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Menger Rationalite Incertitude Vie Artiste 1989
Menger Rationalite Incertitude Vie Artiste 1989
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Pierre-Michel Menger
Collège de France
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RATIONALIT? ET INCERTITUDE
DE LA VIE D'ARTISTE
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112 Pierre-Michel Menger
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116 Pierre-Michel Menger
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118 Pierre-Michel Menger
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120 Pierre-Michel Menger
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122 Pierre-Michel Menger
tique, d?s lors que celle-ci offre tous les b?n?fices psychiques
d'un travail faiblement ou nullement routinier. Dans une ana
lyse tr?s suggestive, Stinchcombe (1968) classe les structures
d'activit?s selon le degr? de variabilit? des facteurs qui d?ter
minent directement leurs propri?t?s constitutives : la stabilit?
ou l'instabilit? d'un march? de produits industriels d?termine
par exemple les propri?t?s du syst?me d'organisation du tra
vail exig? pour adapter en permanence la production aux
conditions changeantes de l'environnement (nous verrons plus
loin comment cette analyse s'applique avec profit ? la produc
tion artistique). L'issue d'une activit? est incertaine lorsqu'elle
est le produit de la ? forte variance des variables causales
affectant le r?sultat de l'action ?, de ? l'impr?visibilit? de la
valeur que prendra la variable causale directement influente ?
et d'? une relation de causalit? ins?cable entre cette variable
et le r?sultat ? (p. 263). En caract?risant les facteurs d?termi
nants par leur variance, on peut d?s lors ?chelonner les acti
vit?s sur un axe allant des plus standardis?es et r?p?titives
aux moins routini?res selon que la variance des d?terminants
de l'action est faible ou forte. Les travaux de cr?ation artis
tique ou de recherche scientifique, mais aussi des activit?s
moins prestigieuses telles que la publicit?, le jeu, le sport, la
bourse, le combat comptent parmi les entreprises humaines
les plus faiblement routini?res et dont l'issue est tr?s impar
faitement pr?visible. D'o?, observe Stinchcombe, le recours si
fr?quent aux superstitions, aux pratiques divinatoires ou ? la
magie, suppos?es forcer la chance et conjurer l'incertitude.
Les valeurs de l'inspiration, du don, du g?nie, de l'intuition, de
la cr?ativit?, plus acceptables dans des univers d'action cultu
rellement sophistiqu?s comme les arts ou la cr?ation intellec
tuelle, ne font d'une certaine mani?re que fixer sur la personne
et ses qualit?s intrins?ques cette foi en des pouvoirs
magiques
et surnaturels de contr?le de l'incertitude.
On se gardera certes de toute id?alisation du
risque ainsi
con?u. Le travail artistique serait impossible si, non seulement
dans les formes de cr?ation traditionnelles ou conservatrices,
dans toutes les activit?s artistiques de collaboration et les
emplois de moindre prestige, mais jusque dans les formes les
plus individuelles et les plus libres d'invention cr?atrice, des
conventions et des routines n'?taient pas l? pour permettre la
r?alisation et l'existence sociale de l' uvre. Car sans conven
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124 Pierre-Michel Menger
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AS? 5
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134 Pierre-Michel Menger
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144 Pierre-Michel Menger
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148 Pierre-Michel Menger
Conclusion
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE
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150 Pierre-Michel Menger
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