe _T VbaY\TamT WX_ cuU_\Vb Xa _bf XkcXegbf ceXfXagTWbf
cbe fh TWiXefTe\b% ceXfXagX XagbaVXf T fhf cebc\bf XkcXegbf% dhX
TcblTepa fh cbfgh_TWb' <a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% f\ [T gXa\Wb dhX eXVhee\e
T_ dh\agb `qgbWb XfUbmTWb TagXe\be`XagX}haT Verg\VT ZXaXeT_ WX
gbWT Thgbe\WTW l XfcXVrT_\mTV\ta}&% \agebWhmVT XagbaVXf XkcXegbf Xa
X_ cbfgh_TWb bchXfgb T_ WX fh e\iT_% ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX Xa Tcblb WX fh
cebc\b cbfgh_TWb% f\ab Vb`b f\`c_X `TaXeT WX VThfTe \`ceXf\ta' :ba
fXZhe\WTW% f\ gbWbf _bf XkcXegbf Xfgpa Xa WXfTVhXeWb% |ab gXaWep fXag\Wb
T_Zhab eXVhee\e T X__bf <_ Te`T Y\aT_% Xa XfgX VTfb% Xf _T WX_ e\WrVh_b'
Gbe X]X`c_b% _X fhZ\Xeb dhX Vbafh_gX VhT_dh\Xe WXUTgX XageX XkcXegbf
fbUeX _T Ve\TamT WX _bf a\sbf' 9\Xa [TerT`bf Xa eXVbeWTe Tdhr _T UXYT WX
N\__\T` =' 9hV^_Xl% VhTaWb W\]b dhX ceXYXe\erT fXe ZbUXeaTWb cbe _bf
V\Xa ce\`Xebf ab`UeXf dhX TcTeXV\XeTa Xa _T ZhrT gX_XYta\VT WX 9bfgba
TagXf dhX cbe X_ VhXecb TVTWq`\Vb WX _T La\iXef\WTW WX ?TejTeW'

',-­87)*/=2 +,0 TW cbch_h`

CT TcX_TV\baXf JM YXY^U^V fba% cbe fh cebc\T raWb_X% `hl cbch_TeXf'


<_ ce\aV\cT_ `qgbWb dhX chXWX hg\_\mTefX Xa fh VbageT eXf\WX Xa
\aibVTe bgeb TeZh`Xagb JM YXY^U^V dhX TcblX fhf cbfgh_TV\baXf b
iTlT Xa VbageT WX _Tf WX fh e\iT_3 T_Zb dhX% Xa bc\a\ta fhlT% chXWT
X]XeVXe ha TgeTVg\ib Tha `Tlbe' Gbe X]X`c_b% T_ X_XZ\e VTaW\WTgbf cbe
W\fge\gbf fhX_X fhZXe\efX dhX _bf Zehcbf `\abe\gTe\bf fX Vb_bdhXa Xa
haT fhXegX WX UT_hTegX% b dhX fX _Xf Tf\ZaX ha VTaW\WTgb cebVXWXagX
WX_ `\f`b T`U\XagX l Vh_gheT% T Y\aXf WX ZTeTag\mTe_Xf T_Zua g\cb WX
eXceXfXagTV\ta' <fgb cTeXVX Vb[XeXagX Vba _T \agXaV\ta WX`bVepg\VT WX
[TVXe ]hfg\V\T cTeT gbWbf _bf Zehcbf WX \agXeXfXf _XZrg\`bf WXageb WX _T
fbV\XWTW l% cbe XaWX% Vbafg\ghlX ha `qgbWb WX TcX_TV\ta JM YXY^U^V$
GTeT VbageTeeXfgTe_b% cbWerT hfgXW fXsT_Te dhX XfX f\fgX`T WT T _T
`\aberT ibm cXeb `hl cbVb cbWXe% chXfgb dhX fh eXceXfXagTagX cbWep
fXe \ZabeTWb' <a X_ WqV\`b WbVh`Xagb YXWXeT_\fgT% AT`Xf DTW\fba
TeZh`Xagt Xa cbf WX bgeb \WXT_ dhX gT`U\qa Ybe`T cTegX WX_ f\fgX`T
cb_rg\Vb WX \WXT_Xf abegXT`Xe\VTab3 _T \WXT WX dhX WXUX T_XagTefX _T
eXW\fge\UhV\ta cbe W\fge\gbf l cbe bgebf `XW\bf WX _bf eXceXfXagTagXf
cb_rg\Vbf% T Y\a WX eXceXfXagTe haT T`c_\T ZT`T WX \agXeXfXf' <a eXT_\WTW%
T_ gXaXe ha eXceXfXagTagX WX ha Zehcb XfcXVrY\Vb WX \agXeXfXf XfgT`bf
T_XagTaWb X_ YTVV\baT_\f`b% ceXV\fT`XagX XfX `T_ dhX WXfXT`bf Xi\gTe'
?X`bf \agXagTWb Tdhr fbVTiTe haT TcX_TV\ta JM YXY^U^V cbe `XW\b WX
bgeT dhX cTeXVXerT gXaXe TgeTVg\ib `pf iTfgb'
?Tl haT fXZhaWT `TaXeT WX TgTVTe X_ `qgbWb WX TcX_TV\ta JM
YXY^U^V WX fh bcbaXagX3 cXeb fb_b WXUXep eXVhee\efX T X__T f\ T hfgXW
ab fX _X bVheeX ha `bWb XY\VTm WX TcX_Te T_ TeZh`Xagb JM YXY^U^V
VbageTe\b' Cb dhX [Tep XagbaVXf Xf _hamTe ha TgTdhX ZXaXeT_\mTWb fbUeX
gbWT TcX_TV\ta JM YXY^U^V$ ;;XUXep fXsT_Te T_ cuU_\Vb _T `XW\WT Xa dhX _b
dhX _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX TVXcgT Vb`b V\Xegb% eXT_`XagX Xf YT_fb' GbWep
[TVXe dhX _b Xag\XaWTa U\Xa WTaWb X]X`c_b% Vb`b X_ WX dhX T_ZhaT iXm
`hV[T ZXagX VeXrT dhX _T K\XeeT XeT c_TaT% l V\XegT`XagX Xa XfX VTfb
_T bc\a\ta `Tlbe\gTe\T XeT _T XeetaXT' <a X_ eX\ab WX _bf iT_beXf% `pf
Tcebc\TWb cTeT _Tf TcX_TV\baXf JM YXY^U^V" chXWX fXsT_TefX dhX T_ZhaT
iXm YhX `hl `T_ i\fgb VbUeTe \agXeXfXf fbUeX ha ceqfgT`b "T_Zb __T`TWb
hfheT#% `\XageTf dhX [bl haT XVbab`rT Xa `bi\`\Xagb Xf \`cXafTU_X
f\a ha f\fgX`T VeXW\g\V\b dhX WXcXaWT WX_ VbUeb WX \agXeXfXf'
LaT iTe\TagX WX_ gX`T Xfgp Xa TcX_Te T ha iT_be dhX% T _T iXm%
VbageTW\ZT _T cbfgheT JM YXY^U^V ZXaXeT_\mTWT cXeb% ab bUfgTagX% fXT
Vb`cTeg\Wb cbe _bf \agXeXfXf `pf eXWhV\Wbf WX fh cuU_\Vb' Gbe X]X`c_b%
ThadhX _T WX`bVeTV\T b ZbU\Xeab WX _T `TlberT Xf cTegX WX ahXfgeb
eXcXegbe\b ZXaXeT_ JM YXY^U^V" VhTaWb fX geTgT WX \agX_XVghT_Xf Xa
ZXaXeT_ l TVTWq`\Vbf Xa cTeg\Vh_Te cbWep hfgXW TcX_Te T_ X_\g\f`b% _T
VeXXaV\T WX dhX ft_b T cXefbaTf fhcXe\beXf "fhchXfgT`XagX% T VTeZb
WX _T XWhVTV\ta fhcXe\be# chXWX cXe`\greXfX_Xf gb`Te _Tf WXV\f\baXf
VehV\T_Xf' <a XfgX VTfb% `bYTefX WX _Tf VeXXaV\Tf WX _Tf `TfTf eXfh_gT _b
`pf Tcebc\TWb l cXefhTf\ib'

IXYhgTV\ta WX_ cebVXWXagX

CT eXYhgTV\ta bUi\T WX _T TcX_TV\ta T_ ceXVXWXagX Vbaf\fgX Xa \aibVTe


ha ceXVXWXagX Xa VbageTe\b' Gbe X]X`c_b% Xa ha VTfb geTgTWb cbe _T :begX
JhceX`T WX Ahfg\V\T abegX&TaXehVTaT% X_ WX <N\`RLT _N[\^\ 4^RLT "*2,0#%
WXfVhUe\`bf dhX X_ fXsbe BXfj\V^ YhX _Xf\baTWb l dhXWt \aip_\Wb T
eTrm WX ha TVV\WXagX fhYe\Wb Vba fh Thgb`ti\_ 9h\V^ eXV\qa TWdh\e\Wb'
ChXZb fX VbaY\e`t dhX X_ 9h\V^ gXarT YT__Tf WX YTUe\VTV\ta' <_ fXsbe
BXfj\V^ XagTU_t ]h\V\b' <a WXYXafT WX _T 9h\V^% _bf TUbZTWbf WX qfgT

'',
fbfghi\Xeba dhX _T X`ceXfT ab WXUrT fXe eXfcbafTU\_\mTWT cbe ha Thgb
WXYXVghbfb% chXf W\V[T eXfcbafTU\_\WTW TYXVgTerT XVbat`\VT`XagX T
_T 9h\V^ Xa cTeg\Vh_Te l T gbWT _T XVbab`rT Xa ZXaXeT_' <_ ceXVXWXagX
XeT% Tdhr% _T fXZhe\WTW WX_ f\fgX`T WX _\UeX X`ceXfT' Cbf TUbZTWbf WX_
fXsbe BXfj\V^ TeZh`XagTeba dhX fh \aiT_\WXm _X \`cXWrT ZTaTefX _T
i\WT l% cbe _b gTagb% `TagXaXe T fh YT`\_\T' 8dhr X_ ceXVXWXagX XeT _T
VbafXeiTV\ta WX _T YT`\_\T Vb`b \afg\ghV\ta' <_ fXsbe BXfj\V^ ZTat X_
]h\V\b'
CT fXZhaWT `TaXeT WX TgTVTe ha ceXVXWXagX eXf\WX Xa WX`bfgeTe
dhX ab fX Tc_\VT T_ VTfb dhX gXaX`bf XageX `Tabf WXU\Wb T _T ceXfXaV\T
WX V\eVhafgTaV\Tf TgXahTagXf b W\YXeXaV\Tf f\Za\Y\VTg\iTf' @`TZ\aX`bf
ha aThYeTZ\b% l _bf fbUeXi\i\XagXf Xa ha UbgX fT_iTi\WTf _X]bf WX _T
V\i\_\mTV\ta' 8WX`pf% [Tl WX`Tf\TWbf fbUeXi\i\XagXf cTeT _X cXdhXsT
_TaV[T l% cbe TsTW\WheT% T`XaTmT ha gX`cbeT_' 8 Y\a WX dhX T_Zhabf
chXWTa fbUeXi\i\e% _bf bVhcTagXf WX_ UbgX fT_iTi\WTf WXUXa eX`Te
habf Wbf `\_ ^\_t`Xgebf [TfgT _T g\XeeT `pf cetk\`T' ;;X TVhXeWb Vba
X_ ceXVXWXagX% X_ VTc\gpa WXUXerT geTgTe WX fT_iTe T gbWb X_ `haWb l% Xa
beWXa WX ceXYXeXaV\T% T `h]XeXf l a\sbf ce\`Xeb' <_ VTc\gpa i\b_t XfX
ceXVXWXagX% T_ ab cXe`\g\e% ce\`Xeb% dhX gbWb X_ `haWb fhU\XeT T_ UbgX
fT_iTi\WTf% VbaWXaTaWb Tfr T T_Zhabf T dhX fX T[bZTeTa% l% Xa fXZhaWb
gqe`\ab% TVXcgTaWb fb_T`XagX T _bf [b`UeXf l `h]XeXf Yrf\VT`XagX
Tcgbf' =hX Xa]h\V\TWb XagbaVXf% cbe TfXf\aTgb X \aVh`c_\`\Xagb WX fh
WXUXe' Jh WXYXafT fX UTft Xa dhX X_ ceXVXWXagX ab fX Tc_\VTUT Xa XfX
VTfb cbedhX [TUrT V\eVhafgTaV\Tf TgXahTagXf' ;;X [TUXefX TgXa\Wb T_
ceXVXWXagX% gbWbf _bf aphYeTZbf [TUerTa cXeXV\Wb' ?TV\XaWb _b dhX [\mb%
T_Zhabf% T_ `Xabf% chW\Xeba fbUeXi\i\e'
CT gXeVXeT `TaXeT WX Ve\g\VTe ha ceXVXWXagX eTW\VT Xa WX`bfgeTe dhq
bVheeX VhTaWb XfX ceXVXWXagX Xf __XiTWb T fhf XkgeX`bf' Gbe X]X`c_b% X_
cebVXW\`\Xagb WX`bVepg\Vb Vbafg\ghlX ha XkVX_fb ceXVXWXagX% ThadhX
\aTcebc\TWb Xa T_Zhabf VTfbf' @`TZraXfX dhq bVhee\erT f\ [hU\XeT dhX
eXT_\mTe X_XVV\baXf cTeT WXgXe`\aTe dh\qa WXUX che\Y\VTe X_ TZhT cTeT
Vbafh`b WX _T V\hWTW% b cbe dhq `qgbWb che\Y\VTe_T' <fgb ab Xf VhXfg\ta
WX WX`bVeTV\T% f\ab WX XkcXe\XaV\T l WX dhr`\VT'

IXYhgTV\ta WX _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf

GTeT Vb`XamTe% chXWXa TgTVTefX _bf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf XfcXVrY\Vbf

''-­
ceXfXagTWbf cbe ha Vbage\aVTagX T_ ceXfXagTe fhf TeZh`Xagbf' Jhf
WTgbf b \aYbe`TV\baXf chXWXa% fXaV\__T`XagX% fXe YT_fTf' Gbe bgeT cTegX%
_T \aYbe`TV\ta chXWX fXe VbeeXVgT% cXeb \aVbeeXVgT`XagX \agXeceXgTWT'
{:t`b \agXeceXgTe VbeeXVgT`XagX _bf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf7 GTeT
X`cXmTe% XfZe\`\`bf \aYbe`TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT ft_b VhTaWb ab cbWX`bf
Ybe`h_Te T_Zb W\eXVgT`XagX' Gbe X]X`c_b% ab chXWb XkT`\aTe Xa Ybe`T
W\eXVgT X_ g\X`cb cTeT `TsTaT% cXeb fr ceXfXagTe WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf
Xa Tcblb WX `\f cebatfg\Vbf' Cb dhX WXfXb VbabVXe chXWX fXe
WXgXe`\aTWb bU]Xgb% cXefbaT% WTgb "X_ g\X`cb WX `TsTaT#% b gbWb ha
VbaZ_b`XeTWb WX VbfTf "cbe X]X`c_b% gbWbf _bf V\faXf WX_ `haWb#' <_
Zehcb WX bU]Xgbf XkT`\aTWbf fX WXab`\aT YXKUJLRgW" l _T cTegX dhX
XkT`\ab Xa Ybe`T W\eXVgT% V^N\][J$ :hTaWb XkgeTX`bf haT VbaV_hf\ta
TVXeVT WX _T cbU_TV\ta% T cTeg\e WX _T `hXfgeT% XfgT`bf \aY\e\XaWb ha
WTgb XfgTWrfg\Vb' GTeT dhX _T \aYXeXaV\T fXT ug\_% XagbaVXf _T `hXfgeT ab
WXUX XfgTe W\fgbef\baTWT b fXfZTWT Xa WXgXe`\aTWT W\eXVV\ta' GhXWX
XkceXfpefX_b gT`U\qa W\V\XaWb dhX _T `hXfgeT WXUX gb`TefX JU JcJ[" Xa
X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX eXceXfXagX ha fXVgbe geTafiXefT_ WX gbWT _T cbU_TV\ta'
<_ Zb_cX `pf WXiTfgTWbe dhX chXWX TfXfgTefX VbageT _bf WTgbf
XfgTWrfg\Vbf Xfgp Xa cebV_T`Te dhX ab cTegXa WX haT `hXfgeT T_ TmTe%
b fXT dhX _T `hXfgeT Xfgp W\fgbef\baTWT% b ab Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT' <_ `pf
YT`bfb X]X`c_b Xf X_ WX _Tf XaVhXfgTf ceXf\WXaV\T_Xf abegXT`Xe\VTaTf
WX *2,/ eXT_\mTWTf cbe X_ =R]N[J[b 6RPN\]$ KbWbf [X`bf __XZTWb T TVXcgTe
_T VbaYrTU\_\WTW ZXaXeT_ WX _Tf Vb`chgTWbeTf% dhX% fbUeX _T UTfX WX_ hab
cbe V\Xagb WX _bf ibgbf Xa Ff[^bf[% chXWXa ceXWXV\e gbWT haT X_XVV\ta
T a\iX_ aTV\baT_' J\a X`UTeZb% ab f\X`ceX bVhee\t Tfr% XfcXV\T_`XagX Xa
qcbVTf WX `Xabe WXfTeeb__b' <aVhXfgTaWb T cXefbaTf X_XZ\WTf T cTeg\e
WX haT ZhrT gX_XYta\VT% T _Tf dhX fX __T`t cbe gX_qYbab% _bf XaVhXfgTWbeXf
WX_ =R]N[J[b 6RPN\] ceXW\]Xeba dhX 8_YeXW CTaWba WXeebgTerT YpV\_`XagX T
=eTa^_\a ;;' IbbfXiX_g' CT `hXfgeT Vbaf\fgrT Xa `pf WX Wbf `\__baXf WX
__T`TWTf gX_XYta\VTf' :b`b fTUX`bf% IbbfXiX_g fhcXet T CTaWba cbe
TUeh`TWbeT `TlberT% Vba .+, VbageT 1 X_XVgbeXf' CT `hXfgeT% ThadhX
T`c_\T% XfgTUT W\fgbef\baTWT% cbedhX fX UTfTUT Xa cXefbaTf dhX cbWrTa
cTZTe ha gX_qYbab Xa qcbVTf WX _T ;;XceXf\ta% VhTaWb ZeTa cTegX WX _bf
ibgTagXf WX IbbfXiX_g ab gXarTa gX_qYbab'
<_ TeW\W T X`c_XTe Tdhr Vbaf\fgX Xa WXV_TeTe% ab \`cbegT WX dhq fX
geTgX% dhX _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf WX fh e\iT_ ab fX UTfTa Xa haT `hXfgeT T_
TmTe' @WXag\Y\dhX ha YTVgbe% VhT_dh\XeT dhX fXT% l W\ZT dhX XfX YTVgbe
Xf VehV\T_% cXeb dhX fX _b [T cTfTWb cbe T_gb' 8dhr fX eXdhXe\ep V\Xegb

''.
\aZXa\b WX fh cTegX' J\ZT UhfVTaWb [TfgT WTe Vba T_Zua YTVgbe dhX [TlT
f\Wb fbf_TlTWb% \aWXcXaW\XagX`XagX WX dhX Xa eXT_\WTW fXT \`cbegTagX%
l `TV[pdhX_b' 8 Vbag\ahTV\ta _X WT`bf T_Zhabf X]X`c_bf3

{CT `hXfgeT Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT Xa YhaV\ta WX_ ]RNVYX7 "J\X`ceX cbWep


TWhV\e dhX _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf WX_ Tsb cTfTWb Xfgpa WXfTVghT_\mTWTf'#

{CT `hXfgeT Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT Xa YhaV\ta WX_ N\YJLRX7 "{LfgXW


XageXi\fgt T _T ZXagX c_TagT UT]T% ce\`Xe c\fb% fXZhaWb c\fb% XgV'7 <fgb
chXWX fbaTe YhXeT WX _hZTe% cXeb% {dh\qa fTUX7#

{CT `hXfgeT Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT NLXWgVRLJVNW]N7

{CT `hXfgeT Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT PNXP[dORLJVNW]N2 "{<fgp eXceXfXagTWT _T


cbU_TV\ta WX W\fge\gbf `hl eX_\Z\bfbf7 {CT WX _Tf ZeTaWXf heUXf7#

{CT `hXfgeT Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT Xa YhaV\ta WX_ \NaX7 {;;X N\]JMX LR_RU7


{;;X [JcJ7

{CT `hXfgeT Xf eXceXfXagTg\iT cbe NMJM2

<a haT cT_TUeT% [Tl ha \aY\a\gb au`Xeb WX cbf\U\_\WTWXf dhX cbWerTa


eXfh_gTe cXeg\aXagXf l% cbe _b gTagb% WXU\XeTa Xkc_bgTefX' ?hX_ZT WXV\e
dhX f\ hfgXW Xf VbafV\XagX WX T_Zua YTVgbe dhX [T f\Wb \ZabeTWb l Vba X_
VhT_ fTUX dhX fh cuU_\Vb Vb\aV\WX% WXUX fXsT_Te_b WX \a`XW\Tgb'
CT `\f`T gqVa\VT WX WXfgTVTe _T YT_gT WX ha YTVgbe VehV\T_ chXWX
Tc_\VTefX cTeT TgTVTe V\Xegbf ZepY\Vbf b W\TZeT`Tf hg\_\mTWbf' 8cbegTe
X_ YTVgbe b YTVgbeXf dhX YT_gTa% f\ X__b Xf cbf\U_X% cbWep cXe`\g\e_X fbVTiTe
_T VeXW\U\_\WTW WX _bf ZepY\Vbf ceXfXagTWbf% b ceXfXagTe ZepY\Vbf dhX
WX`hXfgeXa _b VbageTe\b' 8 _T UeXiXWTW fXZh\eX`bf Vba X_ gX`T'
CT fXZhaWT `TaXeT WX TgTVTe _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf WX fh Vbage\aVTagX Xfgp
Xa ceXfXagTe haT fXe\X W\YXeXagX WX XfgTWrfg\VTf% Xa VbageTcbf\V\ta Vba _T
fXe\X be\Z\aT_' <fgb% cbe _b `Xabf% g\XaX X_ XYXVgb WX aXhgeT_\mTe VhT_dh\Xe
iXagT]T dhX [TlT cbW\Wb bUgXaXefX T cTeg\e WX fh ceXfXagTV\ta \a\V\T_4 f\
hfgXW [T _bZeTWb eXUTg\e _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf WX fh e\iT_ Xa _T Ybe`T XfUbmTWT
Tee\UT% ceXiT_XVXepa _bf WTgbf WX fhf XfgTWrfg\VTf bchXfgTf' Gbe X]X`c_b%
Vba X_ Y\a WX VbageTWXV\e _bf eXfh_gTWbf WX WXgXe`\aTWT XaVhXfgT cbWep
ceXfXagTe WTgbf WX haT XaVhXfgT cebc\T dhX TcblXa fhf cbfgh_TWbf'

002
Cbf VTaW\WTgbf cb_rg\Vbf WX _T bcbf\V\ta fhX_Xa cTgebV\aTe XaVhXfgTf
ce\iTWTf Vba X_ Y\a WX cXefhTW\e T _bf cbgXaV\T_Xf cTeg\WTe\bf l ibgTagXf
WX dhX X__bf `\f`bf% Vb`b VTaW\WTgbf% eXT_`XagX __XiTa _T WX_TagXeT l
fba _bf cbgXaV\T_Xf ZTaTWbeXf'
La g\cb XfcXV\T_`XagX \`cbegTagX WX XfgTWrfg\VT VbageTchXfgT ab
Xf _T dhX VbageTW\VX T _T fXe\X WX XfgTWrfg\VTf be\Z\aT_Xf "fh XaVhXfgT
WX`hXfgeT dhX JhpeXm __XiT _T WX_TagXeT4 _T WX fh bcbaXagX fX _T Tge\UhlX
T A\`qaXm#% f\ab _T dhX Vb`c_X`XagX T _T fXe\X be\Z\aT_ WX `TaXeT gT_ dhX
chXWT XkgeTXefX haT VbaV_hf\ta W\fg\agT' Gbe X]X`c_b% _bf X`ceXfTe\bf
cbWepa fXsT_Te dhX _bf fhX_Wbf [Ta fhU\Wb T e\g`b TVX_XeTWb' <fgb
chXWX fXe `hl V\Xegb' 8 _T iXm% hfgXW chXWX ceXfXagTe haT XfgTWrfg\VT
dhX WX`hXfgeX dhX X_ Vbfgb WX i\WT [T fhU\Wb Xa Ybe`T WXfVb`haT_4 WX
T[r dhX X_ iXeWTWXeb cbWXe TWdh\f\g\ib WX _bf fT_Te\bf chXWX fXe `hV[b
`Xabe dhX VhTaWb _bf fhX_Wba XeTa \aYXe\beXf' <fgX g\cb WX XfgTWrfg\VT
VbageTchXfgT Xf `hl XY\VTm cTeT Vb`UTg\e haT Vb`cTeTV\ta \_rV\gT b
dhX \aWhmVT T Xeebe' :hTaWb _T bcbf\V\ta [T hg\_\mTWb ha ZepY\Vb cTeT
ceXfXagTe haT Vb`cTeTV\ta dhX \aWhmVT T Xeebe% WXUX hg\_\mTefX bgeb
ZepY\Vb dhX \aVbecbeX ahXiTf XfgTWrfg\VTf Xa VbageTcbf\V\ta Vba _Tf
ce\`XeTf'

*2/) *2/. *20)

<a XfgX ZepY\Vb fhcbaX`bf dhX _T bcbf\V\ta "_bf X`ceXfTe\bf#


ceXfXagTeba _T _raXT XagXeT be\Z\aT_% l abfbgebf "X_ f\aW\VTgb# [X`bf

'(&
fhcXechXfgb _T _raXT WX chagbf dhX \aW\VT X_ Vbfgb WX i\WT% cTeT
WX`bfgeTe X_ iXeWTWXeb XfgTWb WX _Tf VbfTf'
8_ ceXfXagTe XfgTWrfg\VTf% cbWep fhc_X`XagpefX_Tf Vba ha TeZh`Xagb
JM QXVRWNV$ Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ fh Vbage\aVTagX ab Xfgp T_ gTagb WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T
WX XfgTWrfg\VTf Vba WTgbf VbageTe\bf T _bf dhX fhfgXagTa fh cbfgh_TWb%
hfgXW cbWep WTe T XagXaWXe dhX Tdhq_ ab [T \aiXfg\ZTWb Vh\WTWbfT`XagX
X_ VTfb3 Xfgb g\XaWX T fbVTiTe _T VbaY\TamT WX_ cuU_\Vb gT`U\qa Xa _b dhX
eXfcXVgT T_ eXfgb WX fhf TeZh`XagTV\baXf' J\ fh Vbage\aVTagX fr Xfgp T_
gTagb WX XfTf XfgTWrfg\VTf dhX VbageTW\VXa fhf TeZh`Xagbf cXeb ab _Tf
[T V\gTWb% XagbaVXf cbWep hfgXW \agXagTe WXfXa`TfVTeTe_b3 Xf ha Ue\Uta
"b% cXbe Tha% ha `Xag\ebfb# dhX XaZTsT T fh cuU_\Vb fhce\`\XaWb
\aYbe`TV\ta cXeg\aXagX' GhXfgb dhX aTW\X Xa eXT_\WTW chXWX ceXfXagTe
[TfgT X_ u_g\`b WTgb Xk\fgXagX fbUeX ha gX`T% T hfgXW f\X`ceX _X iXaWep
U\Xa eXVhee\e T XfgT gqVa\VT' J\ Xfgp fXZheb WX VbagTe Vba _Tf f\`cTgrTf
WX_ cuU_\Vb% c_TagXX eX\gXeTWT`XagX haT ceXZhagT eXgte\VT3 {Gbe dhq ab
fX `XaV\bat XfgX WTgb7
J\ ab XaVhXageT YT__T T_ZhaT Xa _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf WX fh TWiXefTe\b a\
chXWX ceXfXagTe WTgbf dhX _Tf VbageTW\ZTa% WXUXep XagbaVXf X`ceXaWXe
ha TgTdhX ZXaXeT_\mTWb VbageT X_ X`c_Xb `\f`b WX XfgTWrfg\VTf3 T_Zb
dhX cbWep [TVXe fbfgXa\XaWb ce\`Xeb TagX X_ cuU_\Vb dhX gbWT cXefbaT
\aYbe`TWT fTUX `hl U\Xa dhX _bf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf fX ceXfgTa T `T_bf
hfbf' <fgb% cbe bgeT cTegX% Xf V\Xegb' GebVXWT XagbaVXf T X]X`c_\Y\VTe
T_Zhabf VTfbf'
GTeT X`cXmTe% _T \aYbe`TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT fX UTfT Xa WTgbf TVXeVT
WX haT V_TfX WX cXefbaTf% ehUebf% [XV[bf% bU]Xgbf% XgV' Eb fX geTgT% Xa
eXT_\WTW% WX \aYbe`TV\ta TVXeVT WX haT cXefbaT% ehUeb% [XV[b h bU]XVgb
T grgh_b \aW\i\WhT_3 WX T[r dhX f\X`ceX fXT cbf\U_X dhX _b dhX fX Tc_\VT T_4
Zehcb ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX Xf V\Xegb eXfcXVgb WX ha `\X`Ueb \aW\i\WhT_
WX W\V[b Zehcb' ;;XV\e dhX _T YT`\_\T abegXT`Xe\VTaT ceb`XW\b g\XaX +%
. [\]bf ab f\Za\Y\VT TY\e`Te dhX _bf J`\g[ WX _T VTfT WX T_ _TWb gXaZTa
+% . [\]bf3 T_Zb% WX gbWb `bWbf% _\gXeT_`XagX \`cbf\U_X' <_ [XV[b WX
dhX _bf VbaWhVgbeXf WX `Xabf WX iX\ag\V\aVb Tsbf Vbafg\ghlTa% WXfWX
X_ chagb WX i\fgT XfgTWrfg\Vb% ha e\XfZb `Tlbe cTeT _bf TfXZheTWbeXf%
ab dh\XeX WXV\e dhX gbWb VbaWhVgbe WX `Xabf WX iX\ag\V\aVb Tsbf fXT
\`cehWXagX'
J\ fh Vbage\aVTagX [T ceXfXagTWb WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf TVXeVT WX
ha \aW\i\Whb% hfgXW f\X`ceX cbWep X_TUbeTe T_ZhaTf cehXUTf cTeT
WX`bfgeTe _b bchXfgb' JhcbaZT`bf% cbe X]X`c_b% dhX fh TWiXefTe\b Xfgp

'('
geTgTaWb WX WX`bfgeTe dhX JpaV[Xm fX XaVhTWeT WXageb WX _T g\cb_bZrT
WX_\Vg\iT% l dhX bYeXmVT _bf f\Zh\XagXf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf3

<_ fXgXagT l V\aVb cbe V\Xagb WX _bf [TU\gTagXf WX _bf UTee\bf UT]bf
fba cebcXafbf T_ WX_\gb'
CdWLQNc QJKR]J UX\ KJ[[RX\ KJSX\$

Gbe _b gTagb% Xf `hl cebUTU_X dhX JpaV[Xm fXT cebcXafb T_ WX_\gb'

GTeT VbageTeeXfgTe XfgX TeZh`Xagb l WX`bfgeTe _b e\WrVh_b WX_ X`c_Xb


WX XfgTWrfg\VTf% cbWep hfgXW ceXfXagTe X_ f\Zh\XagX TeZh`Xagb3

<_ hab cbe V\Xagb WX gbWbf _bf KXfg\Zbf WX AX[bip Xf cebcXafb T_


WX_\gb'
CdWLQNc N\ DN\]RPX MN SNQX_d$

Gbe _b gTagb% Xf `hl \`cebUTU_X dhX JpaV[Xm fXT cebcXafb T_


WX_\gb'

Jh fXZhaWb X]X`c_b WXUXep hg\_\mTefX cTeT WX`bfgeTe dhX VhT_dh\Xe


\agXagb WX XkgeTXe VbaV_hf\baXf T cTeg\e WX WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf Xa _b
dhX eXfcXVgT T_ Yhgheb% cebVXfb VbabV\Wb Vb`b Na][JYXUJLRgW" eXfh_gT
e\XfZbfb% cbe ab WXV\e \`cbf\U_X' ;;\V[T XkgeTcb_TV\ta WXUX UTfTefX Xa X_
fhchXfgb WX dhX ab fX `bW\Y\VTepa _Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf% l WX dhX X_ cebVXfb
WXfVe\cgb XfgTWrfg\VT`XagX ab ceXfXagT fhf cebc\Tf \`c_\VTV\baXf'
Gebabfg\VTe X_ Vbfgb WX i\WT WX Tdhr T V\aVb Tsbf fXep ha W\fcTeTgX f\ ab
fX gb`T Xa VhXagT Vt`b eXTVV\baTep X_ ceXf\WXagX WX _T ETV\ta b X_ WX_
9TaVb :XageT_ WX fhU\e b UT]Te Wepfg\VT`XagX gT_ raW\VX' Gbf\U_X`XagX X_
`X]be X]X`c_b WX _b TUfheWb dhX chXWXa fXe _Tf XkgeTcb_TV\baXf fXT X_
dhX WT DTe^ KjT\a% Xa X_ f\Zh\XagX cTfT]X WX FRMJ NW NU >R\R\RYf0

<a X_ XfcTV\b WX *0/ Tsbf X_ UT]b D\f\f\cr fX TVbegt Xa +-­+ `\__Tf' <fgb
\aW\VT ha ceb`XW\b WX T_Zb `pf WX haT `\__T l ha gXeV\b cbe Tsb'
Gbe _b gTagb% VhT_dh\Xe cXefbaT fXeXaT% dhX ab cTWXVX WX VXZhXeT b
WX \W\bg\f`b% cbWep iXe dhX Xa X_ Tag\Zhb cXerbWb f\_ue\Vb bb_rg\Vb X_
UT]b D\f\f\cr gXarT haT XkgXaf\ta WX `pf WX ha `\__ta geXfV\XagTf `\_
`\__Tf% l dhX cTfTUT cbe XaV\`T WX_ >b_Yb WX Dqk\Vb Vb`b haT VTsT WX
cXfVTe' ;;X TVhXeWb Vba XfTf cThgTf% VhT_dh\XeT chXWX iXe dhX WXageb

'((
WX 0-­+ Tsbf X_ UT]b D\f\f\cr ft_b gXaWep haT XkgXaf\ta WX haT `\__T l
geXf VhTegbf% l _Tf V\hWTWXf WX :T\eb l EhXiT Fe_XTaf [TUepa ha\Wb
fhf VT__Xf% l fhUf\fg\epa Vt`bWT`XagX Vba ha T_VT_WX ua\Vb l ha fb_b
VbafX]b iXV\aT_' CT V\XaV\T g\XaX T_Zb WX YTfV\aTagX3 Vba `hl cbVbf
WTgbf% chXWXa XkgeTXefX Vba]XgheTf TcTUh__TagXf'

<_ gbeVXe X]X`c_b WX _T Yhg\_\WTW WX _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf Xf geTW\V\baT_`XagX


VbabV\Wb Vb`b _T OJUJLRJ MNU S^PJMX[$ :b`b gbWbf fTUX`bf% f\ Teeb]T`bf T_
T\eX haT `baXWT Vb`ua l Vbee\XagX bUgXaWeX`bf VTeT b VXVT3 ft_b Xk\fgXa
Wbf cbf\U\_\WTWXf' Gbe XaWX% [Tl haT cebUTU\_\WTW Xa Wbf WX bUgXaXe VTeT'
<_ eXfh_gTWb Xf ha [XV[b Ybegh\gb' :_Teb Xfgp dhX f\ Teeb]T`bf _T `baXWT
Wbf iXVXf% _Tf cbf\U\_\WTWXf WX dhX fT_ZT VTeT Wbf iXVXf fba WX haT Xa
VhTgeb% l Tfr fhVXf\iT`XagX' JhcbaZT`bf dhX ha ]hZTWbe TchXfgT T VTeT
b VXVT b" TWX`pf% dhX [T fT_\Wb VTeT V\aVb iXVXf fXZh\WTf' GhXfgb dhX [T
\agXeceXgTWb XeetaXT`XagX _T gXberT WX cebUTU\_\WTWXf% X_ ]hZTWbe cbWep
cXafTe dhX Xf `hl ZeTaWX _T cebUTU\_\WTW WX dhX fT_ZT VXVT geTf haT
fXe\X WX VTeTf4 V\XegT`XagX% dhX XfT cebUTU\_\WTW Xf `Tlbe dhX WX haT Xa
Wbf' <agbaVXf TchXfgT T VXVT% l c\XeWX' CT YT_TV\T Xfgp Xa VeXXe dhX haT
fXe\X WX [XV[bf Ybegh\gbf "VTeT V\aVb iXVXf fXZh\WTf# T_gXeT _T cbf\U\_\WTW
WX dhX W\V[b [XV[b "VTeT# f\ZT WpaWbfX Xa X_ Yhgheb' <_ [XV[b WX Teeb]Te
_T `baXWT Vbafg\ghlX% VTWT iXm% ha [XV[b \aWXcXaW\XagX fbUeX X_ dhX
ab \aY_hlXa _bf [XV[bf cTfTWbf' :TWT iXm dhX Teeb]T`bf _T `baXWT% _T
cebUTU\_\WTW f\ZhX f\XaWb _T `\f`T3 WX haT Xa Wbf' <fgb abf __XiT T _T
eXYhgTV\ta Y\aT_ WX_ X`c_Xb WX XfgTWrfg\VTf' {Gbe dhq [TUerT`bf WX VeXXe
dhX _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX bUgXaXe VTeT b VXVT Xf WX haT Xa Wbf7 {8_ZhaT iXm
Teeb]t haT `baXWT T_ T\eX cTeT iXe dhq bVheeX7 GehXUX W\Xm iXVXf% l
iXT' "<a XfgX VTfb cbWep hfgXW X]XVhgTe W\V[T TVV\ta TagX X_ cuU_\Vb Xa _T
XfcXeTamT WX bUgXaXe haT Vb`U\aTV\ta WX fX\f l VhTgeb% b WX f\XgX l geXf
VTeTf l VXVTf' J\ Xfgb ab fhVXWX Teeb]TaWb _T `baXWT W\Xm iXVXf [pZT_b
iX\agX% l Tfr fhVXf\iT`XagX% [TfgT dhX _bf eXfh_gTWbf fXTa abgbe\T`XagX
W\fcTeXf'#
8aT_\VX`bf _bf Wbf VTfbf f\Zh\XagXf WX_ X`c_Xb WX XfgTWrfg\VTf' La
VTaW\WTgb T _T _XZ\f_TgheT WX ha XfgTWb b cebi\aV\T TgTVT T_ _XZ\f_TWbe
dhX TVghT_`XagX bVhcT W\V[T UTaVT fbUeX _T UTfX WX dhX XfgX u_g\`b [T
YT_gTWb T_ iX\ag\V\aVb cbe V\Xagb WX gbWTf _Tf ibgTV\baXf eXT_\mTWTf Xa
X_ JXaTWb' JX __XZT Tfr T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX dhX X_ TVghT_ _XZ\f_TWbe ab Xfgp
Vh`c_\XaWb Vba eXfcbafTU\_\WTW fhf YhaV\baXf' CT cehXUT V\gTWT fheZX
WX haT eXi\f\ta WX *)))) ibgbf \aWXcXaW\XagXf Xa haT Vb`chgTWbeT'

'()
<a eX_TV\ta Vba Xfgbf ibgbf% gT_ iXm dhXeeT`bf Ybe`h_Te _Tf f\Zh\XagXf
ceXZhagTf3 "T# {fX geTgTUT WX ibgTV\baXf fbUeX gX`Tf \`cbegTagXf% b
W\eXVgT`XagX eX_TV\baTWbf Vba X_ W\fge\gb7 "U# {_T ThfXaV\T WX_ _XZ\f_TWbe
T_gXet Vbaf\WXeTU_X`XagX _bf eXfh_gTWbf7 DhV[Tf iXVXf% X_ eXfh_gTWb lT
fX VbabVX WX TagX`Tab% WX `bWb dhX _T ceXfXaV\T WX T_Zhabf \agXZeTagXf
WX _T _XZ\f_TgheT ab XfXaV\T_'
La fXZhaWb VTfb Xf X_ Tg\aXagX T _T \`cbegTaV\T eX_Tg\iT WX _T V_TfX
fbV\T_% cbe Vb`cTeTV\ta Vba eX_\Z\ta% Xa X_ eXfh_gTWb WX _Tf ibgTV\baXf
T _Tf dhX fX ceXfXagTeba VTaW\WTgbf aTm\f Xa 8_X`Ta\T WXfWX *2+2 Xa
TWX_TagX' <f W\YhaW\WT VeXXaV\T _T WX dhX _bf aTm\f YhXeba __XiTWbf T_
cbWXe cbe _T cXdhXsT UheZhXfrT "Vba _b VhT_ _T \`cbegTaV\T WX _T V_TfX
fbV\T_ fXerT VehV\T_#' I\V[TeW =' ?T`\_gba% cbe fh cTegX% [T XfghW\TWb
Xa `Tlbe cebYhaW\WTW X_ Tfhagb l V\gT WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf Xa X_ fXag\Wb
WX dhX _T eX_\Z\ta WXfX`cXsb ha cTcX_ `hV[b `pf \`cbegTagX' Cbf
VT`cXf\abf T_X`TaXf Vb`ua`XagX fba Vbaf\WXeTWbf `\X`Uebf WX
_T V_TfX `XW\T UT]T% cXeb Xa gTagb dhX _bf VT`cXf\abf cebgXfgTagXf
TcblTeba T _bf aTm\f% ab _b [\V\Xeba _bf VT`cXf\abf VTgt_\Vbf'
PT dhX XfgT`bf Xa X_ gX`T WX _Tf iXe\Y\VTV\baXf XfgTWrfg\VTf% cbWerT`bf
fXsT_Te T_Zhabf TfcXVgbf Xa eX_TV\ta Vba X_ X_X`Xagb Y[XKJKRURMJM$ =_Tl%
cTeT Vb`XamTe% haT _TeZT [\fgbe\T WX VbagebiXef\Tf Y\_bftY\VTf TVXeVT WX
fh \agXeceXgTV\ta' {CT cebUTU\_\WTW Xf ha Tge\Uhgb WX _bf [XV[bf% WX
TY\e`TV\baXf% b WX _T TVg\ghW WX_ TZXagX "]hZTWbe% cXefcXVg\iT fbV\T_#7
JX [Ta ceXfXagTWb TeZh`Xagbf Xa YTibe WX VTWT haT WX XfgTf cbfgheTf'
GTeT ahXfgebf Y\aXf% VTUX TWiXeg\e dhX X_ Vp_Vh_b WX cebUTU\_\WTWXf
gb`T Vb`b UTfX _T `TgX`pg\VT l% cbe _b gTagb% WT ha XaZTsbfb T\eX
V\XagrY\Vb T T_Zb dhX Xa eXT_\WTW Xf VhXfg\baTU_X' CT iXeWTWXeT `TgX`pg\VT
WX _T cebUTU\_\WTW fX UTfT Xa f\ghTV\baXf Xa _Tf VhT_Xf VbabVX`bf gbWbf
_bf eXfh_gTWbf cebUTU_Xf% VbagTaWb Vba dhX [Tl V\aVhXagT l Wbf aT\cXf
Xa ha `Tmb b fX\f _TWbf Xa ha WTWb' Gbe TsTW\WheT% VhTaWb VT_Vh_T`bf
_Tf cebUTU\_\WTWXf Vb`c_X]Tf Xa YhaV\ta WX_ iT_be WX bgeTf `pf f\`c_Xf
\agXeeX_TV\baTWTf% WXUX`bf eXVbeWTe dhX _T cbaWXeTV\ta be\Z\aT_
cebi\XaX WX ]h\V\bf XYXVghTWbf YhXeT WX_ gXeeXab WX _T `TgX`pg\VT'
8ha X_ X`c_Xb WX_ VbaVXcgb WX YeXVhXaV\T eX_Tg\iT% dhX XfgTU_XVX _b
dhX [T bVhee\Wb Xa X_ cTfTWb "Xf WXV\e% cbe X]X`c_b% _T cebUTU\_\WTW
WX dhX `TsTaT __hXiT#% chXWX fXe VhXfg\baTWb fbUeX _T UTfX WX dhX
ab Vbafg\ghlX haT ZhrT VbaY\TU_X TVXeVT WX [XV[b f\aZh_TeXf "Vb`b X_
g\X`cb cTeT `TsTaT#% b WX dhX _T \WXT WX `hXfgeT T_ TmTe ab Xf V_TeT'
La X]X`c_b T_ VTfb Xf X_ WX Wbf ]hZTWbeXf dhX ab VbaV_hlXa ha

'(*
cTeg\Wb WX ctdhXe l WXV\WXa W\i\W\e Xa Ybe`T Xdh\gTg\iT X_ cbmb' {Hhq
Xf _b Xdh\gTg\ib7 {IXg\eTe X_ V\aVhXagT cbe V\Xagb VTWT hab7 {F gT_ iXm _T
cXefbaT dhX \UT ZTaTaWb `pf [TfgT X_ `b`Xagb fX __XiT gbWb X_ cbmb%
TeZhlXaWb dhX gXarT `TlbeXf cebUTU\_\WTWXf WX ZTaTe7 :b`XamTepa T
iXe hfgXWXf _b W\YrV\_ dhX Xf gb`Te haT WXV\f\ta'

IXYhgTV\ta WX X_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf

CT `TlberT WX _T ZXagX WXfVbaYrT WX _Tf TUfgeTVV\baXf' ;;X T[r dhX%


T _bf XYXVgbf WX fbVTiTe fh X`c_Xb l X_ WX X_TUbeTV\baXf gXte\VTf Xa
_bf TeZh`Xagbf WX fh Vbage\VTagX% ce\`Xeb WXUXep hfgXW fXsT_Te _T
Xk\fgXaV\T WX W\V[Tf TUfgeTVV\baXf' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ fh bcbf\gbe TaT_\mT
_T VbaWhVgT b `bg\iTV\ta WX T_Zh\Xa Xa YhaV\ta WX_ \aVbafV\XagX b
X_ fhUVbafV\XagX YeXhW\Tab% WXUXep hfgXW fXsT_Te WX XageTWT dhX
fX geTgT WX gqe`\abf TUfgeTVgbf' <a fXZhaWb _hZTe% a\aZua gqe`\ab
TUfgeTVgb% cbe WXY\a\V\ta% chXWX [TVXe eXYXeXaV\T T haT b `pf VbfTf
dhX fba W\eXVgT`XagX bUfXeiTU_Xf4 [X Tdhr WbaWX [Tl dhX Xkc_bgTe
_T WXfVbaY\TamT WX_ cuU_\Vb Vb`b YTVgbe' JXsT_X _b \`cbf\U_X dhX Xf
\WXag\Y\VTe X_ \aVbafV\XagX% VeXTaWb _T \`ceXf\ta WX dhX Xf T_Zb dhX
eXT_`XagX ab Xk\fgX' Gbe X]X`c_b% {TWbaWX fX XaVhXageT X_ \aVbafV\XagX
b X_ fhUVbafV\XagX7 {9T]b _T Tk\_T \mdh\XeWT7 {<a X_ WXWb `Xs\dhX7 {<a
X_ VXeXUeb7

IXYhgTV\ta WX _Tf V_Tf\Y\VTV\baXf

8_ [TVXe haT Verg\VT WX _T V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta dhX cebcbaX bgeT cXefbaT%


hfgXW _T Xfgp Ve\g\VTaWb Xa UXaXY\V\b WX_ cuU_\Vb' ;;X T[r dhX fXT
\`cbegTagX eXVbeWTe f\X`ceX Vhp_ Xf X_ chagb WX i\fgT WX XfX cuU_\Vb'
CTf XkVXcV\baXf fba WX Wbf g\cbf3 b U\Xa T_Zb ab XaVT]T cTeT aTWT%
b XaVT]T Xa `pf WX ha _hZTe' Gbe X]X`c_b% fhcbaZT`bf dhX T_Zh\Xa
fbfg\XaX dhX ab [T [TU\Wb a\aZua ZeTa cbXgT abegXT`Xe\VTab Xa X_
f\Z_b OO' LfgXW bYeXVX Vb`b TeZh`Xagb VbageTe\b X_ X]X`c_b WX K'J'
<_\bg' Jh Vbage\aVTagX eXc_\VT dhX <_\bg XeT V\hWTWTab Ue\gpa\Vb' <f Tdhr%
XagbaVXf% WbaWX hfgXW WXUX UTfTefX Xa X_ chagb WX i\fgT WX fh cuU_\Vb'
J\ qfgX Vbaf\WXeT T <_\bg Vb`b abegXT`Xe\VTab% hfgXW WXUXep \af\fg\e Xa
dhX _T V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta WX _bf ZeTaWXf cbXgTf \aV_hlX YbembfT`XagX T <_\bg4

'(+
WX T[r dhX Xk\fgT haT YT__T Xa _T V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta XYXVghTWT cbe fh e\iT_%
chXfgb dhX [T fbf_TlTWb ha ab`UeX'
<_\bg chXWX fXei\e WX X]X`c_b WX ha fXZhaWb g\cb WX cebU_X`Tf'
JhcbaZT`bf dhX T_Zh\Xa V_Tf\Y\VT T _bf cbXgTf cbe aTV\baT_\WTW' {<_\bg
WXUX fXe V_Tf\Y\VTWb Vb`b abegXT`Xe\VTab b Vb`b Ue\gpa\Vb7 ETV\t Xa
<fgTWbf La\Wbf% cXeb _hXZb fX [\mb fhUW\gb Ue\gpa\Vb' Gbe X_ VbageTe\b%
N'?' 8hWXa aTV\t Xa >eTa 9eXgTsT l fX [\mb V\hWTWTab abegXT`Xe\VTab'
<fgX u_g\`b cbWerT `hl U\Xa XageTe WXageb WX T`UTf VTgXZberTf l%
ahXiT`XagX% Vb`c_\VTe _T V_Tf\Y\VTV\ta'

IXYhgTV\ta WX _Tf WXY\a\V\baXf

J\ fh Vbage\aVTagX Ybe`h_T haT WXY\a\V\ta dhX fT_ZT WX _b Vbee\XagX%


XagbaVXf [Tl Wbf VbfTf dhX hfgXW cbWep [TVXe' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% WXUX
fXsT_Te dhX _T WXY\a\V\ta dhX Ybe`h_t ab Xf _T Vb`ua' J\ T fh cuU_\Vb
_X `b_XfgTa _Tf WXY\a\V\baXf cbVb hfhT_Xf% TZeXZhX WX \a`XW\Tgb ha
TeZh`Xagb JM QXVRWNV$ F U\Xa fh e\iT_ Xf ha \ZabeTagX dhX ab VbabVX X_
fXag\Wb WX _Tf cT_TUeTf% b Xf ha Ue\Uta dhX ceXgXaWX \`cbaXe fh cebc\b
chagb WX i\fgT T gbWbf'
J\ WX]Te Xa Xi\WXaV\T _bf TeZh`Xagbf WX fh bcbaXagX ab UTfgT% \agXagX
XagbaVXf ha fXZhaWb g\cb WX TgTdhX' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% haT WXY\a\V\ta dhX
fhXaT XkgeTsT ceXgXaWXe WX`bfgeTe dhX T_Zb Xf V\Xegb cbe WXY\a\V\ta' ;;X
fXe Tfr% eXiX_X XagbaVXf dhX fh bcbf\gbe Xfgp c_TagXTaWb ha J[P^VNW]X
LR[L^UJ[ X YN]R]RX YN[RWLRYRR$ JhcbaZT`bf dhX fh Vbage\aVTagX geTgT WX
WX`bfgeTe _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX ;;\bf l Ybe`h_T X_ f\Zh\XagX TeZh`Xagb3

CT 9\U_\T Xf _T cT_TUeT WX ;;\bf'


=J 4RKURJ MRLN Z^N 6RX\ NaR\]N$

Gbe _b gTagb% ;;\bf Xk\fgX'

CT cehXUT WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX ;;\bf Xfgp Xa haT fXe\X WX TY\e`TV\baXf


Xa _T 9\U_\T' :hTaWb fX _X ceXZhagT cbe dhq [TUerT`bf WX VeXXe _b
dhX W\VX _T 9\U_\T% ahXfgeb Vbage\aVTagX TeZh`XagT dhX "*# ;;\bf% cbe
WXY\a\V\ta% W\VX _T iXeWTW% l "+# _T 9\U_\T% cbe WXY\a\V\ta% Xf _T cT_TUeT
WX ;;\bf' 8[beT U\Xa3 \aV_hfb f\ TVXcgb _T ce\`XeT WXY\a\V\ta% ab [Tl
eTmta cTeT TVXcgTe _T fXZhaWT' J\ lb ab VeXrT Xa ;;\bf WX TagX`Tab%

'( ,
W\YrV\_`XagX TVXcgTeq Vb`b cehXUT _T WXY\a\V\ta WX dhX _T 9\U_\T Xf _T
cT_TUeT WX ;;\bf' <_ TeZh`Xagb Xf V\eVh_Te% cbe VhTagb WT cbe fXagTWb WX
XageTWT _b dhX Xa eXT_\WTW g\XaX dhX WX`bfgeTe4 b fXT dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb
Xa VhXfg\ta cTegX WX ha fhchXfgb dhX Xf X_ `\f`b dhX \agXagT cebUTe3
Tfr% gbWT _T VbagebiXef\T Z\eT Xa gbeab WX haT WXY\a\V\ta'
Kb`X`bf _T f\Zh\XagX WXY\a\V\ta WX WX`bVeTV\T cebchXfgT cbe
;;Ta\X_ FegXZT JTTiXWeT% X_ ceXf\WXagX fTaW\a\fgT WX E\VTeTZhT3
;;X`bVeTV\T Xf T_YTUXg\mTV\ta% WX`bVeTV\T Xf eXYbe`T TZeTe\T%
WX`bVeTV\T Xf XWhVTV\ta l fT_hW cuU_\VT ' GbWerT ceXZhagTefX Tdhr f\
_T WX`bVeTV\T ab f\Za\Y\VT gT`U\qa ZbU\Xeab WX _T `TlberT% VTaW\WTgbf
WX _T bcbf\V\ta Xa _Tf X_XVV\baXf l ceXafT _\UeX'

IXYhgTV\ta WX TaT_bZrTf

:b`b [X`bf fXsT_TWb lT% [Tl Wbf g\cbf WX TaT_bZrTf% _\gXeT_Xf l


Y\ZheTg\iTf' <a X_ VTfb WX _Tf TaT_bZrTf _\gXeT_Xf% X_ TeZh`Xagb Xf dhX
_Tf f\`\_\ghWXf Xa iTe\bf TfcXVgbf VehV\T_Xf \`c_\VTa haT f\`\_\ghW Xa
T_Zua bgeb TfcXVgb' GhXfgb dhX gbWTf _Tf TaT_bZrTf chXWXa fXe cTeV\T_Xf%
_T eXYhgTV\ta WX haT TaT_bZrT _\gXeT_ WXcXaWX WX dhX XaVbageX`bf haT
b `pf VTeTVgXerfg\VTf W\YXeXagXf XageX _bf Wbf X_X`Xagbf Vb`cTeTWbf%
WXfgTVTaWb X_ [XV[b WX dhX Xf XfgT W\YXeXaV\T b W\YXeXaV\Tf _Tf dhX fX
gbeaTa VehV\T_Xf'
<_ J[P^VNW]X \XK[N MN\RPWRX eXYXe\Wb T _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX ;;\bf fheZX WX
haT TaT_bZrT3 W\VX dhX _T [Tl XageX _T VeXTV\ta [h`TaT WX TegXYTVgbf l
_T VeXTV\ta W\i\aT WX_ ha\iXefb'
?Tl Wbf `TaXeTf WX TgTVTe haT TaT_bZrT' DhXfgeX T fh bcbaXagX dhX
[Tl `TeVTWTf W\YXeXaV\Tf% b dhX [Tl YT_XaV\Tf Xa _Tf fX`X]TamTf' <fgb
u_g\`b Xf `pf W\YrV\_' ;;Ti\W ?h`X fX VhXagT XageX dh\XaXf XaVTeTa X_
VT`\ab `pf W\YrV\_' Cb dhX ?h`X TeZhlX Xf dhX [Tl YT_XaV\Tf gTagb Xa
X_ au`Xeb WX _Tf VTeTVgXerfg\VTf Xa Vb`ua% Vb`b Xa fh XfVT_T' <_ beWXa
fXZua ?h`X% ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX ceXfhcbaX _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX ha TZXagT'
<a X_ VTfb WX_ beWXa aTgheT_% Vb`b Xa X_ dhX fX WT Xa _T eXcebWhVV\ta
WX _bf peUb_Xf% X_ peUb_ ab X]XeVX Vbageb_ fbUeX X_ cebVXfb l% `XeT`XagX%
geTaf`\gX X_ beWXa' <a X_ VTfb WX T_Zb [XV[b cbe X_ [b`UeX% Tdhq_
X`c_XT VbafV\XagX`XagX cebVXfbf aTgheT_Xf XkgXeabf T q_' J\ ha cebVXfb
aTgheT_ Xk[\U\XeT T_Zb Tfr Vb`b ha beWXa \`chXfgb cbe ha TZXagX% `pf
cebUTU_X`XagX _b Vbaf\WXeTerT`bf ha `\_TZeb dhX ha X]X`c_b WX beWXa'

'(-­
Gbe TsTW\WheT% f\ gb`T`bf Xa fXe\b _T TaT_bZrT% XagbaVXf _T Xk\fgXaV\T
WX_ `T_ Xa X_ `haWb abf bU_\ZTerT T __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX dhX ;;\bf
ab Xf gbWbcbWXebfb' :hTagb `pf Tf\`\_T`bf ;;\bf T ha TZXagX [h`Tab%
`pf e\XfZbf VbeeX`bf WX VTXe Xa X_ Tagebcb`beY\f`b' <a fhf 6RdUXPX\
\XK[N [NURPRgW WJ]^[JU W\VX ?h`X3

GXeb f\ XfgX `haWb YhXfX ha cebWhVgb gTa cXeYXVgb% Tha Tfr f\ZhX f\XaWb
\aV\Xegb X_ dhX gbWTf _Tf XkVX_XaV\Tf WX _T bUeT "X_ `haWb# chXWTa
Tge\Uh\efX Vba ]hfg\V\T T_ TegrY\VX ";;\bf#' J\ XkT`\aT`bf ha UTeVb% {Vhpa
XkVX_fT Xf _T \WXT dhX WXUX`bf Ybe`Teabf WX _T WXfgeXamT WX_ VTec\agXeb%
dh\Xa Xa`TeVt haT `Tdh\aTe\T gTa Vb`c_\VTWT% ug\_ l [Xe`bfT7 {P Vt`b
[X`bf WX fbeceXaWXeabf VhTaWb WXfVhUe\`bf Xa Tdhq_ T ha Xfguc\Wb
`XVpa\Vb% dhX \`\gt T bgebf% l Vbc\t ha TegX dhX% T geTiqf WX _TeZb
g\X`cb% l geTf `u_g\c_Xf cehXUTf% XeebeXf% VbeeXVV\baXf% WX_\UXeTV\baXf
l VbagebiXef\Tf [T \Wb cXeYXVV\bapaWbfX ZeTWhT_`XagX7 DhV[bf
`haWbf chXWXa [TUXefX \agXagTWb l XfgebcXTWb V[TchVXeT`XagX% T
_b _TeZb WX haT XgXea\WTW% [TfgT WTefX Vba XfgX f\fgX`T3 fX cXeW\Xeba
`hV[Tf [beTf WX geTUT]b% fX XYXVghTeba `hV[bf XafTlbf \aYehVghbfbf%
l fX _bZet haT _XagT cXeb Vbag\ahT `X]beT T _b _TeZb WX \aY\a\gTf XeTf
Xa X_ TegX WX [TVXe X_ `haWb' <a gXe`Tf gT_Xf% {dh\qa chXWX Vba]XgheTe
WtaWX eXf\WX _T iXeWTW4 l ab ft_b Xfb3 dh\qa chXWX Vba]XgheTe WtaWX
eTW\VT _T cebUTU\_\WTW% XageX ha ZeTa au`Xeb WX [\ctgXf\f dhX chXWXa
cebcbaXefX% l ha au`Xeb Tha `pf ZeTaWX dhX Xf WTU_X \`TZ\aTe7
{P dhq fb`UeT WX TeZh`Xagb''' chXWX hfgXW ZXaXeTe% T cTeg\e WX fh
[\ctgXf\f% cTeT cebUTe _T ha\WTW WX _T ;;X\WTW7 >eTa VTag\WTW WX
[b`UeXf fX haXa cTeT Vbafgeh\e haT VTfT b ha UTeVb% _XiTagTe haT
V\hWTW% Ybe`Te haT TfbV\TV\ta WX aTV\baXf3 {cbe dhq ab cbWerTa
Vb`U\aTefX iTe\Tf ;;X\WTWXf% cTeT W\fXsTe l Ybe]Te ha `haWb7 ?Tl Xa
Xfgb haT fX`X]TamT `hV[b `pf ZeTaWX Vba _bf Tfhagbf [h`Tabf' 8_
Vb`cTeg\e T _TUbe XageX iTe\bf% cbWX`bf _\`\gTe `hV[b `pf _bf Tge\Uhgbf
WX VTWT VhT_% l _\UXeTeabf WX XfX Xk[Thfg\ib cbWXe l VbabV\`\Xagb dhX
WXUX fhcbaXefX Tge\Uh\U_X T haT ;;X\WTW l dhX% fXZua hfgXWXf% ft_b
chXWX fXei\e cTeT WXU\_\gTe _T cehXUT WX fh Xk\fgXaV\T' P f\ Ve\TgheTf
gTa gbagTf l i\V\bfTf Vb`b X_ [b`UeX chXWXa% f\a X`UTeZb% ha\efX T
`XahWb cTeT XfgehVgheTe l X]XVhgTe ha c_Ta% {Vhpagbf `pf ab cbWerTa
[TUXe_b [XV[b XfTf ;;X\WTWXf b ;;T\`baXf% T dh\XaXf fhcbaX`bf iTe\bf
ZeTWbf `pf cXeYXVgbf7
'' '_bf [b`UeX fba `begT_Xf% l eXahXiTa fh XfcXV\X cbe _T ZXaXeTV\ta'''

'(.
{Gbe dhq XfgT V\eVhafgTaV\T% gTa ha\iXefT_ l gTa XfXaV\T_% [TUerT WX fXe
XkV_h\WT Vb`b Tge\Uhgb WX XfTf ah`XebfTf l _\`\gTWTf ;;X\WTWXf7
{P cbe dhq ab ib_iXefX Vb`c_XgT`XagX Tagebcb`teY\Vb7 {Gbe dhq ab
TY\e`Te dhX _T ;;X\WTW b WX\WTWXf fba VbecteXTf% l g\XaXa b]bf% aTe\m%
UbVT% brWbf% XgV'7
<a haT cT_TUeT''' ha [b`UeX T dhX f\ZT ihXfgeT [\ctgXf\f chXWX% gT_ iXm%
TY\e`Te% b Vba]XgheTe% dhX X_ ha\iXefb% Xa T_Zua `b`Xagb% fheZ\t WX
T_Zb cTeXV\Wb Tha WXf\Za\b3 cXeb `pf T__p WX Xfgb ab chXWX WXgXe`\aTe
a\ haT fb_T V\eVhafgTaV\T''' <fgX `haWb% cbe _b dhX fX fTUX''' YhX gTa
ft_b X_ ce\`Xe \agXagb gbecX WX T_ZhaT ;;X\WTW \aYTag\_% dh\Xa _hXZb
TUTaWbat fh bUeT% TiXeZbamTWT WX fh cbUeX X]XVhV\ta4 ab Xf `pf dhX
_T bUeT WX T_ZhaT ;;X\WTW WXcXaW\XagX X \aYXe\be% l Xf bU]Xgb WX Uhe_T
cTeT _Tf fhcXe\beXf3 Xf X_ cebWhVgb WX _T iX]Xm l _T V[bV[XeT WX T_ZhaT
;;X\WTW `hl XageTWT Xa Tsbf% l WXfWX fh `hXegX% [T fXZh\Wb ha VT`\ab
TmTebfb'''

8K8:8E;;F C8 :FE:CLJ@ÑE

?TfgT T[beT abf [X`bf WXW\VTWb T VbageTeeXfgTe _bf \agXagbf WX fh


e\iT_ cbe bUgXaXe haT eXTVV\ta YTibeTU_X WX_ cuU_\Vb% l [X`bf XafTlTWb
eXYhgTV\baXf XfcXV\Y\VTf WX _bf V\`\Xagbf Xa dhX aXVXf\gTUT UTfTefX cTeT
__XZTe T fh VbaV_hf\ta' ?T __XZTWb T[beT X_ `b`Xagb WX XkT`\aTe _T
VbaV_hf\ta `\f`T'
8agXf WX WX`b_Xe iXeWTWXeT`XagX _T VbaV_hf\ta% hfgXW WXUX geTgTe
WX [TVXe dhX X_ cuU_\Vb fX Wq VhXagT WX dhX [T WX]TWb Ze\XgTf XkchXfgTf
Xa _T XaWXU_X XfgehVgheT bYeXV\WT cbe fh e\iT_' Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% WXUX
Vb`XamTe cbe XYXVghTe haT VTeTVgXe\mTV\ta ZXaXeT_ WX_ TeZh`Xagb WX
fh Vbage\aVTagX'
IXfh`T`bf _b dhX% T fh XagXaWXe% Xf X_ cbfgh_TWb WX fh TWiXefTe\b%
ThadhX T Y\aXf WX TV_TepefX_b T_ cuU_\Vb WXUXep XafTlTe fh geTWhVV\ta
WX `TaXeT WX XaYbVTe_b T _T _hm `pf aXZTg\iT cbf\U_X' Kb`X _Tf
cT_TUeTf hg\_\mTWTf cbe fh Vbage\aVTagX X \agXagX eXX`c_TmTe _Tf dhX
chXWXa TWdh\e\e haT VbaabgTV\ta aXZTg\iT Xa _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb' 8
Vbag\ahTV\ta WT`bf T_Zhabf X]X`c_bf WX W\V[T geTWhVV\ta '

W\fVe\`\aTV\ta 5 ceX]h\V\b
VT`U\b 5 \aabiTV\ta eTW\VT_

'(/
beWXa Xk\fgXagX 5 ceX]h\V\b Tag\VhTWb
VX_b eX_\Z\bfb 5 YTaTg\f`b
_Xl l beWXa 5 eXceXf\ta cb_rg\VT

Gbe TsTW\WheT% WXUXep fXe hfgXW _b UTfgTagX Tfghgb Vb`b cTeT XaYbVTe
_Tf cT_TUeTf `\f`Tf% `pf dhX fh f\Za\Y\VTWb' <fgT gTeXT _X eXfh_gTep
XfcXV\T_`XagX YpV\_ f\ fh bcbaXagX fX gb`T X_ geTUT]b WX cebVheTe WTe
T fhf c_TagXbf haT Ybe`T T_Zb Xfg\_\mTWT b _\gXeTe\T' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\
[TU_T WX XVbab`rT l `XaV\baT _bf `\fgXe\bf WX _T 9b_fT% WXUXep hfgXW
TYXeeTefX T _T \WXT WX `\fgXe\b l WXV_TeTe dhX ab Xfgp \agXeXfTWb Xa
`\fgXe\bf b abiX_Tf cb_\VrTVTf% WTaWb T XagXaWXe dhX X_ bgeb ab fTUX WX
dhq Xfgp [TU_TaWb'
=\aT_`XagX% T_ bYeXVXe haT VTeTVgXe\mTV\ta ZXaXeT_ WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf
WX _T bgeT cXefbaT% WXUXep `XabfceXV\Te_bf b XaVhTWeTe_bf% WXfWX X_
chagb WX i\fgT X`bg\ib% WXageb WX haT cXefcXVg\iT dhX fTUX`bf eXV[TmT
fh cuU_\Vb' 8fr% Vba V\Xegbf cuU_\Vbf% WXgXe`\aTWT cbfgheaT cbWep fXe
WXabfgTWT Xa fh \agXZe\WTW Vb`b cTcTeehV[TWT `Tek\fgT% \WXT_\f`b
cTfTWb WX `bWT% _\UXeT_\f`b Tag\VhTWb% eTV\fgT% b YhXeT WX _hZTe'
KeTf haT VTeTVgXe\mTV\ta ZXaXeT_ WX_ TeZh`Xagb% WXUXep hfgXW TgTVTe
X_ VT`\ab fXZh\Wb cbe fh e\iT_ cTeT __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta' 8dhr% XfgTep
hfgXW Ve\g\VTaWb _bf `XW\bf dhX X`c_Xt cTeT cTfTe WX _bf YhaWT`Xagbf
T _T VbaV_hf\ta' JXT b ab Vh_cTU_X WX X__Tf% chXWX TVhfTe_b WX [TUXe
\aVhee\Wb Xa V\XegTf geTW\V\baT_Xf YT_TV\Tf Ybe`T_Xf' 8WX`pf% WXageb
WX _b cbf\U_X% [T WX V\gTe _bf WXVK[N\ NW UJ]RW WX XfTf YT_TV\Tf% chXfgb
dhX Tfr X_ cuU_\Vb dhXWTep VbaiXaV\Wb WX dhX hfgXW Xf XkcXegb Xa fh
\WXag\Y\VTV\ta% l cbedhX X_ Xeebe fhXaT `hV[b cXbe% Vb`b haT XkgeTsT
XaYXe`XWTW% VhTaWb fX _b WXfVe\UX Xa _Tg\a'

3[P^VNW]X\ JM 4JL^U^V "TcX_Te T _T YhXemT#'


3[P^VNW]^V JM 9XVRWNV "TgTVTe T_ [b`UeX(_T cXefbaT#
3[P^VNW]^V JM :PWX[JW]RJV "TeZh`XagTe T cTeg\e WX _T \ZabeTaV\T#
3[P^VNW]^V JM >R\N[RLX[MRJV "TcX_Te T _T Vb`cTf\ta#
3[P^VNW]^V JM @XY^U^V "TcX_Te T_ chXU_b#
3[P^VNW]^V JM FN[NL^WMRJW "TcX_Te T _T Thgbe\WTW#
@N]R]RX @[RWLRYRR "WTe cbe fXagTWb _b dhX dhXWT cbe cebUTe#
:PWX[J]RX 7UNWLQR "VbaV_hf\ta dhX ab i\XaX T_ VTfb#'

')&
>XaXeT_\mTV\baXf TceXfheTWTf

J\ fh bcbf\gbe [T hg\_\mTWb \aYbe`TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT b WTgbf XfcXVrY\Vbf


WX VhT_dh\Xe ÉaWb_X cTeT __XZTe T haT ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta% WXUXep hfgXW
XagbaVXf TWhV\e dhX W\V[T ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta [T f\Wb TceXfheTWT' <fgb
chXWX [TVXefX cbe Wbf `XW\bf3 b U\Xa WX`hXfgeT hfgXW dhX [Tl haT
XkVXcV\ta T X__T% b TeZh`XagT dhX ab fX [Ta XkT`\aTWb fhY\V\XagXf
VTfbf Tha VhTaWb ab fX _X bVheeT ha X]X`c_b dhX WX`hXfgeX _b VbageTe\b'
LaT iTe\TagX WX XfgX TeZh`Xagb Xfgp Xa cebV_T`Te dhX ab fX [T gb`TWb
haT `hXfgeT TWXVhTWT'
JhcbaZT`bf% cbe X]X`c_b% dhX X_ XaVTeZTWb WX XYXVghTe ha VXafb
XageXi\fgT T V\aVb cXefbaTf Xa haT V\hWTW% l WXfVhUeX dhX gbWTf X__Tf
fX __T`Ta AhTa >TeV\T' J\ __XZT XagbaVXf T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX dhX Xa XfT
V\hWTW gbWb X_ `haWb [T WX __T`TefX AhTa >TeVrT% _T ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta fXep
WX`Tf\TWb TceXfheTWT'
GebVheX [TVXe iXe T_ cuU_\Vb _b \`cehWXagX WX VhT_dh\Xe ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta
V\gTaWb ha X]X`c_b Xa X_ dhX iXT V_TeT`XagX X_ TceXfheT`\Xagb' Gbe
X]X`c_b% f\ fh e\iT_ Xfgp geTgTaWb WX WX`bfgeTe dhX V\Xegbf chXU_bf
Tf\pg\Vbf ab Xfgpa ceXcTeTWbf cTeT _T WX`bVeTV\T% cbWep hfgXW fXsT_Te%
TagX ha cuU_\Vb dhX fX Tc\TWT WX _T fhXegX WX _T ZXagX WX Vb_be% dhX XfX
`\f`b g\cb WX TeZh`Xagbf YhXeba hg\_\mTWbf cbe _bf eTV\fgTf fheXsbf WX
<<' LL'% cTeT ab VbaVXWXe T _bf aXZebf X_ WXeXV[b T_ ibgb' Cbf fheXsbf
fX TceXfheTUTa WX`Tf\TWb Xa fhf ]h\V\bf3 gT_ iXm _b `\f`b bVheeT Vba
fh Vbage\aVTagX'

:b`cbf\V\ta

CT YT_TV\T WX Vb`cbf\V\ta Xf bgeb X]X`c_b dhX WX`hXfgeT X_ Xeebe WX


TeZh`XagTe T cTeg\e WX VTfbf \aW\i\WhT_Xf cTeT __XZTe T ha VTfb ZXaXeT_
b Z_bUT_' J\ XkT`\ab \aW\i\WhT_`XagX W\fg\agbf X]X`c_TeXf WX `babf
`TaWe\_Xf l WXfVhUeb dhX VTWT hab WX X__bf cbe fXcTeTWb Xf VbUTeWX%
{[X WX __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX dhX haT `TaTWT WX `TaWe\_Xf gT`U\qa
TVghTep VbUTeWX`XagX7 CT eXfchXfgT Xf dhX ab' <a Zehcb% _bf `TaWe\_Xf
fX ihX_iXa XkgeX`TWT`XagX TZeXf\ibf' <fgX ce\aV\c\b Xf Tc_\VTWb cbe
_bf `\_\gTeXf% dhX fTUXa dhX _Tf cebc\XWTWXf WX _Tf cTegXf "fb_WTWbf
\aW\i\WhT_Xf# ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX fba _Tf cebc\XWTWXf WX_ gbWb "ha
X]qeV\gb#' KT`U\qa [T__T Tc_\VTV\ta XageX dh\XaXf T_\XagTa _XiTagT`\Xagbf

')'
WX `TfTf l beZTa\mTa `Ta\YXfgTV\baXf cbch_TeXf' GXefbaTf dhX
\aW\i\WhT_`XagX fba `hl eTV\baT_Xf fX gbeaTa \eeTV\baT_Xf l g\XaWXa T
_bf WXfUbeWXf X`bV\baT_Xf VhTaWb Ybe`Ta cTegX WX ha Zehcb' {F [TUerT
dhX WXV\e haT cTaW\__T7
CT W\YXeXaV\T XageX Vb`cbf\V\ta l ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta TceXfheTWT Xfgp
Xa dhX Xa _T ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta TceXfheTWT Xfgbl eXT_\mTaWb ha cebatfg\Vb
TVXeVT WX_ f\Zh\XagX \aW\i\Whb Vba dhX `X XaYeXagTeq% T cTeg\e WX_
XkT`Xa WX bgebf \aW\i\Whbf WX _T `\f`T raWb_X' 8fr% \aYXe\e dhX X_
cetk\`b VhXeib dhX iXeq fXep aXZeb fbUeX _T UTfX WX _bf TagXe\beXf
VhXeibf dhX [X i\fgb Xa X_ cTfTWb cbWerT fXe haT ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta
TceXfheTWT' <a X_ VTfb WX _T Vb`cbf\V\ta WX_ Zehcb% Xfgbl [TU_TaWb WX_
gbWb l WX fhf cTegXf' J\ ZeTaWXf Tedh\gXVgbf T grgh_b \aW\i\WhT_ W\fXsTa
XW\Y\V\bf \aW\i\WhT_`XagX [Xe`bfbf% {f\Za\Y\VT Xfgb dhX haT V\hWTW
XagXeT Vb`chXfgT WX XW\Y\V\bf \aW\i\WhT_`XagX [Xe`bfbf gT`U\qa fXep
[Xe`bfT7 Eb aXVXfTe\T`XagX% chXfgb dhX _T Tedh\gXVgheT WX VTWT XW\Y\V\b
chXWX ab \agXZeTefX Te`ta\VT`XagX Vba _T WX _bf WX`pf' KT`U\qa VTUX
cXafTe dhX ha XageX`XmV_TaWb Tc\sT`\Xagb WX YXT_WTWXf chXWX% Xa fh
Vba]hagb% WTe cbe eXfh_gTWb T_Zb `hl TgeTVg\ib'
GbWep TVhfTe hfgXW T fh e\iT_ WX YT_TV\T WX Vb`cbf\V\ta f\X`ceX dhX
Tdhq_ Wq T XagXaWXe dhX ha gbWb cbfXX "b ab cbfXX# haT cebc\XWTW
cbedhX _Tf cTegXf gT`U\qa _T cbfXXa "b WX]Ta WX cbfXXe_T#' Gbe
X]X`c_b% fh Vbage\aVTagX cbWep TeZh`XagTe dhX haT beZTa\mTV\ta Xf
Tag\WX`bVepg\VT cbedhX fh eT`T X]XVhg\iT Xf WXf\ZaTWT cbe Zehcbf
W\YXeXagXf% cXeb ab X_XZ\WT cbe ibgTV\ta' Gbe bgeT cTegX% Tdhr ab [T
`XaV\baTWb dhX _Tf WXV\f\baXf WX W\V[T eT`T X]XVhg\iT fX gb`Ta cbe
`TlberT WX ibgbf' CT eT`T X]XVhg\iT% XagbaVXf% Xf WX`bVepg\VT3 ab Xf
aXVXfTe\b dhX VTWT cTegX WX haT beZTa\mTV\ta fXT WX`bVepg\VT cTeT dhX
T _T beZTa\mTV\ta gbWT fX _T Vbaf\WXeX WX`bVepg\VT'

;;\i\f\ta

Ebf ceXbVhcTa T[beT TeZh`Xagbf dhX cTfTa WX ha ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_


T haT VThfT Xa cTeg\Vh_Te' GhXWX% cbe fhchXfgb% [TUXefX lT TgTVTWb
T_ ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_' Gbe bgeT cTegX% VTUX TVXcgTe X_ ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_
cXeb TeZh`XagTe dhX ab UTfgT cTeT __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta dhX ahXfgeb
bcbaXagX WXfXT XkgeTXe T cTeg\e WX T[r'
CT YT_TV\T WX W\i\f\ta Xfge\UT Xa VeXXe dhX T_ZhaT cebc\XWTW WX ha

')(
gbWb Xf Thgb`pg\VT`XagX cebc\XWTW WX VTWT cTegX WX XfX gbWb' Gbe
X]X`c_b% haT bUeT WX TegX chXWX fXe [Xe`bfT% cXeb Xfgb Xa `bWb T_Zhab
f\Za\Y\VT dhX VTWT cTegX WX XfT bUeT WX TegX fXT [Xe`bfT l% cbe _b gTagb%
\aW\fcXafTU_X' {CT MXahf WX D\_b WX]T WX fXe [Xe`bfT cbedhX _X YT_gXa
_bf UeTmbf7 Fgeb X]X`c_b Xf X_ WX ha ZeTa Xdh\cb WXcbeg\ib dhX% f\a
X`UTeZb% ab VhXagT Vba a\aZua ]hZTWbe XfgeX__T' CT VhT_\WTW WX_ gbWb%
dhX Xf _T WX fXe ha ZeTa Xdh\cb% ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX Xf VhT_\WTW WX VTWT
hab WX fhf `\X`Uebf' KT`U\qa bVheeX _b bchXfgb% Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX
dh\XaXf fba \aW\i\WhT_`XagX ZeTaWXf ]hZTWbeXf gT_ iXm ab Vbaf\ZTa
TWTcgTefX T _bf WX`pf cTeT Ybe`Te ha ZeTa Xdh\cb' MX`bf Tfr Vt`b _T
YT_TV\T WX W\i\f\ta Xf _b bchXfgb T _T YT_TV\T WX Vb`cbf\V\ta'

8VV\WXagX

<a _T YT_TV\T WX TVV\WXagX fX Tc_\VT XeetaXT`XagX ha ce\aV\c\b


ZXaXeT_ T ha VTfb XfcXVrY\Vb f\a gb`Te Xa VhXagT dhX _Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf
"TVV\WXagXf# WX_ VTfb \aW\i\WhT_ chXWXa [TVXe dhX X_ ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_
fXT \aTc_\VTU_X' :b`b X]X`c_b% eXVhXeWb haT XfVXaT WX _T cX_rVh_T 6XL]X[
:W\gUR]X 6[$ C][JWPNUX_e! Xa _T VhT_ ha ZXaXeT_ _bVb [T _TamTWb fhf c_TaXf WX
\a\V\Te haT ZhXeeT Tgt`\VT f\a eXV\U\e \afgehVV\baXf WX_ GXagpZbab' Fgeb
bY\V\T_ cebVheT gX_XYbaXTe T NTf[\aZgba WXfWX haT VTU\aT gX_XYta\VT cTeT
TWiXeg\e fbUeX _T X`XeZXaV\T% cXeb WXfVhUeX dhX ab g\XaX `baXWTf cTeT
[TVXe_b' ?Tl T__r VXeVT haT `pdh\aT XkcXaWXWbeT% l X_ bY\V\T_ _X c\WX T hab
WX fhf [b`UeXf dhX _T eb`cT cTeT bUgXaXe T_ZhaTf `baXWTf' <_ eXV_hgT fX
a\XZT% TWhV\XaWb dhX _T `pdh\aT XkcXaWXWbeT Xf cebc\XWTW ce\iTWT' <f
V\Xegb dhX ab WXUX`bf WXfgeh\e _T cebc\XWTW ce\iTWT "ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_#%
cXeb VhTaWb fX geTgT WX \`cXW\e haT ZhXeeT Tgt`\VT "XkVXcV\ta#% _Tf
V\eVhafgTaV\Tf TVV\WXagT_Xf \aiT_\WTa X_ ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_'
:hTaWb fX TVhfT T T_Zh\Xa WX _T YT_TV\T WX TVV\WXagX% cbWerT
TeZh`XagTefX dhX _b dhX XfX T_Zh\Xa eXT_`XagX Xfgp W\V\XaWb Xf dhX ha
ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_ VbUeT ceXVXWXagX fbUeX bgeb ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_' 8fr% Xfgp
TVhfTaWb T fh bcbaXagX WX ab iXe Vba V_Te\WTW X_ cebU_X`T eXT_ dhX WXUX
XaYeXagTefX' <a ZXaXeT_% Xfgb Xf _b dhX bVheeX Xa haT TeZh`XagTV\ta%
VhTaWb Wbf cTegXf iXa X_ cebU_X`T WXfWX cXefcXVg\iTf W\YXeXagXf'
KbWb X__b WXU\XeT WXfgTVTe _T \`cbegTaV\T WX WX]Te XfgTU_XV\WTf _Tf `pf
VbaiXa\XagXf ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf% Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX fXe _Tf `pf WXYXaW\U_Xf%
Xa _T ce\`XeT cTegX WX fh TeZh`XagTV\ta'

'))
Fgeb X]X`c_b WX TVV\WXagX Xfgp Xa _T TeZh`XagTV\ta WX dhX T_ZhaTf
cXefbaTf ab WXUXerTa fXe VTfg\ZTWTf cbe Vb`XgXe WX_\gbf "ce\aV\c\b
ZXaXeT_# cbedhX "V\eVhafgTaV\Tf TVV\WXagT_Xf# fX geTgT WX \afTabf% b
cbedhX fba irVg\`Tf WX fh T`U\XagX' 8aT_\mTeX`bf XfgX gX`T `pf
TWX_TagX'

:TeTVgXe\mTaWb _T VbaV_hf\ta "W\_X`T#

CT ua\VT `TaXeT WX cbaXe T cehXUT haT VbaV_hf\ta b ce\aV\c\b Xfgp


Xa __XiTe_b T fhf _r`\gXf cTeT iXe [TfgT dhq chagb fX Tc_\VT' 8fr% f\X`ceX
dhX fh e\iT_ XkgeT\ZT haT VbaV_hf\ta% Wq cbe fXagTWb dhX _T XfZe\`X
Vb`b ce\aV\c\b ZXaXeT_' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ Tdhq_ __XZT T _T VbaV_hf\ta WX
dhX WXUXerT`bf TlhWTe T ha cTrf Vba ZeTiXf cebU_X`Tf "cbe X]X`c_b% T
<g\bcrT#% XagbaVXf VTUerT ceXfhcbaXe dhX ceXgXaWX Xai\Te TlhWT T gbWb
cTrf Vba ZeTiXf cebU_X`Tf' J\ cebVheT eXUTg\e XfgT \WXT% VbageTTgTdhX
XagbaVXf ceXZhagTaWb cbe dhq T_Zhabf cTrfXf [T WX fXe YTibeXV\Wbf l
bgebf ab'
CT fXZhaWT `TaXeT WX TgTVTe W\eXVgT`XagX haT VbaV_hf\ta Xfgp Xa
Ve\g\VTe_T cbe ab Vh`c_\e T_ZhaT bgeT YhaV\ta h bU]Xg\ib' Gbe X]X`c_b%
f\ hfgXW ceXfXagT TeZh`Xagbf Xa VbageT WX Ue\aWTe TlhWT T _bf
XgrbcXf% WXUXep fXsT_Te dhX W\V[T TlhWT WX a\aZhaT `TaXeT cbaWep
Y\aT _Tf [bfg\_\WTWXf Xa 8Ye\VT' CT YhaV\ta XfcXV\Y\VT dhX ab fX _bZeT
Vh`c_\e g\XaX dhX fXe T_Zb dhX% Xa fh bc\a\ta% X_ cuU_\Vb Vbaf\WXeX
\`cbegTagX'
CT gXeVXeT `TaXeT WX TgTVTe haT VbaV_hf\ta Xa Ybe`T W\eXVgT Xfgp
Xa XaYbVTe _T VbaV_hf\ta WX fh TWiXefTe\b Vb`b VbageTe\T% ab Vb`b
VbageTW\Vgbe\T' {Hhq f\Za\Y\VT Xfgb7 Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% hfgXW l fh e\iT_
g\XaXa cbfgheTf VbageTW\Vgbe\Tf% cXeb VhTaWb fX gbeaX W\YrV\_ TgTVTe
haT TY\e`TV\ta VbageTW\Vgbe\T% cbWep hfgXW f\`h_Te dhX fh cbf\V\ta Xf
bgeT% T_Zb dhX chXWX hfgXW TgTVTe Vba `Tlbe YTV\_\WTW' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_%
_b dhX chXWX TgTVTe Vba `Tlbe YTV\_\WTW Xf haT TY\e`TV\ta VbageTe\T'
GXe`rgTfX`X WTe ha X]X`c_b'

8' DV:Teg[l ab eXceXfXagTUT haT ZeTa T`XaTmT'


9' DV:Teg[l eXceXfXagTUT haT ZeTa T`XaTmT'
:' DV:Teg[l ab eXceXfXagTUT haT T`XaTmT'

')*
CTf TY\e`TV\baXf 8 l 9 fba VbageTW\Vgbe\Tf4 _Tf TY\e`TV\baXf 9 l :
fba VbageTe\Tf' 8 l 9 ab chXWXa fXe T _T iXm V\XegTf b YT_fTf T`UTf' 9 l
: chXWXa ab fXe YT_fTf T _T iXm% cXeb ab chXWXa fXe V\XegTf T`UTf'
J\ hfgXW Xfgp c_TagXTaWb X_ TeZh`Xagb 9% Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX
DV:Teg[l eXceXfXagTUT haT ZeTa T`XaTmT% l fh bcbaXagX fbfg\XaX 8%
dhX DV:Teg[l ab XeT haT ZeTa T`XaTmT% XagbaVXf hfgXW chXWX TWhV\e
dhX Xa eXT_\WTW fh Vbage\aVTagX Xfgp TY\e`TaWb :% dhX DV:Teg[l ab
eXceXfXagTUT haT T`XaTmT' ;;X [XV[b% [X i\fgb Vt`b fX hg\_\mTUT XfgX
TeZh`Xagb Xa haT eXfXsT WX_ ?N` HX[T DRVN\ 4XXT BN_RN`$ La [b`UeX
cebVheTUT `\a\`\mTe% cXeb ab aXZTe% _T T`XaTmT c_TagXTWT cbe
DV:Teg[l% l dh\Xa Y\e`TUT _T eXfXsT _b TVhfTUT% fXaV\__T`XagX% WX ab
iXe a\aZhaT T`XaTmT' J\ XfgX g\cb WX Ybe`h_TV\baXf iT_X cTeT X_ ?N`
HX[T DRVN\" gT`U\qa iT_Wep cTeT hfgXW'
LaT WX _Tf `X]beXf `TaXeTf WX VbaV_h\e _T eXYhgTV\ta WX_ TeZh`Xagb
WX bgeb Xfgp Xa c_TagXTe ha MRUNVJ$ CT XfgehVgheT WX_ W\_X`T fXep
c_TagXTWT ce\`Xeb% cTeT _hXZb fXe X]X`c_\Y\VTWT l TaT_\mTWT'

Gbe _b gTagb% J+ b J-­'

:baf\WXeX`bf X_ f\Zh\XagX X]X`c_b WX W\_X`T3


J\ _bf [b`UeXf fba UhXabf% XagbaVXf _Tf _XlXf cTeT X_ Vbageb_ WX
Te`Tf ab fba aXVXfTe\Tf4 l f\ _bf [b`UeXf fba `T_bf% _Tf _XlXf cTeT X_
Vbageb_ WX Te`Tf ab fXepa XY\VTVXf' Cbf [b`UeXf fba UhXabf b `T_bf'
Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% _Tf _XlXf cTeT X_ Vbageb_ WX Te`Tf% b U\Xa ab fba
aXVXfTe\Tf% X ab fba XY\VTVXf'
<a X_ X]X`c_b TagXW\V[b% J% VbeeXfcbaWX T _T TY\e`TV\ta WX dhX
_bf [b`UeXf fba UhXabf ' J+ VbeeXfcbaWX T _T TY\e`TV\ta WX dhX _Tf
_XlXf cTeT X_ Vbageb_ WX Te`Tf ab fba aXVXfTe\Tf ' J, VbeeXfcbaWX
T _T TY\e`TV\ta WX dhX ! _bf [b`UeXf fba `T_bf ' J-­ VbeeXfcbaWX
T _T TY\e`TV\ta WX dhX _Tf _XlXf cTeT X_ Vbageb_ WX Te`Tf ab fXepa
XY\VTVXf '
<_ W\_X`T Xf haT [XeeT`\XagT XY\VTm cbedhX WX]T _T \`ceXf\ta WX dhX
X_ c_TagXb WX fh e\iT_ ft_b chXWX __XiTe T VbafXVhXaV\Tf \aWXfXTU_Xf'
GhXfgb dhX X_ W\_X`T cbfXX haT Ybe`T g\cb% ab Xf W\YrV\_ X_TUbeTe_b' J\a

')+
X`UTeZb% bVheeX f\X`ceX dhX T_Zhabf W\_X`Tf fba `X]beXf dhX bgebf'
Cbf `pf XY\VTVXf fX VbafgehlXa T cTeg\e WX TeZh`Xagbf dhX hfgXW lT
[T Ybe`h_TWb' 8fr% Xa _T XfgehVgheT dhX i\`bf hfgXW WXUXep geTgTe WX
TeZh`XagTe _T eX_TV\ta XageX Jg* l J+ b _T eX_TV\ta XageX J, l J-­ Xa _T ce\`XeT
cTegX WX fh TgTdhX' J\ cTeXVXa fTg\fYTVgbe\Tf% XagbaVXf cbWep hg\_\mTe_Tf
c_TagXTaWb ha W\_X`T' <fgT gqVa\VT g\XaX X_ fXag\Wb WX eXYbemTe gbWb fh
c_TagXb Xa _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb' Gbe TsTW\WheT% J* l J, WXUXepa c_TagXTe
haT W\Vbgb`rT dhX% T fh `bWb WX iXe% X_ cuU_\Vb TVXcgTep'
Gbe X]X`c_b% Xa fhf TeZh`XagTV\baXf VbageT _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX Wbf
Vp`TeTf _XZ\f_Tg\iTf% X_ YT`bfb TUTgX YeTaVqf J\XlXf `TV[TVt X_ [XV[b
WX dhX T`UTf f\Za\Y\VTUTa ZeTa cqeW\WT WX g\X`cb T_ Whc_\VTe _bf
XfYhXembf WX VTWT haT' JXsT_t _hXZb _Tf W\Y\Vh_gTWXf dhX fheZ\erTa f\
VTWT Vp`TeT Xfghi\XfX Xa WXfTVhXeWb Vba _T bgeT' GhWb XagbaVXf eXfh`\e
_\`c\T`XagX fh bcbf\V\ta Vba ha W\_X`T3 f\ _T fXZhaWT Vp`TeT Xfgp
WX TVhXeWb Vba _T ce\`XeT% XagbaVXf _T fXZhaWT WX X__Tf Xf fhcXeY_hT4
l f\ _T fXZhaWT Vp`TeT Xfgp Xa WXfTVhXeWb Vba _T ce\`XeT% XagbaVXf
_T fXZhaWT eXfh_gT cXea\V\bfT' CT fXZhaWT Vp`TeT g\XaX dhX XfgTe WX
TVhXeWb b Xa WXfTVhXeWb Vba _T ce\`XeT' Gbe _b gTagb% _T fXZhaWT Vp`TeT
Xf fhcXeY_hT% b Xf cXea\V\bfT'

IXVhefbf ab iXeUT_Xf

Eb [Tl eTmta dhX \`c\WT T dh\Xa TgTVT ha TeZh`Xagb X`c_XTe _bf


`\f`bf eXVhefbf ab iXeUT_Xf dhX hg\_\mt X_ dhX ceXfXagT XfX TeZh`Xagb'
Gbe _b gTagb% _b eX`\g\`bf T_ Y\aT_ WX_ VTcrgh_b * cTeT eXi\fTe W\V[bf
eXVhefbf' Gbe TsTW\WheT% gXaWep hfgXW bVTf\ta WX WXgXe`\aTe Vhp_ WX
Xfbf eXVhefbf% WX fXe hg\_\mTWbf cbe fh bcbf\gbe% YhX `pf XY\VTm% l TWbcgTe
`XW\WTf cTeT VbageTeeXfgTe_b'
8WX`pf WX _bf eXVhefbf TagXVXWXagXf% WXUX eXVbeWTe hfgXW dhX
ha UhXa TgTVTagX geTgT WX X_XZ\e X_ VT`cb WX UTgT__T' F fXT% WX WTe _T
\`ceXf\ta WX dhX fh \agXeceXgTV\ta WX _T bcbf\V\ta Xf _T ua\VT cbf\U_X
l VbeeXVgT' <fgT gTeXT _T eXfh_gTep `pf YpV\_ f\% Vb`b cTegX WX_ TgTdhX%
WXfirT _T TgXaV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb TcTegpaWb_T WX fh bcbaXagX VhTaWb qfgX
ceXfXagT fh VTfb' KT_ iXm X_ `pf YT`bfb X]X`c_b WX W\V[T gqVa\VT [TlT
f\Wb X_ X`c_XTWb cbe X_ YT`bfb TUbZTWb abegX&T`Xe\VTab :_TeXaVX
;;Teebj' ;;heTagX _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX_ T_XZTgb WX_ Y\fVT_% ;;Teebj Vb`Xamt
T Yh`Te ha Xabe`X V\ZTeeb% f\a TcTegTe _T VXa\mT' ;;XfchXf WX ha eTgb%

'),
gbWbf _bf dhX XfgTUTa Xa _T fT_T% \aV_h\Wb X_ ]heTWb% Vb`XamTeba T `\eTe
X_ V\ZTeeb WX ;;Teebj XfcXeTaWb Taf\bfT`XagX dhX VT]XeT _T VXa\mT' GXeb
_T VXa\mT ahaVT VTlt% l X_ ]heTWb ahaVT% eXT_`XagX% ceXfgt TgXaV\ta T_
Y\fVT_' <_ fXVeXgb XfgTUT Xa ha Y\ab T_T`UeX \afXegTWb Xa T_ VXageb WX_
V\ZTeeb% WX `bWb WX fbfgXaXe _T VXa\mT'

;;<98K< =I<EK< 8 =I<EK<

8WX`pf WX _Tf gqVa\VTf dhX [X`bf `XaV\baTWb lT% [Tl T_Zb `hl
XfcXV\T_ dhX WXUX gb`TefX Xa VhXagT Xa ha WXUTgX YeXagX T YeXagX% ha
\agXeebZTgbe\b WX fhf TWiXefTe\bf% b X_ gb`T l WTVT WX _Tf W\fVhf\baXf
[TU\ghT_Xf'
La WXUTgX YeXagX T YeXagX cXef\ZhX geXf bU]Xg\ibf3 ce\`Xeb l ce\aV\cT_%
hfgXW Xfgp geTgTaWb WX _bZeTe dhX fhf VbagXaW\XagX fX VbageTW\ZT4
fXZhaWb% cebVheT WX]Te `T_ cTeTWT cuU_\VT`XagX T _T bcbf\V\ta4 gXeVXeb%
Xfgp geTgTaWb WX VbaiXaVXe T_ cuU_\Vb WX fh cebc\T VTcTV\WTW'

@agXeebZTgbe\b

:hTaWb hfgXW \agXeebZT T fh bcbf\gbe% fh ce\aV\cT_ bU]Xg\ib Xf [TVXe


dhX fX VbageTW\ZT' LfgXW chXWX _bZeTe_b% ce\`beW\T_`XagX% [TV\XaWb dhX
Ybe`h_X Wbf TfXiXeTV\baXf VbageTW\Vgbe\Tf' :b`b Xf cebUTU_X dhX Xfgq
T_XegT TagX XfgT cbf\U\_\WTW% fXep `X]be XL^U]J[ UJ LXWLU^\RgW [TV\T _T VhT_
hfgXW TchagT' Gbe TsTW\WheT% cbWep Ybe`h_Te ceXZhagTf dhX \aWhmVTa
Xa WXgXe`\aTWT W\eXVV\ta% \agebWhV\e fhUeXcg\V\T`XagX _Tf ceX`\fTf
dhX WXfXT fTVTe T eX_hV\e% l XageX`XmV_Te X_ beWXa WX `bWb dhX ab fXT
Xi\WXagX Xa dhq W\eXVV\ta fX `hXiX' <_ `TXfgeb V_pf\Vb Xa XfgX g\cb WX
]hXZbf ab Xf bgeb dhX JtVeTgXf' <a eXT_\WTW% X_ Ve]XMX \XL[d]RLX Xf X_ dhX
`pf YpV\_`XagX fX \WXag\Y\VT Vb`b `qgbWb cTeT XkgeTXe VbageTW\VV\baXf
WX fh bcbf\gbe' La X]X`c_b YT`bfb WX XfgT gqVa\VT fX XaVhXageT Xa _T
BNYhKURLJ WX G_Tgta% Xa haT W\fVhf\ta fbUeX _T aTgheT_XmT WX _T ]hfg\V\T'
Cbf ce\aV\cT_Xf cTeg\V\cTagXf Xa _T W\fVhf\ta fba JtVeTgXf l KeTfr`TVb%
dh\Xa TeZh`XagT dhX _T ]hfg\V\T Xf _b dhX Xf Xa \agXeqf WX_ cTeg\Wb `pf
YhXegX "iTe\TagX WX _T cbfgheT fXZua _T VhT_ X_ cbWXe \`cbaX _T eTmta #'
JtVeTgXf cebVXWX T \agXeebZTe T KeTfr`TVb cTeT iXe f\ fh cbfgheT eXf\fgX
X_ `Xabe Tap_\f\f'

')-­
<OAPXKACM) CTf _XlXf fba VbaYXVV\baTWTf cbe X_ cTeg\Wb ZbUXeaTagX
Xa fh cebc\b \agXeqf4 haT WX`bVeTV\T Ybe`h_T _XlXf WX`bVepg\VTf% ha
WqfcbgT% _XlXf WXfctg\VTf% l Tfr fhVXf\iT`XagX' 8_ Ybe`h_Te XfgTf _XlXf
WXY\aXa Vb`b UhXab cTeT fhf fuUW\gbf gbWb TdhX__b dhX _b fXT cTeT
fh cebc\b \agXeqf% l __T`Ta T gbWb TdhX_ dhX dh\XUeT XfTf _XlXf% ha
`T_[XV[be% l _b VTfg\ZTa Xa VbafbaTaV\T' <fgb Xf _b dhX dh\Xeb WXV\e3
Xa gbWbf _bf <fgTWbf _b UhXab g\XaX X_ `\f`b fXag\Wb% X_ WX dhX iT Xa
\agXeqf WX_ cTeg\Wb Xa X_ cbWXe% dhX Xf X_ `pf YhXegX'''
;;YCOAQEP) J\a WhWT% gT`U\qa c\XafTf dhX Xf UhXab bUXWXVXe T _bf
[b`UeXf dhX X]XeVXa X_ cbWXe'
<OAPXKACM) 8fr Xf'
;;YCOAQEP) {Jba \aYT_\U_Xf Xa gbWb g\cb WX <fgTWb% b T_ZhaTf iXVXf
Vb`XgXa XeebeXf7
<OAPXKACM) Gbe fhchXfgb% chXWXa Vb`XgXe ha Xeebe'
;;YCOAQEP) 8_ Ybe`h_Te _Tf _XlXf% XagbaXf% {chXWXa [TVXe fh geTUT]b U\Xa
b `T_7
<OAPXKACM) J\a WhWT'''
;;YCOAQEP) {GXeb _bf fuUW\gbf WXUXa bUXWXVXe gbWT _Xl dhX XfgTU_XmVTa% l
XagbaVXf XfgTepa bUeTaWb U\Xa7
<OAPXKACM) :_Teb'
;;YCOAQEP) <agbaVXf% cbe _b dhX gu W\VXf% XfgTep U\Xa aTVXe WX _b dhX ab iT
Xa X_ \agXeqf WX_ cTeg\Wb `pf YhXegX% Tfr Vb`b _b dhX fr iT Xa fh \agXeqf'
<OAPXKACM) {:t`b Xf Xfb7
;;YCOAQEP) Cb dhX gu W\]\fgX% VeXb'''{Eb [Tf TW`\g\Wb dhX _bf
ZbUXeaTagXf'% 'T iXVXf VbaYhaWXa fhf `X]beXf \agXeXfXf% l dhX T _T iXm
Xfgp U\Xa dhX _bf fuUW\gbf bUXWXmVTa'''7
<OAPXKACM) Jr% fhcbaZb dhX fr'
;;YCOAQEP) 9hXab% chXf Xfb Xdh\iT_X T TW`\g\e dhX Xfgp U\Xa [TVXe _b dhX
ab iT Xa \agXeqf WX _bf ZbUXeaTagXf b WX_ cTeg\Wb `pf YhXegX'' 'Ku% Vba gh
\agX_\ZXaV\T% g\XaXf dhX iXe _b dhX WX T[r fX WXfceXaWX'

CbZeTe dhX X_ TWiXefTe\b TW`\gT iXeUT_`XagX haT VbageTW\VV\ta Xf _T


`X]be `TaXeT WX eXYhgTe_b4 cXeb ab f\X`ceX fb _b _bZeT' Cb dhX VTUX [TVXe
XagbaVXf Xf fXsT_Te% f\ X__b Xf cbf\U_X% haT VbageTW\VV\ta b \aVb[XeXaV\T
XageX _T cT_TUeT XfVe\gT l _T VbaWhVgT' Gbe X]X`c_b% VhTaWb T_Zh\Xa TgTVT
X_ f\fgX`T VTc\gT_\fgT l T_TUT T _bf cTrfXf Vb`ha\fgTf% chXWb ceXZhagTe_X
cbe dhq ab i\iX Xa hab WX Xfgbf u_g\`bf'
J\ hfgXW ab chXWX fTVTe T eX_hV\e _T VbageTW\VV\ta WX `bWb Ybe`T_

').
b \aYbe`T_% \agXagX XagbaVXf cebibVTe _T Yhe\T WX fh Vbage\aVTagX3 X_
cuU_\Vb Tf\fgXagX f\X`ceX Xfgp W\fchXfgb T eXre% l f\ fh bcbaXagX Xf ceXfT
WX _T \eT chXWX iXefX TeeTfgeTWb T WXV\e gbagXerTf'
J\ WXfVhUeX hfgXW dhX fh \agXeebZTgbe\b Xfgp _bZeTaWb _bf Y\aXf
cXefXZh\Wbf% l dhX fh VbagXaW\XagX _b fTUX% gT_ iXm bVheeT dhX qfgX fX
a\XZhX T TVXcgTe VhT_dh\Xe VbfT dhX hfgXW W\ZT f\a [TVXe cXe`TaXagXf
bU]XV\baXf3 WX XfX `bWb cebVheTep bUfgTVh_\mTe X_ TiTaVX WX XfgX
\agXeebZTgbe\b' ;;X fXe Tfr% VbaiXaWep dhX hfgXW TZeXZhX WX gTagb Xa
gTagb haT ceXZhagT eXgte\VT VhlT eXfchXfgT Xf bUi\T% Vb`b fXe {LfgXW
ab fX __T`T'''7 h {?bl ab Xf'''7 <_ bgeb cbWep eXfcbaWXe dhX fr% Xa
Vhlb VTfb hfgXW cbWep YX_\V\gTe_b cbe fXe cbe haT iXm VTcTm WX eXfcbaWXe
haT ceXZhagT Xa Ybe`T W\eXVgT% l cebfXZh\e XagbaVXf Vba fh _\aXT WX
TeZh`XagTV\ta4 b fXZh\ep eXfcbaW\XaWb dhX ab% Vba _b VhT_ ab [Tep f\ab
cbaXefX Xa e\WrVh_b'
FgeT `TaXeT WX bUgXaXe _T eXfchXfgT WXfXTWT Xfgp Xa Ybe`h_Te haT
Y[NP^W]J LJYLRX\J" XahaV\TWT WX `bWb gT_ dhX VhT_dh\Xe eXfchXfgT eXfh_gX
\aVe\`\aTgbe\T' <a eXT_\WTW% gbWT ceXZhagT VTcV\bfT Vb`ceXaWX iTe\Tf
ceXZhagTf Xa haT' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ lb ceXZhagb {J\ZhX f\XaWb hfgXW
`\X`Ueb WX_ cTeg\Wb Vb`ha\fgT7 % _Tf eXfchXfgTf cbf\U_Xf fba Wbf' J\ _T
eXfchXfgT Xf dhX ab% XagbaVXf _T cXefbaT \agXeebZTWT [TUep TW`\g\Wb
dhX TagXe\be`XagX XeT `\X`Ueb WX_ cTeg\Wb Vb`ha\fgT' J\ _T eXfchXfgT Xf
dhX f\% gT`U\qa' ;;X ha `bWb h bgeb% [TUep TW`\g\Wb fh cXegXaXaV\T T XfX
cTeg\Wb' {Hhq WXUX [TVXe fh e\iT_ f\ Xf haT cXefbaT \agX_\ZXagX l ahaVT
[T f\Wb TY\_\TWb T_ cTeg\Wb Vb`ha\fgT7 <a iXm WX VbagXfgTe epc\WT`XagX
cbe fr b cbe ab% fX _\`\gTep T WXV\e dhX ahaVT cXegXaXV\t T XfX cTeg\Wb'

IXfchXfgTf

8hadhX XfgX VTcrgh_b fX VXageT Xa _bf TgTdhXf T _bf TeZh`Xagbf


WX bgeb% VbaiXaWep% chXfgb dhX lT [X`bf \agebWhV\Wb X_ gX`T WX_
WXUTgX YeXagX T YeXagX% Vbaf\WXeTe _Tf cbf\U_Xf `TaXeTf WX eXfcbaWXe b
WXYXaWXefX hab `\f`b Xa XfgX g\cb WX XaYeXagT`\Xagbf' CT VhXfg\ta
X`cT_`T W\eXVgT`XagX Vba X_ VTc\gh_b f\Zh\XagX'
8fr Vb`b X_ ce\aV\cT_ bU]Xg\ib WX _T cXefbaT dhX Ybe`h_T _Tf
ceXZhagTf Xfgp Xa WX]Te Xa WXfVhU\Xegb haT VbageTW\V\ta% WX_ `\f`b
`bWb X_ ce\aV\cT_ bU]Xg\ib WX _T cXefbaT dhX _Tf VbagXfgT Xf Xi\gTe gT_
VbageTW\VV\ta' J\ hfgXW WXfVhUeX _T VbageTW\VV\ta T _T dhX% Xa u_g\`T

')/
\afgTaV\T% fh Vbage\aVTagX _b Xfgp VbaWhV\XaWb% _X Vbai\XaX VT`U\Te WX
gX`T epc\WT`XagX% b U\Xa \efX cbe _T gTaZXagX l WXfi\Te X_ WXUTgX [TV\T
bgeb gX`T'
J\ X_ WXUTgX Z\eT Xa gbeab WX T_Zua Tfhagb VehV\T_ VhlT eXfchXfgT
cbWerT XageTsTe haT VbageTW\VV\ta% XagbaVXf% Xa iXm WX aXZTe dhX fXT
iXeWTW "_b VhT_ cbWerT WX]Te_b `T_ cTeTWb f\ fX Xdh\ibVT#% _\`rgXfX T
WXV_TeTe dhX ab fX Vbaf\WXeT ]hXm Vb`cXgXagX fbUeX X_ gX`T% l TUfgqaZTfX
WX XkceXfTe haT bc\a\ta' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_ ab Xfgp U\Xa i\fgb TW`\g\e _T
cebc\T \ZabeTaV\T% cXeb Xa XfgX VTfb _b `pf \`cbegTagX Xf Xi\gTe VTXe
Xa VbageTW\VV\baXf'
Lab WX _bf TeW\WXf X`c_XTWbf cbe fh TWiXefTe\b cTeT _bZeTe dhX
hfgXW fX VbaYhaWT% Xab]X b dhXWX Xa e\WrVh_b% fXep WXV_TeTe dhX ab
Xag\XaWX _b dhX hfgXW Xfgp W\V\XaWb' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% Xfgb fX W\VX WX
`bWb WX WTe T XagXaWXe dhX hfgXW Xf cbVb V_Teb% b VbaYhfb' JX geTgT
WX ha eXVhefb YeXVhXagX`XagX hg\_\mTWb Xa X_ Th_T cbe X_ cebYXfbe
VbageT _bf XfghW\TagXf% l Xa eXha\baXf TVTWq`\VT cbe _bf Vb_XZTf WX
`Tlbe Tag\ZvXWTW VbageT _bf `pf abiTgbf' <aYeXagTWb T _T TVhfTV\ta
WX YT_gT WX V_Te\WTW% WXUX hfgXW eXc_\VTe WX TVhXeWb Vba _bf f\Zh\XagXf
_\aXT`\Xagbf3
CX ehXZb `X W\fVh_cX "VbegXfrT \eta\VT#% cXeb Vba fh ZeTa \agX_XVgb%
gXaWerT dhX eXfh_gTe_X YpV\_ XagXaWXe_b gbWb' KT_ iXm lb ab fXT ]hXm VTUT_
Xa X_ gX`T'
8ZeXZhX T Vbag\ahTV\ta haT WXfVe\cV\ta `hl f\`c_X WX_ Tfhagb Xa
VhXfg\ta% Xkc_\VpaWb_b Vba T\eX VbaWXfVXaW\XagX% Vb`b f\ dh\Xa [\mb
_Tf ceXZhagTf YhXfX ha b_\ZbYeqa\Vb' J\ X_ bgeb \af\fgX Xa bU]XgTe dhX fh
c_TagXb Xf cbVb V_Teb% gXe`\aX W\V\XaWb3 8_Zhabf _b iXa Vba V_Te\WTW%
bgebf ab '

'*&
-­ANXQRJM >2
./0/6.2/6.7 47;;
+:1=5/6<7;; 8:7827;;
!
<ageX _bf fbY\fgTf fX [T WTWb ha Tag\Zhb WXUTgX TVXeVT WX_ ZeTWb Xa
dhX WXUX lT [TVXefX _T cebc\T WXYXafT Xa _T ceXfXagTV\ta \a\V\T_ WX ha
TeZh`Xagb' 8_Zhabf VeXXa dhX hfgXW WXUXerT WXYXaWXe Thgb`pg\VT`XagX
fh c_TagXb eXYhgTaWb gbWT cbf\U_X bU]XV\ta Xa _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb TagXf
WX dhX f\dh\XeT _T XahaV\Xa% WX `bWb WX ab WX]Te a\aZua XfcTV\b
TU\Xegb T _Tf `Ta\bUeTf WX _T bcbf\V\ta' J\a X`UTeZb% Vb`U\aTe _T
cebc\T WXYXafT Vba _T ceXfXagTV\ta \a\V\T_ WX ha TeZh`Xagb chXWX
bU]XgTefX fbUeX _T UTfX WX dhX X_ c_TagXb g\XaWX T gbeaTefX `pf VbaYhfb
f\ fX WT ThaTWb T _T WXYXafT `\f`T% _T VhT_ \aXi\gTU_X`XagX \aV_hlX ha
TgTdhX VbageT _Tf T_gXeaTg\iTf cbf\U_Xf' Gbe TsTW\WheT% [Tep dhX hfgXW
cTeXmVT T _T WXYXaf\iT% Vb`b f\ fh c_TagXb ab chW\XeT gXaXefX Xa c\X cbe
fr `\f`b' KT`U\qa g\XaX dhX [TUXe dhXWTWb Xa V_Teb% T cTeg\e WX haT
Vh\WTWbfT _XVgheT WX_ VTcrgh_b @@% dhX f\X`ceX [Tl `TaXeTf WX TgTVTe ha
TeZh`Xagb% ab \`cbegT Vt`b fXT fh ceXfXagTV\ta \a\V\T_% ab Xf cbf\U_X
WXf`TagX_Te WX TagX`Tab gbWb TcTeTgb WX_ TgTVTagX'
Cbf che\fgTf% TWX`pf% dhXeepa ceXfXagTe fh TeZh`Xagb f\a iXefX
bUfgTVh_\mTWbf cbe a\aZhaT aXVXf\WTW WX WXYXaWXe_b' Gbe bgeT cTegX%
fX ceXV\Ta WX fh [TU\_\WTW cTeT eXUTg\e gbWT bU]XV\ta% cbe _b VhT_
_Tf TVbZXepa WX UhXa ZeTWb3 \aV_hfb _Tf bU]XV\baXf WX raWb_X `pf
VTcV\bfT% chXf X__b _Xf WT _T bcbegha\WTW WX VbageTTgTVTe l cTfTe Tfr T
VhXfg\baTe T dh\XaXf _bf VhXfg\baTa T X__bf' GhaghT_\mTepa Vba beZh__b
X_ [XV[b WX dhX _T `TlberT WX _Tf W\fVhf\baXf Ybe`T_Xf _Xf cXe`\gXa
XfgX TVV\baTe Xa fhUX&l&UT]T ' KbWb WXUTgX cbe _b ZXaXeT_ \aV_hlX
geXf cTegXf3 _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf% ha cXerbWb WXW\VTWb
T _Tf ceXZhagTf "haT Ybe`T WX TgTdhX l WXYXafT#% l haT bcbegha\WTW
cTeT _T eXYhgTV\ta' <a _bf ]h\V\bf fX WT gTagb T_ Y\fVT_ Vb`b T_ WXYXafbe
bcbegha\WTW cTeT XahaV\Te X_ VTfb% [TVXe fh ceXfXagTV\ta WXgT__TWT%
XYXVghTe X_ VbeeXfcbaW\XagX \agXeebZTgbe\b l ceXfXagTe ha eXfh`Xa WX
_bf TeZh`Xagbf' <fgX cebVXW\`\Xagb% f\a X`UTeZb% chXWX WTe c\X T Wbf
bU]XV\baXf ZXaXeT_Xf' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% ab f\X`ceX Xf cbf\U_X eXYhgTe T
_T bcbf\V\ta' CT Ybe`T WX Xkcbf\V\ta% X_ cuU_\Vb b X_ `XW\b X`c_XTWb T

'*)
iXVXf cXe`\gX XkcbaXe haT fb_T iXm' Gbe TsTW\WheT% T_ZhaTf cXefbaTf
VTeXVXa WX _T eTc\WXm `XagT_ aXVXfTe\T cTeT eXfcbaWXe WX \a`XW\Tgb
Xa XfX gb`T l WTVT% l ceXY\XeXa UTfTefX WX __Xab Xa haT XahaV\TV\ta l
WXYXafT `XWh_bfT WX fhf TeZh`Xagbf' :TUX TZeXZTe dhX f\ hfgXW gb`T
Xa VhXagT gT`U\qa fh WXYXafT VhTaWb beZTa\mT _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX fh
TeZh`Xagb% cbWep `X]beTe gTagb W\V[T ceXfXagTV\ta Vb`b _T WXYXafT
`\f`T% chXfgb dhX fX [TUep Tag\V\cTWb T _Tf cbf\U_Xf bU]XV\baXf'
CT `beT_X]T WX gbWb Xfgb Xf dhX WXUXep WX]Te dhX _Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf
WXgXe`\aXa _T `XW\WT Xa dhX cbWep hfgXW Vb`U\aTe _T ceXfXagTV\ta
WX_ VTfb Vba fh WXYXafT' ;;X gbWbf `bWbf% f\ZhX f\XaWb ug\_ fXcTeTe _Tf
W\YXeXagXf gqVa\VTf WX VTWT haT% WX `bWb WX fXe `pf VbafV\XagX WX X__Tf%
cbWXe hg\_\mTe_Tf `X]be l gT`U\qa WXfVhUe\e_Tf VhTaWb _Tf X`c_XTa
bgebf'
:b`b f\X`ceX bVheeX VhTaWb fX geTgT WX ZTaTe% _b ce\`Xeb dhX [Tl
dhX UhfVTe Xf _T eXTVV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb' GebVheX WXgXe`\aTe _T `XW\WT Xa
dhX fh bU]Xgb [T _bZeTWb dhXUeTe fh _raXT WX WXYXafT' {Hhq X_X`Xagbf
WX fh TeZh`XagTV\ta YhXeba eXUTg\Wbf `pf YpV\_`XagX% Vhp_Xf f\Zh\Xeba
Xa c\X l eXf\fg\Xeba gbWbf _bf TgTdhXf% l% Xa cTeg\Vh_Te% Vhp_Xf YhXeba
\ZabeTWbf cbe _T bcbf\V\ta7 8 iXVXf% cTfTe cbe T_gb ha TfcXVgb b TfcXVgbf
XfcXVrY\Vbf eXfh_gT f\agb`pg\Vb WX _T \aVTcTV\WTW WX _T bcbf\V\ta7
8 iXVXf% cTfTe cbe T_gb ha TfcXVgb b TfcXVgbf XfcXVrY\Vbf eXfh_gT
f\agb`pg\Vb WX _T \aW\VT dhX X_ Vbage\aVTagX eXVbabVX dhX WXgXe`\aTWb
X_X`Xagb Xf gTa ft_\Wb dhX `X]be fXep __T`Te X_ `Xabe ZeTWb WX TgXaV\ta
cbf\U_X dhX ab% WXgXe`\aTep _bf TfcXVgbf dhX hfgXW WXV\WT WXfgTVTe% _bf
dhX eXY\XeT cTfTe cbe T_gb% l _bf ahXibf X_X`Xagbf dhX WXUT \agebWhV\e
Xa _T WXYXafT WX fh VTfb'
?Tl% X`cXeb% ha X_X`Xagb cXefbaT_ XfcXV\Y\Vb dhX WXUX fXe gb`TWb
Xa VhXagT VhTaWb beZTa\mT`bf T _T WXYXafT3 fh cebc\T eXTVV\ta
X`bV\baT_ TagX X_ TgTdhX' LaT VbfT Xf fXe XfcXVgTWbe Xa ha Vb`UTgX%
l `hl bgeT fXe hab WX fhf cTeg\V\cTagXf' CTf eXTVV\baXf iTe\Tepa Vba
_T cXefbaT% cXeb Xa gbWbf _bf VTfbf WXUXep hfgXW TceXaWXe T Vbageb_Te
fhf eXTVV\baXf X`bV\baT_Xf l T VbaVXageTefX Xa ZTaTe Y\aT_`XagX' <fgb
fhZ\XeX _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX Tc_\VTe iTe\Tf eXZ_Tf ZXaXeT_Xf cTeT YTV\_\gTe fh
cebc\b Vbageb_3

?X JMVR]J W^WLJ UJ MN[[X]J0

Eb fX `hXfgeX ahaVT WXeebgTWb% a\ f\XagT% gT`cbVb% dhX _b [T f\Wb'

'**
J\ X_ cuU_\Vb WXgXVgT dhX Xfgp Vba _T `beT_ UT]T% XagbaVXf ceXfhcbaWep
Thgb`pg\VT`XagX dhX fh Vbage\aVTagX [T ZTaTWb X_ WXUTgX' ?Tl iTe\Tf
Ybe`Tf WX _bZeTe_b3 cbe X]X`c_b% f\qagXfX Vba _Tf `Tabf WbU_TWTf haT
fbUeX bgeT% ab fX eXghXemT Xa X_ Tf\Xagb% erT `pf YhXegX dhX aTW\X VhTaWb
X_ bgeb [TVX ha V[\fgX% fbaerT% gb`X chagXf}cXeb ab WX`Tf\TWbf% l
WX]X WX gb`Te_bf [TV\T X_ Y\aT_}&% b fTdhX ha X]X`c_Te WX haT eXi\fgT
l ctaZTfX T _XXe_T% \ZabeTaWb gbgT_`XagX T fh Vbage\aVTagX f\ VeXX dhX
cbWep fT_\efX Vba _T fhlT'

?RePN\N J \N[ LXW_NWLRMX0

8hadhX f\XagT dhX fh TWiXefTe\b g\XaX UhXabf TeZh`Xagbf Xa fh


YTibe% l dhX _bf cebc\bf fba `pf WqU\_Xf% ab fX WX]X VbaiXaVXe3 Xfgb Xf
XfcXV\T_ `XagX \`cbegTagX' J\ abf eXaW\`bf cbedhX X_ Vbage\aVTagX cTeXVX
gXaXe eTmta% \aXi\gTU_X`XagX WXfVhUe\`bf% VhTaWb lT Xf WX`Tf\TWb
gTeWX% dhX Xa eXT_\WTW abfbgebf gXarT`bf eTmta \a\V\T_`XagX' {:hpa T
`XahWb fX _X [T bVhee\Wb T hfgXW haT eXfchXfgT l eXYhgTV\ta TWXVhTWT
haT iXm gXe`\aTWb X_ WXUTgX7 |:baYrX WX XageTWT Xa fh \afg\agb

?X YRN[MJ UJ LXWORJWcJ NW \R VR\VX0

J\X`ceX eXfh_gT [\e\XagX dhX T_Zh\Xa c\XafX `T_ WX abfbgebf b


WX ahXfgebf TeZh`Xagbf% XfcXV\T_`XagX f\ X_ TWiXefTe\b g\XaX V\Xegb
ceXfg\Z\b' GTeT eXYbemTe fh VbaY\TamT Xa fr `\f`b l VbageTeeXfgTe _T
\`TZXa dhX chXWT gXaXe WX _T bcbf\V\ta% \agXagX _b f\Zh\XagX' @`TZ\aX
dhX X_ [b`UeX b `h]Xe dhX _b [T TgTVTWb Xfgp T__r ceXfXagX f\a a\aZhaT
ebcT XaV\`T3 Xfgb UTfgTep cTeT dhX fX iXT Xa e\WrVh_b' F \`TZ\aX X_ g\cb
XfcXV\T_ WX \ZabeTaV\T% Xfghc\WXm% VXZhXeT b Vb`U\aTV\baXf WX gbWb X__b
dhX cbWerT __XiTe T T_Zh\Xa T W\fXag\e Vba fh TeZh`Xagb'

?X \^KN\]RVN J UJ XYX\RLRgW0

J\ _b [TVX% cbWep UT]Te _T ZhTeW\T l WX]Te dhX _T bcbf\V\ta ZTaX T eTrm


WX fh cebc\b WXfVh\Wb' CT `X]be `TaXeT WX _bZeTe fh bU]Xg\ib ZXaXeT_
l `TagXaXe _T VbaY\TamT Xa fr `\f`b Xfgp Xa cXafTe _b VJU_JMX dhX Xf
X_ bcbf\gbe' Eb fX geTgT% f\`c_X`XagX% WX dhX qfgX ab gXaZTa eTmta% f\ab
dhX gT`U\qa g\XaX \agXaV\baXf WXf[baXfgTf X \aXfVehch_bfTf'

'*+
=J MNONW\J N\ ]JVKReW J]JZ^N0

Eb fX _\`\gX T WXYXaWXe fh cebc\T cbfgheT3 TgTdhX gT`U\qa T _T


bcbf\V\ta' LfgXW TgTVTep ab ft_b cTeT WX`bfgeTe dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb WX _T
bcbf\V\ta ft_b VbaiXaVX fhcXeY\V\T_`XagX% f\ab gT`U\qa cTeT WTefX T fr
`\f`b `pf g\X`cb cTeT cXafTe Xa haT eXfchXfgT WXfg\aTWT T WXYXaWXe
X_ cebc\b TeZh`Xagb' GXeb Xa gbWb `b`Xagb WXUX WTe _T \`ceXf\ta WX
dhX hfgXW Xfgp Xa cXeYXVgb Vbageb_ WX_ Tfhagb'

:FEKI88K8HL<

KbWT WXYXafT WXUX \aV_h\e ha VbageTTgTdhX% b fXT% _T eXYhgTV\ta WX


_bf TeZh`Xagbf c_TagXTWbf VbageT hfgXW cbe _T bcbf\V\ta' ?hX_ZT WXV\e
dhX ab gbWb TgTdhX VbageT fh VTfb \aV_h\ep gbWb g\cb WX TVhfTV\ta% WX
`bWb dhX gXaWep dhX X_XZ\e XageX _Tf f\Zh\XagXf gqVa\VTf% fXZua fXT _T
dhX X`c_XX fh e\iT_'

;;XY\a\V\ta WX_ TeZh`Xagb

?Tl T_Zb dhX hfgXW f\X`ceX WXUXep WX]Te Xa V_Teb%


\aWXcXaW\XagX`XagX WX _b dhX _T bcbf\V\ta [TlT W\V[b3 dhX qfgT ab
[T WXY\a\Wb TWXVhTWT`XagX X_ TeZh`Xagb dhX hfgXW WXY\XaWX' Eb
\`cbegT dhq [TlT W\V[b fh TWiXefTe\b% hfgXW f\X`ceX WXUXep TWhV\e
Xfgb cbedhX "T# f\ _T bcbf\V\ta [T Ybe`h_TWb `T_ X_ TeZh`Xagb dhX
hfgXW XfZe\`X cbedhX _b XagXaW\t `T_% XagbaVXf dhXWT \`c_rV\gb dhX _T
bcbf\V\ta gT_ iXm ab fXT `hl Ue\__TagX4 "U# f\ _T bcbf\V\ta [T Ybe`h_TWb
`T_ X_ TeZh`Xagb dhX hfgXW WXY\XaWX cXeb _b Xag\XaWX `hl U\Xa%
\`c_rV\gT`XagX fheZX dhX _T bcbf\V\ta Xf WXf[baXfgT4 "V# Xfgb u_g\`b
_X WT T hfgXW bVTf\ta WX eXWXY\a\e fh TeZh`Xagb% WX `bWb gT_ WX "*#
eXYbemTe Xa _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb _bf TeZh`Xagbf dhX hfgXW eXT_`XagX
WXfXT W\fVhg\e4 "+# eXYbe`h_Te fh cbfgh_TWb Vba X_ Y\a WX VbageTeeXfgTe
T_ZhaTf WX _Tf bU]XV\baXf c_TagXTWTf% T_Zb dhX TaT_\mTeX`bf _hXZb `pf
WXgT__TWT`XagX4 ",# Y\aT_`XagX% gb`TefX T_Zb `pf WX g\X`cb TagXf WX
eXc_\VTe'

0-­/
AhZTefX T gbWb b aTWT

GhXfgb dhX haT WX _Tf Ybe`Tf ce\aV\cT_Xf WX TgTVTe ha VTfb Xf


__XiTe_b [TfgT fhf XkgeX`bf "T_Zb lT `XaV\baTWb TagXf#% WXUX hfgXW
XfgTe ceXcTeTWb cTeT VbageTeeXfgTe XfgX g\cb WX gpVg\VTf f\ fX _Tf hg\_\mT
Xa fh VbageT' J\ hfgXW ab XYXVght haT ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta b TfXiXeTV\ta
VTgXZte\VT cXeb fh Vbage\aVTagX _b TVhfT WX [TUXe_b [XV[b% eX\gXeX
_bf TeZh`Xagbf `pf _\`\gTWbf dhX WXfXT WXYXaWXe' 8WX`pf% Wq T
XagXaWXe dhX fh Vbage\aVTagX Xfgp gTa WXV\W\Wb T iXe_b gbWb Xa U_TaVb
l aXZeb dhX Xfgp cTfTaWb cbe T_gb gbWbf _bf `Tg\VXf l fhg\_XmTf WX _T
TeZh`XagTV\ta dhX hfgXW Ybe`h_T' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ hfgXW TeZh`XagT
Xa YTibe WX V\XegTf eXfge\VV\baXf T ha cebZeT`T WX TlhWT% TW`\gT
gbWTf _Tf YT_XaV\Tf WX_ cebZeT`T cXeb eX\gXeX dhX fba gX`cbeTe\Tf%
l dhX fX geTgT WX ha cebZeT`T fhcXe\be T gbWbf _bf ceXfXagTWbf
TagXe\be`XagX' Eb Vbafg\ghlX haT eXT_ cTaTVXT% cXeb chXWX [TVXe
`hV[b U\Xa' Gbe _b WX`pf% eX\gXeX dhX ab fX bcbaX hfgXW T bgebf
cebZeT`Tf'
JhcbaZT`bf% Xa bgeb VTfb% dhX TeZh`XagT hfgXW dhX X_ aTV\baT_\f`b
b X_ beZh__b aTV\baT_ YhX hab WX _bf ce\aV\cT_Xf YTVgbeXf}f\ ab X_
ce\aV\cT_}Xa _T Vb_ba\mTV\ta WX 8Ye\VT l 8f\T cbe cTegX WX _bf cTrfXf
WX <hebcT FVV\WXagT_ WheTagX X_ f\Z_b O@O l Vb`\Xambf WX_ OO' Jh
bcbf\gbe cbWep VbageTTgTVTe XfZe\`\XaWb _T gXf\f `Tek\fgT&_Xa\a\fgT
WX_ \`cXe\T_\f`b T_ fXsT_Te _Tf iXagT]Tf XVbat`\VTf dhX _Tf cbgXaV\Tf
Vb_ba\T_Xf bUgXarTa b XfcXeTUTa bUgXaXe' Eb ft_b [Tl XkVXcV\baXf Xa
_b dhX W\VX fh e\iT_ "hfgXW WX`hXfgeT Tfr dhX fX Xdh\ibVT#% f\ab dhX
ab g\XaX cbe dhq aXZTe XfX TfcXVgb WX _T TeZh`XagTV\ta T Y\aXf WX
WXYXaWXe fhf cebc\bf TeZh`Xagbf' GhXWX `hl U\Xa fXe V\Xegb dhX X_
cebiXV[b XVbat`\Vb YhX hab WX _bf YTVgbeXf Xa _T Vb_ba\mTV\ta% cXeb
Xfgb ab WXf`\XagX dhX X_ aTV\baT_\f`b gT`U\qa [TlT \aV\W\Wb Vb`b
YTVgbe' <a iXeWTW% chXWX hfgXW TeZh`XagTe dhX X_ aTV\baT_\f`b YhX `pf
\`cbegTagX Vb`b YTVgbe dhX _bf WX raWb_X XVbat`\VT'

8cX_TaWb T _T \ZabeTaV\T

CT \aVTcTV\WTW WX eXYhgTe fh TeZh`Xagb Xdh\iT_X T WX`bfgeTe dhX Xf


X_ VbeeXVgb' D\XageTf aTW\X chXWT WX`bfgeTe dhX hfgXW Xfgp gbgT_`XagX
Xdh\ibVTWb% TVguX Vb`b f\ _T eTmta Xfghi\XfX gbgT_`XagX WX fh _TWb'

! !
8VXaguX X_ [XV[b WX dhX T_ZhaTf WX _Tf VbfTf dhX hfgXW W\]b% ThadhX
ge\i\T_Xf% fba V\XegTf% l dhX _T bcbf\V\ta ab chXWX eXYhgTe_Tf'
?Tl Wbf TWXVhTWbf X]X`c_bf WX Xfgb' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% {Vt`b
cebVXWXep T_Zh\Xa cTeT eXYhgTe _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX ;;\bf7 <f VTf\ \`cbf\U_X
[TVXe_b Xa XfgX VTfb'
<a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% Xf \`cbf\U_X eXYhgTe _T gXberT WX haT Vbafc\eTV\ta
b Vba]heT' {:t`b WX`bfgeTe dhX gbWTf _Tf Xkc_\VTV\baXf TVXeVT WX haT
Vbafc\eTV\ta cTeT `TgTe T_ ceXf\WXagX Ab[a =' BXaaXWl XeTa \aVbeeXVgTf7
D\XageTf _Tf gXberTf Vbafc\eTgbe\Tf fXTa LXVYJ]RKUN\ Vba _Tf cehXUTf
Xk\fgXagXf% Xf \`cbf\U_X eXYhgTe_Tf' :_Teb Xfgp dhX Vb`cTg\U\_\WTW ab
f\Za\Y\VT _b `\f`b dhX cehXUT% cbe _T fXaV\__T eTmta WX dhX chXWX
\aiXagTefX ha au`Xeb \aY\a\gb WX cbf\U\_\WTWXf Vb`cTg\U_Xf' Eb
bUfgTagX% Xa _T `XagX cbch_Te fheZX _T gXagTV\ta \eeXf\fg\U_X WX WTe _T
Vb`cTg\U\_\WTW cbe ha [XV[b cebUTWb'

<fgTWrfg\VTf

J\ hfgXW fX iT_X WX XfgTWrfg\VTf% l fh bcbf\gbe _Tf TgTVT gT_ Vb`b fX


[T \aW\VTWb Xa X_ VTcrgh_b M% XagbaVXf fh WXYXafT WXUXep cebVXWXe WX_
`bWb f\Zh\XagX' Gbe ha _TWb% f\ q_ _b TVhfT WX ab gb`Te haT `hXfgeT T_
TmTe eXceXfXagTg\iT b TWXVhTWT% hfgXW cbWep VbageTTgTVTe fb_\V\gpaWb_X
dhX MNORWJ ^WJ V^N\][J JU JcJ[$ <_ ab cbWep [TVXe_b% f\`c_X`XagX cbedhX
aTW\X% a\ f\dh\XeT X_ `pf XkcXegb TaT_\fgT Xa _T `TgXe\T% [T cbW\Wb WXY\a\e
haT `hXfgeT T_ TmTe' CT eTmta Xf \agXeXfTagX% l iT_X _T cXaT WXgXaXeabf
Xa X__T'
CT \aYbe`TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT Vbaf\fgX Xa haT eX_TV\ta `TgX`pg\VT`XagX
XkceXfTWT XageX hab b `pf X_X`Xagbf' Gbe X]X`c_b% X_ au`Xeb WX VTfbf
WX i\ehX_T W\f`\ahlX Xa haT mbaT b Xa ha Zehcb WbaWX _T ZXagX Xf
\abVh_TWT' KT_ iXm fX Wq haT W\f`\ahV\ta WX_ 11 cbe V\Xagb WX _bf VTfbf'
J\a X`UTeZb% ab UTfgT a\aZhaT \aYbe`TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT cTeT XfgTU_XVXe
haT eX_TV\ta \aiTe\TU_X b VThfT_ XageX Wbf X_X`Xagbf `pf f\a cehXUTf
\aWXcXaW\XagXf' CT hg\_\WTW WX _bf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf Xfgp Xa dhX ft_b
fX X`c_XTa L^JWMX WX LXWXLNVX\ UJ [NUJLRgW MR[NL]J b VbaZ_b`XeTWb WX
eX_TV\baXf XageX _bf W\fg\agbf X_X`Xagbf'
Gbe X]X`c_b% XfghW\TaWb XfgTWrfg\VTf fbUeX _T Ve\`\aT_\WTW% cbWX`bf
TWiXeg\e haT T_gT VbeeX_TV\ta XageX _T WX_\aVhXaV\T l _T cXegXaXaV\T T
V\Xegbf Zehcbf qga\Vbf' {Hhq abf W\VX Xfgb7 {HhX _bf `\X`Uebf WX V\Xegbf

0-­$
Zehcbf fba `pf cebcXafbf T_ WX_\gb7 {HhX [Tl WX cTegX WX _T cb_\VrT
haT Vbafc\eTV\ta cTeT TeeXfgTe b cXefXZh\e `pf XaVTea\mTWT`XagX T _bf
`\X`Uebf WX V\Xegbf Zehcbf qga\Vbf7 {HhX [Tl haT VThfT b VThfTf bVh_gTf
"bgeb YTVgbe# dhX cbWerTa \aWhV\e T _bf `\X`Uebf WX WXgXe`\aTWb Zehcb
qga\Vb T Vb`XgXe `pf WX_\gbf7 GbWX`bf X`c_XTe WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf cTeT
WXfVhUe\e ha cebU_X`T "fX TWi\XegXa T_gTf VbeeX_TV\baXf dhX chXWXa
b ab f\Za\Y\VTe T_Zb#% b cTeT eXfcT_WTe V\XegT gXberT TVXeVT WX cbe dhq
bVheeXa WXgXe`\aTWbf [XV[bf' GXeb f\a _T gXberT% _bf WTgbf VTeXVXa WX
fXag\Wb' ;;X T[r dhX _T \aYbe`TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT WX cbe fr ab cehXUX b WX]X
WX cebUTe aTWT% f\ab dhX chXWX fXe f\Za\Y\VTg\iT T_ WTefX ThaTWT T bgebf
X_X`Xagbf' KbWb TdhX_ dhX TgTdhX fhf WTgbf XfgTWrfg\Vbf cXeb cTfX cbe
T_gb X_ eXfgb WX fh TeZh`XagTV\ta% cbWep iXefX Xa f\ghTV\ta WX dhX fX _X
fXsT_X X_ [XV[b% WX_ dhX gT`U\qa fX TWiXeg\ep T_ cuU_\Vb'
Gbe ha _TWb% f\ fh e\iT_ TgTVT X_ X`c_Xb WX _Tf XfgTWrfg\VTf Xa ZXaXeT_%
hfgXW cbWep XfZe\`\e ha X]X`c_b Xa fXag\Wb VbageTe\b cTeT WX`bfgeTe
_b TUfheWb WX Tfr [TVXe_b' JhcbaZT`bf _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX haT gX`\U_X
XaYXe`XWTW dhX ab Xk\fgX XageX WXgXe`\aTWb cbeVXagT]X WX _T cbU_TV\ta
dhX \aZ\XeX V\Xegb T_\`Xagb' ;;\V[b Xa bgebf gqe`\abf% Xk\fgX haT
X_XiTWT VbeeX_TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT XageX ha T_\`Xagb l _T ThfXaV\T WX haT
XaYXe`XWTW' {Eb XfgTerT hfgXW W\fchXfgb T \aZXe\e XfX T_\`Xagb ThadhX
WXfVbabmVT _T eX_TV\ta W\eXVgT Xk\fgXagX7
<a VhTagb T _T TVhfTV\ta WX dhX hfgXW cTft cbe T_gb h b`\g\t V\Xegbf
WTgbf% VbageTTgTdhX WX_ `\f`b `bWb fTVTaWb T eX_hV\e bgebf WTgbf ab
`XaV\baTWbf TagXf% l WXib_i\XaWb _T ceXZhagT T fh TWiXefTe\b' {Gbe dhq
ab `XaV\bat q_ XfT \aYbe`TV\ta7 <fgb% T cebctf\gb% eXYhXemT ha TagXe\be
X_X`Xagb dhX WXfgTVT`bf% X_ WX eXfXeiTe T_Zhabf VTeghV[bf cTeT X_ Y\aT_
Xa _hZTe WX W\fcTeTe_bf gbWbf Xa _T TeZh`XagTV\ta \a\V\T_'

;;XYXafT WX _Tf ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf

Jhf ZXaXeT_\mTV\baXf chXWXa fXe TgTVTWTf VhTaWb T_Zh\Xa cebVheT


fXsT_Te T_ZhaT XkVXcV\ta' ?Tl geXf eXfchXfgTf cbf\U_Xf T XfgT TVhfTV\ta'
<a ce\`Xe _hZTe% _T XkVXcV\ta gT_ iXm ab gXaZT aTWT dhX iXe Vba _b
dhX hfgXW Xfgp geTgTaWb WX WX`bfgeTe' Gbe X]X`c_b% fhctaZTfX dhX [T
\agXagTWb WX`bfgeTe _T eX_TV\ta XageX _T `uf\VT WX [XLT l _T Vh_gheT WX
_T WebZT% l Vb`b cTegX WX _Tf cehXUTf V\gT X_ VTfb WX Tfgebf WX_ [XLT
\`c_\VTWbf Xa _T WebZTW\VV\ta% Vb`b 9bl >VbeZX' @aV_hfb chXWX fXsT_Te

'*/
dhX _T _XgeT WX T_ZhaTf VTaV\baXf l X_ Vbafh`b WX WebZTf WheTagX _bf
VbaV\Xegbf% gTagb cbe cTegX WX _bf `uf\Vbf Vb`b WX_ cuU_\Vb% Ybe`Ta
cTegX WX_ T`U\XagX ZXaXeT_\mTWb' Jh bcbf\gbe chXWX fXsT_Te dhX
T_Zhabf Tfgebf WX_ [XLT fX `Tag\XaXa gbgT_`XagX T_ `TeZXa WX _T Vh_gheT
WX _Tf WebZTf' Cb dhX fh e\iT_ W\VX Xf V\Xegb% cXeb gT_ iXm ab TYXVgX T fh
ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta b fh TY\e`TV\ta WX dhX Xk\fgX T_Zua iraVh_b cebYhaWb
XageX T`UTf VbfTf' :ba gbWT fXZhe\WTW% fX [T WXfVhU\Xegb dhX T_Zhabf
ZeTaWXf Tg_XgTf Vbafh`Xa WebZTf% cXeb aTW\X cebV_T`T dhX X_ WXcbegX
fXT cTegX WX _T Vh_gheT WX _T WebZT' J\a X`UTeZb% X_ Vbafh`b WX WebZTf
ab Xf cTegX WX_ Vb`cbegT`\Xagb abe`T_ WX_ cuU_\Vb% cbe X]X`c_b Xa ha
cTeg\Wb WX KJ\TN]KJUU" l _bf iT_beXf XkceXfTWbf cbe X_ WXcbegX cebYXf\baT_
ab Z\eTa Xa gbeab WX _bf c_TVXeXf WX _T WebZT'
<a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% hfgXW cbWep TWhV\e dhX _T XkVXcV\ta V\gTWT
ab _b Xf eXT_`XagX% l TVhfTe T fh TWiXefTe\b WX YJ[LRJURcJ[ UX Z^N JUNPJ$
8WhmVT dhX _bf TeZh`Xagbf dhX hg\_\mT cTeT cebV_T`Te haT XkVXcV\ta
"TgTdhXf UTfTWbf Xa _T TVhfTV\ta WX TVV\WXagX b W\i\f\ta# ab fba ip_\Wbf'
Gbe X]X`c_b% WheTagX X_ ]h\V\b XYXVghTWb Xa *20) T 9bUUl JXT_X% _rWXe WX
_Tf GTagXeTf EXZeTf% N\__\T` J_bTa :bYY\a% VTcX__pa WX _T La\iXef\WTW
WX PT_X% fbfghib dhX JXT_X ab WXUrT fXe ]hmZTWb% fXagXaV\TWb a\
VTfg\ZTWb Tha VhTaWb fX _b [T__TeT Vh_cTU_X% chXfgb dhX XeT _T fbV\XWTW
_T dhX _b [TUrT VbaiXeg\Wb Xa WX_\aVhXagX' <fgT XkVXcV\ta cTegX WX
haT Xkc_\VTV\ta ZXaqg\VT% l VTUerT TeZh`XagTe dhX Xf ha T_XZTgb
cTeV\T_\mTWb' {<fgTerT W\fchXfgb :bYY\a T WX]Te Xa _\UXegTW T ha eTV\fgT
fheXsb dhX XaVTUXmTeT haT gheUT WX _\aV[T`\Xagb TWhV\XaWb dhX _T
fbV\XWTW "Vba _T WXab`\aTWT IXVbafgehVV\ta# _b [TUrT VbaiXeg\Wb Xa
Ve\`\aT_7 8WhV\e haT Xkc_\VTV\ta ZXaqg\VT Xa ha VTfb cXeb ab Xa X_ bgeb
Xf fXe Vh_cTU_X WX T_XZTgbf cTeV\T_\mTWbf'
CT gXeVXeT _raXT WX WXYXafT VbageT _T TVhfTV\ta WX ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta
TceXfheTWT "b Xk\fgXaV\T WX haT XkVXcV\ta dhX \aiT_\WTerT fh
ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta# Xfge\UT Xa eXVhee\e T_ fTU\b W\V[b WX dhX _T XkVXcV\ta
[TVX _T eXZ_T l VehmTe _bf WXWbf' <fgb% T cebctf\gb% \`c_\VT "cXeb ab fX
_b W\ZT T aTW\X# dhX VhTagTf `pf XkVXcV\baXf [TlT% `X]be fXep _T eXZ_T'
|Dhl XkgeTsb <a eXT_\WTW% _T YeTfX be\Z\aT_ Xf WX =eTaV\f 9TVba% dhX W\]b
dhX _T XkVXcV\ta [TVX _T eXZ_T Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX _T cbaX T cehXUT'
Lab cbaX T cehXUT haT ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta UhfVTaWb XkVXcV\baXf T X__T' <a
_hZTe WX eXYbemTe _T ZXaXeT_\mTV\ta% _T XkVXcV\ta _T \aiT_\WT'
<a WXYXafT WX _Tf WXY\a\V\baXf

CTf WXY\a\V\baXf chXWXa bU]XgTefX cbe fXe WX`Tf\TWb Xfge\VgTf% b


WX`Tf\TWb T`c_\Tf X \aft_\gTf' J\ T hfgXW fX _b TVhfT WX hg\_\mTe _bf
gqe`\abf Xa ha fXag\Wb WX`Tf\TWb eXfge\aZ\Wb% l% XfcXV\T_`XagX% WX
VbaiT_\WTe fh cbfgheT cbe _T WXY\a\V\ta `\f`T% eXc_\dhX XagbaVXf
dhX [Tl dhX gXaXe _Tf \WXTf V_TeTf% chXf WX _b VbageTe\b fXeX`bf gbWbf
irVg\`Tf WX _bf XdhribVbf' <kc_plXfX fbUeX X_ cXafT`\Xagb WXfVh\WTWb
WX fh bcbaXagX% dh\Xa fX cbaX T Ve\g\VTe T dh\XaXf fX XfYhXemTa cbe fXe
V_Tebf'
JhctaZTfX dhX fX _b TVhfT WX hg\_\mTe `T_ ha gqe`\ab% Xa ha fXag\Wb
W\YXeXagX T_ TVXcgTWb cbe X_ W\VV\baTe\b' {Hhq [TVXe7 GhXf _TaVX gbWT haT
W\Tge\UT VbageT _bf W\VV\baTe\bf' {:t`b fba Vb`c\_TWbf _bf W\VV\baTe\bf%
l cbe dh\qaXf7 {Hh\qa W\VX dhX XfTf cXefbaTf Xfgqa VTcTV\gTWTf cTeT
WXV\W\e X_ fXag\Wb WX _Tf cT_TUeTf7
?Tl haT VhXfg\ta dhX c_TagXTe3 {Cbf W\VV\baTe\bf fba WXfVe\cg\ibf b
abe`Tg\ibf7 <f WXV\e% {WXfVe\UXa X_ hfb eXT_ WX _Tf cT_TUeTf% b X_ `bWb Xa
dhX WXUXerT`bf hfTe_Tf7 J\ fba WXfVe\cg\ibf% XagbaVXf Xi\WXagX`XagX
X_ W\VV\baTe\b YT__T% T_ ab WXfVe\U\e X_ hfb dhX hfgXW _X WT T_ gqe`\ab'
J\ fX _X eXfcbaWX dhX _bf W\VV\baTe\bf WXfVe\UXa X_ hfb ZXaXeT_ cXeb
ab X_ cTeg\Vh_Te WX _Tf cT_TUeTf% ctaZT_b Xa WhWT' {8_ZhaT iXm [T
f\Wb XaVhXfgTWb cbe _bf XW\gbeXf WX ha W\VV\baTe\b fbUeX X_ hfb WX
WXgXe`\aTWT cT_TUeT7 {8_ZhaT iXm fX [\mb ha c_XU\fV\gb WX beWXa
aTV\baT_ fbUeX fh hfb7
<afTlX T[beT X_ bgeb XaYbdhX' JhcbaZT dhX _bf W\VV\baTe\bf fba
abe`Tg\ibf% b fXT dhX abf W\VXa Vt`b WXUXerT`bf hg\_\mTe haT cT_TUeT'
{Hh\qaXf fba _bf Vb`c\_TWbeXf WX ha W\VV\baTe\b cTeT WXV\W\e fbUeX
gX`Tf gTa VehV\T_Xf7 {Jbfg\XaXa WX TagX`Tab ha chagb WX i\fgT bchXfgb
T_ fhlb7 ;;X fXe Tfr% XagbaVXf fba _bf Vb`c\_TWbeXf WX_ W\VV\baTe\b
dh\XaXf Xfgpa geTgTaWb WX \`cbaXe fhf TeZh`Xagbf% T_ WXgXe`\aTe dhX
V\Xegbf cbfgh_TWbf fXTa VbeeXVgbf cbe WXY\a\V\ta' Gbe TsTW\WheT% f\ _Tf
VbfTf f\ZhXa Tfr% gXe`\aTeX`bf cbe __XZTe T _b dhX FejX__ WXfVe\UrT Xa
fh abiX_T '/.* Vb`b WNXUNWP^J" ha \W\b`T VbafgTagX`XagX `Ta\ch_TWb
cTeT X_ UXaXY\V\b WX habf cbVbf'
8ha VhTaWb XfgX`bf YeXagX T WXY\a\V\baXf ab`\aT_Xf "b fXT% ip_\WTf
WX TVhXeWb Vba _T VbaiXaV\ta [h`TaT#% cbWX`bf gXaXe ahXfgeTf eTmbaXf
cTeT bcgTe cbe haT WX X__Tf Xa _hZTe WX bgeT' Cbf TeZh`Xagbf Xa YTibe
WX _T WXY\a\V\ta cbe _T VhT_ bcgT chXWXa fXe "T# Xg\`b_tZ\Vbf "V\gTaWb X_

'+'
be\ZXa WX _T cT_TUeT#% "U# VbaW\V\baXf WX fh hfb% b"V# VbafXVhXaV\Tf WX
fh hfb'
:baf\WXeX`bf% cbe X]X`c_b% _T TVhfTV\ta WX _b dhX hfgXW [T W\V[b Xf
gThgb_tZ\Vb% b fXT% V\Xegb cbe WXY\a\V\ta' JhcbaZT`bf dhX [T W\V[b dhX
Th`XagTe X_ V\eVh_TagX "_bVhT_ W\f`\ahlX X_ iT_be WX_ W\aXeb T_ [TUXe
`pf VTag\WTW V\eVh_TaWb# cebWhVX ha Th`Xagb WX ceXV\bf "\aY_TV\ta#' <a
ha fXag\Wb bUi\b% Xfgb ab Xf haT eX_TV\ta WX VThfT l XYXVgb% f\ab iXeWTW
cbe WXY\a\V\ta' J\a X`UTeZb% XfgT WXY\a\V\ta% Xa Vba]haV\ta Vba T_ZhaTf
gXberTf XVbat`\VTf% chXWX cXe`\g\e XkgeTXe gbWb g\cb WX cebatfg\Vbf
ug\_Xf' <a fr `\f`Tf _Tf WXY\a\V\baXf cbVb f\Za\Y\VTa% cXeb ThaTWTf T
bgebf X_X`Xagbf chXWXa fXe fh`T`XagX f\Za\Y\VTg\iTf' Gbe _b gTagb% ab
Xf fb_T`XagX _T WXY\a\V\ta _b dhX Xfgp Xa ]hXZb f\ab gT`U\qa _bf WX`pf
X_X`Xagbf Vba dhX hfgXW _T TVb`cTsT'

:\gTf YhXeT WX VbagXkgb

:b`b VhT_dh\Xe bgeT Verg\VT% qfgT WXUX fXe eXUTg\WT cXe`TaXagX`XagX%


\af\fgT Xa dhX _Tf cT_TUeTf V\gTWTf cbe hfgXW XeTa XkTVgT`XagX _b dhX
W\]b% Xf WXV\e% cTfX cbe T_gb _T TVhfTV\ta WX dhX _Tf V\gt YhXeT WX VbagXkgb%
l TWhmVT dhX _b TVhfTeba WX V\gTe `T_'
J\ fh e\iT_ \af\fgX Xa X_ gX`T% b f\ hfgXW fX iX bU_\ZTWb T X`ceXaWXe
haT ceb_baZTWT W\fVhf\ta WX_ `\f`b% c_TagXX XagbaVXf haT VhXfg\ta
`pf T`c_\T37 {dhq Vbafg\ghlX X_ VbagXkgb Tcebc\TWb7 {<f _T YeTfX% beTV\ta
h beTV\baXf dhX hfgXW V\gt% b fX geTgT WX T_Zb `pf T`c_\b7 8VhfX WX
bUfg\aTWb T fh TWiXefTe\b3 f\ lb V\gb haT beTV\ta% q_ W\ep dhX ab V\gq X_
cpeeTYb XagXeb% l f\ V\gb gbWb X_ cpeeTYb W\ep dhX WX_\UXeTWT`XagX b`\gr
_bf cpeeTYbf ceXVXWXagXf b f\Zh\XagXf% [TfgT dhX cbe Y\a gXaWeq dhX V\gTe
gbWb _b XfVe\gb Xa XfgX \W\b`T'' '{b XfX VbagXkgb f\ZhX f\XaWb WX`Tf\TWb
eXfge\aZ\Wb7
J\ eXT_`XagX fX f\XagX TVbeeT_TWb cbe ha TWiXefTe\b [pU\_ dhX [T__T
T_ZhaT `TaXeT WX VbaiXaVXe T_ cuU_\Vb WX dhX hfgXW fX [T XkceXfTWb
WXageb WX ha VbagXkgb _\aZvrfg\Vb \aTcebc\TWb b dhX \aWhVX T Xeebe%
fbfgXaZT XagbaVXf dhX X_ VbagXkgb Tcebc\TWb \aV_hlX _bf ZXfgbf l
VbaWhVgT WX _T cXefbaT V\gTWT' GhXfgb dhX cbe _b ZXaXeT_ ab Xk\fgX
TVhXeWb TVXeVT WX_ VbagXkgb Xa YhaV\ta WX_ VhT_ \agXeceXgT`bf ZXfgbf
l Vb`cbegT`\Xagb% {dh\qa chXWX eXT_`XagX TVhfTe`X WX \agXeceXgTe
XeetaXT`XagX _T cbfgheT WX T_Zh\Xa7

"!
CTf `XagXf _XZT_\fgTf% XfcXV\T_`XagX _Tf WX XkcXegbf Vbafg\ghV\baT_\fgTf%
fhX_Xa XageTe WXageb WX XfgX g\cb WX \agXeceXgTV\ta' 8_Zhabf \agXeceXgTa
haT :bafg\ghV\ta Xa Ybe`T Y_Xk\U_X % bgebf% Xa Ybe`T Xfge\VgT b T_
c\X WX _T _XgeT' DhV[b fX [TU_T WX XfgT W\YXeXaV\T% cXeb Xa eXT_\WTW ab
Xf `hV[b _b dhX chXWX WXV\efX T_ eXfcXVgb' J\ T_Zh\Xa YhXfX eXT_`XagX
Xfge\Vgb ahaVT XkgXaWXerT b Tc_\VTerT _T :bafg\ghV\ta T ha VTfb ua\Vb'
KbWT _XVgheT XageTsT haT \agXeceXgTV\ta' :hTaWb [TU_T`bf WX_ Xfcre\gh
WX _T _Xl% XfgT`bf cebchZaTaWb haT \agXeceXgTV\ta `hV[b `pf T`c_\T'
GXeb {dhq dhXerTa WXV\e XkTVgT`XagX _bf ThgbeXf WX _T :bafg\ghV\ta Vba
T_ZhaTf WX _Tf VbfTf dhX W\]Xeba7 GTeT XagXaWXe_b% WXUX`bf Vbafh_gTe
T_Zhabf WX fhf bgebf XfVe\gbf% l Xfgb Xf XkTVgT`XagX _b dhX fhX_X [TVXefX'
GXeb% {dhq bgebf XfVe\gbf7 {:hp_ Xf X_ VbagXkgb Tcebc\TWb7 <fgX Xf ha
cebU_X`T eXT_% Tha VhTaWb ab ceXgXaWT`bf \eabf cbe _Tf eT`Tf'

@aVb[XeXaV\T

J\ fX _X TVhfT WX fXe \aVb[XeXagX% |a\qZhX_b <a ce\`Xe _hZTe%


chXWX geTgTefX WX ha f\`c_X `T_XagXaW\Wb% dhX hfgXW cbWep TV_TeTe
Vba YTV\_\WTW' <a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% gT_ iXm X_ cebU_X`T ab Xk\fgT% l _T
TVhfTV\ta fXT ha `Xeb \agXagb WX cTegX WX _T bcbf\V\ta cbe cbaXe_b
T hfgXW Xa haT W\YrV\_ f\ghTV\ta' <a XfgX VTfb% hfgXW WXUXep fXsT_Te_b%
l [TVXe cuU_\VT eXVbaiXaV\ta WX fh bcbaXagX' <a gXeVXe _hZTe% `hl
U\Xa chXWX [TUXe [TU\Wb haT \aVb[XeXaV\T dhX cTft cbe T_gb' <a
XfgX VTfb% ab iTV\_X Xa eX\agXeceXgTe _b W\V[b% WX `bWb WX Tah_Te _T
VbageTW\VV\ta'
Gbe X]X`c_b% fhctaZTfX dhX Xfgp cebchZaTaWb _T eXYbe`T fbV\T_
cTeT ha Zehcb bce\`\Wb% l TeZh`XagT cuU_\VT`XagX dhX _bf bce\`\Wbf
WXUXa gb`Te _T _Xl Xa fhf `Tabf% dhX WXUXa eXVhee\e T _T i\b_XaV\T cTeT
dhX fX [TZT ]hfg\V\T4 fTVT XagbaVXf ha `TV[XgX l _b fTVhWX `\XageTf
V\gT _Tf YT`bfTf cT_TUeTf WX GTge\V^ ?Xael% |;;TW`X _\UXegTW% b WTW`X
_T `hXegX ' ChXZb% VhTaWb Xf TeeXfgTWb l ]hmZTWb cbe \aV\gTe T_ `bgra%
fXW\V\ta b _b dhX YhXeX% hfgXW fbfgXaWep ab [TUXe cebahaV\TWb XfTf
\aY_T`TWTf YeTfXf% cbedhX fh cT_TUeTf ab WXUrTa gb`TefX _\gXeT_`XagX%
f\ab Vb`b cTegX WX _T `XeT eXgte\VT cb_rg\VT' Cb dhX hfgXW dh\fb WXV\e
Xf dhX _T ZXagX ft_b WXUX [TVXe Xfb f\ Xf aXVXfTe\b b WX iXefX bU_\ZTWT%
cXeb Xa eXT_\WTW% hfgXW VeXX dhX TVghT_`XagX _Tf VbaW\V\baXf cXe`\gXa
`XW\bf `pf `bWXeTWbf WX _bZeTe haT eXYbe`T fbV\T_'

'+)
JXZua fXT _T f\ghTV\ta l X_ cuU_\Vb% chXWX [TUXe bVTf\baXf Xa dhX _T
\aVb[XeXaV\T ab Xfgp WX_ gbWb `T_' ;;Xfchqf WX gbWb% ab VbageTWXV\efX
ahaVT chXWX fXe f\Zab WX XfgeXV[Xm `XagT_' GhXf U\Xa% `X VbageTW\Zb'
{P dhq7
<fgT gqVa\VT Xf XfcXV\T_`XagX ug\_ VhTaWb hfgXW \aibVT haT iXeWTW
`pf X_XiTWT dhX Tdhq__Tf gTa _\`\gTWTf T _Tf dhX fX Tc_\VTa _Tf _XlXf
WX _T Vb[XeXaV\T' <a haT iXaT `pf fXe\T% cbWX`bf TWiXeg\e dhX Xk\fgX
haT W\YXeXaV\T XageX \aVb`cTg\U\_\WTW l VbageTW\VV\ta' <a X_ VTfb WX
haT VbageTW\VV\ta% b _T TVhfTV\ta [XV[T cbe fh bcbaXagX WX dhX hfgXW
Xfgp [TV\XaWb Ybe`h_TV\baXf \aVb`cTg\U_Xf% _T \aVb`cTg\U\_\WTW Xk\fgX
ft_b Xa eX_TV\ta Vba T_Zua `TeVb Xa cTeg\Vh_Te% dhX hfgXW ab g\XaX
cbe dhq TVXcgTe' Gbe X]X`c_b% _bf <fgTWbf La\Wbf fba haT WX`bVeTV\T
Xa dhX ZbU\XeaT _T `TlberT' J\a X`UTeZb% Vba X_ Y\a WX Xa`XaWTe _T
:bafg\ghV\ta fX eXdh\XeX _T TcebUTV\ta WX _bf Wbf gXeV\bf WX _bf XfgTWbf%
dhX Xf `pf WX _T `TlberT l ab ZhTeWT eX_TV\ta Vba _T cbU_TV\ta eXT_' LaT
`\aberT WX cbVb `pf WX _T gXeVXeT cTegX WX _bf XfgTWbf chXWX U_bdhXTe
ha VT`U\b' {<fgb ab Xf haT VbageTW\VV\ta7 {JX geTgT WX \aVb`cTg\U\_\WTW7
CT eXYhgTV\ta WX XfgTf TVhfTV\baXf Xfgp Xa dhX abe`T_`XagX _T `TlberT
ZbU\XeaT% cXeb Xa X_ VTfb WX ZeTaWXf VT`U\bf aXVXf\gT`bf haT `hl
T`c_\T `TlberT Vba X_ Y\a WX TfXZheTe _T XfgTU\_\WTW l fXe Vb[XeXagXf
Vba X_ TVhXeWb be\Z\aTe\b' |;;Xfchqf WX gbWb% _Tf Wbf gXeVXeTf cTegXf WX
_bf XfgTWbf cbWerTa ibgTe cTeT TUb_\e X_ ZbU\Xeab WX _bf Wbf gXeV\bf

;;Xfi\TaWb _T TgXaV\ta

?TfgT Tdhr% [X`bf TaT_\mTWb _T eXYhgTV\ta WX TVhfTV\baXf XfcXVrY\VTf


XYXVghTWTf VbageT fh TeZh`XagTV\ta' J\ hfgXW [T VbafXZh\Wb eXYhgTe_Tf
VTUT_`XagX% gbWb TaWTep U\Xa' GXeb% {dhq bVheeX f\ hfgXW g\XaX _T
fXafTV\ta WX dhX fh WXYXafT ab Xf _b fhY\V\XagX`XagX ft_\WT% b dhX
dhXWTa T_ZhaTf WhWTf Xa _T `XagX WX_ cuU_\Vb7 8 XfgT T_gheT% ab chXWX
fXZh\e TgXa\qaWbfX T _b W\V[b WX XageTWT3 _b dhX WXUX [TVXe Xf WXfi\Te _T
TgXaV\ta [TV\T ha gX`T Vb_TgXeT_% Xa eX_TV\ta Vba X_ VhT_ hfgXW fX f\XagX
cTeg\Vh_Te `XagX YhXegX' <fgb WTep _T \`ceXf\ta WX dhX hfgXW f\ZhX
X`chsTaWb X_ g\`ta WX_ WXUTgX'
8_ \agebWhV\e XfgX g\cb WX X_X`Xagbf cTeT WXfi\Te _T TgXaV\ta WX_
cuU_\Vb% [Tl iTe\bf TfcXVgbf dhX eXVbeWTe' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% ThadhX
fX geTgX WX ha gX`T Vb_TgXeT_% WXUXep XfgTe eX_TV\baTWb% T_ `Xabf
\aW\eXVgT`XagX% Vba X_ gX`T Xa W\fVhf\ta% chXf WX _b VbageTe\b X_
cuU_\Vb ab _b TVXcgTep' 8_ [TU_Te WX Tfgebab`rT% ab chXWX geTgTe WX
W\fgeTXefX _T TgXaV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb [TU_TaWb WX_ ceXV\b WX _bf [hXibf' <a
fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% X_ gX`T dhX hfgXW \agebWhVX WXUX cbfXXe fhY\V\XagX
cXfb X`bV\baT_ Vb`b cTeT TgeTXe WX \a`XW\Tgb _T TgXaV\ta' ;;XUX fXe
_b UTfgTagX cbWXebfb Vb`b cTeT dhX hfgXW chXWT X_TUbeTe_b gbWb X_
g\X`cb dhX aXVXf\gX' <a gXeVXe _hZTe% WXUX TfXZheTefX WX dhX ceXfXagT X_
gX`T WX `bWb gT_ dhX hfgXW l X_ cuU_\Vb \aXi\gTU_X`XagX gXe`\aTa WX_
`\f`b _TWb% Xa gTagb dhX fh bcbf\gbe dhXWT WX_ _TWb bchXfgb'
LaT iXef\ta cTeg\Vh_Te`XagX \agXeXfTagX WX Vt`b W\fgeTXe _T TgXaV\ta
Xfgp Xa X_ WXUTgX fbUeX _Tf VheTf WX _bf `T_Xf fbV\T_Xf' @`TZ\aX ha WXUTgX
TVXeVT WX Vt`b `X]beTe _T XWhVTV\ta WX _bf a\sbf WX ha ZhXgb% Xa X_
dhX X_ CTWb Lab fbfg\XaX dhX WXgXe`\aTWT cebchXfgT "__T`q`bf_T O#
Xf _T `TaXeT WX eXfb_iXe X_ cebU_X`T' JhcbaZT`bf% Tf\`\f`b% dhX X_
CTWb ;;bf TgTVT T O fbUeX _T UTfX WX fh VbageTW\VV\ta \agerafXVT% WX dhX
X_ c_Ta [T YeTVTfTWb VhTaWb geTgt WX Tc_\VpefX_b TagXf% WX dhX \agXeYXe\ep
Vba bgebf cebZeT`Tf l dhX% WX gbWbf `bWbf% Xf WX`Tf\TWb baXebfb' <_
CTWb Lab% Xa WXYXafT WX fh cebchXfgT% W\VX _b f\Zh\XagX cTeT W\fgeTXe _T
TgXaV\ta3 hfgXW ab Xag\XaWX eXT_`XagX X_ cebU_X`T a\ fX ceXbVhcT cbe q_'
<_ CTWb Lab cebVXWX XagbaVXf T X_TUbeTe haT ceb_baZTWT XahaV\TV\ta
WX_ cebU_X`T3 X_ [beebe WX_ ZhXgb% _Tf i\WTf YehfgeTWTf WX Xfbf a\sbf%
_T YT_gT WX Yhgheb% l% T _T _TeZT% fh WXfgehVV\ta' 8_ gXe`\aTe hfgXW% X_
cuU_\Vb XfgTep T_ UbeWX WX _Tf _pZe\`Tf' J\ X_ cuU_\Vb ab VeXX dhX X_ CTWb
;;bf Xf ha eTV\fgT% cXafTep T_ `Xabf dhX Xf ha \aW\i\Whb \afXaf\U_X' Gbe
TsTW\WheT% X_ cuU_\Vb ab ft_b WTep fh TcebUTV\ta T _T cebchXfgT O% f\ab
dhX cebUTU_X`XagX TcebUTep VhT_dh\Xe bgeT cebchXfgT gT`U\qa'
{;;X dhq `TaXeT fX [T WXfi\TWb _T TgXaV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb7 <_ TeZh`Xagb
Z\eTUT Xa gbeab WX haT cebchXfgT O XfcXV\Y\VT cTeT fb_hV\baTe ha
cebU_X`T Xa cTeg\Vh_Te' <a a\aZua `b`Xagb Xfghib Xa W\fVhf\ta X_
cebU_X`T `\f`b' <_ CTWb ;;bf ahaVT aXZt _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX_ cebU_X`T4
gTa ft_b TgTVt _T cebchXfgT O Vb`b `XW\b WX eXfb_iXe XfX cebU_X`T' <_
CTWb Lab% dhX WXYXaWrT _T cebchXfgT O% ahaVT eXfcbaW\t eXT_`XagX T
_Tf Verg\VTf f\ab dhX TVght Vb`b f\ X_ CTWb ;;bf Xfghi\XeT aXZTaWb _T
Xk\fgXaV\T WX_ cebU_X`T' CT `TaXeT WX W\fgeTXe _T TgXaV\ta WX_ cuU_\Vb
XfgTUT eX_TV\baTWT Vba X_ gX`T ce\aV\cT_ "T_ `Xabf Xa fh VbagXa\Wb#%
XeT T_gT`XagX X`bV\baT_% l X_ CTWb Lab TWbcgt _T cbfgheT dhX% T fh
XagXaWXe% fXerT Vb`cTeg\WT cbe X_ cuU_\Vb'
<a UhfVT WX _T cXeYXVV\ta

Eb [Tl dhX b_i\WTe ahaVT V\XegT cbf\U\_\WTW3 fh TeZh`XagTV\ta


b cebchXfgT chXWX fXe UhXaT% cXeb ab cXeYXVgT' <f WXV\e% dhX chXWX
ceXfXagTe cebU_X`Tf b WTe _hZTe T bU]XV\baXf dhX ab chXWTa fXe
eXfcbaW\WTf fTg\fYTVgbe\T`XagX' <__b% X`cXeb% ab f\Za\Y\VT dhX fh
fb_hV\ta ab fXT _T `X]be cbf\U_X' 8 iXVXf Xf aXVXfTe\b TW`\g\e dhX
chXWXa VTUXe bU]XV\baXf% cXeb X__Tf ab \aiT_\WTa fh cebchXfgT' 8dhr%
TVhfTep hfgXW T _T bcbf\V\ta WX Tfc\eTe T _T cXeYXVV\ta b WX XfgTe Xa
UhfVT WX haT LgbcrT% TagXf dhX TVXcgTe cebchXfgT T_ZhaT'
<fgX g\cb WX cebU_X`T% bU]XV\ta l WXYXafT Y\Zhet T`c_\T`XagX Xa
X_ Vhefb WX_ WXUTgX cbe _bf WXeXV[bf V\i\_Xf Xa <fgTWbf La\Wbf' Cbf
WXYXafbeXf WX _bf WXeXV[bf V\i\_Xf [TUrTa \agebWhV\Wb haT _XZ\f_TV\ta
W\e\Z\WT T cebgXZXe T _bf aXZebf VbageT X_ ceX]h\V\b eTV\T_ l _T cXefXVhV\ta'
Hh\XaXf fX bcbarTa T _T _XZ\f_TV\ta WX WXeXV[bf V\i\_Xf fbfgXarTa dhX
_T ua\VT `TaXeT Xa dhX X_ cebU_X`T WX_ ceX]h\V\b eTV\T_ cbWrT fXe
"eXT_`XagX# fhcXeTWb fX WTerT VhTaWb VT`U\TfX X_ VbeTmta WX T_Zhabf
[b`UeXf3 ab fX cbWrT _bZeTe cbe `XW\b WX _T _XZ\f_TV\ta' <a eXfchXfgT
T XfgT bU]XV\ta% _bf WXYXafbeXf WX _bf WXeXV[bf V\i\_Xf "\aV_h\Wb DTeg\a
Chg[Xe B\aZ% [\]b# fXsT_Teba dhX ab gXarTa g\X`cb WX XfcXeTe T dhX
_T [h`Ta\WTW YhXfX cXeYXVgT' D\XageTf gTagb% _Tf _XlXf cbe _b `Xabf
`bW\Y\VTerTa _T VbaWhVgT% _b VhT_ lT f\Za\Y\VTUT T_Zua cebZeXfb ThadhX
ab fX _bZeTeT _T LgbcrT'
:b`b Vb`c_X`Xagb WX XfgX g\cb WX WXYXafT cbWep hfgXW TeZh`XagTe
dhX fh cebchXfgT% T _T _TeZT% VbafXZh\ep X_\`\aTe gbWTf _Tf W\Y\Vh_gTWXf'
KT_ Vb`b X_ WbVgbe B\aZ fXsT_TeT% X_ VT`U\b Xa _T VbaWhVgT WX _bf
[b`UeXf% \aWhV\Wb cbe _Tf _XlXf% cbWerT T _T cbfgeX \aWhV\e T_ VT`U\b
Xa fhf VbeTmbaXf'

ETWT `pf dhX bU]XV\baXf

LaT iTe\TagX WX _T UufdhXWT WX _T cXeYXVV\ta Xf _T f\`c_X XkceXf\ta


WX bU]XV\baXf' <_ cebU_X`T ab Xfgp Xa dhX `\ cebchXfgT fXT cXeYXVgT%
f\ab Xa dhX [TUerT dhX iXe f\ Xf `X]be ab [TVXe aTWT% b f\ Xk\fgX haT
T_gXeaTg\iT'
?Tl Wbf iTe\TagXf WX _T cbf\U_X WXYXafT VbageT _b dhX ab fba `pf dhX
bU]XV\baXf geTf bU]XV\baXf' ;;Xab`\aTeX`bf T _T iTe\TagX hab _T `Xabf
f\aVXeT ' JX geTgT Tdhr WX TeZh`XagTe dhX% Tha VhTaWb ahXfgeT cebchXfgT
ab Xf cXeYXVgT% WXUXerT`bf TWbcgTe_T WX gbWbf `bWbf cbedhX aTW\X chXWX
cebcbaXe bgeT `X]be' MXT`bf _bf geXf X]X`c_bf f\Zh\XagXf WX iTe\TagX
`Xabf f\aVXeT' "*# :heT cTeT X_ VpaVXe3 cXe\tW\Vb fTVe\Y\V\b [h`Tab T_
W\bf WX_ fb_4 "+# :heT cTeT _T ZhXeeT3 UXUXe UTg\Wbf _pVgXbf4 ",# :heT cTeT
_Tf iXeehZTf3 UXUXe j[\f^Xl \e_TaWqf' J\a WhWT% [TUep T dh\XaXf ab _X
ZhfgXa _Tf fb_hV\baXf dhX [X fhZXe\Wb% cXeb% {chXWXa bYeXVXe T_ZhaT
T_gXeaTg\iT dhX fXT `pf \a`XW\TgT cTeT eXfb_iXe X_ cebU_X`T7
CT fXZhaWT iTe\TagX fXerT _T WXab`\aTWT `pf f\aVXeT ' 8dhr% Vb`b
bVheeX gTa T `XahWb Vba _bf ZeTaWXf W\_X`Tf `beT_Xf WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T%
WXUX`bf bcgTe XageX Wbf `T_Xf l XfcXeTe dhX [TlT`bf X_XZ\Wb X_ `Xabe'
<f `hl \`cbegTagX% Xa VTfbf Vb`b qfgX% dhX XageTsXa Wbf Vhefbf
V_Tebf WX TVV\ta% T`Ubf aXZTg\ibf% l f\a bgeTf T_gXeaTg\iTf' @`TZraXfX
TgeTcTWb Xa haT gbeeX Vba ha WqU\_ `XagT_ dhX "*# ab fTUX dhX Xfgp hfgXW
T__r% l "+# W\fcTeT T `TafT_iT `TgTaWb T dh\XaXf cTfTa cbe _T VT__X' Gbe
VTWT fXZhaWb dhX hfgXW iTV\_T% X_ bgeb `TgT T T_Zh\Xa4 Xf WX`Tf\TWb
YhXegX cTeT cbWXe eXWhV\e_b4 ab [Tl cXefcXVg\iTf WX TlhWT \a`XW\TgT WX
TYhXeT4 _T ua\VT `TaXeT WX WXgXaXe_b Xfgp Xa W\fcTeTe_X cbe _T XfcT_WT
Vba _T cXdhXsT c\fgb_T dhX hfgXW cbegT' {?TUep WX `TgTe_b7 J\a WhWT% ab
Xf haT WXV\f\ta TZeTWTU_X WX gb`Te% l WXfgeh\ep Tfr haT i\WT [h`TaT'
Gbe bgeT cTegX% {Vhp_ Xf _T T_gXeaTg\iT7 {<a iXeWTW chXWX iTV\_Te TagX _T
cbf\U\_\WTW WX dhX T_Zh\Xa _hXZb bU]XgX dhX [T dh\gTWb haT i\WT7

:baWXaTaWb X_ W\_X`T

?Tl geXf Ybe`Tf WX XaVTeTe ha W\_X`T% cXeb TagXf WX TaT_\mTe_Tf%


eXVbeWX`bf Xa dhq Vbaf\fgX X_ W\_X`T' <fgX _X bYeXVX Wbf VbafXVhXaV\Tf
T_gXeaTg\iT`XagX \aWXfXTU_Xf' JX geTgT WX ha TeZh`Xagb Vba Wbf
ceX`\fTf l haT VbaV_hf\ta3

J\''' J*'' XagbaVXf J + l f\'''J,'' XagbaVXf J-­


f+ b f,SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Gbe _b gTagb% J+ X J-­'

<_ f\Zh\XagX Xf ha X]X`c_b WX W\_X`T3


J\ T _T cb_\VrT fX _X WT `Tab _\UeX% ab eXfcXgTep ahXfgeTf _\UXegTWXf

'+-­
V\i\_Xf4 b f\ T _T cb_\VrT ab fX _X WT `Tab _\UeX% ab cbWep Vb`UTg\e _T
WX_\aVhXaV\T' F U\Xa fX WT `Tab _\UeX T _T cb_\VrT% b ab' @X[ UX ]JW]X" _T
cb_\VrT WX]Tep WX eXfcXgTe ahXfgeTf _\UXegTWXf V\i\_Xf% X U\Xa ab cbWep
Vb`UTg\e _T WX_\aVhXaV\T'
CT ce\`Xe `TaXeT WX fhcXeTe ha W\_X`T Xfgp Xa JON[[J[\N J ^WJ ^
X][J YX\RKRURMJM$ 8_ [TVXe_b% eXV[TmT`bf _T iT_\WXm WX haT h bgeT
cebcbf\V\ta VbaW\V\baT_ " f\'''XagbaVXf #' <a ahXfgeb X]X`c_b gXaX`bf
Wbf cebcbf\V\baXf VbaW\V\baT_Xf3 f\ T _T cb_\VrT fX _X WT `Tab _\UeX% ab
eXfcXgTep ahXfgeTf _\UXegTWXf V\i\_Xf4 b f\ ab fX _X WT `Tab _\UeX% XagbaVXf
ab cbWep Vb`UTg\e _T WX_\aVhXaV\T'
=pV\_`XagX cbWeX`bf eXV[TmTe XfgT u_g\`T VbaW\V\ta fXsT_TaWb dhX
Xa _T TVghT_\WTW _T cb_\VrT ab g\XaX `Tab _\UeX% cXeb Tha Tfr Vb`UTgX _T
WX_\aVhXaV\T% ThadhX ab chXWT VbageT gbWT X__T'
CT fXZhaWT `TaXeT WX eXYhgTe ha W\_X`T Xfgp XW \X\UJbJ[ UJ\ JU]N[WJ]R_J\"
b fXT% eXV[TmTe _T fXZhaWT ceX`\fT cbe ab Ue\aWTe T_gXeaTg\iTf dhX
fX XkV_hlTa `hghT`XagX' EhXfgeT fXZhaWT ceX`\fT XeT3 b U\Xa T _T
cb_\VrT fX _X WT `Tab _\UeX% X ab' CT fXZhaWT `\gTW WX _T ceX`\fT fhcbaX
dhX _T cb_\VrT Xfgp gbgT_`XagX _\`\gTWT Xa _b dhX [TVX' J\a X`UTeZb%
Xk\fgX haT gXeVXeT T_gXeaTg\iT3 cbWX`bf Tc_\VTe T_ZhaTf eXfge\VV\baXf
T _T VbaWhVgT WX _T cb_\VrT "Vb`b \aibVTe X_ QJKNJ\ LX[Y^\" \af\fg\e Xa _T
Xfge\VgT bUfXeiTV\ta WX _Tf _XlXf% XgV'# cXeb bgbeZTe_X T_Zhabf cbWXeXf
W\fVeXV\baT_Xf' <a iXeWTW% Xfgb Xf _b dhX [TVX`bf'
CT gXeVXeT `TaXeT WX eXYhgTe ha W\_X`T Xf _T `pf [Xe`bfT' 8fr
Vb`b ha W\_X`T XeT ha eXVhefb eXgte\Vb `hl XY\VTm cTeT cbaXe Y\a T
haT fXe\X WX bU]XV\baXf% ha LXW][JMRUNVJ Xf ha eXVhefb [Xe`bfb l XY\VTm
cTeT WXfUTeTgTe gbWb X_ TeZh`Xagb WX _T bcbf\V\ta' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe%
Vbaf\WXeX`bf _T XfgehVgheT WX_ TagXe\be W\_X`T% l bUfXeiX`bf _hXZb
Vt`b ha f\`c_X VT`U\b Ue\aWT haT Yte`h_T fXZheT cTeT Vbafgeh\e ha
VbageTW\_X`T'

<a bgeTf cT_TUeTf% _b dhX [X`bf [XV[b Xf eXiXeg\e X_ beWXa WX J% l J-­%


l aXZTe_bf' {:t`b fX ceXfXagT XfgX VbageTW\_X`T7
J\ T _T cb_\VrT fX _X WT `Tab _\UeX% XagbaVXf Vb`UTg\epa gbWb WX_\gb
"WbU_X aXZTg\iT3 Xa _T TfXiXeTV\ta be\Z\aT_ WXVrT ab Vb`UTg\e4 Tdhr% ab&
ab Vb`UTg\e Xdh\iT_X T Vb`UTg\e#4 l f\ ab fX _Xf WT `Tab _\UeX% WX WX]Tepa
WX eXfcXgTe ahXfgeTf _\UXegTWXf V\i\_Xf'
F U\Xa T _T cb_\VrT fX _X WT `Tab _\UeX% b ab' "CT fXZhaWT ceX`\fT
f\ZhX f\XaWb _T `\f`T#'
@X[ UX ]JW]X" _T cb_\VrT WXUX Vb`UTg\e gbWb WX_\gb% X eXfcXgTe ahXfgeTf
_\UXegTWXf V\i\_Xf'
:b`b chXWX iXefX% X_ VbageT&W\_X`T c_TagXT Wbf T_gXeaTg\iTf
\ZhT_`XagX TgeTVg\iTf% Vba _T `\f`T \aYbe`TV\ta dhX ceXfXagTUT X_
W\_X`T be\Z\aT_' IXfh_gT XY\VTm VbageT X_ bcbaXagX% ab cbedhX eXT_`XagX
Xfgq W\V\XaWb aTWT% f\ab cbedhX WX`hXfgeT dhX hfgXW Xf `hV[b `pf
\agX_\ZXagX'
E\aZhaT W\fVhf\ta WX W\_X`Tf l VbageT&W\_X`Tf fXerT Vb`c_XgT f\a
\aV_h\e X_ YT`bfb X]X`c_b WX_ cebYXfbe WX _tZ\VT l fh T_h`ab' <_ cebYXfbe
WX _tZ\VT Ti\ft dhX gbWb T_h`ab dhX cXeW\XeT fh ce\`Xe VTfb TagX _bf
ge\UhaT_Xf% fXerT W\fcXafTWb WX cTZTe _bf [babeTe\bf cbe fh Vhefb' 8_
cbVb g\X`cb ha T_h`ab TahaV\t dhX fX aXZTUT T cTZTe cbe X_ Vhefb' <_
cebYXfbe WX _tZ\VT _X [\mb ]h\V\b% __XipaWb_b TagX _bf ge\UhaT_Xf'
<a fh WXYXafT% X_ XfghW\TagX TeZh`Xagt3 *# J\ c\XeWb X_ ]h\V\b% XagbaVXf
ab gXaZb dhX cTZTe X_ Vhefb "fXZua _b TahaV\TWb#4 l f\ ZTab% ab gXaZb
dhX cTZTe "cbe WXV\f\ta WX_ ]hXm#' F U\Xa ZTab% b c\XeWb3 Xa T`Ubf VTfbf%
ab gXaZb dhX cTZTe'
<_ cebYXfbe TeZh`Xagt Xa fh cebc\T WXYXafT3 J\ X_ XfghW\TagX ZTaT
X_ VTfb% XagbaVXf WXUX cTZTe "fXZua _b TahaV\TWb#4 f\ c\XeWX% XagbaVXf
WXUX cTZTe "cbe WXV\f\ta WX_ ]hXm#' F ZTaT X_ VTfb% b _b c\XeWX' <a T`Ubf
VTfbf% g\XaX dhX cTZTe'

8cX_TaWb T_ cebc\b \agXeqf

8fr Vb`b T_ ceXfXagTe fh TeZh`Xagb hfgXW fXsT_TUT T_Zhabf


UXaXY\V\bf `TeZ\aT_Xf dhX fheZrTa WX TVXcgTe fh chagb WX i\fgT% WX \ZhT_
`TaXeT% T_ WXYXaWXe fh cbfgh_TWb VbageT _bf TgTdhXf WX fhf TWiXefTe\bf%
cbWep hfgXW eXcXg\e XfT TcX_TV\ta' J\a X`UTeZb% WXUX [TUXe Tdhr haT
W\YXeXaV\T' <a _T ceXfXagTV\ta WX fh TeZh`Xagb% TcX_TUT hfgXW T T_Zua
\agXeqf ZXaXeT_ Vb`cTeg\Wb cbe gbWbf4 cXeb Tdhr [T WX TcX_Te hfgXW T_
cebc\b l `pf XfgeXV[b \agXeqf WX XfgX cuU_\Vb WXgXe`\aTWb' Gbe X]X`c_b%
Xa ha WXUTgX fbUeX _T \`cbegTaV\T WX _Tf ETV\baXf La\WTf% fhcbaZT`bf
dhX ceXfXagT hfgXW haT _\fgT `XaV\baTaWb gbWbf _bf iT_beXf% _bZebf l
ceb`XfTf WX XfX Ybeb `haW\T_' Jh bcbaXagX WXa\ZeT fhf eXT_Xf _bZebf X
\aV_hfb fXsT_T Vhpagb WTsb chXWX [TVXe XfT beZTa\mTV\ta "cbe X]X`c_b%
YTV\_\gTaWb X_ \aZeXfb WX XfcrTf T _bf <fgTWbf La\Wbf#' <a fh WXYXafT%
V_Teb Xfgp% hfgXW eXfcbaWXep T gbWTf _Tf bU]XV\baXf dhX `XeXmVTa
eXfchXfgT' GXeb ab [Tl eTmta cTeT ab TZeXZTe T_Zua TcX_Tg\ib T_ cebc\b
l XfgeXV[b \agXeqf WX_ cuU_\Vb' J\% cbe X]X`c_b% Xfgp [TU_TaWb TagX ha
cuU_\Vb aXblbe^\ab% cbWep fXsT_Te gT`U\qa Vhpagb W\aXeb Vbage\UhlX
_T FeZTa\mTV\ta WX _Tf ETV\baXf La\WTf T _T XVbab`rT WX fh V\hWTW'
J\a X`UTeZb% gb`X ceXVThV\baXf VbageT ha TWiXefTe\b dhX TcX_X T Xfbf
XfgeXV[bf \agXeXfXf fXsT_TaWb _bf ZTfgbf dhX _T FEL TVTeeXT T _T V\hWTW%
cbe X]X`c_b% Xa cebgXVV\ta cb_\V\T_'

>8E8I <C 8I>LD<EKF

CT ce\`XeT XgTcT WX gbWT WXYXafT Xk\gbfT Xfgq Xa eXYhgTe TVhfTV\baXf


XfcXVrY\VTf l TgTdhXf VbageT fh ceXfXagTV\ta \a\V\T_ WX_ TeZh`Xagb' CT
fXZhaWT XgTcT WX _T WXYXafT Xf X_ TgTdhX WX _Tf T_gXeaTg\iTf' <fb Xf
XfcXV\T_`XagX \`cbegTagX f\ _T ce\`XeT XgTcT WX fh WXYXafT ab [T f\Wb
gTa Xk\gbfT Vb`b _X [TUerT ZhfgTWb' CT `TlberT WX _bf TeZh`Xagbf fX
ZTaTa WX`bfgeTaWb dhX% Xa gqe`\abf ZXaXeT_Xf% hab WX _bf Vbage\aVTagXf
Xf `X]be dhX X_ bgeb% b fXT dhX cbfXX `pf chagbf T YTibe l `Xabf Xa
VbageT'
J\a X`UTeZb% f\ fh WXYXafT be\Z\aT_% b _T WX _T ce\`XeT XgTcT% [T
f\Wb Xk\gbfT% XagbaVXf ha TgTdhX T _T cbfgheT T_gXeaTg\iT fX Vbai\XegX
Xa `TaXeT WX Ta\dh\_Te T fh XaX`\Zb l ZTaTe X_ TeZh`Xagb' <a haT
cT_TUeT% ab ft_b fh cbf\V\ta chXWX fXe WXYXaW\WT% f\ab dhX ab chXWX
fXe_b _T WX _T bcbf\V\ta'

IXYhgTaWb _T T_gXeaTg\iT

ETgheT_`XagX% X_ ce\`Xe cebVXW\`\Xagb Xa fh XfgeTgXZ\T cTeT ZTaTe


Xfgp Xa eXYhgTe gbWT T_gXeaTg\iT' ?Tl Tdhr geXf cbf\U\_\WTWXf3 "T# f\ fh
bcbaXagX bYeXVX haT T_gXeaTg\iT Xkc_rV\gT% TgpdhX_T4 "U# f\ _T cbfgheT WX fh
e\iT_ dhXWT \`c_rV\gT cXeb ab XkceXfT% fpdhX_T hfgXW T eX_hV\e l TgpdhX_T4
"V# f\ ab _bZeT c_TagXTe a\aZua g\cb WX T_gXeaTg\iT% fbfgXaZT XagbaVXf

BA  
dhX _T T_gXeaTg\iT ab Xk\fgX cbedhX% VTfb VbageTe\b% fh TWiXefTe\b _T
[TUerT ceXfXagTWb' 8fr% hfgXW ZTaT cbe b`\f\ta'
:b`b X]X`c_b% cbWX`bf gb`Te fh WXYXafT WX haT fbV\XWTW TU\XegT
"Xa X_ fXag\Wb fbV\T_% cb_rg\Vb l XVbat`\Vb#' J\a WhWT% haT fbV\XWTW
TU\XegT chXWX ceXfXagTe `hV[Tf YT_XaV\Tf% cXeb f\a WhWT% gT`U\qa%
hfgXW cbWep WXYXaWXe T_ZhaTf WX X__Tf W\V\XaWb dhX Xa eXT_\WTW ab
fba YT_XaV\Tf% b Vb`b `T_Xf aXVXfTe\bf' Gbe X]X`c_b% Xa haT fbV\XWTW
TU\XegT Xk\fgX _T Vb`cXgXaV\T% l UhXaT Wbf\f WX VbagebiXef\Tf dhX
chXWXa eXceXfXagTe haT cqeW\WT WX g\X`cb' J\a X`UTeZb% qfgX Xf ha
cXdhXsb ceXV\b dhX cTZTe cbe _T Xabe`X _\UXeTV\ta WX XaXeZrT VeXTg\iT
dhX XfT fbV\XWTW cbf\U\_\gT' GXeb% TWX`pf WX fh WXYXafT WX haT fbV\XWTW
TU\XegT% hfgXW chXWX [baXfgT`XagX ceXZhagTe3 {Vhp_ Xf _T T_gXeaTg\iT7
{CTf __T`TWTf iXagT]Tf WX haT fbV\XWTW gbgT_\gTe\T ab fba \_hfbe\Tf% cbe
ab WXV\e eXceXf\iTf7 E\aZhaT WXYXafT WX haT fbV\XWTW TU\XegT g\XaX
dhX aXZTe fhf YT_XaV\Tf3 UTfgT Vba ceXZhagTe f\ [Tl T_gXeaTg\iTf i\TU_Xf'

;;bf XaghXegbf [TVXa ha WXeXV[b

KbWT YT_XaV\T dhX ab chXWT WXYXaWXefX Xa fh cbfgheT% chXWX Tha


Tfr fXe ]hfg\Y\VTWT fXsT_TaWb _bf XeebeXf b YT__Tf WX _T bcbf\V\ta' CT
W\YXeXaV\T XageX XfgT gqVa\VT l _T WXfVe\cgT TagXe\be`XagX eXf\WX Xa
_b f\Zh\XagX3 Xa X_ VTfb WX eXYhgTe _T T_gXeaTg\iT% hfgXW fbfg\XaX dhX%
fbcXfpaWb_b gbWb% fh cbfgheT Xf _T `pf TWXVhTWT' <a X_ VTfb WX dhX
Wbf XaghXegbf [TZTa ha WXeXV[b% hfgXW fbfg\XaX dhX V\XegTf WXY\V\XaV\Tf
TcTeXagXf Xa eXT_\WTW fba ]hfg\Y\VTWTf b [Ta f\Wb cebibVTWTf cbe _bf
XeebeXf WX _T bcbf\V\ta'
@`TZ\aX`bf% cbe X]X`c_b% Wbf cTrfXf dhX Xfgpa Xa ZhXeeT' <_ GTrf 8
fbfg\XaX Vb`b cb_rg\VT dhX _T gbegheT Xf aXVXfTe\T% Tfr Vb`b X_ TfXf\aTgb
`Tf\ib WX V\i\_Xf' <_ GTrf 9 fX bcbaX T fX`X]TagXf TgebV\WTWXf% ab _Tf
W\fVh_cT% l _bf fb_WTWbf dhX __XZhXa T Vb`XgXe_Tf fba VTfg\ZTWbf' Gbe _b
gTagb% Xf `Xabf cebUTU_X dhX Xa X_ GTrf 9 _Tf gebcTf Vb`XgTa TgebV\WTWXf3
dhXWT Tfr eXYhgTWT gbWT T_gXeaTg\iT'
Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% f\ T`Ubf cTrfXf eXVheeXa T _Tf TgebV\WTWXf Vb`b
cb_rg\VT% l ab Vb`b XkVXfb Vb`Xg\Wb cbe T_Zhabf fb_WTWbf \aW\fV\c_\aTWbf%
ab fX geTgT lT WX WXf_\aWTe gbWT T_gXeaTg\iT' :hTaWb X_ GTrf 9 W\VX dhX
fhf TgebV\WTWXf fba ]hfg\Y\VTWTf cbedhX X_ GTrf 8 gT`U\qa _Tf Vb`XgX% fX
Xfgp Tc_\VTaWb _T gqVa\VT fXZua _T VhT_ Wbf XaghXegbf [TVXa ha WXeXV[b '

','
Fgeb X]X`c_b WX Xfgb Xf _T TUb_\V\ta WX _bf WXeXV[bf WX _\UeX XkceXf\ta
WX T_ZhaTf cXefbaTf% UTfpaWbfX Xa dhX XfTf `\f`Tf cXefbaTf cebchZaTa
_T VXafheT' Gbe X]X`c_b% _bf Vb`ha\fgTf ab cebchZaTa _T _\UXegTW WX
XkceXf\ta Xa fh Y\_bfbYrT WX _T fbV\XWTW3 aXZTe_Xf T X__bf X_ WXeXV[b T
_T _\UeX XkceXf\ta Xa ahXfgeT fbV\XWTW% cbedhX X__bf abf _T aXZTerTa T
abfbgebf% Xdh\iT_X T TWhV\e dhX Wbf XagheXegbf [TVXa ha WXeXV[b'

8W [b`\aX`

JX geTgT WX haT gqVa\VT fh`T`XagX ug\_ dhX cTeXVX WTefX cbe Wbdh\Xe'
<a iXm WX TgTVTe _bf X_X`Xagbf XfcXVrY\Vbf WX ha TeZh`Xagb% fX TgTVT
T_ [b`UeX `\f`b dhX _b fbfg\XaX' CT iXef\ta XfcXV\T_ dhX cbWX`bf
hg\_\mTe Tdhr Xfge\UT Xa [TVXe VeXXe T_ cuU_\Vb dhX lT [X`bf eXYhgTWb
VbaiXa\XagX`XagX VTWT cTegX WX_ TgTdhX WX_ TWiXefTe\b% l dhX T[beT [T
__XZTWb X_ `b`Xagb WX TVTUTe Vba q_' JX geTgT WX T_Zb Tfr Vb`b ha ]h\V\b
WX cbfZhXeeT cTeT _bf cXeWXWbeXf% Xa dhX fX WbVh`XagTa _Tf `T_WTWXf
Vb`Xg\WTf cbe X_ bcbaXagX' JX _X ceXZhagT _T cuU_\Vb Vt`b T_Zh\Xa
cbWerT VTXe Xa X_ WXfTg\ab WX VeXXe T fX`X]TagX YTefTagX'

8cX_TaWb T _T \ZabeTaV\T

<a XfgT iTe\TagX TeZh`XagT`bf dhX% Vb`b _T bcbf\V\ta ab chXWX


cebUTe fhf TeZh`Xagbf% _bf ahXfgebf [Ta !WX fXe V\Xegbf'
Gbe X]X`c_b% X_ \aYbe`X WX _T :b`\f\ta NTeeXa fbUeX X_ TfXf\aTgb
WX Ab[a =' BXaaXWl ab VbaiXaV\ta gbWb X_ `haWb% cbedhX [Tl VTUbf
fhX_gbf Xa fh XiT_hTV\ta WX _Tf cehXUTf eXVTUTWTf' ;;X TVhXeWb Vba XfgT
gqVa\VT% X_ [XV[b WX dhX _T :b`\f\ta NTeeXa ab chW\XeT VbaiXaVXe T
gbWb X_ `haWb `pf T__p WX gbWT WhWT% Thgb`pg\VT`XagX cXe`\gX WXV\e
dhX dh\XaXf fhfgXagTa _T gXberT WX haT Vbafc\eTV\ta Xfgpa Xa _b V\Xegb'
Lab WX _bf ce\aV\cT_Xf fhchXfgbf Xa dhX fX UTfT XfgT gqVa\VT eXf\WX Xa
dhX _Tf T_gXeaTg\iTf TaT_\mTWTf fba _Tf ua\VTf cbf\U_Xf'
<fgT gqVa\VT eXfh_gT XfcXV\T_`XagX ug\_ VbageT gbWT ahXiT \WXT b
fhZXeXaV\T WX TWbcgTe T_ZhaT cb_rg\VT dhX ahaVT [TUrT f\Wb XafTlTWT
Vba TagXe\be\WTW' J\ _T \WXT ahaVT [T f\Wb cebUTWT TagXf% Xi\WXagX`XagX
dhX aTW\X fTUX f\ fXep UhXaT b ab' Gbe _b gTagb% Vb`b ab cbWX`bf
WX`bfgeTe dhX Xf UhXaT% fX WXfceXaWX WX X__b dhX [T WX fXe `T_T'
@aVbagebiXeg\U_X \ZabeTaV\T l YT_f\Y\VTV\ta

;;X TVhXeWb Vba XfgT Ybe`T WX TgTdhX% hfgXW TVhfT T fh TWiXefTe\b WX


TgXaXefX T ce\aV\c\bf b VeXXaV\Tf dhX X_ "T# TVXcgT Xa Ybe`T TVerg\VT% "U# fX
a\XZT TUfb_hgT`XagX T WXUTg\e% l "V# fbUeX _bf VhT_Xf ab bYeXVX Ve\gXe\bf
cTeT fh eXYhgTV\ta b cbf\U\_\WTW WX YT_f\Y\VTV\ta'
?Tl ZXagX% cbe X]X`c_b% dhX VeXX Xa haT Vbafc\eTV\ta Vb`ha\fgT%
haT Vbafc\eTV\ta WX_ Vb`c_X]b `\_\gTe&\aWhfge\T_% b Xa X_ \aYeTadhXTU_X
TU\f`b XageX X`ceXfTe\TWb l geTUT]TWbeXf3 l _b VeXXa Vba haT
Vbai\VV\ta VTf\ eX_\Z\bfT' Eb Xf% XagbaVXf% _T VeXXaV\T XfcXVrY\VT f\ab _T
`TaXeT WX TW[Xe\e T X__T _b dhX [TVX T_ fh]Xgb cTf\U_X WX _T TVhfTV\ta
WX \aVbagebiXeg\U_X \ZabeTaV\T' <fT V_TfX WX ZXagX fX a\XZT T TgXaWXe T
Verg\VT T_ZhaT WX fhf VeXXaV\Tf% T WXUTg\e b W\fVhg\e X_ gX`T l% _b dhX Xf
`pf% T XfcXV\Y\VTe VhT_dh\Xe X_X`Xagb dhX VhXagX Xa VbageT WX W\V[b
VeXWb'
<fgX u_g\`b Ve\gXe\b% X_ aXZTefX T TVXcgTe VhT_dh\Xe YT_fXWTW b
YT_f\Y\VTV\ta% Tfh`X \`cbegTaV\T Verg\VT' <f VTf\ haT WXY\a\V\ta WX _T
eTV\baT_\WTW WX_ [b`UeX WXV_TeTe dhX qfgX Xf eTV\baT_ Xa _T `XW\WT
Xa dhX chXWT WXV\e Xa dhq V\eVhafgTaV\Tf Xfgp W\fchXfgb T VT`U\Te
WX bc\a\ta' JTUXe VhpaWb haT VeXXaV\T fXep Vbaf\WXeTWT YT_fT Xf fTUXe
Vt`b eTmbaTe Vba T_Zh\Xa dhX fbfgXaZT W\V[T VeXXaV\T' <f f\Zab WX
cf\Vbf\f X_ dhX T_Zh\Xa fX a\XZhX T VT`U\Te WX bc\a\ta Xa V\eVhafgTaV\T
T_ZhaT' ;;X]Te Xa Xi\WXaV\T XfgT VTeTVgXerfg\VT WX_ TWiXefTe\b \`c_\VT
fbVTiTe fh VeXW\U\_\WTW l _T gb_XeTaV\T WX_ cuU_\Vb [TV\T q_ Vb`b fXe
eTV\baT_'
CT `TlberT WX _T ZXagX% V_Teb Xfgp% WX WpefX_X g\X`cb l TlhWT% Xfgp
W\fchXfgT T XfcXV\Y\VTe Xa dhq `b`Xagb Vbaf\WXeT dhX fhf VeXXaV\Tf
[Ta f\Wb eXYhgTWTf' J\a X`UTeZb% _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX ahaVT c\XafT
eXT_`XagX Xa dhX XfX `b`Xagb __XZhX' LfgXW chXWX TcebiXV[Te
XfX WXfVh\Wb% l TgTVTe T `XahWb T_ TVhfTWb cbe fh \aVbagebiXeg\U_X
\ZabeTaV\T3 fX fbeceXaWXep WX _T YeXVhXaV\T Vba dhX XfgT gpVg\VT WT
eXfh_gTWbf'

8cX_TaWb T _T YhXemT b X_ `\XWb "8W UTVh_h`#

Eb Xk\fgX gqVa\VT `pf XY\VTm% cTeT WX`bfgeTe T_ cuU_\Vb Vhpagb `X]be


Xf fh cbf\V\ta Vb`cTeTWT Vba _T WX fh TWiXefTe\b% dhX _T WX fXsT_Te _Tf

',)
fb`UerTf VbafXVhXaV\Tf Xa dhX WXe\iTerT _T TWbcV\ta WX _T cebchXfgT
WX_ bgeb' <a XfgX VTfb% Xfgp hfgXW TcX_TaWb T_ `\XWb'
<]X`c_b WX X__b Xf X_ cebatfg\Vb [XV[b cbe _bf iXaWXWbeXf WX fXZhebf
TVXeVT WX _T `hXegX WX ha cTWeX l X_ Vbaf\Zh\XagX fhYe\`\Xagb WX XfT
YT`\_\T' ;;X YT__Te gbWb _b WX`pf% XfgT gX`\U_X VbafXVhXaV\T cXe`\g\ep
fX__Te X_ VbageTgb' {Hhq cTWeX eXfcbafTU_X dh\XeX cXafTe Xa X_ fhYe\`\Xagb
WX fh XfcbfT X [\]bf f\ q_ YT__XVX7 {;;Xfchqf WX gbWb% ab _X bVhee\t T
OO% T _T ihX_gT WX _T Xfdh\aT'''7 <a VTfb WX dhX X_ cTWeX fX `TagXaZT
\aVba`bi\U_X% X_ iXaWXWbe WX fXZhebf% f\ g\XaX T_ZhaT [TU\_\WTW% fX
XkgXaWXep fbUeX fhf TeZh`Xagbf TagX _T XfcbfT' :beeXfcbaWX Tdhr
cbaXe ha cbVb WX YhXemT Xa geTgTe WX cXefhTW\e_T'
@`TZ\aX`bf bgeb VTfb% X_ WX _bf cTWeXf dhX W\VXa T fhf [\]bf3 Cbf
dhX W\VXa ab VeXXe Xa JTagT :_Thf ab eXV\U\epa a\aZua eXZT_b WX
ETi\WTW geTrWb cbe q_ ' JX geTgT Tdhr WX haT T`XaTmT% cbe [h`berfg\VT
b YTagTf\bfT dhX fXT _T \agXaV\ta'
<a _bf TeZh`Xagbf Tg\aXagXf T _T VbaWhVgT [h`TaT% ha X_X`Xagb WX
\agXeqf \agebWhV\Wb Xa _bf cebatfg\Vbf WX fb`UerTf VbafXVhXaV\Tf Xf _T
cbf\U_X T`XaTmT WX haT cebYXVrT dhX fX Vh`c_X' 8dhr hfgXW ab ft_b Xfgp
ceXW\V\XaWb _T fb`UerT VbafXVhXaV\T% f\ab \af\ahTaWb% Vba X_ `Tlbe
gTVgb cbf\U_X% dhX hfgXW cbWerT __XZTe T cebibVTe_T f\ ab fX TWbcgT fh
cbfgheT' Gbe X]X`c_b% Vhpa T `XahWb [X`bf brWb ibVXebf WX _T ZXagX
WX Vb_be WXV\e3 J\ ab `X]beTa _T fhXegX WX _bf aXZebf l fTg\fYTVXa fhf
WX`TaWTf% [TUep _XiTagT`\Xagbf ' P Vba dhq YeXVhXaV\T [X`bf brWb
WXV\e T dh\XaXf eXV[TmTa Xfbf cXg\gbe\bf3 J\ VXWX`bf T _Tf Xk\ZXaV\Tf
WX _bf XkgeX`\fgTf aXZebf% cebibVTeX`bf haT eXTVV\ta Yhe\bfT WX _bf
U_TaVbf ' 8`UTf WXV_TeTV\baXf ab fba `XeTf ceXW\VV\baXf% f\ab iX_TWTf
T`XaTmTf'

8UTaWbaTe _T W\fVhf\ta

J\ hfgXW Xfgp TUfb_hgT`XagX VbaiXaV\Wb WX [TUXe fhcXeTWb T fh


bcbaXagX% \agXeeh`cT X_ WXUTgX Xa VhTagb fXT cbf\U_X' JXZh\e _T W\fVhf\ta
`pf T__p WX_ chagb Xa dhX Xfgp U\Xa V_Teb dhX [T ZTaTWb hfgXW% f\Za\Y\VT
WTe_X T fh TWiXefTe\b haT bcbegha\WTW dhX ab fX `XeXVX% Tee\XfZTefX
T g\eTe cbe _T UbeWT fh ge\haYb% l ceXfgTe VeXW\U\_\WTW T_ TeZh`Xagb WX
fh bcbf\gbe' LaT iXm dhX [T ZTaTWb X_ WXUTgX% cbaZT Y\a T _T W\fVhf\ta
W\V\XaWb3 EhaVT W\fVhgb Vba T_Zh\Xa dhX Xfgp Xdh\ibVTWb '
<E 9LJ:8 ;;<C <DG8K<

ETW\X g\XaX gbWTf _Tf WX ZTaTe Vbaf\Zb' LfgXW chXWX gXaXe ha `T_
WrT% Xa gTagb dhX fh bcbf\gbe Xfgp WX fhXegX% b fXe X_ cuU_\Vb Tf\fgXagX
ha [Tgb WX cXeYXVgbf VhTWeucXWbf' Gbe XaWX% ab cbWep hfgXW T_XagTe
XfcXeTamTf WX ZTaTe gbWbf _bf TfcXVgbf WX _T W\fVhf\ta' JhctaZTfX dhX
[T VbageTTgTVTWb Xa _T `XW\WT WX _b cbf\U_X% l dhX% ThadhX cebVhet
ZTaTe% ab chXWX T_VTamTe haT i\Vgbe\T TUfb_hgT l WXV\f\iT' {Hhq [TVXe
XagbaVXf7 |KeTgX WX X`cTgTe

?X JMVR]J UJ MN[[X]J0

<a a\aZhaT V\eVhafgTaV\T WXUX hfgXW TW`\g\e haT WXeebgT' IXVhXeWX


dhX [Tl geXf f\ghTV\baXf cbf\U_Xf3 "T# hfgXW Xfgp gbgT_`XagX Xa _b V\Xegb4
"U# hfgXW Xa ZXaXeT_ Xfgp Xa _b V\Xegb% cXeb fh cbfgheT eXdh\XeX T_ZhaTf
TV_TeTV\baXf l VbeeXVV\baXf4 "V# T fTU\XaWTf hfgXW WXYXaW\t haT cbf\V\ta
WqU\_ Vba X_ Y\a WX __T`Te abgbe\T`XagX _T TgXaV\ta [TV\T ha ug\_ ce\aV\c\b
dhX _T fhfgXagT'

5X[[NL]J YX[ MNORWRLRgW0

LfgXW cbWep f\X`ceX fT_iTe X_ WrT WX`bfgeTaWb dhX fh cbf\V\ta Xf%


cbe WXY\a\V\ta% _T VbeeXVgT' <fgb ab Vbafg\ghlX haT i\Vgbe\T' :hTaWb fX
iX bU_\ZTWb T X`c_XTe XfgT gqVa\VT Vb`b Ybe`T WX WXYXafT% X_ cuU_\Vb
f\X`ceX dhXWTep Vba _T \`ceXf\ta WX dhX fh cbf\V\ta XeT ge\i\T_% l fh
TeZh`XagTV\ta% VTf\ haT cqeW\WT WX g\X`cb' GXeb Tha Tfr% Xf `X]be
Xfgb dhX cXeWXe' JhcbaZT`bf% cbe X]X`c_b% dhX [T TeZh`XagTWb hfgXW
dhX X_ TUbegb Xf f\X`ceX ha TVgb Ve\`\aT_' Eb \`cbegT _b dhX W\ZT
fh TWiXefTe\b% hfgXW f\X`ceX XfgTep Xa _b V\Xegb f\ cbe Ve\`Xa dh\XeX
WXV\e _T WXfgehVV\ta WX VhT_dh\Xe Vq_h_T i\i\XagX' CTf \`c_\VTV\baXf
WX XfgT cbf\V\ta cbWepa fXe UTfgTagX chXe\_Xf% Vb`b cbe X]X`c_b% dhX
_T WXfgehVV\ta WX haT c_TagT Xf ha Ve\`Xa4 cXeb cbe _b `Xabf hfgXW
TaWTep fbUeX fXZheb T_ fbfgXaXe dhX X_ TUbegb Xf ha Ve\`Xa'

@[N_RNWMX NU MN\JL^N[MX0

KT_ iXm haT gqVa\VT `pf XY\VTm% VhTaWb hfgXW UhfVT ha X`cTgX% Xfgq
Xa' TeZh`XagTe dhX Xa eXT_\WTW fh TWiXefTe\b Vb\aV\WX Vba fh cbfgheT'

',+
8fr% ab [TUep a\aZhaT Ybe`h_TV\ta eXT_ WX_ TeZh`Xagb% a\ a\aZua
iXeWTWXeb WXfTVhXeWb' <fgT gpVg\VT Xf gTa fbeceXaWXagX cTeT T_Zhabf
dhX% f\ geTf [TUXe WX`b_\Wb T_ bcbaXagX% XaVhXageTa dhX qfgX cebV_T`T
dhX gbWb X_ `haWb Xfgp WX TVhXeWb% chXWXa VTXe WX \a`XW\Tgb Xa _T
geT`cT' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% _Tf cXefbaTf dhX fX \agXeXfTa cbe _T iXeWTW VTXa
Xa X__T'
<_ [b`UeX dhX Vba `Tlbe qk\gb hg\_\mt XfgT gqVa\VT XeT GTh_ K\__\V[% X_
YT`bfb gXt_bZb' <_ bYeXVrT cehXUTf WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX ;;\bf% l TeZh`Xagbf
Xa YTibe WX haT ahXiT i\f\ta eX_\Z\bfT' 8_ fXe TgTVTWb% l Xa bVTf\baXf
YhXegX`XagX Ve\g\VTWb l VbeeXVgT`XagX eXYhgTWb% q_ eXVheerT T _T gqVa\VT
WX TWhV\e dhX fh bcbf\gbe eXT_`XagX XfgTUT WX TVhXeWb Vba q_' ?TfgT
X_ `\f`b eXfcXgb WX T _tZ\VT cbe cTegX WX fh Verg\Vb XeT% Xa bc\a\ta WX
K\__\V[% fXsT_ WX fh cebYhaWT ceXbVhcTV\ta l% cbe XaWX% cehXUT WX _T
Xk\fgXaV\T WX ;;\bf'
IXfh_gT W\YrV\_ XfZe\`\e TeZh`Xagbf Xa VbageT WX XfgT gqVa\VT' CT
ua\VT `TaXeT WX `TagXaXefX T_ `TeZXa Xf \af\fg\e Xa _Tf W\YXeXaV\Tf WX
cbfgheT' <_ e\XfZb dhX hfgXW VbeeX VhTaWb geTgT WX mTYTefX Xa VTfbf Tfr%
Xf X_ WX cbaXefX T_ cuU_\Vb Xa VbageT' ;;Xfchqf WX gbWb% fh Vbage\aVTagX
Xfgp geTgTaWb WX fXe Vbegqf% l hfgXW WT `hXfgeTf WX gbgT_ WXfVbegXfrT'
Cb dhX hfgXW WXUX [TVXe Xa XfgX VTfb Xf ib_iXe T WX]Te cbe fXagTWb X_
TeZh`Xagb WX T_Zh\Xa dhX fX Tag\V\cT T_ WXfTVhXeWb% WX]Te Y\]TWT fh
cbfgheT WX `TaXeT gT_ WX TcTeXVXe Vb`b iXaVXWbe% l TVbZXe WX UhXa
ZeTWb X_ fhchXfgb TeeXcXag\`\Xagb WX fh e\iT_' ;;\ZT% cbe X]X`c_b3 <a
gTagb K\__\V[ ab XkgeT\ZT \`c_\VTV\baXf `beT_Xf b fbV\T_Xf T cTeg\e WX fh
cbfgheT% TW`\gT fhf W\YXeXaV\Tf Vba _T gXb_bZrT geTW\V\baT_ l''' WX UhXaT
ZTaT TVXcgb fh VbaiXef\ta '

:W_R]JLRgW0

:hTaWb iXT dhX ab chXWX [TVXe bgeT VbfT% XYXVguX haT fragXf\f WX _bf
cebZeXfbf T_VTamTWbf Xa fh TeZh`XagTV\ta% \aV_hlXaWb _Tf cbfgheTf
WX T`UTf cTegXf' KeTgX WX dhX XfX eXfh`Xa fXT gTa cbf\g\ib l T`\fgbfb
Vb`b fXT cbf\U_X' <_TUteX_b WX `TaXeT gT_ dhX eXT_`XagX cTeXmVT
WX`bfgeTe dhX [T XYXVghTWb hfgXW cebZeXfbf Xa WXgXe`\aTWT W\eXVV\ta%
VTf\ cbe TVhXeWb ceXi\b' KXe`\aX W\V\XaWb dhX ab [X`bf __XZTWb T_ Y\aT_
b T _T VbaV_hf\ta WXY\a\g\iT% X RW_R]N J \^ [R_JU J ^WR[\N J ^\]NM NW UJ Kh\Z^NMJ
NW LXVhW MN UJ _N[MJM$
-­ANXQRJM >22
:+@76+52/6<7 ;;/1_6
-­+=;;+ ? /0/-­<7
%

à
?@JKFI@8 ;;<C :FE:<GKF ;;< :8LJ8C@;;8;;

CTf W\Y\Vh_gTWXf dhX ebWXTa X_ X`c_Xb WX_ VbaVXcgb WX VThfT_\WTW


chXWXa fXe Xkc_\VTWTf XkT`\aTaWb fh [\fgbe\T' CT Xkc_\VTV\ta `pf
Tag\ZhT l `pf W\YhaW\WT YhX _T dhX Ue\aWt 8e\fgtgX_Xf [TVX `pf WX
Wbf `\_ Tsbf' JXZua 8e\fgtgX_Xf% X_ VbaVXcgb WX VThfT_\WTW WXUrT
XagXaWXefX Xa VhTgeb fXag\Wbf W\YXeXagXf4 b fXT% dhX [TUrT VhTgeb g\cbf
WX VThfTf3

"*# VThfT `TgXe\T_


"+# VThfT Ybe`T_
",# VThfT XY\V\XagX
"-­# VThfT Y\aT_'

CT VThfT `TgXe\T_ Xf TdhX__T T cTeg\e WX _T VhT_ fX [TVX b VbafgehlX


T_Zb4 _T VThfT Ybe`T_ [TVX eXYXeXaV\T T fh XfgehVgheT \agXeaT4 _T VThfT
XY\V\XagX Xf X_ TZXagX XkgXeab WX_ VhT_ cebVXWX b fX be\Z\aT_ X_ bU]Xgb4 _T
VThfT Y\aT_ Xf _T `XgT% YhaV\ta b cebctf\gb WX XfX bU]Xgb'
:hTaWb 8e\fgtgX_Xf Tc_\Vt XfgT Xkc_\VTV\ta WX _Tf VhTgeb VThfTf T _bf
bU]Xgbf YTUe\VTWbf cbe X_ [b`UeX% fh Tap_\f\f XeT X_ f\Zh\XagX3 LaT `XfT%
cbe X]X`c_b% Xfgp [XV[T WX `TWXeT "VThfT `TgXe\T_#4 g\XaX _T Ybe`T WX
haT fXe\X WX eXVgpaZh_bf "VThfT Ybe`T_#4 YhX YTUe\VTWT cbe ha VTec\agXeb
"VThfT XY\V\XagX#4 l fh cebctf\gb Xf fXei\e WX fhcXeY\V\X cTeT TVg\i\WTWXf
gT_Xf Vb`b Vb`Xe l XfVe\U\e "VThfT Y\aT_#' <_ `\f`b g\cb WX Tap_\f\f chXWX
Tc_\VTefX T _bf bU]Xgbf aTgheT_Xf' Gbe X]X`c_b% Xa X_ VTfb WX haT UX__bgT%
fh VThfT `TgXe\T_ Xfgp Xa _Tf fhfgTaV\Tf beZpa\VTf dhX _T Vb`cbaXa4 fh
VThfT XY\V\XagX Xf X_ ebU_X WX_ dhX aTVX4 fh VThfT Ybe`T_ Xf fh cbgXaV\T_
XfgehVgheT_ cTeT _hXZb VbaiXeg\efX gT`U\qa Xa ebU_X4 l fh VThfT Y\aT_ Xf
fXe T _T _TeZT bgeb ebU_X'
?Tl ha X_X`Xagb \agXeXfTagX dhX% Tfr% W\fg\aZhX T _bf bU]Xgbf aTgheT_Xf
WX _Tf TVV\baXf [h`TaTf3 dhX _Tf VThfTf Ybe`T_% Y\aT_ l XY\V\XagX eXfh_gTa

0 ,/
fXe \Wqag\VTf' CT \WXag\WTW WX _Tf VThfTf Ybe`T_% Y\aT_ l XY\V\XagX cXe`\gX
T gbWb TdhX_ dhX Tc_\VT _T gXberT WX 8e\fgtgX_Xf fbUeX bU]Xgbf aTgheT_Xf
ib_iXe% cbe \aYXeXaV\T% WX_ XYXVgb T _T VThfT% b% gT`U\qa cbe \aYXeXaV\T%
TiTamTe WX _T VThfT T_ XYXVgb' GTeT WXV\e_b Vba `Tlbe ceXV\f\ta% VbabVXe
T_Zb Xf VTcgTe fh VThfT Ybe`T_% l chXfgb dhX _T VThfT Ybe`T_ Xf \Wqag\VT
T _Tf VThfTf Y\aT_ l XY\V\XagX% VbabVXe T_Zb Xf cbWXe \aYXe\e WX WtaWX i\ab
l [TV\T WtaWX iT'
<fgX ce\aV\c\b WX \WXag\WTW WX _Tf VThfTf Ybe`T_% XY\V\XagX l Y\aT_
Wb`\at X_ cXafT`\Xagb WX FVV\WXagX WheTagX `hl _TeZb g\X`cb% l W\b
UTfX T `hV[Tf \`cbegTagXf TeZh`XagTV\baXf' GTeT \_hfgeTe _T ceXfXaV\T
W\i\aT% cbe X]X`c_b% Vbaf\WXeX`bf _T cehXUT WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX ;;\bf
cebchXfgT cbe ;;XfVTegXf' JXZua X_ Y\_tfbYb% Xa ahXfgeT `XagX Xk\fgX haT
\WXT WX ha fXe cXeYXVgb% T_ dhX __T`T`bf ;;\bf' {;;X WtaWX cebi\XaX XfgT
\WXT% b fXT% Vhp_ Xf fh VThfT7 ?Tl geXf cbf\U\_\WTWXf3 "*# _T \WXT cebi\XaX
WX ahXfgeT XkcXe\XaV\T4 "+# _T \WXT YhX \aiXagTWT cbe X_ [b`UeX4 ",#
_T \WXT YhX VThfTWT cbe T_Zb cXeYXVgb% dhX Xf ;;\bf `\f`b' ;;XfVTegXf
TeZh`Xagt% cbe cebVXfb WX X_\`\aTV\ta% dhX "*# l "+# fba YT_fbf% l% cbe _b
gTagb% ",# WXUX WX fXe V\Xegb' Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% [Tl ha ;;\bf dhX cebibVT
Xa abfbgebf _T \WXT "XYXVgb# WX ha fXe cXeYXVgb'
:ba X_ Y\a WX cbWXe X_\`\aTe VbaiXa\XagX`XagX "*# l "+#% ;;XfVTegXf
WXUX WX`bfgeTe dhX fba YT_fbf' <_\`\aTe T "*# Xf U\Xa YpV\_' {GXeb Vt`b
X_\`\aT ;;XfVTegXf T "+#7 <_ [b`UeX% fXZua X_ Y\_tfbYb% ab cbWerT \aiXagTe
"VThfTe# _T \WXT WX T_Zb cXeYXVgb "ha XYXVgb#% cbedhX X_ [b`UeX ab Xf Xa fr
`\f`b cXeYXVgb' CT eTmta cbe _T VhT_ X_ [b`UeX gXaWerT dhX fXe cXeYXVgb
Xfgp Xa dhX _T VThfT XY\V\XagX WXUX fXe \Wqag\VT T _T VThfT Ybe`T_4 b fXT
dhX ab chXWX [TUXe aTWT% a\aZhaT cebc\XWTW Xa X_ XYXVgb% dhX lT ab
Xfgq ceXfXagX Xa _T VThfT' J\ X_ XYXVgb Xf cXeYXVgb b g\XaX _T cebc\XWTW WX
cXeYXVV\ta % XagbaVXf gT`U\qa _T VThfT WXUX cbfXXe _T cebc\XWTW WX
cXeYXVV\ta '
;;XfVTegXf% T_ \ZhT_ dhX dh\XaXf _b ceXVXW\Xeba l dhX fhf
VbagX`cbepaXbf% X`c_XTUT _T VbaVXcV\ta Te\fgbgq_\VT WX VThfT_\WTW'
J\a X`UTeZb% W\V[T VbaVXcV\ta WXe\iTUT% Xa u_g\`T \afgTaV\T% WX _T
Yrf\VT WX 8e\fgtgX_Xf' Gbe \ebarT% hab WX _bf `pf \`cbegTagXf TiTaVXf
Xa _T Yrf\VT `bWXeaT "WheTagX _bf f\Z_bf OM@ l OM@@# fX cebWh]b Vba X_
WXfc_TmT`\Xagb WX _T Yrf\VT Te\fgbgq_\VT cbe _T gXberT WX @fTTV EXjgba'
<fgb% Vb`b iXeX`bf% VbaWh]b T VT`U\bf YhaWT`XagT_Xf Xa ahXfgeT
Vb`ceXaf\ta l X`c_Xb WX_ gqe`\ab VThfT_\WTW '
CT ceX`\fT Upf\VT WX _T Yrf\VT Te\fgbgq_\VT eXf\WrT Xa _T gXf\f WX

'-­&
dhX X_ XfgTWb WX eXcbfb Xf X_ XfgTWb aTgheT_ WX ha bU]Xgb' <a _T Yrf\VT
aXjgba\TaT% cbe X_ VbageTe\b% X_ `bi\`\Xagb Xf X_ XfgTWb aTgheT_ WX_
bU]Xgb' <fX fb_b VT`U\b VbaWhVX% Xa _T Yrf\VT WX EXjgba% T _T X_\`\aTV\ta
WX _Tf VThfTf Ybe`T_ l Y\aT_' <a _T Yrf\VT aXjgba\TaT [Tl ft_b Wbf VThfTf
XY\V\XagXf3 Tfr% ab chXWX [TUXe a\aZhaT \WXag\WTW WX VThfTf Ybe`T_%
XY\V\XagX l Y\aT_' J\a gT_ \WXag\WTW% gT`cbVb chXWX ib_iXefX WX_ XYXVgb
T _T VThfT% cbe \aYXeXaV\T% f\a haT XkcXe\XaV\T ceXi\T' ;;Ti\W ?h`X YhX
X_ ce\`Xe Y\_tfbYb dhX XagXaW\t _Tf \`c_\VTV\baXf Y\_bftY\VTf WX_ VT`U\b
dhX \UT WX _T Yrf\VT Te\fgbgq_\VT T Yrf\VT aXjgba\TaT l chWb WX`bfgeTe
Vba ZeTa V_Te\WTW X_ X`c_Xb \_XZrg\`b WX gbWbf _bf TeZh`Xagbf VThfT_Xf
UTfTWbf Xa X_ Tap_\f\f Te\fgbgq_\Vb WX _T VThfT_\WTW'
LaT WX _Tf eTmbaXf cbe _T VhT_ X_ Tap_\f\f Te\fgbgq_\Vb fhXaT gTa
XkgeTsb T_ _XVgbe `bWXeab eTW\VT Xa dhX abf [X`bf TVbfgh`UeTWb
T X`c_XTe X_ VbaVXcgb WX VThfT_\WTW Xa X_ fXag\Wb ua\Vb WX VThfT
XY\V\XagX' JXaV\__T`XagX% Xfgb eXY_X]T X_ ge\haYb WX _T Yrf\VT WX EXjgba
cbe fbUeX _T WX 8e\fgtgX_Xf'

;;<=@E@:@ÑE ;;< :8LJ8 P <=<:KF <E ?LD<

CT WXY\a\V\ta `pf V_TeT WX _T eX_TV\ta XageX VThfT l XYXVgb "fX eXVhXeWT


T_ _XVgbe dhX Xfgb Xf Y\_bftY\VT`XagX cb_q`\Vb# YhX Ue\aWTWT cbe X_
ZeTa Y\_tfbYb \aZ_qf ;;Ti\W ?h`X "*0**&*00/#' JXZua ?h`X% XfgT`bf
]hfg\Y\VTWbf Xa WXV\e dhX haT VbfT Xf _T VThfT ":# l bgeT Xf X_ XYXVgb "<#
f\ fX WTa _Tf geXf f\Zh\XagXf VbaW\V\baXf3

"*# :% _T VThfT% Y[NLNMN T <% X_ XYXVgb% Xa X_ g\X`cb'


"+# : l < fba LXW]RP^X\ Xa g\X`cb l XfcTV\b4 l
",# [Tl haT QR\]X[RJ WX eXZh_Te\WTW Xa _T ceXVXWXaV\T l Vbag\Zv\WTW
WX : l <'

<_ Tap_\f\f WX ?h`X% V_Teb Xfgp% WXUX fXe _\`\gTWb3 cTeT ahXfgebf Y\aXf%
ft_b gb`TeX`bf _T cTegX dhX abf VbaV\XeaX' ?TU_T`bf f\X`ceX WX dhX _T
VThfT ceXVXWX T_ XYXVgb cbe eTmbaXf cepVg\VTf' HhXeX`bf cbWXe Vbageb_Te
_bf [XV[bf cbe Tag\V\cTWb T Y\a WX cbWXe UhfVTe VbaW\V\baXf dhX g\XaXa
_hZTe Xa X_ g\X`cb TagXe\be`XagX T_ [XV[b dhX WXfXT`bf Vbageb_Te'
<a ha fXag\Wb gqVa\Vb% T_ZhaTf VThfTf fX WTa f\`h_gpaXT`XagX T fhf
XYXVgbf% Vb`b VhTaWb WXV\`bf dhX eTfcTe ha YtfYbeb Xf _T VThfT WX dhX

000
X_ YtfYbeb fX XaV\XaWT' JXerT [\_Te WX`Tf\TWb Y\ab \af\fg\e Xa dhX X_ TVgb
WX eTfcTe_b ceXVXW\t T fh XaVXaW\Wb% chXfgb dhX V_TeT`XagX Xa V\Xegb
fXag\Wb T`Ubf bVheeXa T_ `\f`b g\X`cb' Gbe _b gTagb% cbWerT`bf geTgTe
WX fXe ha cbVb `pf ceXV\fbf l WXV\e dhX _T VThfT WXUX ceXVXWXe b fXe
f\`h_gpaXT T_ XYXVgb% b% gT_ iXm% dhX _T VThfT ahaVT chXWX fXe cbfgXe\be
T_ XYXVgb'
<a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% g\XaX dhX [TUXe T_ZhaT eX_TV\ta `pf b `Xabf
V_TeT% Xa X_ g\X`cb l X_ XfcTV\b% XageX _bf Wbf [XV[bf dhX XfgT`bf
i\aVh_TaWb VThfT_`XagX' ;;XV\`bf dhX ha YhXZb XfcXVrY\Vb Xf _T VThfT WX
ha XYXVgb XfcXVrY\Vb% X_ [h`b% l cbWX`bf iXe X_ [h`b dhX fT_X WX_ YhXZb
XfcXVrY\Vb "XfcTV\b l g\X`cb#' :hTaWb WXV\`bf dhX ha ZXe`Xa Vb`b _T
Wb_XaV\T g\XaXa _hZTe Xa X_ beZTa\f`b WX_ fXsbe DqaWXm% gTagb X_ ZXe`Xa
Vb`b _T Wb_XaV\T g\XaXa _hZTe Xa X_ beZTa\f`b WX_ fXsbe DqaWXm' 8ah
VhTaWb Wbf [XV[bf W\fgTagXf Xfgpa VThfT_`XagX eX_TV\baTWbf% [TU_T`bf
WX _T fXe\X WX VThfTf l XYXVgbf dhX \agXei\XaXa% Ybe`TaWb haT VTWXaT
XageX _bf Wbf [XV[bf' Gbe X]X`c_b% X_ TfXf\aTgb WX_ TeV[\WhdhX =eTam
=XeW\aTaW Xa JTeT]Xib Xf haT "ceXfhagT# VThfT WX _T Ge\`XeT >hXeeT
DhaW\T_ WXU\Wb T gbWT _T fXe\X WX [XV[bf W\c_b`pg\Vbf l `\_\gTeXf
dhX \aV\W\Xeba' 8ha VhTaWb ab VbabVX`bf T V\XaV\T V\XegT _T eX_TV\ta
XkTVgT% fbfcXV[T`bf f\X`ceX T_ZhaT i\aVh_TV\ta XfcTV\b&gX`cbeT_
dhX XfcXeT`bf WXfVhUe\e _hXZb' J\a WhWT% X_ VbaVXcgb WX Vbag\Zv\WTW
gXaWerT dhX fXe eXWXY\a\Wb Xa YhaV\ta WX _T Yrf\VT VbagX`cbepaXT% cXeb
fh fXag\Wb Vbg\W\Tab Xf U\Xa Vb`ceXaW\Wb'
<a gXeVXe _hZTe% _b `pf \`cbegTagX WX gbWb Xf _T [\fgbe\T WX _T
eXZh_Te\WTW' ?h`X W\fg\aZhX XageX haT gXaWXaV\T cf\Vb_tZ\VT aTgheT_
T fbfcXV[Te haT eX_TV\ta VThfT_% l _T ]hfg\Y\VTV\ta _tZ\VT WX VeXXe dhX
[Tl T[r haT VbaXk\ta VThfT_ "_T dhX WXcXaWX WX haT XkgXafT [\fgbe\T
WX eXZh_Te\WTW#' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ `\XageTf Xfgbl UXU\XaWb i\ab fX TcTZTa
eXcXag\aT`XagX _Tf _hVXf% chXWb fXag\e`X cf\Vb_tZ\VT`XagX gXagTWb
T cXafTe dhX X_ [XV[b WX UXUXe i\ab [TVX dhX fX TcTZhXa _Tf _hVXf'
J\a X`UTeZb% ab Xk\fgX a\aZhaT XkcXe\XaV\T cTfTWT dhX ]hfg\Y\dhX
XfgT VeXXaV\T' CT eX_TV\ta XageX X_ [XV[b WX TcTZTe _T _hm ceXf\baTaWb
X_ \agXeehcgbe l X_ dhX _Tf _hVXf fX TcTZhXa% fX [T WTWb Vba gTagT
eXZh_Te\WTW [\fgte\VT dhX fXerT \eeTV\baT_ ab VeXXe Xa fh VbaXk\ta
VThfT_' <f XfT eXZh_Te\WTW [\fgte\VT _T dhX cbe _b ZXaXeT_ eXfh_gT VehV\T_
cTeT eXfb_iXe X_ VbaY_\Vgb TVXeVT WX dhq VThft dhX3 cbe Xfb% _T cTfTWT
XkcXe\XaV\T eXfh_gT gTa \`cbegTagX cTeT WbVh`XagTe X_ VTfb b cbfgheT
dhX WXfXT`bf WXYXaWXe'

!
<C I8QFE8D@<EKF :8LJ8C <E C8 GIÇ:K@:8

<a _T i\WT Vbg\W\TaT abf \agXeXfT`bf Xa VThfTf l XYXVgbf Xa _T


`XW\WT Xa dhX TYXVgT ahXfgeT Xk\fgXaV\T' J\ VbabVX`bf _Tf VThfTf WX _bf
[XV[bf XfgTeX`bf Xa `X]be cbf\V\ta cTeT Vbageb_Te _b dhX abf bVheeX3 T
X__b fX eXY\XeX _T YT`bfT bUfXeiTV\ta WX =eTaV\f 9TVba Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX
dhX VbabVXe Xf cbWXe ' <_ [XV[b WX dhX VThfT l XYXVgb fXTa VbaVXcgbf
cepVg\Vbf% dhX X`c_XT`bf Xa _T cepVg\VT WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T Vbg\W\TaT%
Xkc_\VT cbe dhq X_ [b`UeX Vb`ua c\XafT `pf Xa _T gXVab_bZrT dhX
Xa _T V\XaV\T' CT V\XaV\T fX \agXeXfT cbe _T iTe\TV\ta VbaVb`\gTagX% _Tf
eX_TV\baXf XageX VbfTf dhX chXWXa fXe WXfVe\cgTf `TgX`pg\VT`XagX'
CT V\XaV\T ab fX \agXeXfT cbe _T VThfT_\WTW' CT gXVab_bZrT Xf X_ X`c_Xb WX
\aYbe`TV\ta V\XagrY\VT cTeT Vbageb_Te X_ T`U\XagX' P _T gXVab_bZrT g\XaX
`hV[b dhX iXe Vba _T VThfT l X_ XYXVgb% ceXV\fT`XagX cbedhX \agebWhVX
cebctf\gbf [h`Tabf Xa X_ `haWb WX _T iTe\TV\ta VbaVb`\gTagX'
<a _T Xk\fgXaV\T cepVg\VT _bf [XV[bf abf \agXeXfTa WXfWX Wbf chagbf
WX i\fgT3 cTeT fTUXe Vt`b bVheeXa _Tf VbfTf% b fXT% Vt`b fX _Tf chXWX
cebibVTe4 l cTeT fTUXe Vt`b \`cXW\e dhX bVheeTa' Gbe X]X`c_b% lb%
Vb`b TZe\Vh_gbe% dh\Xeb fTUXe Vt`b chXWb [TVXe dhX __hXiT VhTaWb
`\f Vh_g\ibf _b aXVXf\gTa4 b fXT dhX `X ZhfgTerT cbWXe VThfTe _T __hi\T
Xa UXaXY\V\b WX `\f c_TagTf' 8 _T iXm% WX fXe cbf\U_X% dhXeerT fTUXe Vt`b
\`cXW\e dhX __hXiT Xa V\XegTf qcbVTf% cTeT Xi\gTe dhX `\f VbfXV[Tf fX
Teeh\aXa4 Xf WXV\e% fTUXe Vt`b VThfTe dhX ab __hXiT'
<a X_ VT`cb WX _T `XW\V\aT WXfXT`bf VheTe T _T ZXagX% b fXT% [T__Te _T
VThfT dhX _Xf cXe`\gT eXVbUeTe _T fT_hW' 8f\`\f`b% WXfXT`bf \`cXW\e
dhX fX XaYXe`Xa4 Xa XfgX VTfb% [T__Te _Tf VThfTf WX _T XaYXe`XWTW
l X_\`\aTe_Tf' <a _T Xk\fgXaV\T cb_rg\VT% fbV\T_ l XVbat`\VT dhXeX`bf
VbabVXe _Tf VThfTf WX _T YX_\V\WTW [h`TaT WX `bWb WX cbWXe Yb`XagTe_Tf%
l _Tf VThfTf WX_ fhYe\`\Xagb [h`Tab WX `bWb WX cbWXe X_\`\aTe_Tf' 8
XfgX WbU_X Y\a WX cebibVTe l WX ceXiXa\e% fX VbeeXfcbaWXa Wbf VbaVXcgbf
gqVa\Vbf3 VbaW\V\baXf fhY\V\XagXf l aXVXfTe\Tf' ;;Xageb WX XfgX VbagXkgb%
cebVXWX`bf T WXY\a\e_Tf'
LaT LXWMRLRgW WNLN\J[RJ Xf TdhX__T VbaW\V\ta "XfgTWb WX VbfTf% bU]Xgb%
cebVXfb% XgV'# dhX WXUX XfgTe ceXfXagX f\ WXfXT`bf bUgXaXe X_ XYXVgb
cXefXZh\Wb' LaT WX _Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf WX _T i\WT gT_ Vb`b
_T VbabVX`bf Xf X_ bkrZXab' 8_ZhaTf WX _Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf
cTeT ha YhXZb fba X_ bkrZXab% `TgXe\T_ \aY_T`TU_X% l T_ZhaT Ybe`T
WX \Za\V\ta' J\ VbabVX`bf _Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf WX ha [XV[b%

'-­)
cbWX`bf XagbaVXf RVYNMR[ dhX fhVXWT "ceXiXaV\ta#' 8_ X_\`\aTefX
T_ZhaT WX _Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf% fh XYXVgb ab g\XaX _hZTe' 8fr%
cbWeX`bf [TU_Te WX VbaW\V\ta aXVXfTe\T Vb`b VThfT% b haT WX _Tf
VThfTf% WX ha [XV[b'
LaT LXWMRLRgW \^ORLRNW]N Xf TdhX__T "XfgTWb WX VbfTf% bU]Xgb% cebVXfb%
XgV'# dhX Thgb`pg\VT`XagX __XiT T _T cebWhVV\ta WX bgeb [XV[b' @aZXe\e
V\Taheb Xf VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX cTeT dhX fX Wq _T `hXegX' CT W\YXeXaV\T
XageX haT VbaW\V\ta aXVXfTe\T l bgeT fhY\V\XagX Xfgp Xa dhX% ThadhX _T
VbaW\V\ta aXVXfTe\T WXUX XfgTe ceXfXagX% WX cbe fr ab UTfgT cTeT cebWhV\e
ha XYXVgb' CT VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX UTfgT WX cbe fr cTeT cebWhV\e X_
XYXVgb' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_% _T VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX Xf% Xa eXT_\WTW% haT fXe\X
WX VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf% gbWTf _Tf VhT_Xf WXUXa XfgTe ceXfXagXf Xa
X_ `\f`b `b`Xagb l _hZTe' Gbe X]X`c_b% ha `TgXe\T_ Vb`Uhfg\U_X% X_
bkrZXab% l X_ chagb WX Vb`Uhfg\ta% fba gbWTf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf
cTeT cebWhV\e ha YhXZb' <a fh Vba]hagb% _Tf geXf Vbafg\ghlXa _Tf
VbaW\V\baXf fhY\V\XagXf cTeT ha YhXZb' GXeb f\ VbabVX`bf _T VbaW\V\ta
fhY\V\XagX WX ha [XV[b% XagbaVXf cbWeX`bf Y[XM^LR[UX T ib_hagTW' 8fr%
cbWX`bf [TU_Te WX haT VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX Vb`b _T VThfT WX ha [XV[b
WXgXe`\aTWb'
?Tl iTe\bf bgebf fXag\Wbf Xa dhX VThfTf l XYXVgbf chXWXa XfgTe
eX_TV\baTWbf' <k\fgX T_Zb WXab`\aTWb LJMNWJ LJ^\JU$ Gbe X]X`c_b% f\
8 Xf _T VThfT WX 9 "Xa dhX 8 chXWX fXe _T VThfT fXT Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX
VbaW\V\ta aXVXfTe\T b fhY\V\XagX# l 9 Xf _T VThfT WX : "Xa dhX 9 chXWX
fXe VThfT Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX VbaW\V\ta aXVXfTe\T b fhY\V\XagX#% XagbaVXf%
Xa ha fXag\Wb `hl \`cbegTagX% gT`U\qa cbWX`bf WXV\e dhX 8 Xf _T
VThfT WX :' Gbe X]X`c_b% f\ _T ceXfXaV\T WX W\Te\bf i\X]bf Xa X_ ftgTab WX
`\ VTfT "_bf W\Te\bf fba `TgXe\T_ Vb`Uhfg\U_X l% cbe _b gTagb% VbaW\V\ta
aXVXfTe\T cTeT ha \aVXaW\b# Xf _T VThfT WX dhX `\ VTfT fX \aVXaW\X% l
f\ hfgXW eXfh_gT dhX`TWb Vb`b XYXVgb WX XfX \aVXaW\b "X_ \aVXaW\b Xf
VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX cTeT dhX hfgXW fX dhX`X#% XagbaVXf% T geTiqf WX _T
VTWXaT VThfT_% _bf W\Te\bf fba _T VThfT WX dhX hfgXW eXfh_gX dhX`TWb'
Cbf [\fgbe\TWbeXf chXWXa [TVXe ha \agXeXfTagX hfb WX _Tf VTWXaTf
VThfT_Xf% Vb`b VhTaWb W\VXa dhX f\ _T aTe\m WX :_XbcTgeT [hU\XeT f\Wb
ha VXagr`Xgeb `pf _TeZT X_ Vhefb WX _T [\fgbe\T WX_ `haWb [TUerT f\Wb
W\YXeXagX'
CFJ DoKF;;FJ ;;< D@CC

Ab[a JghTeg D\_\ XeT ha Vq_XUeX Y\_tfbYb Ue\gpa\Vb% XfcXV\T_\fgT Xa


_tZ\VT% WX_ f\Z_b O@O' <a fh YT`bfb CR\]NVJ MN UgPRLJ "*1-­,# WXfTeeb__t
_b dhX WXab`\aTeT `qgbWbf cTeT X_ Tap_\f\f WX VThfTf l XYXVgbf Xa
f\ghTV\baXf XfcXVrY\VTf' 8 Vbag\ahTV\ta geTWhV\`bf Xfbf `qgbWbf WXageb
WX ahXfgeb TagXe\be XfdhX`T cTeT TaT_\mTe VThfT l XYXVgb'
JhcbaZT`bf dhX Xfgp hfgXW \agXeXfTWb Xa WXfVhUe\e dhq
V\eVhafgTaV\Tf TagXe\beXf T ha [XV[b b YXat`Xab "VThfT# b dhq
V\eVhafgTaV\Tf cbfgXe\beXf T XfX [XV[b b YXat`Xab "XYXVgb# eXT_`XagX
gXarTa haT VbaXk\ta VThfT_ Vba W\V[b [XV[b b YXat`Xab' D\_\ fhZ\XeX
dhX _b [TZT`bf Vb`cTeTaWb W\YXeXagXf X]X`c_bf WX_ [XV[b b YXat`Xab%
cTeT _hXZb geTgTe WX WXfVhUe\e Xa dhq TfcXVgbf Vb\aV\WXa l Xa Vhp_Xf
W\Y\XeXa'

DqgbWb WX _T Vb\aV\WXaV\T

CR MX\ X Vd\ NSNVYUX\ MNU ONWgVNWX Z^N \N RW_N\]RPJ ]RNWNW ^WJ \XUJ
LR[L^W\]JWLRJ NW LXVhW" UJ LR[L^W\]JWLRJ \XUJ NW Z^N ]XMX\ UX\ LJ\X\ LXRWLRMNW
N\ UJ LJ^\J X NONL]X! MNU ONWgVNWX MJMX$
JhcbaZT`bf dhX hfgXW WT haT Y\XfgT Xa _T dhX fX f\eiXa W\iXefTf
Vb`\WTf l UXU\WTf' 8_ VTUb WX ha g\X`cb% ha Zehcb WX \ai\gTWbf
Vb`\XamTa T TVghTe WX `TaXeT XkgeTsT3 [TU_Ta Xa ibm `hl YhXegX% fX
erXa WX VhT_dh\Xe VbfT% Vb`\XamTa T WXfiXfg\efX% l [TVXa gbWb g\cb WX
W\TU_heTf' <a haT cT_TUeT% Xfgpa UbeeTV[bf' {:hp_ Xf _T VThfT WX dhX
Xfbf \ai\gTWbf T fh Y\XfgT fX X`UbeeTV[TfXa7 {CT Vb`\WT7 Eb% cbedhX
gbWb X_ `haWb \aZ\e\t _T `\f`T Vb`\WT l `hV[bf ab fX X`Ue\TZTeba'
{CTf UXU\WTf7 LfgXW XkT`\aT _Tf UXU\WTf l WXfVhUeX dhX fba gbWTf
T_Vb[t_\VTf "gbWTf _Tf UXU\WTf Vb\aV\WXa Xa gXaXe haT V\eVhafgTaV\T
Xa Vb`ua#% l dhX gbWTf _Tf cXefbaTf dhX fX X`Ue\TZTeba UXU\Xeba _Tf
UXU\WTf T_Vb[t_\VTf' Gbe _b gTagb% chXWX __XZTe hfgXW T _T VbaV_hf\ta
WX dhX _Tf UXU\WTf T_Vb[t_\VTf YhXeba _T VThfT WX dhX fhf \ai\gTWbf fX
X`UbeeTV[TeTa'
<_ `qgbWb WX Vb\aV\WXaV\T Xf XY\VTm WXU\Wb T V\Xegbf fhchXfgbf l
TagXVXWXagXf bcXeTg\ibf Xa VhT_dh\Xe Tap_\f\f' D\_\ [T fhUeTlTWb% Xa fh
WXY\a\V\ta WX_ `qgbWb% dhX ft_b [Tl haT V\eVhafgTaV\T Xa Vb`ua' Gbe
X]X`c_b% fhcbaZT`bf dhX _T ZXagX dhX fX X`Ue\TZt [TUrT UXU\Wb Z\a l
fbWT% j[\f^l l fbWT% eba l fbWT% l iTe\Tf bgeTf UXU\WTf `XmV_TWTf Vba
fbWT' <agbaVXf _T fbWT fXerT haT V\eVhafgTaV\T Xa Vb`ua' <f cbedhX
fTUX`bf lT dhX _T fbWT ab VThfT X`Ue\TZhXm% b cbedhX _T [X`bf
X_\`\aTWb WXU\Wb T dhX T_Zh\Xa UXU\t fbWT fb_T l ab fX X`Ue\TZt% dhX
Y\aT_`XagX __XZT`bf T_ T_Vb[b_'
Cb dhX X_ `qgbWb WX Vb\aV\WXaV\T _bZeT Vba `Tlbe XY\VTV\T Xf X_\`\aTe
WX _T Vbaf\WXeTV\ta V\Xegbf YTVgbeXf% cbe ab fXe VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf
cTeT cebWhV\e WXgXe`\aTWb XYXVgb' Gbe X]X`c_b% T_Zh\Xa cbWerT cXafTe
dhX XfgTe cTeTWb UT]b haT eT`T WX `hqeWTZb Xa _T Y\XfgT Xf VThfT WX
X`Ue\TZhXm' J\a X`UTeZb% T_ WTefX X_ VTfb WX haT cXefbaT dhX Xfgp XUe\T
cXeb dhX ab fX [T cTeTWb UT]b X_ `hqeWTZb% XfgT`bf TagX haT \afgTaV\T
Xa dhX fX W\b X_ YXat`Xab f\a XfgTe ceXfXagX _T VbaW\V\ta fbfcXV[TWT'
:b`b X_ XYXVgb chXWX WTefX f\a _T VbaW\V\ta% XagbaVXf _T VbaW\V\ta
"XfgTe cTeTWb UT]b X_ `hqeWTZb# ab chXWX fXe VbaW\V\ta aXVXfTe\T WX_
[XV[b WX X`Ue\TZTefX'

DqgbWb WX _T W\YXeXaV\T

CR ^W LJ\X NW Z^N \N MJ NU ONWgVNWX RW_N\]RPJMX b X][X NW NU Z^N WX \N MJ


]RNWNW ]XMJ\ UJ\ LR[L^W\]JWLRJ\ NW LXVhW LXW NaLNYLRgW MN ^WJ" Z^N \gUX \N MJ NW
NU Y[RVN[ LJ\X" UJ hWRLJ LR[L^W\]JWLRJ NW Z^N UX\ MX\ LJ\X\ MRORN[NW N\ NU NONL]X"
X UJ LJ^\J" X ^WJ YJ[]N RWMR\YNW\JKUN MN UJ LJ^\J MNU ONWgVNWX$
JhcbaZT`bf dhX Wbf [b`UeXf `X__\mbf fhUXa T ha Ti\ta l fX
f\XagTa ]hagbf' ChXZb% WheTagX X_ i\T]X Xa Ti\ta% hab WX X__bf fX f\XagX
i\b_XagT`XagX WXfVb`chXfgb' {:hp_ Xf _T VThfT7 CT eXfchXfgT fX
XaVhXageT hU\VTaWb haT VbaW\V\ta dhX W\Y\XeX VhTaWb ab [Tl bgeTf
VbaW\V\baXf W\YXeXagXf' 8`Ubf gXarTa X_ `\f`b XfgTWb ZXaXeT_ WX fT_hW%
eXT_\mTeba _Tf `\f`Tf TVg\i\WTWXf TagXf WX fhU\e T_ Ti\ta% fX fXagTeba Xa
X_ `\f`b fXVgbe "\aV_hfb% cXe\tW\VT`XagX% \agXeVT`U\Teba X_ Tf\Xagb#' CT
TmTYTgT% ab bUfgTagX% eXVhXeWT dhX Xa X_ Ti\ta gbWb X_ `haWb% \aV_h\Wb
hab WX _bf `X__\mbf% Vb`\t U\fgXV% `\XageTf dhX X_ bgeb `X__\mb YhX X_
ua\Vb dhX Vb`\t T_Zb W\fg\agb "_TaZbfgT#' GhXfgb dhX qfgT Xf _T ua\VT
V\eVhafgTaV\T Xa dhX W\Y\XeXa% XagbaVXf _T _TaZbfgT g\XaX dhX fXe _T VThfT
WX _T \aW\fcbf\V\ta'
Cb dhX X_ `qgbWb WX _T W\YXeXaV\T _bZeT Vba `Tlbe XY\VTV\T Xf
X_\`\aTe WX _T Vbaf\WXeTV\ta V\Xegbf YTVgbeXf% cbe ab fXe VbaW\V\baXf
fhY\V\XagXf cTeT cebWhV\e ha XYXVgb WXgXe`\aTWb' Gbe X]X`c_b% T_Zh\Xa

'-­,
cbWerT [TUXe TeZh`XagTWb dhX X_ VtVgX_ gb`TWb Xa X_ Ti\ta TagXf WX_
T_`hXemb cbWerT [TUXe f\Wb _T VThfT WX _T WXfVb`cbfgheT' J\a X`UTeZb%
chXfgb dhX T`Ubf [Xe`Tabf gb`Teba X_ `\f`b VtVgX_% l h ab WX X__bf ab
fX WXfVb`chfb% XagbaVXf UXUXe X_ VtVgX_ ab VbaWhVX Thgb`pg\VT`XagX%
WX cbe fr% T XaYXe`TefX' Gbe _b gTagb% X_ VtVgX_ ab Xf VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX
cTeT cebibVTe X_ `T_XfgTe Xa X_ Ti\ta'

DqgbWb Vba]hagb WX Vb\aV\WXaV\T l W\YXeXaV\T

CR MX\ X Vd\ LJ\X\ NW Z^N \N MJ NU ONWgVNWX ]RNWNW \gUX ^WJ LR[L^W\]JWLRJ


NW LXVhW" VRNW][J\ Z^N MX\ X Vd\ LJ\X\ NW Z^N NU ONWgVNWX WX \N MJ WJMJ ]RNWNW
NW LXVhW \JU_X UJ J^\NWLRJ MN N\J LR[L^W\]JWLRJ" UJ hWRLJ LR[L^W\]JWLRJ NW Z^N
UJ\ MX\ \N[RN\ MN LJ\X\ MRORN[NW N\ NU NONL]X" X UJ LJ^\J" X YJ[]N RWMR\YNW\JKUN MN
UJ LJ^\J" MNU ONWgVNWX$
JhcbaZT`bf dhX XfgTUT hfgXW Xa haT Y\XfgT WbaWX fX f\ei\Xeba V\aVb
g\cbf WX cbaV[X% l VTWT cbaV[X gXarT fhf \aZeXW\XagXf `TeVTWbf Xa X_
eXfcXVg\ib Ub_' <a fh Vba]hagb% [TUrT V\aVb \aZeXW\XagXf3

8' ]hZb WX TepaWTab


9' ZT]bf WX aTeTa]T
:' TmuVTe
;;' TZhT fX_gmXe
<' j[\f^Xl WX VXagXab

Cbf V\aVb cbaV[Xf g\XaXa W\YXeXagXf Vb`U\aTV\baXf l ft_b T_Zhabf


WX X__bf gXarTa UhXa fTUbe' {:hp_ XeT _T VThfT WX_ UhXa fTUbe7
<fdhX`Tg\VX`bf _Tf Vb`U\aTV\baXf Xk\fgXagXf l fhcbaZT`bf dhX ab
Xf cbf\U_X a\aZhaT h_gXe\be XkcXe\`XagTV\ta'

GbaV[X * \aZeXW\XagXf3 8 9: < "UhXa Zhfgb#


GbaV[X + \aZeXW\XagXf3 8 ;; < "UhXa Zhfgb#
GbaV[X , \aZeXW\XagXf3 9 ;; < "UhXa Zhfgb#
GbaV[X -­ & \aZeXW\XagXf3 8 : VJU Zhfgb#
GbaV[X . \aZeXW\XagXf3 9 ;; VJU Zhfgb#

8_ XkT`\aTe_b% iX`bf dhX X_ cbaV[X . ft_b gXarT ZT]bf WX aTeTa]T


l TZhT fX_gmXe' FUfXeiTaWb _bf Wbf ce\`Xebf cbaV[Xf% ab cbWerT`bf

'-­-­
Tc_\VTe X_ `qgbWb WX Vb\aV\WXaV\T' J\a X`UTeZb% VhTaWb gb`T`bf Xa
VhXagT X_ cbaV[X , cbWX`bf iXe cbe X_ `qgbWb WX Vb\aV\WXaV\T dhX X_
\aZeXW\XagX <% X_ j[\f^Xl WX VXagXab% cbWerT fXe _T VThfT WX_ UhXa Zhfgb'
{GbWX`bf hg\_\mTe X_ `qgbWb WX _T W\YXeXaV\T cTeT iXe\Y\VTe f\ _T ThfXaV\T
WX_ j[\f^Xl WX VXagXab cebWhV\ep X_ `T_ Zhfgb7 Jt_b f\ cbWX`bf
X_TUbeTe Wbf cbaV[Xf Vba gbWb Xa Vb`ua fT_ib <% cbWeX`bf Tc_\VTe
X_ `qgbWb WX _T W\YXeXaV\T' J\a X`UTeZb% ab cbWX`bf Tc_\VTe_bf Tdhr%
chXf ThadhX T _bf cbaV[Xf -­ l . _Xf YT_gT <% fba W\YXeXagXf% gT`U\qa% Xa
`hV[bf bgebf fXag\Wbf' J\a X`UTeZb% X_ `qgbWb Vba]hagb fr abf W\VX dhX
< Xf _T VThfT "aXVXfTe\T`XagX# WX_ UhXa Zhfgb' 8fr% X_ `qgbWb Vba]hagb
YhaV\baT VhTaWb X_ `qgbWb WX _T W\YXeXaV\T ab chXWX hg\_\mTefX' <_
`qgbWb Vba]hagb X_\`\aT T ;;% 9% : l 8 Vb`b VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf
WX_ UhXa Zhfgb Xa X_ cbaV[X% l X_\`\aT T 8% :% 9 l ;; Vb`b VbaW\V\baXf
fhY\V\XagXf WX_ UhXa Zhfgb'

=8C8:@8J ;;<C I8QFE8D@<EKF :8LJ8C

;;X eXfh_gTf WX _b XkchXfgb Xa _Tf Wbf fXVV\baXf ceXi\Tf% gbWTf _Tf


f\Zh\XagXf YT_TV\Tf eX_Tg\iTf T_ eTmbaT`\Xagb VThfT_ cTeXVXepa WXUXefX
T haT i\b_TV\ta WX _bf geXf Ve\gXe\bf WX ?h`X fbUeX VThfT l XYXVgb% b T
h aT i\b_TV\ta WX _bf `qgbWbf WX D\_\ VbaVXea\XagXf T _T X_\`\aTV\ta WX
_Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf l fhY\V\XagXf'

MTe\TV\ta VbaVb`\gTagX

<fgT Xf _T YT_TV\T WX ceXfhcbaXe dhX cbedhX Wbf [XV[bf Xk[\UXa


haT X_XiTWT \aV\WXaV\T WX VbeeX_TV\ta Xfgpa% cbe _b gTagb% VThfT_`XagX
VbaXVgTWbf' <fgb Xf XfcXV\T_`XagX V\Xegb eXfcXVgb WX _Tf VbeeX_TV\baXf
XfgTWrfg\VTf' Gbe X]X`c_b% X_ epc\Wb \aVeX`Xagb WX_ \aZeXfb T _Tf
ha\iXef\WTWXf Xa _T WqVTWT WX *2+) iTerT Xa Ybe`T VbaVb`\gTagX Vba X_
epc\Wb Th`Xagb Xa X_ au`Xeb WX \agXeaTWbf Xa _Tf V_ra\VTf cf\dh\pge\VTf'
{<k\fgX haT VbaXk\ta VThfT_7 ;;\YrV\_`XagX' <fgT iTe\TV\ta ab fTg\fYTVX
a\aZhab WX _bf Ve\gXe\bf WX ?h`X3 ab [Tl \aW\VTV\ta WX_ [XV[b dhX
ceXVXW\t T bgeb% ab [Tl VbaXk\ta bUfXeiTWT b \`TZ\aTU_X XageX Xfgbf
[XV[bf Xa X_ XfcTV\b% l a\aZhaT [\fgbe\T WX eXZh_Te\WTW aTgXf WX _T
WqVTWT WX *2+)'

'-­.
CT VbeeX_TV\ta XfgTWrfg\VT XageX X_ VpaVXe WX ch_`ta l X_ V\ZTee\__b Xf
TVXcgTU_X Vb`b X]X`c_b WX eTmbaT`\Xagb VTfhT_ cbedhX fr fTg\fYTVX _bf
V\gTWbf Ve\gXe\bf3 X_ Yh`Te ceXVXWX T_ VpaVXe WX ch_`ta% _T \aiXfg\ZTV\ta
\aWXcXaW\XagX fbUeX _bf XYXVgbf WX _T a\Vbg\aT Xa _T c\X_ WX eTgbaXf
cXe`\gX \`TZ\aTe haT VbaXk\ta XfcTV\T_% l TVghT_`XagX Xk\fgX haT
ceb_baZTWT [\fgbe\T WX gT_ VbeeX_TV\ta'
{Hhq bVheeX Vba _T eX_TV\ta XageX abV[X l WrT7 {<_ WrT ab f\ZhX T
_T abV[X l _T abV[X T_ WrT Vba \aXdhribVT eXZh_Te\WTW7 {J\Za\Y\VT Xfgb
dhX _T abV[X Xf _T VThfT WX_ WrT b X_ WrT _T WX _T abV[X7 CT eXfchXfgT
Xf Xi\WXagX3 f\ U\Xa _T abV[X l X_ WrT fTg\fYTVXa _bf Wbf Ve\gXe\bf WX haT
[\fgbe\T WX eXZh_Te\WTW l VbaXk\ta XfcTV\T_% ab fTg\fYTVXa _bf Ve\gXe\bf WX
ce\be\WTW gX`cbeT_% cbedhX ab cbWX`bf WXV\e f\ _T abV[X ceXVXWX T_ WrT
b f\ X_ WrT ceXVXWX Vba eXZh_Te\WTW T _T abV[X' GhXfgb dhX aTW\X chXWX
WXV\e_b% XagbaVXf ab gXaX`bf WXeXV[b T TY\e`Te dhX fXT Tfr% l% cbe XaWX%
X_ X]X`c_b ab fX T]hfgT T _bf geXf Ve\gXe\bf'
?Tl bgeb X]X`c_b YT`bfb% __T`TWb X]X`c_b WX _bf eX_b]Xf bVTf\baT_Xf'
@`TZ\aX`bf Wbf eX_b]Xf% 8 l 9% Xa dhX fhchXfgT`XagX X_ eX_b] 8 Xfgp
TWX_TagTWb V\aVb `\ahgbf eXfcXVgb WX_ eX_b] 9' :TWT fXfXagT `\ahgbf%
_bf eX_b]Xf WTa _T [beT' GhXfgb dhX 8 WT _T [beT Vba eXZh_Te\WTW TagXf
dhX 9% {_T \`c_\VTV\ta WX Xfgb Xf dhX 8 Xf _T VThfT WX 97

<_ W\TZeT`T eXfh_gT ug\_ cbedhX WX`hXfgeT dhX Xf \`cbf\U_X


XfgTU_XVXe a\aZhaT eX_TVta ZXaXeT_ WX ce\be\WTW gX`cbeT_ XageX _bf
Wbf eX_b]Xf' <_ eX_b] 8% fXZua bUfXeiT`bf% chXWX XfgTe V\aVb `\ahgbf
TWX_TagTWb eXfcXVgb WX_ eX_b] 9% cXeb chXWX gT`U\qa \agXeceXgTefX dhX X_
eX_b] 9 Xfgp baVX [beTf V\aVhXagT l V\aVb `\ahgbf TWX_TagTWb eXfcXVgb
WX_ eX_b] 8' <a VbafXVhXaV\T% X_ X]X`c_b WX _bf Wbf eX_b]Xf ab fTg\fYTVX X_
eXdhXe\`\Xagb WX ce\be\WTW gX`cbeT_' Gbe TsTW\WheT% ab [Tl VbaXk\ta
XfcTV\T_ XageX _bf Wbf eX_b]Xf'

'-­/
La VbabV\Wb X]X`c_b Xa VbageTe\b

CT f\Zh\XagX YT_TV\T% cbe _b dhX fq% ft_b Xf Vb`Xg\WT cbe Y\_tfbYbf l


XfcXV\T_\fgTf Xa _tZ\VT' @`TZ\aX`bf dhX T _Tf WbVX _T f\eXaT WX haT
YpUe\VT fhXaT \aW\VTaWb _T [beT WX_ T_`hXemb' 8 _T iXm% ha geXa cTegX
WX _T XfgTV\ta WX YXeebVTee\_ gbWbf _bf WrTf T_ `XW\bWrT' {CT f\eXaT Xf
_T VThfT WX dhX X_ geXa cTegT7 <_ X]X`c_b cTeXVXerT XaVhTWeTefX Xa _bf
Ve\gXe\bf WX TagXe\be\WTW gX`cbeT_ l eXZh_Te\WTW [\fgte\VT' J\a X`UTeZb%
cTeT X`cXmTe% ab [Tl haT V_TeT eX_TV\ta XfcTV\T_' Dpf \`cbegTagX Tua%
X_ X]X`c_b Xa eXT_\WTW ab fX T]hfgT T_ Ve\gXe\b WX eXZh_Te\WTW [\fgte\VT%
chXf gbWbf abfbgebf fTUX`bf T cTeg\e WX _T cTfTWT XkcXe\XaV\T dhX "T#
_T f\eXaT ab Xf _T VThfT WX dhX cTegT X_ geXa% l "U# f\ _T f\eXaT ab fbaTeT
X_ geXa cTeg\erT WX gbWbf `bWbf4 b fXT dhX VbabVX`bf _T VThfT eXT_ WX
_T cTeg\WT WX_ geXa'
:TUX TWiXeg\e dhX _bf X]X`c_bf WX abV[X l WrT l WX _bf Wbf eX_b]Xf
fba gT`U\qa X]X`c_bf WX _T YT_TV\T WX_ VbabV\Wb X]X`c_b Xa VbageTe\b'

Gbfg [bV

CT XkceXf\ta _Tg\aT be\Z\aTe\T Xf YX\] QXL" N[PX Y[XY]N[ QXL " _b VhT_
f\Za\Y\VT ;;Xfchqf WX Xfgb% cbe _b gTagb% WXU\Wb T Xfgb ' :bafg\ghlX haT
YT_TV\T WX_ eTmbaT`\Xagb VThfT_ cbe VhTagb fX UTfT Xa _T XeetaXT VeXXaV\T
WX dhX _T `XeT ce\be\WTW gX`cbeT_ Vbafg\ghlX haT eX_TV\ta VThfT_' GTfT
cbe T_gb gbgT_`XagX _bf WX`pf Ve\gXe\bf WX VbaXk\ta XfcTV\T_ X [\fgbe\T
WX eXZh_Te\WTW'
?Tl T_Zhabf X]X`c_bf W\iXeg\Wbf l bgebf ab gTa W\iXeg\Wbf WX _T YT_TV\T
YX\] QXL$ Gbe X]X`c_b% _T fXsbeT CtcXm ehXZT dhX fh `Te\Wb fX VheX WX _Tf
cTcXeTf% l Tfr bVheeX' <__T fhcbaX dhX% cbedhX fh c_XZTe\T ceXVXW\t T _T
eXVhcXeTV\ta% XagbaVXf _T c_XZTe\T [T WX fXe _T VThfT WX fh eXVhcXeTV\ta'
<a X_ p`U\gb WX _T chU_\V\WTW XfgX g\cb WX YT_TV\T fX WT Vba fh`T
YeXVhXaV\T' ?Tl \agXe`\aTU_Xf gXfg\`ba\bf WX Vt`b _T ZXagX fX eXVbUeTUT
WXfchqf WX gb`Te X_ TVX\gX WX fXec\XagX WX_ WbVgbe ?\ctVeTgXf' J\a bgeTf
cehXUTf dhX WX`hXfgeXa _T VbaXk\ta% l T_Zhabf WTgbf [\fgte\Vbf WX
_TUbeTgbe\b% ab [Tl eTmta iT_XWXeT cTeT VeXXe dhX X_ TVX\gX WX fXec\XagX
eXT_`XagX YhX _T VThfT WX _T eXVhcXeTV\ta' KbWbf fTUX`bf dhX _bf
eX`XW\bf cTeT X_ eXfYerb _b VheTa Xa f\XgX WrTf% l dhX f\a X_ eX`XW\b% X_
eXfYerb gTeWT haT fX`TaT Xa \efX'

0 .&
FeWXa \eeXiXef\U_X

:b`XamTeX`bf Tdhr T TaT_\mTe X]X`c_bf WX YT_TV\Tf Xa X_


eTmbaT`\Xagb VThfT_ dhX i\b_Ta T_Zhabf WX _bf `qgbWbf WX D\_\
VbaYhaW\XaWb l Tc_\VTaWb XeetaXT`XagX W\YXeXaV\Tf XageX VbaW\V\baXf
aXVXfTe\Tf l fhY\V\XagXf' CT YT_TV\T WX_ beWXa \eeXiXef\U_X fX UTfT Xa X_
fhchXfgb WX dhX% f\ 8 Xf _T VThfT WX 9% 9 ab chXWX fXe _T VThfT WX 8' Gbe
X]X`c_b% _T Xk\fgXaV\T WX _T cbUeXmT Xa T_Zhabf cTrfXf \`c\WX dhX WXa
fh Thfc\V\b T ha\iXef\WTWXf l Tha T f\`c_Xf cebZeT`Tf cTeT `X]beTe X_
a\iX_ WX T_YTUXg\f`b' 8fr% V_TeT`XagX% UJ YXK[NcJ N\ LJ^\J MN UJ RPWX[JWLRJ$
8 _T iXm% [Tl X]X`c_bf [\fgte\Vbf WX Vt`b X_ V\XeeX WX ha\iXef\WTWXf "cbe
X]X`c_b% Xa <fcTsT X @gT_\T WheTagX _T @adh\f\V\ta# VbaWh]Xeba T _T cbfgeX
T_ X`cbUeXV\`\Xagb WX _T XVbab`rT Vb`b ha gbWb' 8fr% V_TeT`XagX% UJ
RPWX[JWLRJ Y^NMN \N[ LJ^\J MN UJ YXK[NcJ$ <a YhaV\ta WX _T W\fg\aV\ta XageX
VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf l fhY\V\XagXf% _T YT_TV\T WX_ beWXa \eeXiXef\U_X
ceXfhcbaX \aVbeeXVgT`XagX dhX f\ 8 Xf VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX WX 9%
XagbaVXf 9 ab chXWX fXe VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX WX 8'

EXZTaWb X_ TagXVXWXagX

CT `X]be `TaXeT WX iXe XfgT YT_TV\T Xf WX`bfgeTe ce\`Xeb ha


TeZh`Xagb VbeeXVgb l _hXZb bgeb \aVbeeXVgb dhX cTegT WX _T YT_TV\T'

J\ gb`T V\Taheb% NW]XWLN\ `be\ep'


E\]NM ]XVJ LRJW^[X$

@X[ UX ]JW]X" `be\ep'

<fdhX`pg\VT`XagX% X_ TeZh`Xagb TcTeXVX Tfr3


J\ gb`T V\Taheb% XagbaVXf `be\ep'
LfgXW WX gb`T V\Taheb'

Gbe _b gTagb% WX `be\ep'

<fdhX`pg\VT`XagX% X_ TeZh`Xagb TcTeXVX Tfr3

LfgXW chXWX iXe T[beT _T W\YXeXaV\T XageX _bf Wbf TeZh`Xagbf' LaT
beTV\ta WX _T Ybe`T WX f\''' XagbaVXf fX WXab`\aT beTV\ta VbaW\V\baT_'
CT cTegX WX _T beTV\ta VbaW\V\baT_ dhX f\ZhX T_ f\ fX WXab`\aT
TagXVXWXagX' <a X_ fXZhaWb X]X`c_b dhX W\`bf% X_ TagXVXWXagX Xf
aXZTWb% cbe Xfb [TU_T`bf WX aXZTe X_ TagXVXWXagX' 8[beT U\Xa3
WXU\XeT fXe bUi\b dhX X_ fXZhaWb X]X`c_b Xf X_ WX ha eTmbaT`\Xagb
cbUeX b YT_Tm% Xa gTagb dhX X_ ce\`Xe X]X`c_b Xf ha Thgqag\Vb X]X`c_b
WX eTmbaT`\Xagb VThfT_' {Gbe dhq7 CT eXfchXfgT Xf f\`c_X' <_ fXZhaWb
X]X`c_b Xfgp Xdh\ibVTWb cbedhX [Tl bgeTf VThfTf WX `hXegX% YhXeT WX_
\aZXe\e V\Taheb' 8ha VhTaWb ab gb`X V\Taheb% T_Zua WrT `be\eq' <a
YhaV\ta WX _Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf% _T OJUJLRJ MN WNPJ[ NU JW]NLNMNW]N N\
UJ OJUJLRJ MN L[NN[ Z^N J4n LRJW^[X! N\ LXWMRLRgW WNLN\J[RJ WX _T `hXegX L^JWMX

Xa eXT_\WTW N\ LXWMRLRgW \^ORLRNW]N$

8Y\e`TaWb _T VbafXVhXaV\T
<fgT YT_TV\T Xf `hl f\`\_Te T _T dhX TaT_\mT`bf TagXf' KbWTirT
XfgT`bf YeXagX T beTV\baXf VbaW\V\baT_Xf "f\''' XagbaVXf#% l _T cTegX WX _T
beTV\ta VbaW\V\baT_ dhX f\ZhX T_ XagbaVXf fX WXab`\aT VbafXVhXaV\T'

GbWX`bf Tc_\VTe X_ `\f`b X]X`c_b'


CR gb`b V\Taheb% NW]XWLN\ `be\eq'
DhXeb'

'.(
<fdhX`pg\VT`XagX% X_ TeZh`Xagb fX iX Tfr3

<_ XfdhX`T VbeeXVgb% eXVbeWX`bf% Xf3

CT W\YXeXaV\T XageX _bf Wbf XfdhX`Tf Xf Xi\WXagX' <a X_ TeZh`Xagb


dhX eXfh_gT YT_Tm% [X`bf eXiXeg\Wb X_ beWXa WX Jk l J+' ?X`bf JOR[VJMX
UJ LXW\NL^NWLRJ" WX T[r X_ ab`UeX WX YT_TV\T% VhTaWb WXUXerT`bf
[TUXe TY\e`TWb X_ TagXVXWXagX' <_ [XV[b WX dhX lb `ber ab \`c_\VT
Thgb`pg\VT`XagX dhX gb`q V\Taheb Tha VhTaWb _T ce\`XeT beTV\ta%
TVXeVT WX dhX X_ V\Taheb VThfT _T `hXegX% Xf iXeWTW' <i\WXagX`XagX [Tl
bgeTf VThfTf WX `hXegX% TWX`pf WX_ V\Taheb' <a eXT_\WTW% Xa YhaV\ta WX
_Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf l fhY\V\XagXf% X_ Xeebe Tdhr Xf X_ `\f`b dhX
X_ WX aXZTe X_ TagXVXWXagX3 Xfgp Xa _T OJUJLRJ MN \^YXWN[ Z^N ^WJ LXWMRLRgW
\^ORLRNW]N N\ WNLN\J[RJ$ <_ V\Taheb Xf VbaW\V\ta fhY\V\XagX cTeT `be\e% cXeb
ab Xf aXVXfTe\T'

=T_TV\T ZXaqg\VT

PT [X`bf i\fgb iTe\bf X]X`c_bf WX TeZh`Xagbf ZXaqg\Vbf% ha


TeZh`Xagb b Xkc_\VTV\ta fbUeX Vt`b fX be\Z\at haT VeXXaV\T b Vt`b
T_Zh\Xa __XZT T VeXXe T_Zb' ;;\V[Tf Xkc_\VTV\baXf% VhTaWb fba V\XegTf%
eXfh_gTa cXeYXVgT`XagX _XZrg\`Tf% ug\_Xf X \_hfgeTg\iTf' ?Tl% f\a X`UTeZb%
haT Ybe`T XfcXV\T_ WX XfgX TeZh`Xagb dhX Vbafg\ghlX haT gbgT_ YT_TV\T'
JhcbaZT`bf dhX TeZh`Xagb dhX _T ceXfXaV\T WX bkrZXab Xa haT
eXfXeiT YbeXfgT_ YhX UJ VThfT WX ha \aVXaW\b Xa X_ UbfdhX' 8[beT U\Xa3
Xf V\Xegb dhX WX ab [TUXe [TU\Wb bkrZXab Xa X_ UbfdhX% V\XegT`XagX ab
fX [TUerT cebWhV\Wb ha \aVXaW\b' KT`U\qa Xf V\Xegb dhX WX ab [TUXe

'.)
VTrWb ha eTlb% ha YtfYbeb XaVXaW\Wb b _b dhX YhXeX% ab cbWerT [TUXefX
cebWhV\Wb ha \aVXaW\b' <a bgeTf cT_TUeTf% VhTaWb fX ceXfhcbaX
dhX haT% WX XageX iTe\Tf VbaW\V\baXf aXVXfTe\Tf% XeT _T VThfT ua\VT l
XkV_hf\iT WX ha XYXVgb% XfgT`bf TagX haT YT_TV\T ZXaqg\VT'
<_ `\f`b g\cb WX YT_TV\T fX WT VhTaWb fX W\fVh_cT T ha WX_\aVhXagX
cbe fh TVgb WX_\Vg\ib fbUeX _T UTfX WX dhX "ZXaqg\VT l aXVXfTe\T`XagX#
Vb`Xgb X_ WX_\gb Vb`b eXfh_gT Wb WX YTVgbeXf T`U\XagT_Xf' <a eXfchXfgT
cbWX`bf TWiXeg\e dhX X_ f\fgX`T _XZT_ "ZXaqg\VT l aXVXfTe\T`XagX# WXUX
[T__Te Vh_cTU_X T_ TVhfTWb% l VbaWXaTe_b' KXaWerT`bf dhX XagXaWXe
T_ ]hXm% ]heTWb% Y\fVT_ l iXeWhZb cbedhX X__bf% gT`U\qa% fba irVg\`Tf WX
fh T`U\XagX' KT_ iXm haT VhXfg\ta `pf \agXeXfTagX ab fXT dhq VThft
X_ WX_\gb% f\ab Vhp_ fXerT X_ XYXVgb WX VTfg\ZTe b WX]Te WX VTfg\ZTe T_
\aVh_cTWb'

GIF9C<D8J :FE <C :FE:<GKF ;;< :8LJ8C@;;8;;

<_ Tap_\f\f WX _T VThfT_\WTW WX ?h`X fX UTfT Xa haT Xkc_\VTV\ta


aXjgba\TaT `XVTa\V\fgT WX_ ha\iXefb Yrf\Vb' <_ Tap_\f\f Te\fgbgq_\Vb ab
fX [TUrT UTfTWb Xa ha `bWX_b Yrf\Vb`XVpa\Vb&WXgXe`\a\fgT WX_ `haWb
f\ab Xa haT Xkc_\VTV\ta gX_Xb_tZ\VT "WX Y\aT_\WTW#' :b`b gbWb X_ `haWb
WX 8e\fgtgX_Xf XeT ragXZeT`XagX gX_Xb_tZ\Vb "W\e\Z\Wb [TV\T ha Y\a#% l
ab WXgXe`\a\fgT% X_ Tap_\f\f Te\fgbgq_\Vb WX _T VThfT_\WTW fX Tc_\VTUT
\ZhT_`XagX T _bf fXeXf [h`Tabf l T _bf [XV[bf Yrf\Vbf' Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX%
ab cTeXVrT XkgeTsb [TU_Te WX VThfTf eXfcXVgb WX _T TVV\ta [h`TaT% cTeT
W\fg\aZh\e _bf g\cbf b VTgXZberTf W\YXeXagXf WX VThfT_\WTW% l Tha Tfr XeT
cbf\U_X fbfgXaXe _T i\f\ta ZXaXeT_ WX dhX _bf fXeXf [h`Tabf fba TZXagXf
eXfcbafTU_Xf WX fhf TVV\baXf'
:b`XamTaWb cbe X_ `\f`b ?h`X% `hV[bf cXafTWbeXf [Ta geTgTWb
WX Tc_\VTe _T ahXiT VbaVXcV\ta `XVpa\VT WX _T VThfT_\WTW T _T TVV\ta
[h`TaT' <_ cebU_X`T WX XfgT Tc_\VTV\ta Xf dhX a\XZT dhX _bf fXeXf
[h`Tabf fXTa TZXagXf eXfcbafTU_Xf WX fhf cebc\Tf TVV\baXf% l cTeXVX
dhXeXe WXV\e dhX _Tf TVV\baXf [h`TaTf fba X_ eXfh_gTWb WX YhXemTf
\agXeaTf% YhXemTf XkgXeaTf b T`UTf% _Tf VhT_Xf% Xa u_g\`T \afgTaV\T% Xfgpa
`pf T__p WX_ Vbageb_ [h`Tab b WX_ WXfXb WX Vbageb_Te_Tf' GTeg\XaWb
WX ?h`X l f\Zh\XaWb [TfgT X_ ceXfXagX% _bf Y\_tfbYbf "T# [Ta geTgTWb
WX eXVbaV\_\Te _T \agXeiXaV\ta WX ha TZXagX [h`Tab Vba _T i\f\ta
`XVTa\V\fgT WX _T VThfT_\WTW% "U# TUTaWbaTWb T_XZeX`XagX _T \WXT WX

0 .*
\agXeiXaV\ta [h`TaT Xa fh gbgT_\WTW b "V# aXZTWb dhX X_ ahXib chagb
WX i\fgT `XVTa\V\fgT WX _T VThfT_\WTW fX Tc_\VTeT T_ [b`UeX'
Eb Xf qfgX X_ VbagXkgb Xa X_ dhX cbWX`bf eXi\fTe gbWTf _Tf W\`Xaf\baXf
Y\_bftY\VTf WX _T VbagebiXef\T' J\a X`UTeZb% [Tl T_Zhabf X_X`Xagbf dhX
X_ _XVgbe WXUXep eXVbeWTe' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% dhXWT TU\Xegb X_ \agXeebZTagX%
dhX WX a\aZua `bWb fX [T eXfhX_gb% TVXeVT WX _T Tc_\VTV\ta WX_ chagb
WX i\fgT `XVTa\V\fgT WX _T VThfT_\WTW T _bf fXeXf [h`Tabf' ETW\X [T
Ue\aWTWb ahaVT a\ ha ua\Vb X]X`c_b WX VTfb Xa dhX cbWT`bf WX`bfgeTe
_Tf aXVXfTe\Tf l fhY\V\XagXf VbaW\V\baXf WX _T TVV\ta [h`TaT' <a
fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% Vba X_ Y\a WX Tc_\VTe X_ chagb WX i\fgT `XVTa\V\fgT WX
_T VThfT_\WTW T _T TVV\ta [h`TaT% [T f\Wb aXVXfTe\b% WXfWX _T qcbVT WX_
`\f`b ?h`X% cTfTe cbe T_gb X_ Ve\gXe\b WX Vbag\Zv\WTW XfcTV\T_ XageX
VThfT l XYXVgb fXaV\__T`XagX cbedhX ab gXaX`bf \WXT WX Vt`b YhaV\baT
Xfgb Vba _bf fXeXf [h`Tabf' :b`b VbafXVhXaV\T% cbWerT WXV\efX dhX
gbWbf _bf \agXagbf cbe Tc_\VTe _T i\f\ta `XVTa\V\fgT WX _T VThfT_\WTW fba
fhfVXcg\U_Xf WX VTXe Xa haT YT_TV\T YX\] QXL" l gT_ iXm Xa bgeTf gT`U\qa'
Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% WXUX`bf geTgTe Vba VThgX_T l V\Xegb XfVXcg\V\f`b _T
W\YhaW\WT Tc_\VTV\ta WX_ chagb WX i\fgT `XVTa\V\fgT WX _T VThfT_\WTW
cbe cebYXf\baT_Xf WX _Tf V\XaV\Tf fbV\T_Xf% gT_Xf Vb`b cf\Vt_bZbf l
fbV\t_bZbf' :hTaWb fX T_XZT dhX _T i\f\ta WX Y\_`Xf i\b_Xagbf Xf _T
VThfT WX dhX _bf a\sbf TVguXa WX `TaXeT i\b_XagT% b WX dhX _T cbUeXmT
VThfT _T WX_\aVhXaV\T% WXUX`bf fXe Vh\WTWbfbf T_ TVXcgTe XfgX g\cb WX
\agXeceXgTV\ta'
:hTaWb TaT_\mT`bf ha [XV[b Yrf\Vb g\XaX fXag\Wb Tc_\VTe X_ VbaVXcgb
`XVpa\Vb WX _T VThfT_\WTW ' <a Xfbf VTfbf Xk\fgX haT aXVXf\WTW
aTgheT_3 WTWTf V\XegTf VbaW\V\baXf "Vb`b _T ceXfXaV\T WX bkrZXab l haT
gX`cXeTgheT fhY\V\XagX`XagX X_XiTWT#% l WTWT _T ThfXaV\T WX VbaW\V\baXf
dhX \agXeY\XeTa% TeWXep ha bU]Xgb' CTf VbaW\V\baXf fba Vba]hagT`XagX
VThfT fhY\V\XagX cTeT cebWhV\e XfX XYXVgb% cbWX`bf WXWhV\e X_ XYXVgb
T cTeg\e WX _T VThfT% l eTV\baT_`XagX cbWX`bf XYXVghTe ceXW\VV\baXf
fbUeX _T UTfX WX _T \aYbe`TV\ta'
<a VhTagb __XZT`bf T _bf YXat`Xabf U\b_tZ\Vbf% _T f\ghTV\ta lT Xf
`pf Vb`c_\VTWT' Cbf f\fgX`Tf U\b_tZ\Vbf h beZpa\Vbf% T W\YXeXaV\T WX
_bf VTfbf WX f\fgX`Tf Yrf\Vbf V\gTWbf Xa _bf _\Uebf WX gXkgb% Xk\fgXa gTagb
Xa X_ g\X`cb Vb`b Xa X_ XfcTV\b4 b fXT dhX _bf YXat`Xabf beZpa\Vbf fX
WTa Xa VbafgTagX XfgTWb WX \agXeVT`U\b Vba _Tf VbaW\V\baXf T`U\XagT_Xf
dhX _bf ebWXTa' Gbe X]X`c_b% fXT VhT_ YhXeX _T eX_TV\ta XkTVgT XageX X_
V\ZTee\__b l X_ VpaVXe% ab fX geTgT WX ha X]X`c_b f\`c_X l _\aXT_ Vb`X

'.+
X_ WX _T VThfT_\WTW Yrf\Vb`XVpa\VT' ?Tl% cbe X]X`c_b% `hV[bf ZeTaWXf
Yh`TWbeXf dhX ab WXfTeeb__Ta VpaVXe WX ch_`ta% l TdhX__bf dhX WX]Ta
WX Yh`Te g\XaXa W\YXeXagXf XkcXe\XaV\Tf% fXZua X_ `b`Xagb Xa dhX
_b [TVXa' ;;X `TaXeT Tap_bZT% [Tl cXefbaTf Vba \a`ha\WTW aTgheT_ T
V\XegTf XaYXe`XWTWXf l bgeTf dhX fba T_qeZ\VTf T fhfgTaV\Tf dhX cTeT
X_ eXfgb WX abfbgebf fba \abVhTf'
:hTaWb cTfT`bf T_ a\iX_ WX _T TVV\ta [h`TaT% _T f\ghTV\ta chXWX
fXe gbgT_`XagX W\fg\agT' LaT iXm `pf% f\a \e Xa cXe]h\V\b WX_ gX`T%
cXe`rgTfX`X XfdhX`Tg\mTe ha chagb WX i\fgT dhX chXWX [TU_Te WX _T
VThfT_\WTW [h`TaT f\a aXZTe _T \agXeiXaV\ta [h`TaT l _T _\UXegTW' F
fXT% dhX iT`bf T TeZh`XagTe dhX Xa X_ VTfb WX _bf fXeXf [h`Tabf ab
[Tl Xfgr`h_bf fbV\b&Y\f\b_tZ\Vbf fhY\V\XagXf cTeT VThfTe gbWT TVV\ta
[h`TaT' Mb_iXeX`bf Tdhr T T_Zhabf WX _bf X_X`Xagbf Xa X_ Tap_\f\f WX
8e\fgtgX_Xf3

VThfT `TgXe\T_ & Y\f\b_bZrT [h`TaT


VThfT Ybe`T_ & fXag\Wb fbV\T_ WX haT TVV\ta
VThfT Y\aT_ & fXag\Wb cTeT X_ TZXagX
VThfT XY\V\XagX & WXV\f\ta WX_ TZXagX

J\ U\Xa _T Y\f\b_bZrT Xf ha YTVgbe \`cbegTagX% ab Xf X_ ua\Vb YTVgbe


WXgXe`\aTagX WX _T TVV\ta [h`TaT' :\XegT`XagX% ha f\fgX`T Y\f\b_tZ\Vb
WTsTWb b ha f\fgX`T UT]b _T \aY_hXaV\T WX `bW\Y\VTV\baXf dhr`\VTf
XkgXeaT`XagX \aWhV\WTf chXWXa YhaV\baTe `T_ l gbeaTe \`cbf\U_Xf
V\XegTf TVV\baXf' GXeb ab cbWX`bf T cTeg\e WX T[r% __XZTe T _T VbaV_hf\ta
WX dhX gbWT TVV\ta Xf gbgT_`XagX eXfh_gTWb WX YTVgbeXf Y\f\b_tZ\Vbf'
:eXXe bgeT VbfT Xf TeZh`XagTe YT_Tm`XagX'

J\X`ceX dhX GqeXm fX X`UbeeTV[T% fX Vb`cbegT `T_'


8[beT GqeXm fX Xfgp Vb`cbegTaWb `T_'

Gbe _b gTagb% T[beT GqeXm Xfgp UbeeTV[b'

<fgX TeZh`Xagb Xf V_Teb X]X`c_b WX _T YT_TV\T WX TY\e`Te haT


VbafXVhXaV\T'
:ba eXfcXVgb T _T VThfT_\WTW Ybe`T_ b X_ fXag\Wb fbV\T_% XfgT`bf Xa
VbaW\V\baXf WX XaYbVTe X_ `bWb Xa dhX X_ VbagXkgb fbV\T_ chXWX \aY_h\e
b fXe ha YTVgbe dhX TYXVgX _T TVV\ta [h`TaT' <fgb gT`U\qa f\Za\Y\VT dhX%
eXfcXVgb WX _T TVV\ta [h`TaT% WXUX`bf gb`Te Xa VhXagT _T cXefcXVg\iT
fbV\T_' GXeb Tdhr WXUX`bf gT`U\qa TWiXeg\e dhX X_ `\f`b [XV[b
cbWerT gXaXe W\YXeXagXf f\Za\Y\VTWbf cTeT _Tf cXefbaTf \aib_hVeTWTf'
Gbe X]X`c_b% ha XkT`Xa Y\aT_ Xa _T XfVhX_T g\XaX fXag\Wbf W\YXeXagXf
cTeT fhf Thgbe\WTWXf% X cebYXfbe l _bf XfghW\TagXf' Gbe XaWX% chXWXa
[TUXe iXef\baXf VbaY_\Vg\iTf WX_ fXag\Wb WX ha [XV[b b TVV\ta' 8_Zhabf
WX abfbgebf \aV_hfb dhXeerT`bf WXfXfg\`Te _T fhchXfgT Xk\fgXaV\T WX
fXag\Wbf fbV\T_Xf gT_Xf Vb`b X_ WX _Tf Ueh]Tf % Vbafc\eTV\baXf ]hWrTf l
WX`pf' Eb Xk\fgXa Ve\gXe\bf WX VbaWhVgT V_Tebf cTeT \WXag\Y\VTe X_ fXag\Wb
fbV\T_' Gbe X]X`c_b% ha X`c_XTWbe fX a\XZT T gb`Te T ha X`c_XTWb
aXZeb' J\a `pf \aYbe`TV\ta% fXerT TUfheWb \WXag\Y\VTe_b Vb`b TVgb WX
W\fVe\`\aTV\ta'
CT VThfT Y\aT_ Xf X_ fXag\Wb cXefbaT_ dhX X_ TZXagX VbaY\XeX T fh
TVV\ta' :ba X_ Y\a WX XagXaWXe cbe dhq ha TZXagX X]XVhgT WXgXe`\aTWT
TVV\ta% WXUX`bf fTUXe dhq f\Za\Y\VT XfT TVV\ta cTeT X_ TZXagX' GXeb Xa
u_g\`T \afgTaV\T% cbWerT TeZh`XagTefX% X_ TZXagX Xf eXfcbafTU_X WX_
fXag\Wb cXefbaT_ dhX Tf\ZaX T haT TVV\ta% l XfT Xf _T VThfT XY\V\XagX
WX W\V[T TVV\ta' Gbe X]X`c_b% ha ]biXa VTeXagX WX V\XegTf Tcg\ghWXf
"VThfT `TgXe\T_# l cTeT dh\Xa Xk\fgXa cbVTf b a\aZhaT bcbegha\WTW
Xa X_ `XeVTWb _TUbeT_ "VThfT Ybe`T_# chXWX ib_VTefX T haT Xk\fgXaV\T
WX_\Vg\iT cbedhX Xf WX`Tf\TWb beZh__bfb cTeT ib_iXe T_ Vb_XZ\b "VThfT
Y\aT_#' GbWerT`bf Xkc_\VTe _T VbaWhVgT WX_\Vg\iT Xa eXYXeXaV\T T _T VThfT
`TgXe\T_Xf% _T VThfT Ybe`T_ b _T VThfT Y\aT_' J\a X`UTeZb% f\ _T WXV\f\ta WX_
TZXagX "VThfT XY\V\XagX# Xa fh X_XVV\ta WX fXag\Wb cXefbaT_ "X_ beZh__b
dhX f\eiX Vb`b VThfT Y\aT_# Xf fh cebc\T eXfcbafTU\_\WTW% XagbaVXf Tdhq_
Xf eXfcbafTU_X \aWXcXaW\XagX`XagX WX _T ceXfXaV\T WX VThfTf `TgXe\T_Xf
l Ybe`T_Xf' J\ T_Zh\Xa TeZh`XagT dhX _T X_XVV\ta WX ha fXag\Wb cXefbaT_
cbe cTegX WX_ TZXagX Xf eXfh_gTWb gbgT_ WX YhXemTf XkgXeaTf% XagbaVXf ab
gXaWerT fXag\Wb eXfcbafTU\_\mTe_b cbe X__b' IXVhqeWXfX dhX X_ gX`T W\fgT
WX XfgTe eXfhX_gb'
+8V6.2-­/
Cb dhX f\ZhX ceXgXaWX fXe ha \afgeh`Xagb l ZhrT WX _XVgheT cTeT
TlhWTe T_ _XVgbe T Ybe`h_Te X_ g\cb VbeeXVgb WX ceXZhagTf VhTaWb _XX
haT bUeT W\e\Z\WT T ceXfXagTe ha TeZh`Xagb' ;;\V[Tf ceXZhagTf% VhTaWb
fX _Tf c_TagXT Xa _Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf Tcebc\TWTf% ab ft_b YTV\_\gTepa _T
Vb`ceXaf\ta WX _T _XVgheT% f\ab dhX gT`U\qa TlhWTepa T WXfTeeb__Te haT
cXefcXVg\iT `pf TaT_rg\VT l Verg\VT fbUeX _Tf bUeTf WX gXf\f'

@' {:hp_ Xf X_ Y[XKUNVJ2


8' {:t`b Xfgp Ybe`h_TWb X_ cebU_X`T7
9' {Gbe dhq Xf \`cbegTagX XfgX cebU_X`T7
:' {:hp_ Xf _T [\fgbe\T WX XfgX cebU_X`T7
;;' {Hhq cXefbaT_\WTWXf WXfgTVTWTf fX [Ta \agXeXfTWb Xa XfgX
cebU_X`T7

@@' {Hhq \XU^LRXWN\ [Tl cTeT X_ cebU_X`T7


8' {8 dhq VbaV_hf\baXf fX [T __XZTWb7
9' {DXW\TagX dhq TeZh`Xagbf"f# fX __XZT T _T VbaV_hf\ta7
:' {Hhq WTgbf b fhchXfgbf f\eiXa WX ceX`\fTf7
;;' :hTaWb ha cXefbaT]X WXfgTVTWb bYeXVX haT fb_hV\ta% {gT`U\qa
TeZh`XagT Xa YTibe b Xa VbageT WX bgeTf Y\ZheTf WXfgTVTWTf7
{G_TagXT bU]XV\baXf T _Tf fb_hV\baXf T_gXeaTg\iTf7
{:baf\WXeT bU]XV\baXf c_TagXTWTf T _Tf fb_hV\baXf cebc\Tf7

@@@' 7_JU^JLRgW$
8' {:hp_Xf fba _Tf iXagT]Tf l WXfiXagT]Tf WX _Tf Ybe`h_TV\baXf
T_gXeaTg\iTf WX_ cebU_X`T7
9' {8_ZhaT iXm _T \`cbegTaV\T b [\fgbe\T WX_ cebU_X`T [T f\Wb
eXceXfXagTWT Xdh\ibVTWT`XagX7
: {<k\fgXa fb_hV\baXf _tZ\VT`XagX eX_TV\baTWTf T _Tf ceX`\fTf7
;;' {Cbf WTgXf fba V\Xegbf7 {Cbf fhchXfgbf fba TVXcgTU_Xf7 {CTf
bU]XV\baXf g\XaXa eXfchXfgT7
@' {:LÇC <J <C GIF9C<D87

KbWT bUeT Xfgp eXYXe\WT T ha cebU_X`T% gX`T b VbagebiXef\T


XfcXVrY\VT' CT X_XVV\ta WX haT cT_TUeT ab Xf \`cbegTagX Tdhr% `\XageTf
_bf _XVgbeXf fX ceXZhagXa Vhp_ Xf X_ gX`T b fXe\X WX gX`Tf fbUeX _bf
VhT_Xf fX [T XfVe\gb _T bUeT' D\XageTf X_ _XVgbe ab WXfVhUeT Vhp_ Xf XfX
gX`T% fh _XVgheT ab VbUeTep `Tlbe fXag\Wb a\ W\eXVV\ta' 8 iXVXf X_ gX`T
VXageT_ Xfgp Ybe`h_TWb Xkc_rV\gT`XagX4 bgeTf% WX `TaXeT ft_b \`c_rV\gT'
<a bVTf\baXf% X_ gX`T T geTgTe dhXWT XahaV\TWb Xa X_ ce\`Xe cpeeTYb4
bgeTf% XagXeeTWb Xa `XW\b WX _T bUeT' <a XfgX u_g\`b VTfb% X_ _XVgbe WXUX
XaVTeTe fh UufdhXWT% l% gT_ iXm% \aV_hfb eX_XXe _T bUeT VhTaWb WXfVhUeT
fh gX`T' GXeb `\XageTf ab fX chXWT TY\e`Te T V\XaV\T V\XegT Vhp_ Xf
X_ cebU_X`T geTgTWb% _T _XVgheT fXZh\ep f\XaWb gXagTg\iT% [\cbgqg\VT% l
WXUXep TiTamTefX Vba VThgX_T'
Eb gbWbf _bf ThgbeXf [Ta WX ZTaTe X_ GeX`\b EbUX_ WX C\gXeTgheT%
a\ gbWbf _bf XafTlbf WX T_Zua ce\aV\c\TagX Xfgpa WXfg\aTWbf T [TVXe
YT`bfb fh ab`UeX' 8_Zhabf XfVe\gbeXf fba abgbe\T`XagX `T_bf% T_Zb
dhX X_ _XVgbe WXUXep gXaXe Xa VhXagT cTeT ab [TVXe fhlb gbWb X_ cebU_X`T'

8' k5gVX N\]J OX[V^UJMX NU Y[XKUNVJ2 Cbf XfghW\TagXf WX WXeXV[b


Xfgpa YT`\_\Te\mTWbf Vba X_ i\X]b V[\fgX WX_ Y\fVT_ dhX% T_ \agXeebZTe T ha
gXfg\Zb% _X ceXZhagT3 {?T WX]TWb WX cXZTe_X T fh XfcbfT7 IXfcbaWT3 fr%
b ab' ;;X VhT_dh\Xe `TaXeT dhX eXfcbaWT% X_ gXfg\Zb XfgTep TW`\g\XaWb
dhX Xa X_ cTfTWb _X cXZTUT T fh XfcbfT' <fgb% cbe fhchXfgb% gT_ iXm ab
fXT V\Xegb% cXeb X_ Tfghgb Y\fVT_ [T geTgTWb WX cbaXe T_ gXfg\Zb Xa Tce\Xgbf
Ybe`h_paWb_X XfT ceXZhagT WX haT `TaXeT XfcXVrY\VT' CT `beT_X]T WX
XfgT [\fgbe\T Xf dhX NU VXMX NW Z^N \N YUJW]NJ ^WJ Y[NP^W]J MN]N[VRWJ NU
]RYX MN [N\Y^N\]J Z^N Y^NMJ N\YN[J[\N$ Cb `pf \`cbegTagX Xf dhX WX XfgX
`bWb hfgXW gT`U\qa cbWep WXfVhUe\e dhX _b dhX W\fg\aZhX T ha Thgbe
WX bgeb% T ha Xfg\_b Y\_bftY\Vb WX bgeb% Xf _T `TaXeT Xa dhX fX Ybe`h_Ta
_Tf ceXZhagTf'
<fgb Xf _b dhX% Xa ZeTa `XW\WT% dh\XeX WXV\efX VhTaWb fX TY\e`T
dhX _T ceXZhagT Xf `pf \`cbegTagX dhX _T eXfchXfgT' <__b ab dh\XeX
WXV\e dhX ab XfgX`bf \agXeXfTWbf Xa _T eXfchXfgT4 cbe X_ VbageTe\b% T _T
`TlberT WX abfbgebf _Tf eXfchXfgTf abf \agXeXfTa Vba cTf\ta' Cb dhX
dhXeX`bf WXV\e Xf dhX _T eXfchXfgT Xfgp \`c_rV\gT`XagX XfgehVgheTWT
cbe _T ceXZhagT l _T `TaXeT Xa dhX Xf Ybe`h_TWT'
<fgb gT`U\qa dh\XeX WXV\e dhX X_ _XVgbe fTZTm WXUX gXaXe VbaV\XaV\T

'/(
WX dhX [Tl `TaXeTf T_gXeaTg\iTf WX c_TagXTe haT ceXZhagT% l dhX
_Tf T_gXeaTg\iTf g\XaXa VbafXVhXaV\Tf WX fh`T \`cbegTaV\T' <a ha
Vb`\Xamb% VhTaWb T_Zh\Xa [T _XrWb ft_b habf cbVbf ThgbeXf% _X eXfh_gTep
W\YrV\_ X_TUbeTe T_gXeaTg\iTf4 cXeb haT iXm dhX X_ _XVgbe Xfgq YT`\_\Te\mTWb
Vba iTe\Tf T_gXeaTg\iTf% _X fXep YpV\_ VbaVXU\e bgeTf' Gbe X]X`c_b% haT iXm
dhX hfgXW [TlT _XrWb T G_Tgta l 8e\fgtgX_Xf% cbWep cTfTe T _XXe ;;XfVTegXf'
D\XageTf _XX T ;;XfVTegXf l bUfXeiT WX dhq `bWb c_TagXT \agXeebZTagXf%
hfgXW Thgb`pg\VT`XagX fX ceXZhagTep3 {:t`b [TUerT \agXeceXgTWb XfgT
ceXZhagT G_Tgta7 {:t`b [hU\XeT XaYbVTWb XfgX cebU_X`T 8e\fgtgX_Xf7 %
l Tfr fhVXf\iT`XagX' :hTagb `TlbeXf fXTa _bf VbabV\`\Xagbf Upf\Vbf
TVh`h_TWbf% gTagb Xa X_ VT`cb WX _T Y\_bfbYrT Vb`b Xa bgebf gX`Tf%
`TlbeXf fXepa _Tf cbf\U\_\WTWXf dhX fX c_TagXXa' 8_ VTUb WX ha g\X`cb%
_T ua\VT _\`\gTV\ta fXep fh cebc\T \`TZ\aTV\ta'

9' k@X[ Z^e N\ RVYX[]JW]N N\]N Y[XKUNVJ2 CTf ceXZhagTf ab fheZXa Xa


ha iTVrb' ?Tl haT eTmta dhX Xkc_\VT cbe dhq% VhpaWb% WtaWX l Vt`b fX
c_TagXTa' ;;XV\`bf dhX X_ cebU_X`T Xk\fgX WXageb WX V\Xegb VbagXkgb% l
dhX X_ VbagXkgb XfgehVgheT X_ cebU_X`T% _b VhT_ Xf bgeT `TaXeT WX WXV\e
dhX X_ `bWb Xa dhX fX Ybe`h_X _T ceXZhagT WXgXe`\aT _T eXfchXfgT'
:babVXe _bf TagXVXWXagXf b X_ `TeVb Xa dhX fX WT haT ceXZhagT Xf
XfXaV\T_ cTeT XagXaWXe_T' IXfh_gT \agXeXfTagX iXe Vt`b \aV_hfb _bf
Y\_tfbYbf WX cebYXf\ta Xfgpa Xa WXfTVhXeWb XageX fr% cbedhX XaYbVTa
ha `\f`b XafTlb cTeg\XaWb WX W\fg\agbf fhchXfgbf ceXi\bf4 l fX [Ta
WTWb \`cbegTagXf VT`U\bf Xa _T \agXeceXgTV\ta WX gXkgbf V_pf\Vbf Vba X_
WXfVhUe\`\Xagb WX `Tlbe \aYbe`TV\ta Tg\aXagX T fh VbagXkgb'
8WX`pf WX_ VbagXkgb% [Tl bgeb X_X`Xagb ce\be\gTe\b3 X_ `bWb Xa dhX
X_ Thgbe iX X_ cebc\b cebU_X`T' La Thgbe dhX XfVe\UX Vba V_Te\WTW ab
ft_b XahaV\Tep X_ cebU_X`T f\ab dhX gT`U\qa cebVheTep \aW\VTe cbe
dhq% XfcXVrY\VT`XagX% c\XafT dhX X_ cebU_X`T Xf _b fhY\V\XagX`XagX
\`cbegTagX Vb`b cTeT `XeXVXe X_ ZTfgb WX fhf XaXeZrTf Vb`b XfVe\gbe% l
fXe W\Zab WX _T TgXaV\ta WX_ _XVgbe' @WXag\Y\VTe XfgX X_X`Xagb _X cXe`\g\ep
Vb`ceXaWXe X_ gX`T l fh fb_hV\ta' Cbf cebU_X`Tf fba \`cbegTagXf cbe
`hV[Tf eTmbaXf% WXfWX _bf dhX iTa WX _T fhcXei\iXaV\T WX _T XfcXV\X
[h`TaT "fX fbeceXaWXerT WX iXe Vhpagbf Y\_tfbYbf _X Tf\ZaTa ce\be\WTW
Xa fh cXafT`\Xagb# [TfgT _Tf VhXfg\baXf gqVa\VTf dhX ft_b cTeXVXerTa WX
\agXeqf cTeT _bf XfcXV\T_\fgTf' 8ha Xa XfgX h_g\`b VTfb% _Tf VhXfg\baXf
gqVa\VTf cbe _b ZXaXeT_ Xfgpa eX_TV\baTWTf Vba \adh\XghWXf WX raWb_X
U\Xa cepVg\VT' =\aT_`XagX% fXep \agXeXfTagX bUfXeiTe WX dhq `bWb _b

'/)
dhX cTeXVX fXe X_ `\f`b cebU_X`T VbUeT ha fXfZb [\fgte\Vb \agXeXfTagX%
cbedhX Xa qcbVTf W\YXeXagXf ha `\f`b cebU_X`T chXWX fXe \`cbegTagX%
cXeb cbe W\fg\agTf eTmbaXf'

:' k5^dU N\ UJ QR\]X[RJ MN N\]N Y[XKUNVJ2 <_ _XVgbe Vh\WTWbfb ab ft_b


XahaV\Tep fhf eTmbaXf cXefbaT_Xf cTeT VeXXe dhX X_ cebU_X`T Xf
\`cbegTagX% f\ab dhX gT`U\qa \aW\VTep _T [\fgbe\T WX W\V[b cebU_X`T'
Gbe _b ZXaXeT_ X_ `\f`b cebU_X`T lT [T TcTeXV\Wb TagXf% b% cbe _b `Xabf%
[T f\Wb geTgTWb cbe bgebf ThgbeXf' JhX_X [TVXefX T_ZhaT eXYXeXaV\T T
W\V[T [\fgbe\T b geTgT`\Xagb ceXi\b' Gbe X_ `b`Xagb% ab abf \aVh`UX
_T XkTVg\ghW Vba dhX fX [TlT XaYbVTWb _T [\fgbe\T WX_ cebU_X`T3 `pf
U\Xa% abf \`cbegT _T `TaXeT Xa dhX X_ Thgbe iX W\V[T [\fgbe\T' <a
T_Zhabf VTfbf% hfgXW Xa eXT_\WTW dhXeerT fXsT_Te _b dhX X_ Thgbe ab
iX ' :baVXWT`bf% \aV_hfb% dhX `hV[bf ThgbeXf}XfcXV\T_`XagX _bf `pf
ZeTaWXf}fhX_Xa fXe \a]hfgbf Vba fhf ceXWXVXfbeXf l Vb_XZTf' 8VXcgT`bf
gbWb Xfgb% cbe X_ `b`Xagb% cbedhX _b dhX abf \agXeXfT Tdhr Xf X_ `bWb
Xa dhX UX\ Y[NLXWLNY]X\ YN[\XWJUN\ MNU J^]X[ LXW][RK^bNW J N\][^L]^[J[ NU VXMX
NW Z^N QJ OX[V^UJMX \^ Y[NP^W]J$ ;;XUX`bf% f\X`ceX% geTgTe WX XagXaWXe
ce\`Xeb T_ Thgbe WXfWX fh cebc\b chagb WX i\fgT \agXe\be' 8ha VhTaWb
_hXZb Ve\g\dhX`bf XfX chagb WX i\fgT% ahXfgeT Verg\VT fXep ]hfgT f\ ce\`Xeb
[X`bf [XV[b ha f\aVXeb \agXagb cbe iXe _Tf VbfTf WXfWX XfX chagb WX
i\fgT'

;;' kA^e YN[\XWJURMJMN\ MN\]JLJMJ\ MN QJW RW]N[N\JMX NW N\]N Y[XKUNVJ2


KbWb _b TagXW\V[b fX Tc_\VT gT`U\qa T XfgT VhXfg\ta' Cbf XfVe\gbeXf fhX_Xa
`XaV\baTe% Xkc_rV\gT b \`c_rV\gT`XagX% T bgebf XfVe\gbeXf' :babVXe _T
bUeT WX Xfgbf bgebf% abf TlhWTep T XagXaWXe X_ gXkgb dhX Xa XfX `b`Xagb
XfgT`bf _XlXaWb'
KT_ iXm abf XfgX`bf W\e\Z\XaWb T _T cbfgXe\WTW% cXeb ft_b cbWX`bf
eXfcbaWXe cbe X_ cTfTWb' Gbe TsTW\WheT% _bf XfVe\gbeXf ab ft_b
eXTVV\baTa TagX _b dhX W\VXa bgebf XfVe\gbeXf% f\ab gT`U\qa TagX _bf
V_\`Tf \agX_XVghT_Xf ZXaXeT_\mTWbf' LfgXW fX fbeceXaWXep WX iXe [TfgT
dhq chagb _Tf V\XaV\Tf eXfcbaWXa T _bf cebZeXfbf T_VTamTWbf' Fgeb gTagb
bVheeX Xa _T XfYXeT Tegrfg\VT% cb_rg\VT% fbV\T_ l eX_\Z\bfT'
@@'{HLo JFCL:@FE<J ?8P G8I8 <C GIF9C<D87

LaT iXm \WXag\Y\VTWb X_ cebU_X`T b fXe\X WX cebU_X`Tf fbUeX _bf


dhX ha Thgbe Xfgp XfVe\U\XaWb% hfgXW XfgTep Xa VbaW\V\baXf WX UhfVTe
_T eXfchXfgT b eXfchXfgTf dhX Tdhq_ Ue\aWT' 8_ UhfVTe _T fb_hV\ta% WXUX
eXVbeWTefX _b f\Zh\XagX3

8' k3 Z^e LXWLU^\RXWN\ \N QJ UUNPJMX2 8hadhX [X`bf XahaV\TWb _bf


gX`Tf Xa Ybe`T WX ceXZhagTf l eXfchXfgTf% WXU\qeT`bf eXVbeWTe dhX
[Tl cbe _b `Xabf geXf cbf\U\_\WTWXf'

"*# BN\Y^N\]J MR[NL]J0 KT_ iXm ha Thgbe gXaZT haT eXfchXfgT W\eXVgT
dhX WTe T ha cebU_X`T XfcXVrY\Vb' ;;X fXe Tfr% WXUX hfgXW UhfVTe_T l
XahaV\Te_T'

"+# 6RU^bNWMX NU Y[XKUNVJ0 FgeT cbf\U\_\WTW Xf X_ VTfb Xa dhX X_ Thgbe


WXV_TeT XfgTe TagX ha cfXhWb&cebU_X`T4 b fXT% dhX X_ cebU_X`T ab Xf gT_'
Gbe X]X`c_b% Xa X_ p`U\gb WX _T Y\_bfbYrT Xf geTW\V\baT_ _T ceXZhagT3 {Hhq
TcTeXV\t ce\`Xeb% X_ [hXib b _T ZT__\aT7 <fgT ceXZhagT X]X`c_\Y\VT
X_ cebU_X`T Te\fgbgq_\Vb WX _T VThfT WX_ `bi\`\Xagb' <a _T Yrf\VT WX
8e\fgtgX_Xf% X_ eXcbfb Xf X_ XfgTWb aTgheT_% l X_ `bi\`\Xagb Xf _b dhX
WXUX fXe Xkc_\VTWb' <_ Vb`\Xamb `\f`b WX_ `bi\`\Xagb% b WX VhT_dh\Xe
VbfT% Xf _b dhX \agXeXfT T ha Y\_tfbYb Te\fgbgq_\Vb' GTeT q_% _T VhXfg\ta Xf
\`cbegTagX' Gbe X_ VbageTe\b% Xa _T Yrf\VT aXjgba\TaT X_ `bi\`\Xagb Xf
ha XfgTWb aTgheT_% WX `bWb dhX ab g\XaX fXag\Wb ceXZhagTe dhq _b VThfT'
<_ Vb`\Xamb `\f`b WX T_Zb ab Xf gX`T \`cbegTagX f\ gb`T`bf Vb`b
cThgT _T Yrf\VT WX EXjgba% l Xfgb Xf ceXV\fT`XagX _b dhX [\mb ?h`X' ;;X
T[r dhX% cTeT ?h`X% X_ \agXeebZTagX dhX `pf ceXbVhcT T ha Te\fgbgq_\Vb
fXerT WX]TWb WX _TWb% cbe ab gXaXe fXag\Wb'
Eb Xf Tdhr ahXfgeb bU]Xg\ib XfgTU_XVXe _bf `qe\gbf eX_Tg\ibf WX gXberTf
e\iT_Xf WX _T Yrf\VT% b X_ dhX 8e\fgtgX_Xf b ?h`X gXaZT eTmta' Cb dhX
abf \agXeXfT Xf fXsT_Te Vt`b ha \agXeebZTagX chXWX cTeXVXe i\gT_ T
ha Y\_tfbYb dhX `\eT X_ `haWb WXfWX ha chagb WX i\fgT% l Vt`b XfT
`\f`T ceXZhagT chXWX ab fXe gT_ cTeT ha Y\_tfbYb dhX cTegX WX bgeb
chagb WX i\fgT' J\ [X`bf ceXcTeTWb X_ gXeeXab cTeT Ybe`h_Te _T ceXZhagT
VbeeXVgT TVXeVT WX _b dhX Xf X_ cebU_X`T% XagbaVXf cbWeX`bf ceXiXe _Tf
`Ta\bUeTf Tg\aXagXf T _T UufdhXWT WX fb_hV\ta'

'/+
",# 3Y^W]JWMX JU [NLXWXLRVRNW]X0 8 iXVXf% WXgXe`\aTWb Thgbe ab g\XaX
haT fb_hV\ta cTeT ha cebU_X`T XfcXVrY\Vb' JXep fh bU]Xg\ib% `pf U\Xa%
fXsT_Te dhX X_ cebU_X`T eXT_`XagX Xk\fgX' ;;X cbe fr Xfgb chXWX fXe
ha Xabe`X TcbegX% chXfgb dhX ab cbWX`bf eXfb_iXe cebU_X`Tf f\ ab
fTUX`bf dhX Xk\fgXa% l Tha Tfr WXUX`bf fXe VTcTVXf WX eXVbabVXe_bf
Xa X_ g\X`cb'

9' k>NMRJW]N Z^e J[P^VNW]X \! \N UUNPJ J UJ LXWLU^\RgW2 <a `hV[bf


fXag\Wbf% qfgT Xf _T ceXZhagT `pf \agXeXfTagX cTeT X_ XfcXV\T_\fgT Xa
_tZ\VT' 8hadhX _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX VeXX dhX UTfgT Vba VbabVXe _Tf
VbaV_hf\baXf T dhX [T __XZTWb gT_ b VhT_ Thgbe% Xf `hV[b `pf \`cbegTagX
VbabVXe _Tf eTmbaXf dhX fhfgXagTa XfT VbaV_hf\ta' Gbe [JcXWN\ ab
XagXaWX`bf Tdhr _bf `bg\ibf% f\ab TdhX__Tf Vbaf\WXeTV\baXf _tZ\VTf dhX
__XiTa T TWbcgTe haT VbaV_hf\ta' {Gbe dhq bVheeX Tfr7
<a ce\`Xe _hZTe% cbWX`bf XfgTe WX TVhXeWb Vba _T VbaV_hf\ta cXeb
ab Vba X_ TeZh`Xagb dhX _T fhfgXagT' La `T_ TeZh`Xagb chXWX [TVXe
dhX c\XeWT Tcblb haT VbaV_hf\ta dhX% cbe _b WX`pf% Xf TVXcgTU_X' <a
fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% cbWX`bf XfgTe Xa WXfTVhXeWb Vba _T VbaV_hf\ta cXeb
[T__Te dhX X_ TeZh`Xagb eXfh_gT ug\_ b fhfgTaV\bfb cTeT bgebf Y\aXf'
=\aT_`XagX% T_ XagXaWXe _bf TeZh`Xagbf cbWeX`bf XkgXaWXeabf T bgebf
VbagXkgbf dhX X_ Thgbe be\Z\aT_ ahaVT Vbaf\WXet' <a haT cT_TUeT% T cTeg\e
WX_ TeZh`Xagb cbWX`bf TceXaWXe `pf dhX T cTeg\e WX _T VbaV_hf\ta'
Gbe TsTW\WheT% f\ ceXgXaWX`bf fXe [b`UeXf l `h]XeXf eTV\baT_Xf%
XagbaVXf% ceXfh`\U_X`XagX% dhXeeX`bf WXYXaWXe ahXfgeTf VbaV_hf\baXf
cbe fXe eTV\baT_Xf% l ab% f\`c_X`XagX% dhX fX _Tf TVXcgX Vb`b VhXfg\ta
WX YX V\XZT' Eb UTfgT dhX]TefX WX _T \eeTV\baT_\WTW WX bgebf cTeT _hXZb
aXZTefX T [TVXe X_ XfYhXemb aXVXfTe\b cTeT fXe eTV\baT_ hab `\f`b'
;;X ha TeZh`Xagb fX W\VX dhX cbfXX _T f\Zh\XagX XfgehVgheT3 haT b
`pf ceX`\fTf% l haT VbaV_hf\ta' CT LXWLU^\RgW Xf _b dhX X_ Thgbe Xfgp
geTgTaWb WX WX`bfgeTe' CTf Y[NVR\J\ fba TdhX__Tf VeXXaV\Tf dhX X_ Thgbe
WT Vb`b eTmbaXf cTeT TVXcgTe _T VbaV_hf\ta'

:' kA^e MJ]X\ X \^Y^N\]X\ \R[_NW MN Y[NVR\J\2 CTf ceX`\fTf fba _Tf
eTmbaXf bYeXV\WTf Xa Tcblb WX _T VbaV_hf\ta' Gbe _b ZXaXeT_ _bf ThgbeXf
TcX_Ta T _Tf VeXXaV\Tf dhX% T fh XagXaWXe% fba lT TVXcgTWTf cbe fh cuU_\Vb%
l cebVheTa WX`bfgeTe XagbaVXf dhX _T VbaV_hf\ta dhX YTibeXVXa gT`U\qa
cTegX WX W\V[Tf VeXXaV\Tf b% T_ `Xabf% Xf Vb[XeXagX Vba X__Tf'
<a W\fg\agbf _hZTeXf l cXerbWbf [\fgte\Vbf ceXiT_XVXa VeXXaV\Tf

'/,
gT`U\qa W\fg\agTf' DhV[bf TeZh`Xagbf% Tfr% eXfh_gTa cXe\`\Wbf %
Xa X_ fXag\Wb WX dhX _b dhX eXfh_gT TVXcgTU_X Xa haT qcbVT l _hZTe ab
aXVXfTe\T`XagX _b Xf Xa bgeb' GeXfh`\U_X`XagX% Xfgb gT`U\qa bVheeX
Vba T_ZhaTf WX ahXfgeTf cebc\Tf VeXXaV\Tf YTibe\gTf'
<k\fgX bgeb W\fg\aZb dhX iT_X _T cXaT geTmTe% f\X`ceX dhX ab fXT
WX`Tf\TWb TUehcgT`XagX' GbWX`bf W\fg\aZh\e XageX [XV[bf l fhchXfgbf'
Cbf [XV[bf fba _Tf ceXgXaW\WTf VeXXaV\Tf dhX% XagXaWX`bf% chXWXa fXe
YpV\_`XagX iXe\Y\VTWTf cbe _T XkcXe\XaV\T% Vb`b fXe X_ Vb_be WX ha bU]Xgb%
_T gX`cXeTgheT WX ha _rdh\Wb% _T YXV[T WX ha bab`pfg\Vb' Cbf fhchXfgbf
fba TdhX__Tf VeXXaV\Tf dhX% b U\Xa ab chXWXa fXe iXe\Y\VTWTf Xa Ybe`T
W\eXVgT% b% Xa ce\aV\c\b% ab fba WX raWb_X iXe\Y\VTU_X' Gbe X]X`c_b% ab Xf
iXe\Y\VTU_X _T gX`cXeTgheT Xa X_ VXageb WX_ T_% cbe _b `Xabf cbe T[beT%
cbedhX a\aZua gXe`t`Xgeb cbWerT eXf\fg\e XfX VT_be' Dpf \agXeXfTagX
Tha% _T VeXXaV\T WX dhX X_ Yhgheb fX cTeXVXep T_ cTfTWb% b _T VeXXaV\T WX
dhX _T [h`Ta\WTW T_Zua WrT cbWep XagXaWXe_b gbWb% ab fba Xa TUfb_hgb
iXe\Y\VTU_Xf' <fX g\cb WX fhchXfgbf ZhrTa ahXfgeb cXafT`\Xagb TVXeVT
WX bgeTf VbfTf' Cbf Y\_tfbYbf Xfgpa `hl ceXbVhcTWbf cbe X_ XfgTghf WX
gT_Xf ceX`\fTf hU]RVJ\$ GTeT ahXfgebf Y\aXf% Xa XfgT XgTcT _b \`cbegTagX
Xf geTgTe WX eXVbabVXe VhpaWb ha Thgbe Xfgp XahaV\TaWb ha [XV[b dhX
Vbaf\WXeT iXe\Y\VTU_X% l VhpaWb TcX_T T haT ceX`\fT u_g\`T'

;;' kA^e JU]N[WJ]R_J\ \N LXW\RMN[JW2 Cbf ThgbeXf ab ft_b ceXfXagTa


TeZh`Xagbf Xa YTibe WX fhf cebc\Tf VbaV_hf\baXf% f\ab dhX gT`U\qa
c_TagXTa bU]XV\baXf Xa VbageT WX fb_hV\baXf T_gXeaTg\iTf' :ba
YeXVhXaV\T% ha X_X`Xagb Xa YTibe WX _T cebc\T VbaV_hf\ta ab Xf gTagb fh
cebc\T fb_\WXm% Vb`b _T WXU\_\WTW WX _bf chagbf WX i\fgT T_gXeaTg\ibf' ;;X
TVhXeWb Vba Xfgbf _\aXT`\Xagbf% X_ _XVgbe WXUX TceXaWXe T ceXZhagTefX3
{X_ Thgbe WT TeZh`Xagbf Xa YTibe b Xa VbageT WX _Tf VbaV_hf\baXf WX
bgebf ThgbeXf7 {G_TagXT bU]XV\baXf T W\V[Tf VbaV_hf\baXf% l% WX fXe Tfr%
Xa dhq Vbaf\fgXa7 {Kb`T Xa VhXagT bU]XV\baXf T fh cebc\T VbaV_hf\ta7
La XfVe\gbe fTU\b chXWX ceXiXe X_ g\cb WX eXfchXfgTf dhX cebibVTep% l
cebVheT Tah_Te XfTf bU]XV\baXf Tha TagXf WX dhX chXWTa Teg\Vh_TefX'
9hXaT cTegX WX gbWT _XVgheT _tZ\VT XageTsT XkcbaXe _T cebc\T
cbfgheT WX_ Thgbe l _T Vbaf\WXeTV\ta dhX ceXfgT T cbfgheTf T_gXeaTg\iTf'
<f \`cbegTagX% Tdhr% fXZh\e ceXZhagpaWbfX `\XageTf hab _XX3 {<_
Thgbe [TU_T cbe fr `\f`b b Xfgp Xkcba\XaWb _bf chagbf WX i\fgT WX _T
bcbf\V\ta7 <fgb Xf cTegX WX _T W\T_qVg\VT WX _T TeZh`XagTV\ta _tZ\VT% l
Xa Wb`\aTe_T Xfgp _T V_TiX cTeT T_VTamTe haT c_XaT Vb`ceXaf\ta'

'/-­
@@@' <M8CL8:@ÑE

Cbf XfghW\TagXf fhX_Xa ceXZhagTe3 {Hh\XeX dhX [TZT`bf ha


eXfh`Xa WX_ Thgbe% b dhX WX`bf ahXfgeT bc\a\ta7 G_TagXTe _T ceXZhagT
WX XfgT `TaXeT ceXfhcbaX dhX _Tf Wbf TVg\i\WTWXf fX W\YXeXaV\Ta XageX
fr' GeXfhcbaX% Tf\`\f`b% _T Vbaf\WXeTV\ta T_Zb \aZXahT dhX ceXfXagTe
_T cebc\T bc\a\ta `XeXVX' DX TceXfheb Tdhr T fXsT_Te dhX Xf \`cbf\U_X
eXfh`\e T bgeb Y\_tfbYb f\a c_TagXTe T_ZhaTf VhXfg\baXf dhX TgTsXa
T fh XiT_hTV\ta' ;;X [XV[b% f\a haT XiT_hTV\ta ab fX chXWX WXV\e dhX
eXT_`XagX fX [TlT Vb`ceXaW\Wb T_Zb' LaT iXm `pf% Xf \`cbf\U_X XiT_hTe%
f\a Vb`ceXaWXe c_XaT`XagX' :eXb dhX f\ X_ _XVgbe XafTlT Vb`ceXaWXe
T ha Thgbe WX _T `TaXeT fhZXe\WT Xa _Tf GTegXf @ l ** WX_ XfdhX`T%
XagbaVXf lT [TUep X`ceXaW\Wb ha cebVXfb WX XiT_hTV\ta' <YXVghX`bf
fh WXfVe\cV\ta `pf ceXV\fT'

8' MqTfX @8' k5^dUN\ \XW UJ\ _NW]JSJ\ X MN\_NW]JSJ\ MN UJ\ OX[V^UJLRXWN\
JU]N[WJ]R_J\ MNU #Y[XKUNVJ2 LaT iXm dhX hfgXW [T gb`TWb VbaV\XaV\T WX _Tf
Ybe`h_TV\baXf T_gXeaTg\iTf% b fXT% haT iXm dhX [TlT _XrWb T cbe _b `Xabf
Wbf ThgbeXf fbUeX X_ gX`T% cbWep% T_ `Xabf% XfZe\`\e T_ hab VbageT X_
bgeb3 \aV_hfb% cTeT fhZXe\e haT gXeVXeT cbf\U\_\WTW'

9' MqTfX @9 l K:' kCN QJ [NY[N\NW]JMX NZ^R_XLJMJVNW]N UJ RVYX[]JWLRJ X UJ


QR\]X[RJ MNU Y[XKUNVJ2 KT_ iXm X_ cebU_X`T lT ab Xf \`cbegTagX% b dh\mp _b
fXT cbe eTmbaXf XagXeT`XagX abiXWbfTf' Hh\mp ha `X]be VbabV\`\Xagb
WX _T [\fgbe\T WX_ cebU_X`T VbaWhmVT T haT W\YXeXagX VbaV_hf\ta' Eb
ft_b Xa X_ '/.* WX FejX__ fX W\fgbef\baT f\fgX`pg\VT`XagX _T [\fgbe\T'
@aV_hfb Xf cbf\U_X dhX _b dhX ha Thgbe V_pf\Vb [T W\V[b `hV[bf Tsbf
Tgepf \aY_hlXeT cTeT dhX X_ cebU_X`T VT`U\TeT Xa X_ ragXe\a' =\aT_`XagX%
dhXWT cbe fXsT_Te dhX _T `TaXeT Xa dhX fX \agXeceXgT _T [\fgbe\T WX T_Zb
Xf f\X`ceX f\agb`pg\VT WX ha chagb WX i\fgT Y\_bftY\Vb XfcXVrY\Vb'

:' MqTfX @@:' k7\]d MN JL^N[MX LXW UX\ MJ]X\ J Z^N \N JYNUJ2 :b`b [X`bf
fXsT_TWb lT% _Tf VbaV_hf\baXf fheZXa T cTeg\e WX _Tf ceX`\fTf' J\ T hfgXW
ab _X ZhfgT _T VbaV_hf\ta% XagbaVXf WXUX eXV[TmTe hab b `pf WX _bf WTgbf
XfZe\`\Wbf b _bf fhchXfgbf WX dhX fX cTegX' 8dhr% XkceXfTe haT bc\a\ta
Xa W\fXafb chXWX fXe haT eXfchXfgT _tZ\VT`XagX fbY\fg\VTWT WX fh cTegX%
ab ft_b haT eXTVV\ta X`bV\baT_'

'/.
;;' MqTfX @@;;' k@^NMN [N\YXWMN[\N J UJ\ XKSNLRXWN\2 JX WTa Tdhr iTe\Tf
cbf\U\_\WTWXf' J\ X_ Thgbe 8 TgTVT T_ Thgbe 9% l hfgXW Vb\aV\WX Vba X_
Thgbe 9% {cbe dhq ab geTgTe% XagbaVXf% WX WX`bfgeTe Vt`b eXfcbaWXerT
X_ Thgbe 97 IXfcbaWT% XagbaVXf% cbe q_' <_ [XV[b WX dhX ha Thgbe fXT
TgTVTWb ab f\Za\Y\VT dhX X_ TgTdhX fXT VbeeXVgb% l hfgXW chXWX WX`bfgeTe
TWtaWX YT__T' Gbe TsTW\WheT% X_ [XV[b WX dhX ha Thgbe Vbaf\WXeX
bU]XV\baXf cbe Tag\V\cTWb T fh fb_hV\ta ab f\Za\Y\VT dhX _Tf [TlT
eXUTg\Wb fTg\fYTVgbe\T`XagX' J\ hfgXW f\XagX dhX _T eqc_\VT Xf \afhY\V\XagX%
cebVheX eXYhgTe_Tf hfgXW `\f`b' =\aT_`XagX% f\ Vb\aV\WX Vba ha Thgbe%
gT_ iXm WXfXX ceXfXagTe TeZh`Xagbf TW\V\baT_Xf Xa Tcblb WX fh VTfb%
chXfgb dhX q_ gT_ iXm ab [TlT XfgTWb Xa VbaW\V\baXf WX Vbaf\WXeTe_bf'
GTeT VhTaWb [TlT [XV[b gbWb Xfgb% fh _XVgheT ab fXep ha `Xeb eXfh`Xa
b haT bc\a\ta cXefbaT_ X_X`XagT_% f\ab haT `hXfgeT WX cXafT`\Xagb
_tZ\Vb cbe cebc\b WXeXV[b'

AF?E JKL8IK D@CC3

JbUeX _T C\UXegTW & KXkgb l Tap_\f\f

*' <_ gX`T WX XfgX <afTlb ab Xf X_ WXab`\aTWb C\UeX 8_UXWerb% gTa


_T`XagTU_X`XagX bchXfgb T _T `T_ __T`TWT WbVge\aT WX EXVXf\WTW
=\_bftY\VT4 f\ab _T C\UXegTW :\i\_% b fbV\T_4 _T aTgheT_XmT l _r`\gXf WX_
cbWXe dhX chXWX fXe X]XeV\Wb _XZrg\`T`XagX cbe _T fbV\XWTW fbUeX
X_ \aW\i\Whb% VhXfg\ta eTeT iXm c_TagXTWT% l VTf\ ahaVT W\fVhg\WT%
Xa gqe`\abf ZXaXeT_Xf% cXeb dhX \aY_hlX cebYhaWT`XagX fbUeX _Tf
VbagebiXef\Tf cepVg\VTf WX _T qcbVT cbe fh ceXfXaV\T _TgXagX% l Xf cebUTU_X
dhX cebagb fXT eXVbabV\WT Vb`b _T VhXfg\ta i\gT_ WX_ Yhgheb' KTagb W\fgT
WX fXe ahXiT% dhX% Xa V\Xegb fXag\Wb% [T W\i\W\Wb T _T [h`Ta\WTW% VTf\
WXfWX _Tf XeTf `pf eX`bgTf4 cXeb Xa X_ XfgTW\b WX cebZeXfb T_ dhX [Ta
XageTWb T[beT _bf fXVgbeXf `pf V\i\_\mTWbf WX _T XfcXV\X% fX ceXfXagT Xa
ahXiTf VbaW\V\baXf% l eXdh\XeX ha geTgb W\YXeXagX l YhaWT`XagT_'

@d[[JOX '0 <_ gX`T WX XfgX <afTlb''' Xf''' _T _\UXegTW V\i\_% b fbV\T_4
_T aTgheT_XmT l _r`\gXf WX_ cbWXe dhX chXWX fXe X]XeV\Wb _XZrg\`T`XagX
cbe _T fbV\XWTW fbUeX X_ \aW\i\Whb ' D\_\ \a`XW\TgT`XagX \aYbe`T T fhf
_XVgbeXf WX_ Y[XKUNVJ dhX geTgTep' <fgb VbeeXfcbaWX T "@# Xa X_ XfdhX`T WX
_T ZhrT WX _XVgheT' "*8# k5gVX \N OX[V^UJ NU Y[XKUNVJ2 CT Ybe`h_TV\ta WX_

0'2'2
cebU_X`T XageTsT ha VbageTfgX3 _T \XLRNMJM" cbe ha _TWb% l X_ RWMR_RM^X cbe
X_ bgeb' D\_\ geTmT Tfr ha V_Teb W\fg\aZb XageX X_ \aW\i\Whb l _T fbV\XWTW'
:b`b WXfVhUe\eX`bf _hXZb% bgebf Y\_tfbYbf ab Xfgpa WX TVhXeWb Vba
XfgT fXcTeTV\ta' D\_\% V_Teb Xfgp% eXceXfXagT X_ cXafT`\Xagb Upf\Vb
TaZ_bfT]ta' :TUX gT`U\qa TWiXeg\e dhX D\_\ ab fX Xfgp ceXZhagTaWb
cbe _bf TVghT_Xf _r`\gXf "gX`T WX _T fbV\b_bZrT#% f\ab cbe _b dhX MNKN[fJW
fXe _bf _r`\gXf% Xa ha fXag\Wb _XZrg\`b3 fX geTgT WX haT VhXfg\ta `beT_'
=\aT_`XagX% TWi\qegTfX dhX D\_\ ab `XaV\baT T_ ZbU\Xeab% f\ab% `pf
U\Xa% T _T fbV\XWTW'

"@9# k@X[ Z^e N\ ]JW RVYX[]JW]N NU Y[XKUNVJ2 D\_\ TWi\XegX dhX X_


cebU_X`T g\XaX haT _TeZT [\fgbe\T% dhX TaT_\mTep T _T UeXiXWTW' GXeb
fbfg\XaX dhX [Tl ahXiTf VbaW\V\baXf dhX eXdh\XeXa ha geTgb W\YXeXagX
l YhaWT`XagT_ ' Eb TaT_\mT XfTf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf Xa XfgX cpeeTYb' MqTafX
_bf cpeeTYbf ,% -­ l *.'

+' CT _hV[T XageX C\UXegTW l 8hgbe\WTW Xf _T `pf Vbafc\VhT VTeTVgXerfg\VT


Xa _Tf cTegXf WX _T [\fgbe\T Vba _Tf dhX ce\`Xeb abf YT`\_\Te\mT`bf%
cTeg\Vh_Te`XagX Xa _T WX >eXV\T% Ib`T X @aZ_TgXeeT' GXeb Xa _bf g\X`cbf
Tag\Zhbf XfgT ch]T fX WTUT XageX _bf fuUW\gbf% b T_ZhaTf V_TfXf WX
fuUW\gbf% l X_ ZbU\Xeab' Gbe _\UXegTW fX XagXaWrT _T cebgXVV\ta VbageT _T
g\eTarT WX _bf W\e\ZXagXf cb_rg\Vbf' Cbf W\e\ZXagXf "XkVXcgb Xa T_Zhabf
WX _bf ZbU\Xeabf cbch_TeXf WX >eXV\T# XeTa VbaVXU\Wbf Xa cbf\V\ta
aXVXfTe\T`XagX TagTZta\VT eXfcXVgb WX_ chXU_b T_ dhX ZbUXeaTUTa'
?TUrT haT La\VT Thgbe\WTW WX ZbU\Xeab% b haT ge\Uh b VTfgT ZbUXeaTagX%
dhX WXe\iTUT fh Thgbe\WTW WX _T [XeXaV\T b _T Vbadh\fgT4 dhX% T gbWT VbfgT%
ab _T X]XeVrT cTeT X_ UXaXc_pV\gb WX _bf ZbUXeaTWbf4 l VhlT fhceX`TVrT
_bf [b`UeXf ab bfTUTa b dh\mp ab WXfXTUTa \`chZaTe% ab \`cbegT
dhq ceXVThV\baXf fX gb`TeTa VbageT fh X]XeV\V\b bceXf\ib' Jh cbWXe XeT
Vbaf\WXeTWb aXVXfTe\b% cXeb gT`U\qa T_gT`XagX cX_\Zebfb% Vb`b Te`T
dhX gT_ iXm cebVheTfXa X`c_XTe VbageT fhf fuUW\gbf% gTagb Vb`b VbageT
_bf XaX`\Zbf XkgXeabf' GTeT \`cXW\e dhX _bf `\X`Uebf `pf WqU\_Xf
WX _T Vb`ha\WTW YhXfXa ceXfT WX \aah`XeTU_Xf Uh\geXf% fX aXVXf\gTUT
dhX [hU\XeT ha Ta\`T_ WX ceXfT `pf YhXegX dhX X_ eXfgb% XaVTeZTWb WX
`TagXaXe_bf T Vbgb' GXeb Vb`b X_ eXl WX _bf Uh\geXf ab fX `bfgeTerT `Xabf
\aV_\aTWb dhX VhT_dh\XeT WX _Tf TecrTf `XabeXf T eTc\sTe Xa X_ eXUTsb% XeT
\aW\fcXafTU_X TWbcgTe haT cXecXghT TVg\ghW WX WXYXafT VbageT fh c\Vb l
fhf ZTeeTf' <_ bU]Xg\ib% XagbaVXf% WX _bf cTge\bgTf% XeT Y\]Te _r`\gXf T_ cbWXe

(&&
dhX [TUrT dhX gb_XeTe dhX X_ ZbUXeaTagX X]XeV\XeT fbUeX _T Vb`ha\WTW4
l XeT XfgT _\`\gTV\ta _T dhX gXarT cTeT X__bf X_ fXag\Wb WX _\UXegTW' JX _b
\agXagTUT WX Wbf `TaXeTf' Ge\`Xeb% bUgXa\XaWb X_ eXVbabV\`\Xagb WX
V\XegTf \a`ha\WTWXf% __T`TWbf _\UXegTWXf b WXeXV[bf cb_rg\Vbf% dhX X_
ZbUXeaTagX ab WXUrT \aYe\aZ\e fb cXaT WX i\b_Te fh WXUXe% l Xa X_ VTfb WX
dhX _Tf \aYe\aZ\XfX% [TVrT dhX fX Vbaf\WXeTfX ]hfg\Y\VTWT haT eXf\fgXaV\T
XfcXVrY\VT b eXUX_\ta ZXaXeT_\mTWT' La fXZhaWb XkcXW\XagX% cbe _b ZXaXeT_
cbfgXe\be% XeT X_ XfgTU_XV\`\Xagb WX Vbageb_Xf Vbafg\ghV\baT_Xf4 `XW\TagX
_bf VhT_Xf X_ VbafXag\`\Xagb WX _T Vb`ha\WTW b WX T_Zua g\cb WX VhXecb%
dhX eXceXfXagTerT fhf \agXeXfXf% fX gbeaTUT VbaW\V\ta aXVXfTe\T cTeT
T_Zhabf WX _bf TVgbf `pf \`cbegTagXf WX_ cbWXe ZbUXeaTagX' 8 _T
ce\`XeT WX XfTf Ybe`Tf WX _\`\gTV\ta% X_ cbWXe ZbUXeaTagX Xa _T `TlberT
WX _bf cTrfXf XhebcXbf XfgTUT `pf b `Xabf bU_\ZTWb T fb`XgXefX' Eb
bVheerT Tfr Vba _T fXZhaWT4 l _bZeTe_b% b VhTaWb lT fX _b gXarT Xa V\XegT
`XW\WT% T_VTamTe_b Xa Ybe`T `pf Vb`c_XgT% fX Vbai\eg\t cbe Wbdh\Xe
Xa X_ ce\aV\cT_ bU]Xg\ib WX _bf T`TagXf WX _T _\UXegTW' P `\XageTf _T
[h`Ta\WTW fX VbagXagTeT Vba Vb`UTg\e T ha XaX`\Zb cbe bgeb% l fXe
ZbUXeaTWT cbe ha T`b% T VbaW\V\ta WX dhX fX _X W\XeTa ZTeTagrTf `pf b
`Xabf XY\VTVXf VbageT _T g\eTarT% ab __XiTUTa fhf Tfc\eTV\baXf `pf T__p
WX XfgX chagb'

@d[[JOX (0 <a XfgX cpeeTYb% D\_\ WT fh iXef\ta WX _T QR\]X[RJ MNU Y[XKUNVJ


"@:#' Jh [\fgbe\T fX eXY\XeX T geXf cTrfXf3 8[NLRJ" BXVJ "_T WX_ cXerbWb WX _T
IXcuU_\VT% ab X_ @`cXe\b# X :WPUJ]N[[J$ Jh [\fgbe\T fX _\`\gT T _Tf qcbVTf
l _hZTeXf dhX ZhTeWTa eX_TV\ta Vba _T [\fgbe\T WX _T `bWXeaT @aZ_TgXeeT
"l <fgTWbf La\Wbf% cbe XkgXaf\ta#% chXfgb dhX Xfgp XfVe\U\XaWb cTeT ha
cuU_\Vb XfcXVrY\Vb' <i\WXagX`XagX% eXYXe\efX T bgeTf qcbVTf l _hZTeXf
abf WTerT haT [\fgbe\T W\YXeXagX' <a Xfgbf X]X`c_bf% X_ Y[XKUNVJ WX_
\aW\i\Whb YeXagX T _T fbV\XWTW fX XagXaWrT Xa YhaV\ta WX haT eX_TV\ta WX
TWiXefTe\bf3 Cbf ZbUXeaTagXf XeTa VbaVXU\Wbf''' Vb`b Xa haT cbf\V\ta
aXVXfTe\T`XagX TagTZta\VT T _T WX_ chXU_b dhX ZbUXeaTUTa ' :hTaWb
VbagX`cbepaXT`XagX abf eXYXe\`bf T ha ZbU\Xeab hg\_\mTaWb X_ c_heT_%
Vb`b% cbe X]X`c_b% T_ WXV\e _bf dhX Xfgpa Xa NTf[\aZgba % XfgT`bf
VbafXeiTaWb X_ fTUbe WX _T [\fgbe\T' <a haT cT_TUeT3 _bf ZbUXeaTagXf
XeTa ha `T_ aXVXfTe\b' <_ \aW\i\Whb XeT cebgXZ\Wb WX Wbf `TaXeTf3 "*# cbe
haT WbVge\aT WX WXeXV[bf l "+# `XW\TagX VbageT_beXf Vbafg\ghV\baT_Xf '
CT :bafg\ghV\ta abegXT`Xe\VTaT% Vba fh :TegT WX ;;XeXV[bf% Tfr Vb`b
_T WbVge\aT WX _r`\gXf l VbageT_beXf% Xf X]X`c_b WX Xfgb' CT :bafg\ghV\ta

(&'
abegXT`Xe\VTaT XeT ha cebWhVgb WX_ f\Z_b W\XV\bV[b l WX _T TagXe\be
\aY_hXaV\T WX ?bUUXf% CbV^X% ?h`X l DbagXfdh\Xh fbUeX _bf cTWeXf
YhaWTWbeXf WX _T cTge\T' D\_\ XfVe\UrT Xa X_ f\Z_b W\XV\ahXiX% l XeT
[XeXWXeb WX XfgT geTW\V\ta "@;;#'

,' C_XZt ha `b`Xagb Xa X_ cebZeXfb WX _bf Tfhagbf [h`Tabf% f\a X`UTeZb%


Xa dhX _bf [b`UeXf WX]Teba WX Vbaf\WXeTe haT aXVXf\WTW aTgheT_ dhX
fhf ZbUXeaTagXf WXU\XeTa fXe ha cbWXe \aWXcXaW\XagX% bchXfgb Xa fhf
\agXeXfXf T X__bf `\f`bf' CXf cTeXV\t XagbaVXf `hV[b `X]be dhX _bf
W\iXefbf `TZ\fgeTWbf WX_ <fgTWb YhXfXa fhf _bVTgTe\bf b WX_XZTWbf%
eXibVTU_Xf fXZua fh ib_hagTW' Jt_b WX XfgX `bWb% T_ cTeXVXe% cbWrTa gXaXe
c_XaT fXZhe\WTW WX dhX ahaVT fX TUhfTeT WX _bf cbWXeXf WX_ ZbU\Xeab Xa
WXf`XWeb WX X__bf' >eTWhT_`XagX% XfgT ahXiT Xk\ZXaV\T WX ZbUXeaTagXf
X_XVgbf l gX`cbeTe\bf fX Vbai\eg\t Xa bU]Xgb ce\be\gTe\b WX _bf X]XeV\V\bf
WX_ cTeg\Wb cbch_Te% T__r WbaWX gT_ cTeg\Wb Xk\fg\XeT4 l eXX`c_Tmt% Xa
`XW\WT Vbaf\WXeTU_X% T _bf TagXe\beXf XfYhXembf cbe _\`\gTe X_ cbWXe WX
_bf ZbUXeaTagXf' 8_ TiTamTe _T _hV[T cbe [TVXe dhX X_ cbWXe ZbUXeaTagX
X`TaTeT WX _T X_XVV\ta cXe\tW\VT WX _bf ZbUXeaTWbf% T_ZhaTf cXefbaTf
Vb`XamTeba T cXafTe dhX fX [TUrT Tf\ZaTWb WX`Tf\TWT \`cbegTaV\T
T _T _\`\gTV\ta WX_ cbWXe Xa fr' 7\X "cTeXVrT# XeT ha eXVhefb VbageT _bf
ZbUXeaTagXf Vhlbf \agXeXfXf [TU\ghT_`XagX fX bcbarTa T _bf WX_ chXU_b'
Cb dhX T[beT fX dhXerT XeT dhX _bf ZbUXeaTagXf fX \WXag\Y\VTeTa Vba X_
chXU_b4 dhX fhf \agXeXfXf l ib_hagTW YhXfXa _bf \agXeXfXf l ib_hagTW
WX _T aTV\ta' CT aTV\ta ab aXVXf\gTUT fXe cebgXZ\WT VbageT fh cebc\T
ib_hagTW' Eb Xk\fgrT X_ gX`be WX dhX fX g\eTa\mTeT T fr `\f`T' ;;X]TW
dhX _bf ZbUXeaTagXf YhXfXa XYXVg\iT`XagX eXfcbafTU_Xf TagX X__T%
cebagT`XagX eX`bi\U_Xf cbe X__T% l `hl U\Xa cbWerT XaVb`XaWTe_Xf X_
cbWXe Vhlb hfb X__T `\f`T W\VgTerT' Jh cbWXe ab XeT f\ab X_ cebc\b cbWXe
WX _T aTV\ta% VbaVXageTWb% l Xa haT Ybe`T VbaiXa\XagX cTeT fh X]XeV\V\b'
<fgT Ybe`T WX cXafT`\Xagb b% `pf U\Xa% WX fXag\e% XeT Vb`ua XageX _T
u_g\`T ZXaXeTV\ta WX_ _\UXeT_\f`b XhebcXb% Xa VhlT fXVV\ta Vbag\aXagT_
TcTeXagX`XagX f\ZhX ceXWb`\aTaWb' Hh\XaXf TW`\gXa T_Zua _r`\gX T _b
dhX ha ZbU\Xeab chXWT [TVXe% XkVXcgb Xa X_ VTfb WX ZbU\Xeabf gT_Xf dhX
Xa fh bc\a\ta ab WXUXerTa Xk\fg\e% TcTeXVXa Vb`b Ue\__TagXf XkVXcV\baXf
XageX _bf cXafTWbeXf cb_rg\Vbf WX _T <hebcT Vbag\aXagT_' La fXag\`\Xagb
WX gbab f\`\_Te cbWerT cTeT XagbaVXf [TUXe ceXiT_XV\Wb Xa ahXfgeb cTrf%
f\ [Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf dhX WheTagX ha g\X`cb _b T_XagTeba [hU\XeTa
cXe`TaXV\Wb \aT_gXeTU_Xf'

(&(
@d[[JOX )0 D\_\ ihX_iX Tdhr T _T \`cbegTaV\T WX_ cebU_X`T "@9#' {:hp_Xf
fba _Tf ahXiTf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf dhX eXdh\XeXa dhX ahXfgeb cebU_X`T
fXT eXXiT_hTWb7 8_ gbeaTefX `pf eXceXfXagTg\ibf T_Zhabf ZbU\Xeabf%
_T Tag\ZhT eX_TV\ta TagTZta\VT WXfTcTeXVrT' 8[beT% Xa iXm WX _\`\gTe
X_ cbWXe WX_ ZbU\Xeab% VeXVrT _T \WXT WX Th`XagTe_b' CT aTV\ta ab
aXVXf\gTUT fXe cebgXZ\WT VbageT fh cebc\T ib_hagTW'
<_ _XVgbe WXUX Vb`cTeTe _T W\YXeXaV\T XageX X_ Tag\Zhb _\UXeT_ dhX
UhfVT _\`\gTe X_ cbWXe WX_ ZbU\Xeab l X_ ahXib _\UXeT_ dhX UhfVT
Th`XagTe_b' {Hhq cXefbaTf c\WXa [bl dhX X_ ZbU\Xeab X]XemT fh Vbageb_
Xa gX`Tf gT_Xf Vb`b fXZhe\WTW fbV\T_% TgXaV\ta `qW\VT% fhUf\W\bf WX
WXfX`c_Xb% fT_Te\bf l ceXV\bf7 {GhXWX X_ `\f`b ZbU\Xeab Xi\gTe X_
YeThWX Xa cebZeT`Tf cuU_\Vbf% f\a eXVhee\e% cbe X]X`c_b% T TeU\ge\bf
gT_Xf Vb`b X_ WX \agXeVXcgTe \_XZT_`XagX _Tf _raXTf gX_XYta\VTf7 {<fgT`bf
Ybe`h_TaWb cXg\V\baXf VbageTW\Vgbe\Tf7

-­' J\a X`UTeZb% Xa _Tf gXberTf cb_rg\VTf l Y\_bftY\VTf% Tfr Vb`b Xa _Tf
cXefbaTf% X_ qk\gb cbaX Xa Xi\WXaV\T YT__Tf l WXYXVgbf dhX X_ YeTVTfb
cbWerT [TUXe bVh_gTWb T _T i\fgT' CT \WXT WX dhX X_ chXU_b ab g\XaX
aXVXf\WTW WX _\`\gTe fh cbWXe fbUeX fr `\f`b cbWerT cTeXVXe Tk\b`pg\VT
VhTaWb X_ ZbU\Xeab cbch_Te XeT T_Zb Vba _b dhX ft_b fX fbsTUT% b WX
VhlT Xk\fgXaV\T Xa T_ZhaT qcbVT eX`bgT WX_ cTfTWb fX fTUrT cbe
_XVgheTf' KT`cbVb YhX _T \WXT aXVXfTe\T`XagX cXegheUTWT cbe gT_Xf
TUXeeTV\baXf gX`cbeTe\Tf Vb`b _Tf WX _T IXib_hV\ta =eTaVXfT% _Tf
cXbeXf WX _Tf VhT_Xf XeTa bUeT WX habf cbVbf hfhecTWbeXf l dhX% Xa
gbWb VTfb% ab VbeeXfcbaWrTa T_ cXe`TaXagX YhaV\baT`\Xagb WX _Tf
\afg\ghV\baXf cbch_TeXf% f\ab T ha XfgT__\Wb eXcXag\ab l Vbaih_f\ib
VbageT X_ WXfcbg\f`b `bapedh\Vb l Te\fgbVepg\Vb' :ba X_ g\X`cb% f\a
X`UTeZb% haT eXcuU_\VT WX`bVepg\VT i\ab T bVhcTe haT iTfgT cbeV\ta
WX _T fhcXeY\V\X WX _T g\XeeT% l fX [\mb fXag\e Vb`b hab WX _bf `\X`Uebf
`pf cbWXebfbf WX _T Vb`ha\WTW WX _Tf aTV\baXf4 l X_ ZbU\Xeab X_XVgeb
l eXfcbafTU_X fX [\mb fh]Xgb T bUfXeiTV\baXf l Verg\VTf WXcXaW\XagXf WX
ha \`cbegTagX [XV[b Xk\fgXagX' JX cXeV\UrT T[beT dhX YeTfXf gT_Xf Vb`b
ThgbZbU\Xeab l X_ cbWXe WX_ chXU_b fbUeX fr `\f`b ab XkceXfTa X_
iXeWTWXeb XfgTWb WX _T f\ghTV\ta' <_ chXU_b dhX X]XeVX X_ cbWXe ab
f\X`ceX Xf X_ `\f`b chXU_b fbUeX X_ VhT_ fX _b X]XeVX4 l X_ ThgbZbU\Xeab
WX dhX fX [TU_T ab Xf X_ ZbU\Xeab WX VTWT hab cbe fr `\f`b% f\ab WX
VTWT hab cbe gbWb X_ eXfgb' CT ib_hagTW WX_ chXU_b% cbe TsTW\WheT%
cepVg\VT`XagX f\Za\Y\VT _T ib_hagTW WX _T YJ[]N `pf ah`XebfT b `pf

+),
TVg\iT WX_ chXU_b4 _T `TlberT% b dh\XaXf _bZeTa [TVXefX TVXcgTe Vb`b
_T `TlberT3 X_ chXU_b% Xa VbafXVhXaV\T% Z^Rcd WXfXX bce\`\e T haT cTegX
WX fh au`Xeb4 l fX aXVXf\gTa gTagTf ceXVThV\baXf VbageT Xfgb% Vb`b
VbageT VhT_dh\Xe bgeb TUhfb WX_ cbWXe' Gbe _b gTagb% _T _\`\gTV\ta WX_
cbWXe WX_ ZbU\Xeab fbUeX _bf \aW\i\Whbf ab c\XeWX \`cbegTaV\T T_ZhaT
VhTaWb dh\XaXf WXgXagTa X_ cbWXe WXUXa eXfcbaWXe Vba eXZh_Te\WTW T
_T Vb`ha\WTW% b fXT% T_ cTeg\Wb `pf YhXegX WXageb WX X__T' <fgT i\f\ta WX
_Tf VbfTf% dhX fX eXVb`\XaWT T fr `\f`T cbe \ZhT_ T _T \agX_\ZXaV\T WX
_bf cXafTWbeXf l T _T \aV_\aTV\ta WX TdhX__Tf V_TfXf \`cbegTagXf WX _T
fbV\XWTW XhebcXT cTeT Vhlbf \agXeXfXf eXT_Xf b fhchXfgbf _T WX`bVeTV\T
Xf TWiXefT% ab [T gXa\Wb W\Y\Vh_gTW cTeT XfgTU_XVXefX4 l Xa _Tf Vba]XgheTf
cb_rg\VTf% _T g\eTarT WX _T `TlberT T[beT cbe _b ZXaXeT_ fX \aV_hlX XageX
_bf `T_Xf VbageT _bf VhT_Xf _T fbV\XWTW WXUX 'XfgTe Xa ZhTeW\T'

@d[[JOX *0 D\_\ f\ZhX WXUTg\XaWb @9' <_ VbaVXcgb dhX \agebWhVX cTeT
Xkc_\VTe _Tf ahXiTf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf cTeT X_ Tag\Zhb cebU_X`T Xf X_ WX _T
g\eTarT WX _T `TlberT ' k7W Z^e LXW\R\]N UJ ]R[JWfJ MN UJ VJbX[fJ2

"*# CT bceXf\ta WX _T `\aberT b `\aberTf cbe _T `TlberT'


"+# _T bceXf\ta WX _Tf `\aberTf cbe haT `\aberT dhX Xf _T cTegX `pf
TVg\iT WX_ chXU_b % b fXT% haT `\aberT TVg\iT dhX [TU_T b ceXgXaWX [TU_Te
Xa ab`UeX WX_ chXU_b '
{<k\fgX _T g\eTarT WX _T `TlberT7 {:hp_ Xf _T f\ghTV\ta WX _bf aXZebf
Xa haT fbV\XWTW ceXX`\aXagX`XagX U_TaVT7 {:hp_ Xf _T f\ghTV\ta WX
_bf VTgt_\Vbf Xa _T @e_TaWT WX_ EbegX cebgXfgTagX7 {:hp_ Xf _T f\ghTV\ta
WX _bf ]hWrbf Xa ha cTrf `hfh_`pa Vb`b @eT^% b i\VXiXefT7 {<k\fgXa
XfgTf g\eTarTf cbedhX T_Zhabf Zehcbf fba `pf \a`beT_Xf dhX bgebf%
T cbedhX [Tl `TlberTf7 D\_\ gb`t Xa ceqfgT`b _T XkceXf\ta g\eTarT
WX _T `TlberT WX 8_Xk\f WX KbVdhXi\__X "*1).&*1.2#% cb_rg\Vb _\UXeT_
l XfVe\gbe YeTaVqf% dh\Xa _T hg\_\mt Xa fh bUeT V_pf\VT =J MNVXL[JLRJ NW
3Ve[RLJ "*1,.#' <_ fXag\Wb be\Z\aT_ WX_ gqe`\ab MNVXL[JLRJ Xa Ze\XZb XeT
ZbU\Xeab WX _Tf `TfTf'

.' :b`b bgeTf g\eTarTf% _T g\eTarT WX _T `TlberT ce\`Xeb \afc\eTUT gX`be%


l gbWTirT _b \afc\eT ih_ZTe`XagX% Xa XfcXV\T_ T_ bcXeTe T geTiqf WX _bf
TVgbf WX _Tf Thgbe\WTWXf cuU_\VTf' GXeb _Tf cXefbaTf eXY_Xk\iTf cXeV\UXa
dhX VhTaWb _T fbV\XWTW `\f`T Xf _T g\eTarT}_T fbV\XWTW Xa ha fXag\Wb
Vb_XVg\ib% cbe fbUeX _bf \aW\i\Whbf cbe fXcTeTWb dhX _T Vb`cbaXa}6

+ &*
fhf `XW\bf cTeT g\eTa\mTe ab fX _\`\gTa T _bf TVgbf dhX chXWTa [TVXe_b
T `Tabf WX fhf YhaV\baTe\bf cb_rg\Vbf' CT fbV\XWTW chXWX l WXUX
X]XVhgTe fhf cebc\bf `TaWTgbf3 l f\ X`\gX `TaWTgbf XeetaXbf Xa iXm
WX _bf VbeeXVgbf% b `TaWTgb T_Zhab Xa TdhX__bf gX`Tf Vba _bf dhX ab
WXUXerT Xageb`XgXefX% ceTVg\VT haT g\eTarT fbV\T_ `pf Ybe`\WTU_X dhX
`hV[bf g\cbf WX bceXf\ta cb_rg\VT% lT dhX% ThadhX cbe _b ZXaXeT_ ab fX _T
fhfgXagT cbe gT_Xf cXaT_\WTWXf XkgeX`Tf% WX]T `Xabf `XW\bf WX XfVTcX%
cXaXgeTaWb `hV[b `pf cebYhaWT`XagX Xa _bf WXgT__Xf WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T%
l XfV_Ti\mTaWb T_ T_`T `\f`T' Gbe Vbaf\Zh\XagX% _T cebgXVV\ta VbageT _T
g\eTarT WX_ `TZ\fgeTWb ab UTfgT3 fX eXdh\XeX gT`U\qa cebgXVV\ta VbageT
_T g\eTarT WX _T bc\a\ta l X_ fXag\e Wb`\aTagX4 VbageT _T gXaWXaV\T WX
_T fbV\XWTW T \`cbaXe% cbe bgebf `XW\bf dhX ab fXTa _Tf cXaT_\WTWXf
V\i\_Xf% fhf cebc\Tf \WXTf l cepVg\VTf Vb`b eXZ_Tf WX VbaWhVgT T dh\XaXf
W\f\XagXa Vba X__bf4 VbageTeeXfgTe X_ WXfTeeb__b% l% WX fXe cbf\U_X% \`cXW\e
_T Ybe`TV\ta WX VhT_dh\Xe \aW\i\WhT_\WTW dhX ab Xfgq Xa Te`barT Vba
fhf cebc\Tf `bWT_\WTWXf% l bU_\ZTe T gbWbf _bf VTeTVgXeXf T `bWX_TefX
fXZua X_ `bWX_b cebc\b' ?Tl ha _r`\gX T _T _XZrg\`T \a]XeXaV\T WX _T
bc\a\ta Vb_XVg\iT Xa _T \aWXcXaWXaV\T \aW\i\WhT_4 l [T__Te XfgX _r`\gX%
l `TagXaXe_b YeXagX T gbWT \ageb`\f\ta% Xf gTa \aW\fcXafTU_X cTeT _T
UhXaT VbaW\V\ta WX _bf Tfhagbf [h`Tabf Vb`b \f cebgXVV\ta VbageT X_
WXfcbg\f`b cb_rg\Vb'

@d[[JOX +0 D\_\ f\ZhX WXY\a\XaWb X_ cebU_X`T' <_ eXT_ Vh_cTU_X ab Xf X_


ZbU\Xeab f\ab _T fbV\XWTW' CT g\eTarT fbV\T_ Xf `pf Ybe`\WTU_X dhX
`hV[bf g\cbf WX bceXf\ta cb_rg\VT ' {Gbe dhq7 {GhXWX hfgXW cXafTe Xa
T_Zua cebU_X`T fbV\T_ fXe\b dhX [TlT f\Wb eXV\XagX`XagX eXfhX_gb cbe
`XW\bf cb_rg\Vbf7
D\_\ Vb`\XamT T TUbeWTe _T fb_hV\ta WX_ cebU_X`T Ybe`h_TaWb
_T VhXfg\ta "@8# Vba `Tlbe V_Te\WTW4 TWi\qegTfX _T \`cbegTaV\T WX _T
fbV\XWTW cbe VbageTcbf\V\ta T_ ZbU\Xeab Xa _T Ybe`h_TV\ta WX D\_\'
?Tl ha _r`\gX T _T _XZrg\`T \a]XeXaV\T WX _T bc\a\ta Vb_XVg\iT Xa _T
\aWXcXaWXaV\T \aW\i\WhT_4 l [T__Te XfgX _r`\gX% l `TagXaXe_b YeXagX T
gbWT \ageb`\f\ta% Xf gTa \aW\fcXafTU_X cTeT _T UhXaT VbaW\V\ta WX _bf
Tfhagbf [h`Tabf Vb`b _T cebgXVV\ta VbageT X_ WXfcbg\f`b cb_rg\Vb '

/' GXeb ThadhX Xf \`cebUTU_X dhX XfgT cebchXfgT fXT \`chZaTWT Xa


gqe`\abf ZXaXeT_Xf% _T VhXfg\ta cepVg\VT% WtaWX Y\]Te _bf _r`\gXf}Vb`b
XYXVghTe _bf TWXVhTWbf T]hfgXf XageX _T \aWXcXaWXaV\T \aW\i\WhT_ l X_

+).
Vbageb_ fbV\T_}Xf gX`T fbUeX X_ dhX cepVg\VT`XagX gbWb [T dhXWTWb
cbe [TVXefX' :hTagb [TVX dhX _T Xk\fgXaV\T fXT iT_\bfT cTeT T_Zh\Xa%
WXcXaWX WX _T Tc_\VTV\ta WX eXfge\VV\baXf T _bf TVgbf WX bgeTf cXefbaTf'
8_ZhaTf eXZ_Tf WX VbaWhVgT% cbe _b gTagb% WXUXa fXe \`chXfgTf% cbe _T
_Xl Xa ce\`Xe _hZTe% l cbe _T bc\a\ta Xa `hV[Tf XfYXeTf dhX ab fba
VT`cb Tcgb cTeT X_ TVV\baTe WX _T _Xl' :t`b WXUXa fXe XfgTf eXZ_Tf%
Xf _T VhXfg\ta ce\aV\cT_ Xa _bf Tfhagbf [h`Tabf4 cXeb f\ XkVXcghT`bf
habf cbVbf WX _bf VTfbf `pf Xi\WXagXf% fX geTgT WX hab WX Tdhq__bf Xa
dhX `Xabf cebZeXfbf fX [Ta [XV[b cTeT eXfb_iXe_b' Eb [Tl Wbf qcbVTf%
l W\YrV\_`XagX Wbf cTrfXf% dhX [TlTa WXV\W\Wb cbe \ZhT_4 l _T WXV\f\ta
WX haT qcbVT b ha cTrf WX]T cTf`TWb T bgeb' J\a X`UTeZb% X_ chXU_b WX
VhT_dh\Xe qcbVT l cTrf WTWbf ab fbfcXV[Ta a\aZhaT W\Y\Vh_gTW Xa X__b%
Vb`b f\ YhXfX ha gX`T fbUeX X_ VhT_ _T [h`Ta\WTW f\X`ceX [hU\XfX
XfgTWb WX TVhXeWb' CTf eXZ_Tf \`cXeTagXf XageX X__bf _Xf cTeXVXa WX cbe
fr Xi\WXagXf l ]hfg\Y\VTWTf cbe fr `\f`Tf' <fgT \_hf\ta ha\iXefT_ Xf hab WX
_bf X]X`c_bf WX _T `pZ\VT \aY_hXaV\T WX _T Vbfgh`UeX% _T VhT_ ab Xf ft_b%
Vb`b W\VX X_ cebiXeU\b% haT fXZhaWT aTgheT_XmT% f\ab dhX Vbag\ahT`XagX
fX _T VbaYhaWX Vba _T ce\`XeT' <_ XYXVgb WX _T Vbfgh`UeX% T_ \`cXW\e gbWb
eXfdhX`be eXfcXgTaWb _Tf eXZ_Tf WX VbaWhVgT dhX _bf fXeXf [h`Tabf
\`cbaXa habf T bgebf% Xf gTagb `pf Vb`c_Xgb cbedhX fbUeX X_ gX`T cbe
_b ZXaXeT_ ab fX Vbaf\WXeT aXVXfTe\b WTe eTmbaXf% fXT cbe haT cXefbaT
T bgeT% b cbe VTWT haT T fr `\f`T' CT ZXagX Xfgp TVbfgh`UeTWT T VeXXe% l
[T f\Wb T_XagTWT Xa XfT VeXXaV\T cbe T_Zhabf dhX Tfc\eTa T_ VTepVgXe WX
Y\_tfbYbf% dhX fh fXag\e% Xa gX`Tf WX XfgT raWb_X% Xf `X]be dhX _Tf eTmbaXf%
l Vbaf\WXeT T qfgTf \aaXVXfTe\Tf' <_ ce\aV\c\b cepVg\Vb dhX _bf ZhrT Xa fhf
bc\a\baXf fbUeX _T eXZ_T`XagTV\ta WX _T VbaWhVgT [h`TaT% Xf X_ fXag\e%
Xa _T `XagX WX VTWT cXefbaT% WX dhX T gbWb X_ `haWb WXU\XeT Xk\ZrefX_X
TVghTe WX_ `bWb Xa dhX T q_ l fhf f\`cTg\mTagXf _Xf ZhfgTerT' ETW\X% cbe
V\Xegb% eXVbabVX cTeT fr dhX fh cTgeta WX ]h\V\b Xf fh cebc\b Zhfgb4 cXeb
haT bc\a\ta fbUeX ha TfcXVgb WX _T VbaWhVgT% f\a X_ fhfgXagb WX eTmbaXf%
ft_b chXWX \agXeceXgTefX Vb`b _T ceXYXeXaV\T WX haT cXefbaT4 l f\ _Tf
eTmbaXf% VhTaWb fX _Tf WT% `XeT`XagX TcX_Ta T haT f\`\_Te ceXYXeXaV\T
fXag\WT cbe bgeT ZXagX% Tha Tfr f\ZhX f\XaWb X_ Zhfgb WX `hV[bf
Xa iXm WX_ WX hab fb_b' GTeT ha [b`UeX Vb`ua% X`cXeb% fh cebc\T
ceXYXeXaV\T% Tfr fhfgXagTWT% ab ft_b Xf eTmta cXeYXVgT`XagX fTg\fYTVgbe\T%
f\ab cbe _b ZXaXeT_ _T ua\VT dhX g\XaX cTeT VhT_dh\XeT WX fhf \WXTf WX
`beT_\WTW% Zhfgb b cebc\XWTW% dhX ab Xfgqa XkceXfT`XagX XfVe\gTf
Xa fh VeXWb eX_\Z\bfb4 l fh ce\aV\cT_ ZhrT Tha Xa _T \agXeceXgTV\ta WX

(&,
Xfgb' CTf bc\a\baXf WX_ [b`UeX% Xa VbafXVhXaV\T% fbUeX _b dhX Xf W\Zab
WX XaVb`\b b WX TVhfTV\ta% fX iXa TYXVgTWTf cbe gbWTf _Tf `u_g\c_Xf
VThfTf dhX \aY_hlXa fbUeX fhf WXfXbf Xa eXYXeXaV\T T _T VbaWhVgT WX _bf
WX`pf% l dhX fba gTa ah`XebfTf Vb`b _Tf dhX WXgXe`\aTa fhf WXfXbf
fbUeX VhT_dh\Xe bgeb gX`T' 8 iXVXf% fh eTmta4 bgeTf% fhf cXe]h\V\bf b
fhcXefg\V\baXf4 T `XahWb fhf cThgTf fbV\T_Xf% cXeb Vba ab cbVT YeXVhXaV\T
Tag\fbV\T_Xf% fh Xai\W\T b VX_bf% fh TeebZTaV\T b WXfWqa3 ThadhX `pf
Vb`ua`XagX% fhf WXfXbf b gX`beXf cbe fr `\f`bf% fh cebc\b \agXeqf%
_XZrg\`b b \_XZrg\`b' ;;baWXdh\XeT dhX [TlT haT V_TfX TfVXaWXagX% haT
T`c_\T cebcbeV\ta WX _T `beT_ WX_ cTrf X`TaT WX fhf \agXeXfXf WX V_TfX%
l fhf fXag\`\Xagbf WX fhcXe\be\WTW WX V_TfX' CT `beT_ XageX XfcTegTabf
X \_bgTf% XageX WhXsbf WX c_TagTV\baXf l XfV_Tibf aXZebf% XageX ceraV\cXf
l fuUW\gbf% XageX abU_Xf l c_XUXlbf% XageX [b`UeXf l `h]XeXf% [T f\Wb%
cbe fh `Tlbe cTegX% VeXTV\ta WX Xfgbf \agXeXfXf l fXag\`\Xagbf WX V_TfX4
l _bf fXag\`\Xagbf Tfr ZXaXeTWbf% V[bVTa T fh iXm Vba X_ fXag\e `beT_
WX _bf `\X`Uebf WX _T V_TfX TfVXaWXagX% Xa fhf eX_TV\baXf habf Vba
bgebf' ;;baWX% cbe ha _TWb% haT V_TfX% TagXf TfVXaWXagX% [T cXeW\Wb fh
TfVXaW\XagX% b qfgX Xf \`cbch_Te% _bf fXag\`\Xagbf `beT_Xf ceXiT_XagXf
fhX_Xa __XiTe _T \`cebagT WX ha \`cTV\XagX W\fZhfgb cbe _T fhcXe\be\WTW'
Fgeb iTfgb ce\aV\c\b WXgXe`\aTagX WX _Tf eXZ_Tf WX VbaWhVgT% gTagT Xa
X_ TVgb Vb`b Xa X_ Vb`cbegT`\Xagb% dhX [T f\Wb \`chXfgb cbe _T _Xl b
_T bc\a\ta% [T f\Wb X_ fXei\_\f`b WX _T [h`Ta\WTW [TV\T _Tf fhchXfgTf
ceXYXeXaV\Tf b TiXef\baXf WX fhf T`bf gX`cbeT_Xf% b fhf W\bfXf' <fgX
fXei\_\f`b% ThadhX XfXaV\T_`XagX XZbrfgT% ab Xf [\cbVeXfrT4 WT _hZTe T
fXag\`\Xagbf WX bW\bf cXeYXVgT`XagX ZXah\abf4 [\mb dhX _bf [b`UeXf
dhX`TeTa T `TZbf l [XeX]Xf' <ageX gTagTf \aY_hXaV\Tf `pf i\_Xf% _bf
\agXeXfXf ZXaXeT_Xf l bUi\bf WX _T fbV\XWTW cbe fhchXfgb [Ta gXa\Wb fh
cTegX% U\Xa ZeTaWX% Xa _T W\eXVV\ta WX _bf fXag\`\Xagbf `beT_Xf3 `Xabf%
f\a X`UTeZb% Vb`b eXfh_gTWb WX _T eTmta% l cbe fh cebc\T VhXagT% dhX
Vb`b VbafXVhXaV\T WX _Tf f\`cTgrTf l Tag\cTgrTf dhX fheZ\Xeba WX X__bf3
l f\`cTgrTf l Tag\cTgrTf dhX cbVb b aTWT gXarTa dhX iXe Vba _bf \agXeXfXf
WX _T fbV\XWTW% fX [Ta [XV[b fXag\e Xa X_ XfgTU_XV\`\Xagb WX `beT_Xf Vba
\Wqag\VT YhXemT'

@d[[JOX ,0 8agXf WX bYeXVXe fh cebc\T eXfchXfgT% D\_\ Vbaf\WXeT _T


eXfchXfgT dhX lT cbfXX`bf b Vba _T dhX [X`bf bcXeTWb' <fgTf "@É;;#
\aV_hlXa3

+ &-­
"T# Vbfgh`UeX
"U# fXag\`\Xagbf cXefbaT_Xf
"W# cebc\b \agXeqf
"W# ceX]h\V\b eX_\Z\bfb

8Wi\qegTfX _T `XaV\ta dhX [TVX D\_\ WX _Tf `h]XeXf l WX fh cbf\V\ta


fXVhaWTe\T eXfcXVgb WX _bf [b`UeXf Xa _T `TlberT WX _Tf fbV\XWTWXf' ?Tl
Xa Xfgb bgeb X]X`c_b WX g\eTarT' D\_\ YhX hab WX _bf ce\`Xebf cT_TW\aXf
WX _T _\UXeTV\ta YX`Xa\aT' Jh bUeT CXK[N UJ \^SNLRgW MN UJ\ V^SN[N\ "XfVe\gT
Xa *1/* l chU_\VTWT Xa *1/2# f\ZhX f\XaWb ha V_pf\Vb' CT fXsbeT ?Tee\Xg
KTl_be \aWhWTU_X`XagX \aY_hlt fbUeX q_ Xa X_ gX`T% gTagb TagXf Vb`b
WXfchqf WX fh `Tge\`ba\b' CTf `h]XeXf fba T[beT X_ V\aVhXagT l V\aVb
cbe V\Xagb WX _T cbU_TV\ta abegXT`Xe\VTaT' {:ba X_ g\X`cb _T _\UXeTV\ta
YX`Xa\aT fX VbaiXeg\ep Xa haT fhXegX WX g\eTarT7

0' Cbf Zhfgbf l eXV[Tmbf WX _T fbV\XWTW% b WX T_Zua fXVgbe cbWXebfb WX


X__T% fba% Tfr% X_ ce\aV\cT_ X_X`Xagb dhX cepVg\VT`XagX [T WXgXe`\aTWb
_Tf eXZ_Tf XfgTU_XV\WTf cTeT bUfXeiTV\ta ZXaXeT_% UT]b _Tf cXaT_\WTWXf WX
_T _Xl b _T bc\a\ta' P Xa ZXaXeT_% dh\XaXf fX [Ta TWX_TagTWb T _T fbV\XWTW
Xa cXafT`\Xagb l Xa fXag\e% [Ta WX]TWb XfgT VbaW\V\ta WX _Tf VbfTf \agTVgT
Xa ce\aV\c\b% cbe `pf dhX [TlTa XageTWb Xa VbaY_\Vgb Vba T_Zhabf WX
fhf WXgT__Xf' JX [Ta bVhcTWb% `pf U\Xa% WX \aWTZTe dhq VbfTf WXU\XeTa
cebibVTe X_ TZeTWb b X_ eXV[Tmb WX _T fbV\XWTW% TagXf dhX Xa VhXfg\baTe
f\ fhf Zhfgbf b eXV[Tmbf WXU\XeTa fXe _Xl cTeT _bf \aW\i\Whbf' GeXYXe\erTa
XfYbemTefX cbe `bW\Y\VTe _bf fXag\`\Xagbf WX _T [h`Ta\WTW fbUeX _bf
TfcXVgbf XfcXVrY\Vbf Xa dhX X__bf `\f`bf XeTa [XeX]Xf% TagXf dhX [TVXe
VThfT Vb`ua Xa WXYXafT WX _T _\UXegTW% cbe _b ZXaXeT_ Vba [XeX]Xf' <_ ua\Vb
VTfb Xa dhX fX [T gb`TWb X_ VT`\ab `pf X_XiTWb Xa ce\aV\c\b% cTeT fXe
`TagXa\Wb Vba Vb[XeXaV\T% ft_b cbe T_Zhab dhX bgeb \aW\i\Whb Tdhr
l T__p% Xf X_ WX _Tf VeXXaV\Tf eX_\Z\bfTf3 ha VTfb \afgehVg\ib Xa `hV[bf
fXag\Wbf% ab `Xabf cbe Vbafg\gh\e ha VTfb `hl __T`Tg\ib WX _T YT_\U\_\WTW
WX _b dhX fX WXab`\aT fXag\Wb `beT_3 chXf X_ XMR^V ]QNXUXPRL^V" Xa ha
f\aVXeb YTapg\Vb% Xf hab WX _bf VTfbf `pf \aXdhribVbf WX fXag\`\Xagb
`beT_' Hh\XaXf ce\`Xeb dhXUeTeba X_ lhZb WX _b dhX WTUT Xa __T`TefX
@Z_Xf\T La\iXefT_% XfgTUTa% Xa ZXaXeT_% gTa cbVb WXfXbfbf WX cXe`\g\e
W\YXeXaV\Tf WX bc\a\ta eX_\Z\bfT Vb`b _T @Z_Xf\T `\f`T' GXeb VhTaWb
X_ VT_be WX_ VbaY_\Vgb fX W\_hlt% f\a Tf\ZaTe haT i\Vgbe\T gbgT_ T a\aZhaT
WX _Tf cTegXf% l VTWT \Z_Xf\T b fXVgT fX eXWh]b T _\`\gTe fhf XfcXeTamTf

+ &.
T eXgXaXe cbfXf\ta WX_ gXeeXab dhX lT bVhcTUT4 _Tf `\aberTf% i\XaWb
dhX ab gXarTa cbf\U\_\WTWXf WX VbaiXeg\efX Xa `TlberTf% fX i\Xeba Xa
_T aXVXf\WTW WX TcX_Te T dh\XaXf ab cbWrTa VbaiXeg\e% cTeT bUgXaXe fh
cXe`\fb cTeT W\YXe\e' <f% cbe _b gTagb% Xa XfgX VT`cb WX UTgT__T% VTf\
XkV_hf\iT`XagX% WbaWX _bf WXeXV[bf WX_ \aW\i\Whb VbageT _T fbV\XWTW
[Ta f\Wb TY\e`TWbf fbUeX T`c_\Tf UTfXf WX ce\aV\c\b% l TU\XegT`XagX
VbagebiXeg\WT _T ceXgXaf\ta WX _T fbV\XWTW T X]XeVXe Thgbe\WTW fbUeX
_bf W\f\WXagXf' Cbf ZeTaWXf XfVe\gbeXf T dh\XaXf X_ `haWb WXUX gbWT
_\UXegTW eX_\Z\bfT dhX cbfXT% cbe _b ZXaXeT_ [Ta TY\e`TWb _T _\UXegTW
WX VbaV\XaV\T Vb`b WXeXV[b \aT_\XaTU_X% l aXZTWb TUfb_hgT`XagX dhX
ha fXe [h`Tab WXUT eXfcbaWXe T bgebf cbe fhf VeXXaV\Tf eX_\Z\bfTf'
J\a X`UTeZb% gTa aTgheT_ Xf _T \agb_XeTaV\T cTeT _T [h`Ta\WTW% Xa gbWb
TdhX__b dhX eXT_`XagX _X \`cbegX% dhX _T _\UXegTW eX_\Z\bfT eTeT iXm [T
f\Wb chXfgT Xa cepVg\VT% fT_ib T__r WbaWX _T \aW\YXeXaV\T eX_\Z\bfT% dhX ab
ZhfgT WX iXe fh cTm cXegheUTWT cbe e\sTf gXb_tZ\VTf% [T TsTW\Wb fh cXfb
T _T UT_TamT' <a _T `XagX WX VTf\ gbWTf _Tf cXefbaTf eX_\Z\bfTf% Tha Xa _bf
cTrfXf `pf gb_XeTagXf% X_ WXUXe WX _T gb_XeTaV\T Xf TW`\g\Wb Vba gpV\gTf
eXfXeiTf' LaT cXefbaT gb_XeTep X_ W\fXafb Xa VhXfg\baXf WX_ ZbU\Xeab
XV_Xf\pfg\Vb% cXeb ab WX WbZ`T4 bgeT chXWX gb_XeTe T VhT_dh\XeT% fT_ib
T ha cTc\fgT b ha ha\gTe\b4 bgeT% T gbWb TdhX_ dhX VeXX Xa _T eX_\Z\ta
eXiX_TWT4 habf cbVbf Xkg\XaWXa fh VTe\WTW ha cbVb `pf T__p% cXeb fX
WXg\XaXa TagX _T VeXXaV\T Xa ha ;;\bf l Xa ha XfgTWb Yhgheb' 8__r WbaWX X_
fXag\e WX _T `TlberT Xf gbWTirT ZXah\ab X \agXafb% cbVb [T TUTaWbaTWb
WX fhf ceXgXaf\baXf WX bUXW\XaV\T'

1' <a @aZ_TgXeeT% T eTrm WX _Tf cXVh_\TeXf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf WX ahXfgeT


[\fgbe\T cb_rg\VT% ThadhX X_ lhZb WX _T bc\a\ta Xf dh\mp `pf cXfTWb%
X_ WX _T _Xl Xf `pf _\i\Tab dhX Xa _T `TlberT WX _bf eXfgTagXf cTrfXf WX
<hebcT4 l WXfc\XegT Vbaf\WXeTU_X eXVX_b T_ \agXeiXaV\ta W\eXVgT WX_ cbWXe
_XZ\f_Tg\ib b X]XVhg\ib Xa _T VbaWhVgT ce\iTWT4 ab gTagb cbe VhT_dh\Xe
]hfgT ceXbVhcTV\ta cbe _T \aWXcXaWXaV\T WX_ \aW\i\Whb% f\ab cbe X_
gbWTirT TeeT\ZTWb [pU\gb WX Vbaf\WXeTe dhX X_ ZbU\Xeab eXceXfXagT ha
\agXeqf bchXfgb T_ cuU_\Vb' CT `TlberT ab [T TceXaW\Wb gbWTirT T fXag\e
X_ cbWXe WX_ ZbU\Xeab Vb`b fh cebc\b cbWXe% b Vb`b fhlTf _Tf bc\a\baXf
WX Tdhq_' :hTaWb Tfr bVheeT% _T _\UXegTW \aW\i\WhT_ cebUTU_X`XagX
XfgTep gTa XkchXfgT T _T \a]XeXaV\T WX_ ZbU\Xeab Vb`b lT _b Xfgp eXfcXVgb
WX _T bc\a\ta cuU_\VT' GXeb gbWTirT Xk\fgX ha YhXegX fXag\e Xa VbageT WX
VhT_dh\Xe \agXagb WX _T _Xl cbe Vbageb_Te T _bf \aW\i\Whbf Xa TfcXVgbf Xa

+ &/
dhX [TfgT T[beT ab Xfgpa TVbfgh`UeTWbf T dhX fX _bf Vbageb_X4 l X__b%
f\a W\fVe\`\aTe `Tlbe`XagX f\ X_ gX`T XageT b ab WXageb WX _T XfYXeT
_XZrg\`T WX_ Vbageb_ _XZT_4 Xa _T `XW\WT Xa dhX X_ fXag\`\Xagb% Xa ZXaXeT_
T_gT`XagX fT_hWTU_X% fhX_X XfgTe `T_ XaVT`\aTWb Vba gTagT YeXVhXaV\T
Vb`b U\Xa W\e\Z\Wb Xa _Tf \afgTaV\Tf XfcXVrY\VTf WX fh Tc_\VTV\ta' Eb [Tl%
Xa eXT_\WTW% ha ce\aV\c\b eXVbabV\Wb cbe X_ VhT_ fhX_T cbaXefX T cehXUT
_T cebc\XWTW b \`cebc\XWTW WX _T \a]XeXaV\T ZhUXeaT`XagT_' CT ZXagX
WXV\WX WX TVhXeWb Vba fhf ceXYXeXaV\Tf cXefbaT_Xf' 8_Zhabf% f\X`ceX
dhX iXa dhX [Tl T_Zua U\Xa cbe [TVXe% b T_ dhX eX`XW\Te% WX UhXaT
ZTaT \afg\ZTerTa T_ ZbU\Xeab cTeT X`ceXaWXe XfT `\f\ta4 `\XageTf
dhX bgebf ceXY\XeXa fbcbegTe cepVg\VT`XagX VhT_dh\Xe `XW\WT WX `T_
fbV\T_ TagXf dhX TZeXZTe ft_b hab `pf T _bf WXcTegT`Xagbf WX \agXeXfXf
[h`Tabf cTf\U_Xf WX fXe Vbageb_TWbf cbe X_ ZbU\Xeab' P _bf [b`UeXf fX
T_\aXTa WX hab h bgeb _TWb Xa gbWb VTfb XfcXVrY\Vb% fXZua XfgT W\eXVV\ta
ZXaXeT_ WX fhf fXag\`\Xagbf4 b fXZua X_ ZeTWb WX \agXeqf dhX g\XaXa Xa
XfX T_Zb Xa cTeg\Vh_Te dhX fX cebcbaX dhX [TZT X_ ZbU\Xeab% b fXZua
fh VeXXaV\T WX _b dhX _X ZbU\Xeab [Tep b WX]TerT WX [TVXe Xa X_ fXag\Wb
WX fhf ceXYXeXaV\Tf4 cXeb `hl eTeT`XagX T eTrm WX T_ZhaT bc\a\ta
dhX fbfgXaZTa Xa Ybe`T Vb[XeXagX% TVXeVT WX dhq VbfTf VbeeXfcbaWX
dhX [TZT X_ ZbU\Xeab' P `X cTeXVX T `r dhX Xa VbafXVhXaV\T WX XfgT
ThfXaV\T WX eXZ_T b ce\aV\c\b% ha _TWb% T_ ceXfXagX% fhX_X Xdh\ibVTefX gTa
T `XahWb Vb`b X_ bgeb4 _T \a]XeXaV\T WX_ ZbU\Xeab Xf% Vba VTf\ \Wqag\VT
YeXVhXaV\T% gTa \aTcebc\TWT`XagX \aibVTWT Vb`b \aTcebc\TWT`XagX
VbaWXaTWT'

@d[[JOX\ -­ b . ::6!0 D\_\ g\XaX Wbf bU]XV\baXf dhX [TVXe T eXfchXfgTf


ceXi\T' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe "cpeeTYb 0#% _bf eXYbe`\fgTf% Xa X_ cTfTWb% fX
[Ta VbaVXageTWb Xa eXX`c_TmTe T _bf i\X]bf WbZ`Tf cbe bgebf ahXibf'
<a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% [T [TU\Wb "cpeeTYb 1# haT gbgT_ ThfXaV\T WX eXZ_T
b ce\aV\c\b ' F fXT% dhX ab [T [TU\Wb haT cb_rg\VT Vb[XeXagX' {GhXWX
hfgXW cXafTe Xa VTfbf Xa dhX _T fbV\XWTW [T f\Wb WX`Tf\TWb bceXf\iT7
{F VTfbf Xa dhX [T f\Wb Xa XkVXfb cXe`\f\iT7 J\ haT fbV\XWTW chXWX fXe
T`UTf VbfTf T _T iXm% {Vt`b Xkc_\VTerT W\V[T cbf\U\_\WTW7

2' <_ bU]Xgb WX XfgX <afTlb Xf TY\e`Te ha ce\aV\c\b `hl f\`c_X% Thgbe\mTWb
T ZbUXeaTe gbgT_`XagX _bf Tfhagbf WX _T fbV\XWTW Vba X_ \aW\i\Whb cbe
`XW\b WX _T Vb`ch_f\ta l X_ Vbageb_% fXTa _bf `XW\bf hg\_\mTWbf cbe _T
YhXemT Yrf\VT Xa Ybe`T WX cXaT_\WTWXf _XZT_Xf% b _T VbXeV\ta `beT_ WX _T

+0)
bc\a\ta cuU_\VT' <fX ce\aV\c\b Xfge\UT Xa dhX X_ ua\Vb Y\a cbe X_ VhT_ fX
]hfg\Y\VT dhX _T [h`Ta\WTW% \aW\i\WhT_ b Vb_XVg\iT`XagX% \agXeY\XeT Xa _T
_\UXegTW WX TVV\ta WX VhT_dh\XeT WX fhf `\X`Uebf% Xf _T ThgbcebgXVV\ta' F
fXT% dhX X_ ua\Vb cebctf\gb cbe X_ VhT_ chXWX Vba gbWb WXeXV[b X]XeVXefX
cbWXe fbUeX VhT_dh\Xe `\X`Ueb WX haT Vb`ha\WTW V\i\_\mTWT VbageT
fh cebc\T ib_hagTW% Xfgp Xa \`cXW\e X_ WTsb dhX VThfX T _bf WX`pf'
<_ cebc\b U\Xa% WX XfX \aW\i\Whb% fXT Yrf\Vb b `beT_ ab Xf ]hfg\Y\VTg\ib
fhY\V\XagX' Eb chXWX cbe WXeXV[b bU_\ZpefX_b T [TVXe b gb_XeTe T_Zb
cbedhX fXep `X]be cTeT q_% cbedhX _b [Tep `pf YX_\m% b cbedhX% Xa bc\a\ta
WX bgebf% [TVXe_b fXerT UhXab b VbeeXVgb' Jba qfgTf UhXaT eTmbaXf cTeT
eXVe\`\aTe_b% b eTmbaTe Vba q_% b cXefhTW\e_b% b fhc_\VTe_X% cXeb ab cTeT
bU_\ZTe_b% b [TVXe eXVTXe fbUeX q_ T_Zua `T_ Xa VTfb dhX TVguX WX bgeT
`TaXeT' GTeT dhX fX ]hfg\Y\dhX% _T VbaWhVgT dhX fX WXfXT Xi\gTe Xa q_ g\XaX
dhX XfgTe W\e\Z\WT T cebWhV\e `T_ Xa ha gXeVXeb' CT ua\VT cTegX WX _T
VbaWhVgT WX VTWT hab cbe _T VhT_ fX [TVX eXfcbafTU_X TagX _T fbV\XWTW%
Xf _T Tg\aXagX T gXeVXebf' <a _T cTegX dhX VbaV\XeaX T hab `\f`b% _T
\aWXcXaWXaV\T b WXeXV[b fba TUfb_hgbf' JbUeX fr `\f`b% fbUeX fh cebc\b
VhXecb l `XagX% X_ \aW\i\Whb Xf fbUXeTab'

@d[[JOX /0 D\_\ WT fh eXfchXfgT "@@8#3 <_ ua\Vb Y\a cbe X_ VhT_ fX ]hfg\Y\VT
dhX _T [h`Ta\WTW''' \agXeY\XeT Xa _T _\UXegTW WX TVV\ta WX VhT_dh\XeT WX
fhf `\X`Uebf% Xf _T ThgbcebgXVV\ta''' "cTeT# \`cXW\e X_ WTsb dhX VThfX
T _bf WX`pf ' CT XfYXeT ce\iTWT Xf WXY\a\WT cbe D\_\ Vb`b X_ VhXecb l _T
`XagX ' D\_\ XfcXVrY\VT`XagX XkV_hlX _T cbf\U\_\WTW WX \agXeYXe\e VhTaWb
Xfgp Xa ]hXZb X_ cebc\b U\Xa% fXT Yrf\Vb b `beT_ WX _T cXefbaT' <fgb ab
f\Za\Y\VT dhX ab cbWT`bf \agXeiXa\e VhTaWb X_ VhXecb WX T_Zh\Xa cbaX
Xa cX_\Zeb T gXeVXebf' Hh\XaXf cTWXVXa XaYXe`XWTWXf VbagTZ\bfTf ab
fba _\UeXf WX WXfVh\WTe fhf cebc\bf VhXecbf'
8Wi\qegTfX gT`U\qa dhX D\_\ ab cebchZaT _T \aW\YXeXaV\T [TV\T _bf
WX`pf Xa _T XfYXeT ce\iTWT3 Jba qfgTf UhXaTf eTmbaXf cTeT eXVe\`\aTe_b%
b eTmbaTe Vba q_% b cXefhTW\e_b% b fhc_\VTe_X% cXeb ab cTeT bU_\ZTe_b% b
[TVXe eXVTXe fbUeX q_ T_Zua `T_ Xa VTfb WX dhX TVguX WX bgeT `TaXeT '

*)' Hh\mpf Xfgq WX `pf WXV\e dhX XfgT WbVge\aT fX Tc_\VT fb_T`XagX T _bf
fXeXf [h`Tabf Xa _T `TWheXm WX fhf YTVh_gTWXf' Eb XfgT`bf [TU_TaWb
WX a\sbf b cXefbaTf ]tiXaXf% cbe WXUT]b WX _bf Tsbf dhX chXWT Y\]Te _T _Xl
Vb`b `TlberT WX XWTW' Hh\XaXf gbWTirT Xfgpa Xa f\ghTV\ta WX eXdhXe\e
X_ Vh\WTWb WX _bf WX`pf% WXUXa XfgTe cebgXZ\Wbf VbageT fhf cebc\Tf

(''
TVV\baXf Tfr Vb`b VbageT X_ WTsb XkgXeab' Gbe _T `\f`T eTmta% cbWX`bf
WX]Te YhXeT WX Vbaf\WXeTV\ta Xfbf XfgTW\bf eXgetZeTWbf WX _T fbV\XWTW
Xa dhX _T eTmT `\f`T chXWX Vbaf\WXeTefX Xa fh \aYTaV\T' CTf gX`ceTaTf
W\Y\Vh_gTWXf Xa X_ VT`cb T_ cebZeXfb XfcbagpaXb fba gTa ZeTaWXf% dhX
eTeT iXm [Tl bcV\ta WX `XW\bf cTeT fhcXeTe_Tf4 l ha ZbUXeaTagX __Xab WX
Xfcre\gh WX cXeYXVV\baT`\Xagb fX iX ]hfg\Y\VTWb Xa X_ X`c_Xb WX VhT_dh\Xe
eXVhefb dhX cXe`\gT __XZTe T XfX Y\a% gT_ iXm WX bgeb `bWb \aT_VTamTU_X'
<_ WXfcbg\f`b Xf haT Ybe`T _XZrg\`T WX ZbU\Xeab Xa X_ geTgb Vba _bf
UpeUTebf% f\X`ceX dhX _T Y\aT_\WTW fXT fh cebc\b `X]beT`\Xagb% l _bf
`XW\bf fX ]hfg\Y\dhXa T_ cXe`\g\e eXT_`XagX __XZTe T XfX Y\a' CT _\UXegTW
Vb`b ce\aV\c\b ab g\XaX Tc_\VTV\ta T a\aZua XfgTWb WX VbfTf TagXe\be T_
`b`Xagb Xa dhX _T [h`Ta\WTW YhX VTcTm WX fXe `X]beTWT `XW\TagX X_
WXUTgX _\UeX l Xa VbaW\V\baXf WX \ZhT_WTW' ?TfgT XagbaVXf% ab _Xf dhXWT
bgeT VbfT dhX _T \`c_rV\gT bUXW\XaV\T T ha 8^UTe b ha :Te_b`TZab% f\
g\XaX _T fhXegX WX [T__Te hab' GXeb Xa VhTagb _T [h`Ta\WTW [T bUgXa\Wb
_T VTcTV\WTW WX fXe Zh\TWT [TV\T fh cebc\b `X]beT`\Xagb `XW\TagX _T
Vbai\VV\ta b _T cXefhTf\ta "cXerbWb T_VTamTWb [TVX g\X`cb Xa gbWTf _Tf
aTV\baXf cbe _Tf VhT_Xf WXUX`bf \agXeXfTeabf#% _T Vb`ch_f\ta% fXT Xa
Ybe`T W\eXVgT b `XW\TagX cXaTf l cXaT_\WTWXf cbe X_ ab Vh`c_\`\Xagb%
lT ab Xf TW`\f\U_X Vb`b `XW\b WX T_VTamTe X_ cebc\b U\Xa% l ft_b fX
]hfg\Y\VT cbe _T fXZhe\WTW WX _bf WX`pf'

@d[[JOX '&0 D\_\ TsTWX T_Zhabf eXdh\f\gbf cTeT fh eXfchXfgT "@@8#'


Jh gXberT ft_b fX Tc_\VT T RWMR_RM^X\ [JLRXWJUN\$ <fgbf \aW\i\Whbf fba
WXY\a\Wbf Vb`b _bf dhX cbfXXa _T VTcTV\WTW WX fXe be\XagTWbf [TV\T
fh cebc\b `X]beT`\Xagb `XW\TagX X_ WXUTgX _\UeX l Xa VbaW\V\baXf WX
\ZhT_WTW ' JXZua D\_\ Xfgb XkV_hlX3 "*# T _bf a\sbf l "+# _bf XfgTW\bf
eXgetZeTWbf WX _T fbV\XWTW' ;;X T[r fX WXfceXaWX dhX X_ WXfcbg\f`b Xf
haT Ybe`T _XZrg\`T WX ZbU\Xeab Xa X_ geTgb Vba _bf UpeUTebf% f\X`ceX dhX
_T Y\aT_\WTW fXT fh cebc\b `X]beT`\Xagb% l _bf `XW\bf fX ]hfg\Y\dhXa T_
cXe`\g\e eXT_`XagX __XZTe T XfX Y\a '
;;XUX dhXWTe Xa V_Teb dhX D\_\ iX T T`Ubf XfgTWbf Vb`b T_Zb
gX`cbeTe\b% WX a\aZua `bWb cXe`TaXagX b \a[XeXagX T X__bf' D\_\ XfgTUT
`hl ceXbVhcTWb Vba _bf cebU_X`Tf WX_ Vb_ba\T_\f`b' <_ l fh cTWeX% T
eTrm WX fh X`c_Xb Xa _T <Tfg @aW\T :b`cTal% gXarTa iTfgT XkcXe\XaV\T Xa
_T TW`\a\fgeTV\ta WX _T @aW\T' GTeT iXe _Tf bc\a\baXf WX A'J' D\_\ fbUeX X_
gX`T chXWX Vbafh_gTefX fh 5XW\RMN[J]RXW\ XW BNY[N\NW]J]R_N 8X_N[WVNW]
"*1/*#% VTcrgh_b OM@@@' 8__r D\_\ WXfUTeTgT _T \agXeceXgTV\ta XVbat`\VT

(((
WX _bf \`cXe\bf% fXsT_T dhX Xa _T Vb`ha\WTW WX_ fh]Xgb gT`U\qa [Tl
bceXfbeXf l bce\`\Wbf % l fbfg\XaX dhX aTW\X fTUX gbWTirT% Xa eXT_\WTW%
Vt`b XfgTU_XVXe ha WXfcbg\f`b UXaqib_b l gX`cbeTe\b' Hh\XaXf fX
\agXeXfTa cbe \agebWhV\e _T WX`bVeTV\T Xa bgebf cTrfXf U\Xa [TerTa Xa
Vbaf\WXeTe XfgT W\Y\Vh_gTW'

**' <f Tcebc\TWb TV_TeTe dhX WX]b WX _TWb gbWT iXagT]T dhX cbWerT
bUgXaXe `\ cbfgh_TWb T cTeg\e WX _T \WXT WX U\Xa TUfgeTVgb% Vb`b T_Zb
\aWXcXaW\XagX WX _T hg\_\WTW' Pb Vbaf\WXeb T _T hg\_\WTW Vb`b TcX_TV\ta
u_g\`T Xa gbWTf _Tf VhXfg\baXf qg\VTf4 cXeb WXUX fXe hg\_\WTW Xa X_ fXag\Wb
`pf T`c_\b% UTfTWT Xa _bf \agXeXfXf cXe`TaXagXf WX_ [b`UeX Vb`b
fXe dhX cebZeXfT' <fbf \agXeXfXf% fbfgXaZb% Thgbe\mTa _T fh]XV\ta WX _T
XfcbagTaX\WTW \aW\i\WhT_ T_ Vbageb_ XkgXeab% ft_b eXfcXVgb WX TdhX__Tf
TVV\baXf WX VTWT hab dhX TgTsXa T_ \agXeqf WX bgeTf cXefbaTf' J\ T_Zh\Xa
Vb`XgX ha TVgb WTs\ab cTeT bgebf% [Tl ha TeZh`Xagb Y[RVJ OJLRN cTeT
VTfg\ZTe_b% cbe _T _Xl b% T__r WbaWX _Tf cXaT_\WTWXf _XZT_Xf ab chXWXa
Tc_\VTefX Xa Ybe`T fXZheT% cbe _T WXfTcebUTV\ta ZXaXeT_' <k\fgXa
gT`U\qa `hV[bf TVgbf cbf\g\ibf cTeT X_ UXaXY\V\b WX _bf WX`pf% dhX Vba
WXeXV[b chXWX fXe bU_\ZTWb T X]XVhgTe4 gT_Xf Vb`b ceXfgTe gXfg\`ba\b
Xa ge\UhaT_Xf4 [TVXe fh ]hfgT cTegX Xa _T WXYXafT Vb`ua% b Xa VhT_dh\Xe
bgeT gTeXT Vba]hagT aXVXfTe\T T _bf \agXeXfXf WX _T fbV\XWTW WX VhlT
cebgXVV\ta ZbmT4 l eXT_\mTe V\Xegb TVgbf WX UXaXY\VXaV\T \aW\i\WhT_% gT_Xf
Vb`b fT_iTe _T i\WT WX hab WX fhf VbaZqaXeXf% b \agXeiXa\e T _bf XYXVgbf
WX cebgXZXe T _bf \aWXYXafbf VbageT X_ `T_ geTgb4 VbfTf dhX% f\X`ceX
dhX Xi\WXagX`XagX Xf WXUXe WX_ [b`UeX [TVXe% chXWXa __XiTe_b T fXe
]hfgT`XagX \aVe\`\aTWb TagX _T fbV\XWTW cbe WX]Te WX [TVXe_Tf' LaT
cXefbaT chXWX [TVXe `T_ T bgeTf ab ft_b cbe fhf TVV\baXf f\ab cbe fh
\aTVV\ta% l Xa VTWT VTfb Xf ]hfgT`XagX eXfcbafTU_X TagX X__bf cbe X_ WTsb
VThfTWb' <_ u_g\`b VTfb% V\Xegb% Xk\ZX ha X]XeV\V\b `hV[b `pf VThgX_bfb
WX _T Vb`ch_f\ta dhX X_ ce\`Xeb' ?TVXe dhX T_Zh\Xa fXT \aVe\`\aTWb
cbe VThfTe WTsb T bgebf Xf _T eXZ_T4 \aVe\`\aTe_b cbe ab \`cXW\e XfX
WTsb Xf% Xa gqe`\abf Vb`cTeTg\ibf% _T XkVXcV\ta' J\a X`UTeZb% [Tl
`hV[bf VTfbf _b fhY\V\XagX`XagX V_Tebf l ZeTiXf Vb`b cTeT ]hfg\Y\VTe
XfT XkVXcV\ta' <a gbWTf _Tf VbfTf Tg\aXagXf T _Tf eX_TV\baXf XkgXeaTf WX_
\ \aW\i\Whb% q_ Xf MN S^[N eXfcbafTU_X TagX Tdhq__bf Vhlbf \agXeXfXf Xfgqa
Xa]hXZb l% WX fXe aXVXfTe\b% TagX _T fbV\XWTW dhX _bf cebgXZX' 8 `XahWb
[Tl UhXaTf eTmbaXf cTeT ab [TVqefX_b eXfcbafTU_X4 cXeb XfgTf eTmbaXf
WXUXa fheZ\e WX _Tf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf XfcXV\T_Xf WX_ VTfb3 fXT cbedhX fX

++,
WT ha VTfb Xa dhX Xf cebUTU_X dhX TVguX `X]be f\ fX _b WX]T _\UeTWb T
fh cebc\T W\fVeXV\ta% dhX f\ Xf Vbageb_TWb cbe T_Zhab WX _bf `XW\bf
T_ T_VTaVX WX _T fbV\XWTW cTeT [TVXe_b4 b cbedhX X_ \agXagb WX X]XeVXe
Vbageb_ cebibVTerT bgebf WTsbf% `TlbeXf dhX _bf dhX Xi\gTerT' :hTaWb
eTmbaXf Vb`b qfgTf \`c\WXa eXfcbafTU\_\mTe T T_Zh\Xa cbe _T YhXemT%
_T VbaV\XaV\T WX_ TZXagX `\f`b WXUXerT bVhcTe X_ f\__ta iTVTagX WX_
]hXm% l cebgXZXe _bf \agXeXfXf WX _bf WX`pf dhX ab g\XaXa cebgXVV\ta
XkgXeaT4 ]hmZpaWbfX T fr `\f`b Vba gTagT `Tlbe e\Z\WXm% cbedhX X_ VTfb
ab TW`\gX dhX fXT cTf\U_X WX fb`XgXefX T_ ]h\V\b WX fhf VbaZqaXeXf'

@d[[JOX ''0 D\_\ ihX_iX T[beT T _T WXYXafT WX fh eXfchXfgT "@@9#' <a


ce\`Xe _hZTe% D\_\ fX TUfg\XaX WX TcX_Te T _bf WXeXV[bf ' {Gbe dhq7 GTeT
X`cXmTe% chXfgb dhX [Tl gTagbf WXeXV[bf% `hV[bf WX _bf VhT_Xf XageTa
Xa VbaY_\Vgb Xa VTfbf XfcXVrY\Vbf% fX abf WX]TerT f\a ha ce\aV\c\b eXVgbe
Xa VTfbf WX VbaY_\Vgb' <a fXZhaWb gqe`\ab% _T gXberT WX _bf WXeXV[bf
ceXfhcbaX haT V_TeT VbaVXcV\ta WX haT aTgheT_XmT [h`TaT Y\]T X
\aiTe\TU_X' :bageT Xfgb% D\_\ fbfg\XaX _T \WXT WX_ [b`UeX Vb`b fXe dhX
cebZeXfT ' <fgb dhXWTep `pf Xa V_Teb Xa bgebf VTcrgh_bf WX_ XafTlb%
cXeb D\_\ ab VeXX Xa haT aTgheT_XmT [h`TaT Y\]T' Jh cXefcXVg\iT Xf
Xib_hV\ba\fgT "X_ [b`UeX VeXVX#% cXeb ab gX_Xb_tZ\VT4 b fXT% dhX ab
VeXVX`bf Xa haT W\eXVV\ta ceXWXgXe`\aTWT'
Mb_iT`bf T_ ce\`Xe TeZh`Xagb% X_ WX dhX _bf WXeXV[bf fba
\aTWXVhTWbf' D\_\ fhZ\XeX dhX aXVXf\gT`bf ha f\fgX`T Xa X_ dhX [TlT
ha ce\aV\c\b u_g\`b T_ dhX chXWT TcX_TefX Xa VTfb WX VbaY_\Vgb' GebcbaX
[T__Te_b Xa X_ ce\aV\c\b WX _T ^]RURMJM$ D\_\ Xf VbabV\Wb Vb`b hg\_\gTe\b% l
XfVe\U\t haT YT`bfT bUeT fbUeX X_ gX`T% g\gh_TWT E]RUR]J[RJWR\V "*1/,#' Eb
cbWX`bf XageTe Tdhr T TaT_\mTe XfT Vb`c_X]T bUeT% `Tf UTfgX fXsT_Te dhX
D\_\ WXYXaWrT X_ ce\aV\c\b WX hg\_\WTW cbedhX cbWrT eXfb_iXe W\fchgTf
Xa _Tf dhX bgebf ce\aV\c\bf WX a\iX_ \aYXe\be fXZhrTa Xa VbaY_\Vgb' <_
X]X`c_b dhX WT Xa CXK[N UJ URKN[]JM TVXeVT WX _T Tc_\VTV\ta WX fh eXfchXfgT
VhUeX Wbf TfcXVgbf' Ge\`Xeb abf ceXZhagT`bf3 {La TVgb Xf abV\ib
cTeT _bf WX`pf7 P _hXZb3 {@`cXW\e XfgX TVgb abV\ib cebibVTerT
bgebf `T_Xf% `TlbeXf WX _bf dhX \`cXW\erT7 ' IXVhqeWXfX X_ VTfb WX_
Geb[\U\V\ba\f`b'

*+' GXeb [Tl haT XfYXeT WX TVV\ta Xa _T VhT_ _T fbV\XWTW% T W\YXeXaV\T WX_
\aW\i\Whb% ft_b g\XaX ha \agXeqf \aW\eXVgb% f\ Xf dhX _b g\XaX3 TUTeVT gbWT
XfT cTegX WX _T i\WT l VbaWhVgT WX haT cXefbaT dhX ft_b TYXVgT T fr `\f`T

('*
b% WX TYXVgTe gT`U\qa T bgebf% ft_b Vba fh VbafXag\`\Xagb l cTeg\V\cTV\ta
_\UeX% ib_hagTe\T l f\a XaZTsbf' :hTaWb W\Zb ft_b T fr `\f`T% dh\Xeb WXV\e
WX `TaXeT W\eXVgT% l Xa ce\`XeT \afgTaV\T3 cbedhX gbWb _b dhX TYXVgT T
_T cXefbaT `\f`T% chXWX TYXVgTe T X][X\ cbe fh \agXe`XW\b4 l _T bU]XV\ta
dhX chXWX YhaWTefX Xa XfgT Vbag\aZXaV\T% eXV\U\ep Vbaf\WXeTV\ta Xa _T
fXVhX_T' <f qfgT% XagbaVXf% _T Tcebc\TWT XfYXeT WX _T _\UXegTW [h`TaT'
:b`ceXaWX% ce\`Xeb% X_ Wb`\a\b \agXeab WX _T VbaV\XaV\T4 Xk\ZX _\UXegTW
WX VbaV\XaV\T% Xa X_ fXag\Wb `pf T`c_\b4 _\UXegTW WX cXafT`\Xagb l
fXag\`\Xagb4 TUfb_hgT _\UXegTW WX bc\a\ta l fXag\e Xa gbWbf _bf WX`pf%
cepVg\Vbf b XfcXVh_Tg\ibf% V\XagrY\Vbf% `beT_Xf b gXb_tZ\Vbf' CT _\UXegTW
WX XkceXfTe l chU_\VTe bc\a\baXf cbWerT VeXXefX XaVhTWeTWT UT]b ha
W\YXeXagX ce\aV\c\b% chXfgb dhX VbeeXfcbaWX T XfT cTegX WX _T VbaWhVgT
WX ha \aW\i\Whb dhX VbaV\XeaX T bgeTf cXefbaTf4 cXeb% f\XaWb VTf\ WX
gTagT \`cbegTaV\T Vb`b _T _\UXegTW WX cXafT`\Xagb `\f`T% l UTfpaWbfX
Xa ZeTa `XW\WT Xa _Tf `\f`Tf eTmbaXf% Xf cepVg\VT`XagX \afXcTeTU_X
WX X__T' JXZhaWb% X_ ce\aV\c\b eXdh\XeX _\UXegTW WX Zhfgbf l TY\V\baXf4
cTeT XfgehVgheTe X_ c_Ta WX i\WT dhX fX TWXVuX T ahXfgeb cebc\b
VTepVgXe4 cTeT [TVXe _b dhX abf c_TmVT% fh]Xgb T _Tf VbafXVhXaV\Tf dhX
X__b gXaZT4 f\a \`cXW\`Xagb WX ahXfgebf VbaZqaXeXf% Xa _T `XW\WT Xa
dhX _b dhX [TVX`bf ab _bf cXe]hW\VT% Tha VhTaWb chXWTa cXafTe dhX
ahXfgeT VbaWhVgT Xf gbagT% cXeiXefT b Xdh\ibVTWT' KXeVXeb% T cTeg\e WX
XfgT _\UXegTW WX VTWT \aW\i\Whb% f\ZhX _T _\UXegTW% WXageb WX _bf `\f`bf
_r`\gXf% WX TfbV\TV\ta XageX _bf \aW\i\Whbf4 _\UXegTW cTeT ha\efX% cTeT
VhT_dh\Xe Y\a dhX ab \`c_\dhX cXe]h\V\b cTeT _bf WX`pf4 fX fhcbaX dhX
_Tf cXefbaTf Tfr TfbV\TWTf fba `TlbeXf WX XWTW% l ab [Ta f\Wb bU_\ZTWTf
b XaZTsTWTf'

@d[[JOX '(0 <a XfgX cpeeTYb D\_\ [TVX Wbf VbfTf' Ge\`Xeb% f\ZhX
TV_TeTaWb _b dhX \`c_\VT fh eXfchXfgT4 fXZhaWb% Vbaf\WXeT bU]XV\baXf
T fh gXberT'
CT XfYXeT WX ce\iTV\WTW lT [T f\Wb XfgTU_XV\WT Xa X_ cpeeTYb 2 Vb`b
_T `XagX l X_ VhXecb' <fgb f\Za\Y\VT% XfcXVrY\VT`XagX3 "*# _\UXegTW WX
cXafT`\Xagb l XkceXf\ta "X_TUbeTWT h_gXe\be`XagX Xa X_ VTcrgh_b Wbf#4
"+# _\UXegTW cTeT XfVbZXe X_ cebc\b Xfg\_b WX i\WT "X_TUbeTWT h_gXe\be`XagX
Xa X_ VTcrgh_b geXf#4 l ",# _\UXegTW cTeT TfbV\TefX XageX \aW\i\Whbf cTeT
[TVXe bgeb gTagb Vba X_ eXdh\f\gb WX dhX ab \`c_\dhX cXe]h\V\b cTeT _bf
WX`pf '
<_ _XVgbe TWiXeg\ep Vba dhq Vh\WTWb X_ ce\`Xe VTcrgh_b WX D\_\ ceXcTeT

('+
_T XfVXaT cTeT fhf cbfgXe\beXf VTcrgh_bf' 8cTeXagX`XagX% f\X`ceX fX
ceXZhagTUT T fr `\f`b Vt`b eXfcbaWXerT X_ _XVgbe T _b dhX TVTUT WX
WXV\e' ;;XUX WX [TUXe geTUT]TWb Vba ha XfdhX`T% l [TUXefX ceXZhagTWb
f\X`ceX T fr `\f`b3 {Gbe dhq XfVe\U\e Xfgb Xa _hZTe WX _b bgeb4 cbe dhq
hU\VTe XfgX cpeeTYb Tdhr l ab T__p7
C_XZT`bf T[beT T @@;;' {Hhq bU]XV\ta VbageT fh gXberT Vbaf\WXeT D\_\7
:baf\WXeT T_Zb dhX fX [T VbaiXeg\Wb Xa eXfchXfgT V_pf\VT3 k7aR\]N ^WJ
JLLRgW Z^N \gUX LXWLRN[WJ JU RWMR_RM^X2 ;;X XageTWT TW`\gX dhX gbWb _b dhX
TYXVgT T _T cXefbaT `\f`T% chXWX TYXVgTe T bgebf cbe fh \agXe`XW\b '
Jh eXfchXfgT Xfgp Xa cbfgXeZTe _T eXfchXfgT W\eXVgT T XfgT bU]XV\ta' CT
eXgb`T WpaWb_X T`c_\T Vbaf\WXeTV\ta Xa X_ VTcrgh_b VhTgeb' MqTfX X_
f\Zh\XagX cpeeTYb3

*,' E\aZhaT fbV\XWTW Xa _T dhX% Xa gqe`\abf ZXaXeT_Xf% ab fX eXfcXgTa


XfgTf _\UXegTWXf% Xf _\UeX% fXT VhT_ YhXeX fh Ybe`T WX ZbU\Xeab4 l a\aZhaT
Xf gbgT_`XagX _\UeX f\ ab Xk\fgXa WX `TaXeT TUfb_hgT X \aW\fchgTWT'
CT ua\VT _\UXegTW dhX `XeXVX fh ab`UeX% Xf _T WX cXefXZh\e ahXfgeb
cebc\b U\Xa T ahXfgeT cebc\T `TaXeT% `\XageTf ab \agXagX`bf ce\iTe T
bgebf WX_ fhlb% b \`cXW\e fhf XfYhXembf cbe T_VTamTe_b' :TWT hab Xf X_
Tcebc\TWb VhfgbW\b WX fh cebc\T fT_hW% fXT Yrf\VT% b `XagT_ l Xfc\e\ghT_'
CT [h`Ta\WTW g\XaX `pf dhX ZTaTe cXe`\g\XaWb dhX VTWT hab i\iT
Vb`b U\Xa _X cTeXmVT% dhX bU_\ZTaWb T VTWT hab T i\i\e Vb`b _X cTeXmVT
U\Xa T_ eXfgb'

@d[[JOX ')0 <a XfgX cpeeTYb D\_\ fr \aW\VT Vhp_ [T WX fXe fh eXfchXfgT
Y\aT_ l% T_ [TVXe_b% eXiX_T `pf V_TeT`XagX _bf [XV[bf l fhchXfgbf WX dhX
cTegX "@@:#' ;;\VX3 CT [h`Ta\WTW g\XaX `pf dhX ZTaTe cXe`\g\XaWb dhX
VTWT hab i\iT Vb`b U\Xa _X cTeXmVT% dhX bU_\ZTaWb T VTWT hab T i\i\e
Vb`b _X cTeXmVT U\Xa T_ eXfgb ' Eb iT `pf T__p cbe X_ `b`Xagb% cXeb Xa
X_ VTcrgh_b geXf cebVheT WX`bfgeTe% `XW\TagX NSNVYUX\ MN QNLQX\ QR\]g[RLX\"
dhX _Tf fbV\XWTWXf f\X`ceX [Ta TiTamTWb cbedhX T_Zhabf \aW\i\Whbf
gXarTa fhY\V\XagX iT_XagrT Vb`b cTeT fXe W\YXeXagXf'
<_ \^Y^N\]X dhX [Tl cbe WXgepf WX XfgX TeZh`Xagb% Vb`b chXWX
iXefX Xa X_ cpeeTYb **% Xf dhX X_ [b`UeX ab g\XaX haT aTgheT_XmT Y\]T'
J\X`ceX [TUep ahXiTf VbaW\V\baXf dhX XaYeXagTe% dhX eXdh\XeTa ahXiTf
eXfchXfgTf% l `\XageTf _T XfcXV\X fXT _\UeX WX WXfTeeb__Te T_gXeaTg\iTf Xf
cebUTU_X dhX fbUeXi\iT' GeXfhcbaXe dhX X_ [b`UeX g\XaX haT aTgheT_XmT
Y\]T% b dhX ab gXaWepa dhX XaYeXagTefX VbaW\V\baXf ahXiTf% fhcbaX ha

+
VbabV\`\Xagb \aYT_\U_X WX cTegX WX _bf bcbf\gbeXf WX D\_\' <fgX WX`b_Xep
X_ fhchXfgb WX \aYT_\U\_\WTW Xa X_ VTcrgh_b Wbf'

*-­' 8hadhX XfgT WbVge\aT W\fgT WX fXe ahXiT% l% cTeT T_ZhaTf cXefbaTf%
chXWX gXaXe V\Xegb T\eX WX iXeWTW VbafTU\WT% ab [Tl WbVge\aT dhX Xa
Ybe`T `pf W\eXVgT fX bcbaZT T _T gXaWXaV\T ZXaXeT_ WX _T bc\a\ta l
_T cepVg\VT Xk\fgXagX' CT fbV\XWTW [T \aiXeg\Wb gTagbf XfYhXembf Xa X_
\agXagb "fXZua fhf _hVXf# WX bU_\ZTe T _T ZXagX T TWXVhTefX T fhf \WXTf WX
XkVX_XaV\T cXefbaT_% Vb`b WX XkVX_XaV\T fbV\T_' CTf Tag\ZhTf TfbV\TV\baXf
WX aTV\baXf fX VeXrTa Vba WXeXV[b T ceTVg\VTe% l _bf Tag\Zhbf Y\_tfbYbf
TVXcgTUTa _T eXZ_T`XagTV\ta WX VTWT cTegX WX _T VbaWhVgT ce\iTWT cbe _T
Thgbe\WTW cuU_\VT% fbUeX _T UTfX WX dhX X_ <fgTWb gXarT cebYhaWb \agXeqf
Xa gbWT _T W\fV\c_\aT VbecbeT_ l Yrf\VT WX VTWT hab WX fhf VbaV\hWTWTabf4
`bWb WX cXafTe dhX chXWX [TUXe f\Wb TW`\f\U_X Xa cXdhXsTf eXcuU_\VTf
ebWXTWTf WX cbWXebfbf XaX`\Zbf% Xa cX_\Zeb VbafgTagX WX fXe irVg\`Tf
WX_ TgTdhX XkgXeab b _T Vba`bV\ta \agXeaT% l cTeT _Tf VhT_Xf [TfgT ha
UeXiX \agXeiT_b WX TY_b]T`\Xagb WX_ cbWXe l WX ThgbZbU\Xeab cbWerTa
gTa YpV\_`XagX fXe YTgT_% dhX ab cbWrTa WTefX X_ _h]b WX TZhTeWTe _bf
cXe`TaXagXf XYXVgbf fT_hWTU_Xf WX _T _\UXegTW' <a X_ `haWb `bWXeab% X_
`Tlbe gT`Tsb WX _Tf Vb`ha\WTWXf cb_rg\VTf% l% fbUeX gbWb% _T fXcTeTV\ta
XageX Thgbe\WTW Xfc\e\ghT_ l gX`cbeT_ "dhX Vb_bVTUT _T W\eXVV\ta WX _T
VbaV\XaV\T WX _bf [b`UeXf Xa `Tabf W\fg\agTf T _Tf dhX Vbageb_TUTa
fhf Tfhagbf WX XfgX `haWb# \`cXWrT gTa ZeTaWX \a]XeXaV\T WX _T _Xl Xa
_bf WXgT__Xf WX _T Xk\fgXaV\T ce\iTWT4 cXeb _Tf `pdh\aTf WX _T eXceXf\ta
`beT_ [Ta f\Wb Tc_\VTWTf Vba `pf YhXemT VbageT gbWT W\iXeZXaV\T
eXfcXVgb WX _T bc\a\ta eX\aTagX Xa Tfhagbf ce\iTWbf dhX Tha Xa _bf
fbV\T_Xf4 _T eX_\Z\ta% X_ `pf cbWXebfb WX _bf X_X`Xagbf dhX cTeg\V\cT
WX _T Ybe`h_TV\ta WX_ fXag\`\Xagb `beT_% VTf\ f\X`ceX [T f\Wb eXZ\WT
cbe _T T`U\V\ta WX haT ]XeTedhrT% dhX UhfVT X]XeVXe Vbageb_ fbUeX VTWT
WXcTegT`Xagb WX _T VbaWhVgT [h`TaT% b cbe X_ Xfcre\gh WX_ Ghe\gTa\f`b'
P T_Zhabf WX Xfgbf `bWXeabf eXYbe`\fgTf dhX fX [Ta Vb_bVTWb Xa _T
`pf YhXegX bcbf\V\ta T _Tf eX_\Z\baXf WX_ cTfTWb% T[beT Xfgpa WXgepf WX
\Z_Xf\Tf b fXVgTf Xa fh TY\e`TV\ta WX_ WXeXV[b T_ Wb`\a\b Xfc\e\ghT_3 D'
:b`gX% Xa cTeg\Vh_Te% Vhlb f\fgX`T fbV\T_% gT_ Vb`b fX WXfTeeb__T Xa fh
D[JR]N MN @XUR]RZ^N @X\R]R_N" Tfc\eT T XfgTU_XVXe "ThadhX `pf Tc_\VTaWb _T
`beT_ dhX _T _Xl# ha WXfcbg\f`b WX _T fbV\XWTW fbUeX X_ \aW\i\Whb% dhX
fhcXeT VhTagb [TlT f\Wb VbagX`c_TWb Xa X_ \WXT_ cb_rg\Vb WX_ `pf erZ\Wb
W\fV\c_\aTe\b XageX _bf Tag\Zhbf Y\_tfbYbf'
@d[[JOX '*0 <a XfgX cpeeTYb D\_\ Vbaf\WXeT _T bU]XV\ta "@@;;# dhX
fXerT c_TagXTWT cbe dh\XaXf Ybe`h_TerTa X_ cebU_X`T WX `TaXeT
W\YXeXagX "@@8# l "@@;;#' ?Tl dh\XaXf TeZh`XagTepa dhX X_ <fgTWb
g\XaX cebYhaWb \agXeqf Xa gbWT _T W\fV\c_\aT VbecbeT_ l Yrf\VT WX VTWT
hab WX fhf V\hWTWTabf ' D\_\ c\XafT Xa X_ \aW\i\Whb% Xa eX_TV\ta Vba
_T fbV\XWTW% WX_ `bWb Xa dhX haT cXefbaT chXWX b ab fXe `\X`Ueb WX
ha V_hU' GeXfh`\U_X`XagX% _bf \aW\i\Whbf chXWXa X_XZ\e l fXe X_XZ\Wbf'
Jhf bcbaXagXf g\XaXa haT VbaVXcV\ta X[PdWRLJ WX_ \aW\i\Whb l _T
fbV\XWTW' F fXT% dhX TeZh`XagTa dhX ha \aW\i\Whb Xf Vb`b haT cTegX
WX_ VhXecb% haT XkgeX`\WTW% cbe X]X`c_b% l ab chXWX fbUeXi\i\e b gXaXe
haT \WXag\WTW fXcTeTWT WX fh YhaV\ta fbV\T_' <_ _XVgbe WXUX WXV\W\e Vhp_
WX XfgTf T_gXeaTg\iTf Xf `pf c_Thf\U_X'
D\_\ Tge\UhlX _bf chagbf WX i\fgT WX fhf bcbaXagXf T _Tf VbaW\V\baXf
\afXZheTf WX _T i\WT Xa _T Tag\ZvXWTW% _Tf dhX lT ab Xk\fgXa cTeT q_'
{<f qfgT haT Xkc_\VTV\ta VbeeXVgT WX cbe dhq bgebf fbfg\XaXa haT i\f\ta
beZpa\VT "@@@9#7 D\_\ V\gT Vb`b X]X`c_b T_ cXafTWbe YeTaVqf :b`gX "@;;#'
Fgebf X]X`c_bf ab `XaV\baTWbf fXerTa DTek% ?XZX_ l% Xa @aZ_TgXeeT% K'
?' >eXXa'

*.' =hXeT WX _bf cXVh_\TeXf VeXWbf WX _bf cXafTWbeXf \aW\i\WhT_Xf% fX


WT gT`U\qa% Xa gbWb X_ `haWb% haT VeXV\XagX \aV_\aTV\ta T XkgXaWXe
\aWXU\WT`XagX _bf cbWXeXf WX _T fbV\XWTW fbUeX X_ \aW\i\Whb% gTagb cbe
_T YhXemT WX _T bc\a\ta Vb`b Tha WX _T _XZ\f_TV\ta3 l Vb`b _T gXaWXaV\T
WX gbWbf _bf VT`U\bf dhX g\XaXa _hZTe Xa X_ `haWb TchagT T eXYbemTe
T _T fbV\XWTW% l W\f`\ah\e X_ cbWXe WX_ \aW\i\Whb% XfgT \ageb`\f\ta ab
Xf hab WX _bf `T_Xf dhX g\XaWXa XfcbagpaXT`XagX T WXfTcTeXVXe f\ab%
cbe X_ VbageTe\b% T [TVXefX VTWT iXm `pf Ybe`\WTU_X' CT W\fcbf\V\ta WX
_T [h`Ta\WTW( fXT Xa gTagb ZbUXeaTagXf b VbaV\hWTWTabf% T \`cbaXe
fhf cebc\Tf bc\a\baXf X \aV_\aTV\baXf Vb`b eXZ_T WX VbaWhVgT cTeT _bf
WX`pf% Xf gTa XaqeZ\VT`XagX TcblTWT cbe T_Zhabf WX _bf `X]beXf l
T_Zhabf WX _bf cXbeXf fXag\`\Xagbf Tg\aXagXf T _T XfcXV\X [h`TaT% dhX
eTeT iXm fX _T cbaX T Vbgb% Vb`b ab fXT cbe _T YT_gT WX cbWXe4 l Vb`b
X_ cbWXe ab WXV_\aT% f\ab dhX VeXVX% T `Xabf dhX chXWT Xe\Z\efX haT
cbWXebfT UTeeXeT WX Vbai\VV\ta `beT_ VbageT XfX WTsb% VTUX XfcXeTe%
Xa _Tf TVghT_Xf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf \`cXeTagXf Xa X_ `haWb% dhX iTlT Xa
Th`Xagb'

('.
@d[[JOX '+0 D\_\ eXc\gX dhX X_ cebU_X`T Xf \`cbegTagX cTeT fh cebc\T
qcbVT' {Cb Xf cTeT _T ahXfgeT7

*/' JXeT VbaiXa\XagX cTeT ahXfgeb TeZh`Xagb% f\% Xa iXm WX TWXageTeabf


WX haT iXm Xa _T gXf\f ZXaXeT_% abf V\eVhafVe\U\`bf Xa ce\`XeT
\afgTaV\T T haT f\`c_X eT`\Y\VTV\ta WX _T `\f`T% Xa _T VhT_ X_
ce\aV\c\b Tdhr XfgTU_XV\Wb% f\ ab c_XaT`XagX% Xf T_ `Xabf% [TfgT V\Xegb
chagb% eXVbabV\Wb cbe _Tf TVghT_Xf bc\a\baXf' <fgT eT`\Y\VTV\ta Xf _T
C\UXegTW WX GXafT`\Xagb3 WX _T VhT_ Xf \`cbf\U_X fXcTeTe _T VbZaTWT
_\UXegTW WX XkceXf\ta iXeUT_ l XfVe\gT' 8hadhX XfgTf _\UXegTWXf% Xa ZeTWb
Vbaf\WXeTU_X% Ybe`Ta cTegX WX _T `beT_ cb_rg\VT WX gbWbf _bf cTrfXf dhX
cebYXfTa ZbmTe WX gb_XeTaV\T eX_\Z\bfT X \afg\ghV\baXf _\UeXf% _Tf UTfXf%
gTagb Y\_bftY\VTf Vb`b cepVg\VTf% Xa dhX WXfVTafTa gT_ iXm ab fXTa gTa
YT`\_\TeXf T_ cXafT`\Xagb ZXaXeT_% a\ gTa VTUT_`XagX TceXV\TWTf cbe
gTagbf% Tha XageX _bf VbaWhVgbeXf WX bc\a\ta% Vb`b cbWerT XfcXeTefX'
<fgTf UTfXf% XagXaW\WTf erZ\WT`XagX% fX Tc_\VTa `hV[b `pf dhX T haT
fb_T W\i\f\ta WX_ gX`T% l _T c_XaT Vbaf\WXeTV\ta T_ eXfgb' 8dhX__bf cTeT
dh\XaXf aTWT dhX lb Xfgq cbe WXV\e fXep ahXib cbe _b gTagb chXWXa%
XfcXeb% W\Vh_cTe`X% f\ fbUeX ha gX`T dhX WheTagX geXf f\Z_bf [T f\Wb gTa
T `XahWb W\fVhg\Wb% TiXagheb T[beT haT W\fVhf\ta `pf'

@d[[JOX ',0 D\_\ VbaV_hlX fh VTcrgh_b \aW\VTaWb dhq [Tep Xa X_


f\Zh\XagX' Jbfg\XaX dhX eXgb`Tep X_ gT`T WX T_ VXafheT l _b XfZe\`\ep
Vb`b X]X`c_b4 f\ hfgXW Xfgp WX TVhXeWb Vba _b dhX q_ W\VX fbUeX _T
VXafheT% XagbaVXf VeXX dhX XfgTep WX TVhXeWb Vba fh TeZh`XagTV\ta Xa
fh gbgT_\WTW' <fgTf UTfXf% XagXaW\WTf VbeeXVgT`XagX% fba WX Tc_\VTV\ta
`hV[b `pf iTfgT '
/3/:-­2-­27;;
<A<I:@:@F *

@WXag\Y\dhX _T YT_TV\T b W\Y\Vh_gTWXf cbgXaV\T_Xf Xa VTWT haT WX _Tf


f\Zh\XagXf TY\e`TV\baXf' 8 iXVXf Xf cbf\U_X `pf WX haT eXfchXfgT'

*' |9XUT JV[TXYYXe <f _T VXeiXmT dhX `pf fX iXaWX Xa EhXiT Pbe^'
+' JXZua X_ 8VgT WX_ :baZeXfb WX <<'LL' WX_ / WX ]ha\b% X_ fXsbe J' Xf
ha Vb`ha\fgT'
,' :b`b Xa X_ ha\iXefb gbWb g\XaX ha Vb`\Xamb% X_ ha\iXefb Vb`b ha
gbWb WXUX gXaXe ha Vb`\Xamb'
-­' :_Teb dhX A\`qaXm Xfgp Xa YTibe WX Vbafgeh\e `pf [bfc\gT_Xf' {<f
ha VbageTg\fgT WX bUeTf% ab7
.' :_Teb dhX X_ fXaTWbe A' Xfgp Xa YTibe WX Th`XagTe _bf ZTfgbf WX
WXYXafT3 _T XVbab`rT WX fh <fgTWb WXcXaWX WX X__b'
/' Eb fbl \aVb[XeXagX% fbl ceTZ`pg\Vb'
0' Cbf <fgTWbf La\Wbf ab WXUXerTa iXefX ahaVT \`c_\VTWbf Xa
VbaY_\Vgbf Vba cTrfXf WbaWX fX [TU_T X_ YeTaVqf' |D\eXa _b dhX
bVhee\t Xa M\XgaT`% Xa _X CrUTab% Xa ?T\gr
1' DX a\XZb T dhX `X gb`Xa _T cehXUT cb_\ZepY\VT cbedhX _T fhZXeXaV\T
`\f`T WX fb`XgXe`X T XfT cehXUT Xf ha TgTdhX T `\ \agXZe\WTW'
2' {:t`b chXWX TgTVTe X_ cebZeT`T 9NJM#C]J[]7 ?T f\Wb Xk\gbfb cTeT
VeXTe YhXagXf WX geTUT]b l Xfg\`h_Te _T XVbab`rT'
*)' KXaX`bf dhX [TVXe ha cTVgb Vba X_ T_VT_WX ;;' ?TfgT Ab[a BXaaXWl
[\mb ha cTVgb Vba q_'
**' <_ =O*0 g\XaX dhX fXe ha Ti\ta WX Vb`UTgX fhcXe\be T_ =O */'
*+' ;;\bf TlhWT T dh\XaXf fX TlhWTa'
*,' KbWb Xf eX_Tg\ib'
*-­' EhXfgeb cebZeT`T [T f\Wb ha qk\gb' GeXZhagXa T dh\XaXf
cTeg\V\cTeba'
*.' {?T WX]TWb WX cXZTe_X T fh XfcbfT7
*/' <_ ]heTWb ahaVT _X VeXXep T T_Zh\Xa dhX cXeW\t geXf VTfbf'

++,
*0' ?pZT_X haT bYXegT dhX ab chXWT eXV[TmTe'
*1' KbWb X_ `haWb Xf cebWhVgb WX fh T`U\XagX4 Tfr dhX eXT_`XagX ab
cbWX`bf Vh_cTe T _bf WX_\aVhXagXf' Cbf iXeWTWXebf Vh_cTU_X fba
_bf `\X`Uebf WX_ f\fgX`T dhX VeXTeba X_ T`U\XagX'
*2' EhXfgeb cTrf ahaVT WXUXerT iXefX \`c_\VTWb Xa a\aZhaT ZhXeeT%
cbedhX gbWTf _Tf ZhXeeTf bYeXVXa WX`Tf\TWTf bcbegha\WTWXf cTeT
_T VbaWhVgT Ve\`\aT_ X \a`beT_ WX cTegX WX _Tf cebc\Tf gebcTf'
+)' Eb XfgTU_XVXeX`bf Vhcbf% XfgT`bf VbageT _bf Vhcbf' J\`c_X`XagX%
XfgT`bf Y\]TaWb `XgTf dhX VeXX`bf chXWXa fXe T_VTamTWTf
`XW\TagX ha XfYhXemb WX UhXaT YX WXageb WX _bf g\X`cbf Tf\ZaTWbf'
ETgheT_`XagX dhX _T `X]be `TaXeT WX WX`bfgeTe fh UhXaT YX Xf
T_VTamTe _T `XgT'
+*' <fgb Xf eXVXf\ta% ab WXceXf\ta'
++' CTf cehXUTf WX :@ ab fba VbaY\TU_Xf3 ab `\WXa _T \agX_\ZXaV\T% f\ab
ft_b _T VTcTV\WTW cTeT Vb`ceXaWXe l `TaX]Te fr`Ub_bf' 8WX`pf%
aTW\X fTUX dhq Xf% eXT_`XagX% _T \agX_\ZXaV\T'
+,' EhXfgeT fbV\XWTW ceXfXagT Wbf cebU_X`Tf VXageT_Xf3 ce\`Xeb%
`hl cbVT ZXagX bUg\XaX _b ]hfgb4 fXZhaWb% ahXfgeT fbV\XWTW Xf
WX`Tf\TWb `TgXe\T_\fgT'
+-­' Cbf Xfdh\`T_Xf ab fba UT]bf' :babmVb T hab dhX `\WX Wbf `Xgebf'
+.' CTf `h]XeXf ZTaTa `Xabf dhX _bf [b`UeXf4 Tfr dhX fh XfcbfT [T
WX ZTaTe `Xabf dhX hfgXW'
+/' KeTW\V\baT_`XagX fX [T W\fVe\`\aTWb VbageT _Tf `h]XeXf' <f [beT
WX dhX _bf [b`UeXf cehXUXa fh cebc\T `XW\V\aT'
+0' 8_Zhabf [Ta TVhfTWb T `\ ZbU\Xeab WX YeTVTfb' GXeb lb _b iXb
Vb`b haT VbcT __XaT T `XW\Tf% ab iTVrT T `XW\Tf'
+1' =\fVT_3 Jq dhX _bf XfcXV\T_\fgTf __T`TWbf cbe X_ TVhfTWb fbfg\XaXa
dhX WX a\aZhaT `TaXeT cbWerT fXe X_ cTWeX WX_ a\sb WX `\ W\XagT%
cXeb fX fTUX dhX T iXVXf _bf XfcXV\T_\fgTf fX Xdh\ibVTa' 8WX`pf%
`XeXVX fXe VTfg\ZTWb cbe gXaXe eX_TV\baXf fXkhT_Xf YhXeT WX_
`Tge\`ba\b '
+2' <a iXm WX bcgTe XageX X_ ZeTWb WX XkVX_XaV\T l _bf Vhcbf% __XZhX`bf
T haT TiXaXaV\T3 T VTWT Zehcb fX _X Tf\ZaTep ha Vhcb% cXeb WXageb
WX VTWT Zehcb [TUep Vb`cXgXaV\T Xa UTfX T _T XkVX_XaV\T'
<A<I:@:@F +3 =8C8:@8J @E;;L:K@M8J

*' J\a Tcblb cuU_\Vb ab chXWb gXaXe qk\gb'


+' CT ZhXeeT WX M\XgaT` Xf eXfcbafTU_X WX dhX gbWbf Xfbf ]tiXaXf dhX
ceXfgTUTa fXei\V\b fX Vbai\eg\XeTa Xa WebZTW\Vgbf'
,' J\ ab `X fTUbgXTa `\f XaX`\Zbf% `\ c_Ta gXaWep qk\gb'
-­' DX bcbaZb T _T XWhVTV\ta ha\iXef\gTe\T cTZT' J\a XWhVTV\ta
ZeTgh\gT% lb ahaVT cbWerT [TUXe __XZTWb T fXe \agXaWXagX WX XfgT
V\hWTW'
.' Cbf `\X`Uebf WX Zehcbf `\abe\gTe\bf TVhfTa gXaWXaV\Tf WX_\Vg\iTf'
{JX Y\]t Vhpagbf Xfgpa Xa _T VpeVX_7
/' JX W\VX dhX WXfWX dhX fX \aVbecbet X_ cebZeT`T XfcXV\T_ Xa
Tfgeb_bZrT% _Tf abgTf [Ta fhU\Wb `hV[b' Eb Xf Tfr' CTf abgTf Xa _bf
WXcTegT`Xagbf WX [\fgbe\T l cf\Vb_bZrT% cbe X]X`c_b% [Ta fXZh\Wb
f\XaWb _Tf `\f`Tf WheTagX gbWb X_ cXerbWb'

<A<I:@:@F ,3 J@CF>@JDFJ

*' KbWbf _bf f\_bZ\f`bf \aiT_\WTWbf i\b_Ta haT WX geXf eXZ_Tf% l XfgX
f\_bZ\f`b Xf ip_\Wb' <a VbafXVhXaV\T% XfgX f\_bZ\f`b ab i\b_T haT
WX geXf eXZ_Tf'
+' ;;baWX [Tl cebgXfgTf% [Tl \a]hfg\V\T' Eb [Tl \a]hfg\V\T Xa XfX cTrf%
cbedhX ab fX blXa cebgXfgTf T__r'
,' E\aZua [h`Ta\fgT Xf VeXlXagX' ;;X T[r dhX _bf [h`Ta\fgTf
ab dhXWXa fXe [b`UeXf `beT_Xf% cbedhX _bf VeXlXagXf ab fba
\a`beT_Xf'

I<JGL<JK8J 8C <A<I:@:@F *

*' 3M YXY^U^V$
+' 8cX_TV\ta XeetaXT T _T Thgbe\WTW' CTf 8VgTf WX_ :baZeXfb WX <<'LL'
Vbag\XaXa gbWTf _Tf WXV_TeTV\baXf XYXVghTWTf cbe _bf VbaZeXfT_Xf%
fXTa VbeebUbeTWTf b ab'
,' :b`cbf\V\ta'
-­' 3M QXVRWNV$
.' 3M QXVRWNV$

((+
/' 8cX_TaWb T haT iXeWTW fhcXe\be'
0' >XaXeT_\mTV\ta TceXfheTWT'
1' 3M QXVRWNV$ 8UTaWbaX _T W\fVhf\ta'
2' ;;Xfi\TaWb _T TgXaV\ta3 [TV\XaWb ha __T`T`\Xagb T _T cXeYXVV\ta4
aTWT `pf dhX bU]XV\baXf4 TcX_TaWb T_ cebc\b \agXeqf% XgV'
*)' 8cX_TaWb T_ ceXVXWXagX'
**' Eu`Xebf `pf T_gbf'
*+' 8eZh`Xagb V\eVh_Te'
*,' @aVb[XeXaV\T'
*-­' 8cX_TaWb T_ cebc\b \agXeqf'
*.' GeXZhagT VTcV\bfT'
*/' 3M QXVRWNV$
*0' 8cX_TaWb T _T YhXemT JM KJL^U^V!$
*1' @aVb[XeXaV\T'
*2' ;;Xfi\TaWb _T TgXaV\ta4 TcX_TaWb T _T Vb`cTf\ta'
+)' <dhribVb4 cXafT`\Xagb VeXTg\ib'
+*' <dhribVb'
++' <dhribVb4 \aVb[XeXaV\T'
+,' @aVb[XeXaV\T'
+-­' :b`cbf\V\ta'
+.' ;;\i\f\ta'
+/' ;;bf XaghXegbf [TVXa ha WXeXV[b'
+0' 8aT_bZrT Y\ZheTg\iT4 WXfi\TaWb _T TgXaV\ta'
+1' 8gTdhX T _T XkcXe\XaV\T4 WXfi\TaWb _T TgXaV\ta'
+2' ;;beTWb gqe`\ab `XW\b'

I<JGL<JK8J 8C <A<I:@:@F +

*' 8Y\e`TaWb _T VbafXVhXaV\T'


J\ ab gXaZb Tcblb cuU_\Vb% YeTVTfTeq' =eTVTfq'
+' @X\] QXL b i\b_TV\ta WX _bf DqgbWbf WX D\_\'
,' 8Y\e`TaWb _T VbafXVhXaV\T'
-­' @X\] QXL "Wbf iXVXf cbe _b `Xabf#'
.' MTe\TV\ta VbaVb`\gTagX'
/' <fgTWrfg\VTf dhX \aWhVXa T Xeebe'
I<JGL<JK8J 8C <A<I:@:@F ,

*' KbWb f\_bZ\f`b dhX ab i\b_X haT WX _Tf geXf eXZ_Tf Xf ha f\_bZ\f`b
ip_\Wb'
<fgX f\_bZ\f`b Xf ha f\_bZ\f`b ip_\Wb'
Gbe _b gTagb% XfgX f\_bZ\f`b ab i\b_T haT WX _Tf geXf eXZ_Tf' :W_JURMJMX
"gqe`\ab `XW\b ab W\fge\Uh\Wb#'
+' :W_JURMJMX "gqe`\ab W\fge\Uh\Wb Xa _T VbaV_hf\ta cXeb ab Xa _T
ceX`\fT VXageT_#'
,' :W_JURMJMX "Wbf ceX`\fTf aXZTg\iTf#'
<f \`cbegTagX dhX haT TeZh`XagTV\ta chXWT iXefX Vb`b haT fXe\X
WX TfXiXeTV\baXf XageX_TmTWTf b \agXeeX_TV\baTWTf' @`cbegT% gT`U\qa
X_ [XV[b WX dhX _bf _XVgbeXf cbfXTa XfT VhT_\WTW gTa W\YhfT dhX eXf\WX
Xa _T VTcTV\WTW WX cbWXe Ve\g\VTe ahXfgebf cebc\bf TeZh`Xagbf' 8_
eXfcXVgb% fhZXe\erT _b f\Zh\XagX3 X_\]T ha gX`T cb_q`\Vb l WX TVghT_\WTW3
_T _XZT_\mTV\ta WX _T `Te\[hTaT b WX_ TUbegb% _T fX_XVg\i\WTW eXfcXVgb
WX _T Xkc_bf\ta cbU_TV\baT_ l _T T_\`XagTV\ta `haW\T_% XgV' <_TUbeX ha
TeZh`Xagb Xa YTibe b Xa VbageT WX haT WX XfgTf cbfgheTf' ChXZb% Ybe`h_X
hfgXW `\f`b _Tf cbf\U_Xf bU]XV\baXf' =\aT_`XagX% eXYugX_Tf' <a haT
cT_TUeT% f\ZT X_ XfdhX`T dhX fX [T XfUbmTWb Xa XfgX _\Ueb3 ceXfXagTV\ta
WX_ TeZh`Xagb% TgTdhX% WXYXafT' ;;XUX Tf\`\f`b ceXfgTe Vbaf\WXeTV\ta
T _bf eXVhefbf ab iXeUT_Xf dhX cbWerTa X`c_XTefX'
D\ XkcXe\XaV\T Vba XfgX g\cb WX gTeXTf% VhTaWb fX _Tf Tf\ZaT T
XfghW\TagXf% `X W\VX dhX `hV[bf W\fgTa WX Vh`c_\e TVTUTWT`XagX _T
_TUbe WX TgTVTe fhf cebc\b TeZh`Xagbf3 XeT WX ceXiXe' 8 Y\aXf WX fhcXeTe
XfgT W\Y\Vh_gTW% [X WX_\aXTWb haT fXe\X WX gqVa\VTf' LaT cbf\U\_WTW Xf
[TVXe haT XaVhXfgT T_ LXVRNWcX WX_ fX`XfgeX% fbUeX gX`Tf cb_q`\Vbf
l WX TVghT_\WTW3 T VTWT XfghW\TagX fX _X c\WX fh bc\a\ta fbUeX ha
gX`T Vb`b `ra\`b' ChXZb% VhTaWb Tf\Zab X_ ceblXVgb WX X_TUbeTe
ha TeZh`XagTV\ta Vb`c_XgT% _X c\Wb T VTWT XfghW\TagX dhX WXY\XaWT
X_ chagb WX i\fgT VbageTe\b3 b fXT dhX% \a\V\T_`XagX% WXUX ceXfXagTe
TeZh`Xagbf Xa YTibe WX _T cbfgheT Vba _T dhX ab Xfgp WX TVhXeWb' :b`b
_Tf Wbf gXeVXeTf cTegXf WX _Tf gTeXTf Vbaf\fgXa Xa ceXfXagTe l WXYXaWXe
XfT cbfgheT VbageT fhf cebc\Tf bU]XV\baXf YTibe\gTf% XfgT gqVa\VT eXfh_gT
`hl XY\VTm' LaT fXZhaWT cbf\U\_\WTW eXf\WX Xa WTe T X_TUbeTe gX`Tf cbe
cTeXf3 haT cXefbaT ceXfXagT ha TeZh`Xagb l _hXZb _b WXY\XaWX VbageT
bU]XV\baXf c_TagXTWTf cbe bgeT% cXefbaT_`XagX Vb`ceb`Xg\WT Vba X_
chagb WX i\fgT bchXfgb'
CT ce\`XeT fhZXeXaV\T cbWerT VbaiXeg\efX Xa ceblXVgb T WXfTeeb__Te
cbe X_ XfghW\TagX T _b _TeZb WX_ fX`XfgeX' <fgb chXWX XYXVghTefX YhXeT WX
_T V_TfX% l WXUX T_XagTefX T_ XfghW\TagX cTeT dhX eXVb]T gbWb X_ `TgXe\T_ WX

()'
TYhXeT dhX _X fXT cbf\U_X' :b`b ceblXVgb cTeT XfX cXerbWb WX V_TfXf% @X
cXe`\g\ep T_ XfghW\TagX \aVbecbeTe gbWbf _bf gX`Tf l gqVa\VTf X_TUbeTWTf
Xa X_ Vhefb WX_ fX`XfgeX'
8 _b _TeZb WX XfgX _\Ueb [X fbfgXa\Wb dhX UhXaT cTegX WX _T _tZ\VT
\aYbe`T_ XageTsT TeZh`Xagbf Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wbf% cXeb dhX Vbag\XaXa
haT b `pf ceX`\fTf dhX ab fXepa TVXcgTWTf Vb`b V\XegTf' F fXT% dhX ZeTa
cTegX WX _T _tZ\VT \aYbe`T_ fX Tc_\VT T TeZh`XagTV\baXf cbVb ft_\WTf' ?Tl
Wbf `TaXeTf WX geTaf`\g\e XfgX VbabV\`\Xagb' <a ce\`Xe _hZTe% Vb`b [X
\aW\VTWb Xa X_ VTcrgh_b M@% _T `TlberT WX _Tf YT_TV\Tf \aYbe`T_Xf% cbe ab
WXV\e gbWTf% chXWXa fXe eXVbafgeh\WTf Vb`b TeZh`Xagbf cbVb ft_\Wbf'
:baf\WXeX`bf _T WXab`\aTWT YT_TV\T WX TY\e`Te haT W\flhag\iT3

F fX cTeT _T \aY_TV\ta% X [TUep WXceXf\ta'


<_ ceXf\WXagX cTeTep _T \aY_TV\ta'

@X[ UX ]JW]X" ab [TUep WXceXf\ta'

GTeT _T `TlberT WX _T ZXagX eXfh_gT Xi\WXagX dhX chXWX [TUXe bgeTf


VThfTf dhX __XiXa T _T WXceXf\ta% TWX`pf WX _T \aY_TV\ta4 WX `bWb dhX
ab aXVXfTe\T`XagX fX WXfceXaWX dhX X_ cTeTe _T \aY_TV\ta cbe L^JUZ^RN[
`XW\b \`cXW\ep _T WXceXf\ta' <fgb chXWX eXceXfXagTefX TWhV\XaWb dhX
X_ TY\e`Te haT W\flhag\iT}Xa dhX fX c_TagXT haT h bgeT T_gXeaTg\iT%
fXZh\WTf WX _T TY\e`TV\ta WX haT WX X__Tf}ab eXfh_gT TVXcgTU_X' :b`b
bgeT cbf\U\_\WTW% chXWX eXVbafgeh\efX X_ TeZh`Xagb WX `bWb dhX fXT
ha f\_bZ\f`b Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wb% cXeb Xa X_ dhX haT WX _Tf ceX`\fTf
Xf Xi\WXagX`XagX YT_fT' <fgX u_g\`b `qgbWb% T `\ XagXaWXe% cXe`\gX dhX
_Tf TeZh`XagTV\baXf fhXaXa `pf fXaf\U_Xf' Gbe X]X`c_b3

KbWbf _bf VTfbf WX WXceXf\ta XVbat`\VT fba VThfTWbf cbe _T \aY_TV\ta'


<fgT Xf haT qcbVT Xa dhX ab [TUep \aY_TV\ta'

Gbe _b gTagb% qfgT Xf haT qcbVT Xa dhX ab [TUep WXceXf\ta'

J\a aXZTe _Tf VbafXVhXaV\Tf WX _T \aY_TV\ta% VeXb dhX `XW\TagX XfgT


Ybe`T WX eXVbafgehVV\ta dhXWTep Xa V_Teb dhX _T ce\`XeT ceX`\fT
Xf \aTVXcgTU_X' <fgX g\cb WX eXVbafgehVV\ta TZeXZT X_ UXaXY\V\b WX
cbWXe WX`bfgeTe fh UhXaT ib_hagTW [TV\T fh bcbaXagX3 _\gXeT_`XagX
_X Xfgp VbaVXW\XaWb X_ UXaXY\V\b WX _T WhWT T_ geTgTe WX [TVXe dhX fh

()(
TeZh`Xagb fXT Ybe`T_`XagX ip_\Wb% cXeb T _T iXm XkcbaX fh ceX`\fT
b ceX`\fTf WqU\_Xf' JhZ\Xeb dhX gbWbf _bf X]X`c_bf WX YT_TV\Tf
\aYbe`T_Xf geTW\V\baT_Xf% Vb`b Vb`cbf\V\ta% W\i\f\ta% XgV'% fX Tf\ZaXa
T _bf XfghW\TagXf b fXTa eXgb`TWbf cbe _bf _XVgbeXf l eXVbafgeh\Wbf WX
`TaXeT f\`c_X'
C\Uebf% W\Te\bf}XfcXV\T_`XagX XW\gbe\T_Xf}% cXe\tW\Vbf
XfghW\Tag\_Xf% eXi\fgTf l Tha cebZeT`Tf WX gX_Xi\f\ta fba YhXagXf
\aTZbgTU_Xf WX cbgXaV\T_Xf TeZh`Xagbf T fXe eXVbafgeh\Wbf' :eXb dhX
Xf `hV[b `pf VbaiXa\XagX X_XZ\e gX`Tf WX TVghT_\WTW X \agXeqf cuU_\Vb
dhX cebiXXe X]X`c_bf Teg\Y\V\T_Xf' Eb bUfgTagX% XkcbaWeq T Vbag\ahTV\ta
T_Zhabf TeZh`Xagbf Xa Ybe`T WX TY\e`TV\baXf VbaWXafTWTf% Vba _T
fhZXeXaV\T WX dhX _bf _XVgbeXf _bf eXVbafgehlTa T Y\a WX WX]Te XkchXfgTf
_Tf ceX`\fTf3

"*# CTf `h]XeXf Vb`cbaXa X_ .+ cbe V\Xagb WX _T cbU_TV\ta' J\a


X`UTeZb% _Tf `h]XeXf ft_b fh`Ta X_ ,/ cbe V\Xagb WX_ T_h`aTWb Xa _Tf
ha\iXef\WTWXf' Gbe _b gTagb% Xk\fgX W\fVe\`\aTV\ta VbageT _Tf `h]XeXf'
"+# Cbf ]hWrbf Vb`cbaXa X_ Wbf cbe V\Xagb WX _T cbU_TV\ta gbgT_' CT
YTVh_gTW WX DXW\V\aT _bVT_ g\XaXa Vhcbf dhX ft_b cXe`\gXa ha V\aVb cbe
V\Xagb WX ]hWrbf Xa VTWT V_TfX' :b`b ahXfgeb Vhcb XkVXWX X_ cbeVXagT]X
aTV\baT_% ab XfgT`bf W\fVe\`\aTaWb VbageT _bf ]hWrbf'
",# KeXf cXefbaTf W\fVhgXa fb_hV\baXf cTeT X_ cebU_X`T WX _T cbUeXmT'
O TeZh`XagT dhX _T cbUeXmT lT ab Xk\fg\ep VhTaWb VTWT cXefbaT gXaZT
\aZeXfbf dhX XkVXWTa _bf *)'))) Wt_TeXf TahT_Xf' H TeZh`XagT dhX _T
cbUeXmT lT ab Xk\fg\ep VhTaWb gbWb X_ `haWb gXaZT _bf `\f`bf \aZeXfbf'
Q TeZh`XagT dhX _T cbUeXmT lT ab Xk\fg\ep VhTaWb _T ZXagX ab fX f\XagT
cbUeX% \aWXcXaW\XagX`XagX WX Vhp_Xf fXTa fhf \aZeXfbf' IXVbafgehlT
_Tf W\YXeXagXf ceX`\fTf Upf\VTf T cTeg\e WX _Tf VhT_Xf VTWT cTeg\V\cTagX
\a\V\T fh TeZh`XagTV\ta'

+,,
Este libro fue distribuido por cortesía de:

Para obtener tu propio acceso a lecturas y libros electrónicos ilimitados GRATIS


hoy mismo, visita:
http://espanol.Free-eBooks.net

Comparte este libro con todos y cada uno de tus amigos de forma automática,
mediante la selección de cualquiera de las opciones de abajo:

Para mostrar tu agradecimiento al autor y ayudar a otros para tener


agradables experiencias de lectura y encontrar información valiosa,
estaremos muy agradecidos si
"publicas un comentario para este libro aquí".

INFORMACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS DEL AUTOR

Free-eBooks.net respeta la propiedad intelectual de otros. Cuando los propietarios de los derechos de un libro envían su trabajo a Free-eBooks.net, nos están dando permiso para distribuir dicho
material. A menos que se indique lo contrario en este libro, este permiso no se transmite a los demás. Por lo tanto, la redistribución de este libro sín el permiso del propietario de los derechos, puede
constituir una infracción a las leyes de propiedad intelectual. Si usted cree que su trabajo se ha utilizado de una manera que constituya una violación a los derechos de autor, por favor, siga nuestras
Recomendaciones y Procedimiento de Reclamos de Violación a Derechos de Autor como se ve en nuestras Condiciones de Servicio aquí:

http://espanol.free-ebooks.net/tos.html

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi