Mk- vuwi dqekj xqIrk

Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr dk cnyrk Lo:i

izFke laLdj.k, 2015

dkihjkbV © fo”o ekeyksa dh Hkkjrh; ifj’kn

vkbZ- ,l- ch- ,u% 978-93-83445-28-8

¼lokZfèkdkj lqjf{kr½

ys[kd vkSj çdk'kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk fdlh
Hkh :i esa iqu% çdk'ku] çlkj.k dh vuqefr ugÈ gSA

bl isij esa O;ä fd;s x;s fopkj ifj"kn ds fopkjksa dk çfrfufèkRo ugÈ djrsA

fo”o ekeyksa dh Hkkjrh; ifj’kn

lizw gkml] ckjk[kEck jksM]
ubZ fnYyh&110001] Hkkjr
nwjHkk’k : +91-11-23317242, QSDl: +91-11-23322710
www.icwa.in

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ubZ fnYyh&110005
nwjHkk"k % 9312430311
 fo"k;&lwph

izLrkouk 5

ftvksuokn ,oa bt+jk;y ij Hkkjrh; foe'kZ 5

fÝQfyLrhu&vjc leFkZd uhfr 17

bt+jk;y uhfr esa ifjorZu dkjd 22

u;h bt+jk;y uhfr 25

eksnh ljdkj vkSj bt+jk;y 31

cgqvk;keh lEcUèk 38

fu"d"kZ 41

3
 Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr dk cnyrk Lo:i
MkΠvuwi dqekj xqIrk

izLrkouk
ftvksuoknh vkanksyu ds çfr #>ku vkSj bt+jk;y ls lacaèk LFkkiuk
dk ç'u Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr vkSj jktu; ds bfrgkl esa ,d vuwBh
felky çLrqr djrk gSA 14 ebZ 1948 esa bt+jk;y jkT; dh LFkkiuk
ds yxHkx 44 o"kksZa ckn Hkkjr us tuojh 1992 esa bl ns'k ls jktuf;d
lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA mÙkj&'khr;q) dky esa Hkkjr&bt+jk;y
ds eè; lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj mudk ijorÊ fodkl lkekU; :i ls
if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls bt+jk;y ds çfr Hkkjr dh ijaijkxr
uhfr esa vk, egRoiw.kZ cnyko dks n'kkZrk gSA nks&i{kh; jktuf;d
lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd]
lkefjd] lkaL—frd] rduhdh] —f"k vkfn {ks=ksa esa djhch lacaèk fodflr
gq,A1 bt+jk;y ds lkFk cgqvk;keh ikjLifjd ykHknk;d lEcUèkksa ds
fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr us fQfyLrhuh jk"Vªh; çkfèkdj.k] bZjku
,oa vU; if'pe ,f'k;k;h ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkh fe=or lacaèk cuk, j[ks
gSaA bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lacaèkksa ds lkekU;hdj.k ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr us
viuh ijaijkxr fQfyLrhu leFkZd uhfr dks Hkh ;Fkkor cuk, j[kk gSA

ftvksuokn ,oa bt+jk;y ij Hkkjrh; foe'kZ

lkekU; :i ls ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
esa ftvksuokn] bt+jk;y vkSj fQfyLrhu ds eqís ij lEiUu gq,
5
jktuhfrd foe'kZ esa ,d:irk ;k vke lgefr çfrfcafcr gksrh gSA
ysfdu bt+jk;y ij foe'kZ esa ,d:irk dh èkkj.kk lp ls ijs gSA
bt+jk;y ij Hkkjrh; foe'kZ esa dkQh fofoèkrk vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd
ijLij fojksèkh fparuèkkjk ns[kus dks feyrh gS tks bl egRoiw.kZ foe'kZ
esa jktuhfrd&lkefjd cgqyokn dks çfrfcfEcr djrh gSA Hkkjr esa
ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y ij foe'kZ dh 'kq#vkr LorU=rk ds iwoZ gh
'kq: gks pqdh FkhA bl jktuhfrd&lkefjd foe'kZ esa rhu fparu èkkjk,¡
çeq[k :i ls mHkj dj lkeus vkbZA LorU=rk ds le; ftvksuokn]
btjk;y vkSj fQfyLrhu ds çfr uhfr lacaèkh ç'u ds ckjs esa Hkkjr ds
jktuhfrd&lkefjd fparu esa de ls de rhu çeq[k j.kuhfr mHkj
dj lkeus vkbZ Fkh & ;Fkk xkaèkhoknh] fgUnw jk"Vªoknh vkSj lkE;oknhA
bl foe'kZ esa ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y ds çfr #>ku mldks ns[kus
dh –f"V vkSj utfj, ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl fo'ks"k –f"V ;k p'es ds
Lo:i ds vuq:i gh Hkkjrh; foe'kZ esa btjk;y vkSj ftvksuokn
ds çfr vyx&vyx èkkj.kk cuh ftlus u dsoy Hkkjr&bt+jk;y
lEcUèkksa ds Lo:i vkSj fn'kk ds ckjs esa foe'kZ dks çHkkfor fd;k cfYd
bt+jk;y ds çfr viuk;h tkus okyh çLrkfor j.kuhfr vkSj rRlacaèkh
lkefjd vkSj jktuf;d lq>koksa dks ,d ,d fof'k"V vkdkj çnku
fd;kA Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd&lkefjd leqnk; esa bt+jk;y dks ns[kus
ds dbZ fçTe gSaA bl fçTe ;k ysal dh fof'k"V lajpuk ds vuq:i
gh ftvksuokn vkSj btjk;y ds ckjs ,d fof'k"V utfj;k ;k èkkj.
kk mHkjrh gSA ;kfu tSlk fçTe dk Lo:i gksxk oSlh gh ftvksuokn]
bt+jk;y] fQfyLrhuh ç'u vkSj bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu la?k"kZ ds çfr
èkkj.kk gksxh vkSj rnuq#i bt+jk;y vkSj Hkkjr&btjk;y lacaèkks ds
çfr lq>kbZ tkus okyh j.kuhfr dk Lo:i Hkh fof'k"V vkSj fHkUu
gksxkA

bt+jk;y ij Hkkjrh; foe'kZ esa igyh èkkjk xkaèkhoknh vkSj usg:oknh

utfj, dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS ftlesa ftvksuokn dh fopkjèkkjk
6
dk leFkZu ugha fd;k x;kA bl fçTe ds ewy çfrfufèk fopkjd ,oa
leFkZd ds :i esa egkRek xkaèkh vkSj tokgjyky usg: dks ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA xkaèkh vkSj usg: }kjk bt+jk;y jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds fy,
ftvksuoknh ç;klksa dk leFkZu ugha fd;k x;kA bl fçTe ds vuqlkj
fQfyLrhu dks fQfyLrhfu;ksa dk ?kj ekuk x;k vkSj fQfyLrhu
leFkZd uhfr ij cy fn;k x;kA xkaèkhokn vkSj ftvksuokn ij cgqr
dqN fy[kk tk pqdk gSA2 bl èkkjk esa ;gwfn;ksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr
vo'; O;ä dh x;h ysfdu bt+jk;y dh LFkkiuk ds fy, fd, tkus
okys ftvksuoknh ç;klksa dk leFkZu ugha fd;k x;k FkkA egkRek xkaèkh
us yacs le; rd mRihM+u ds f'kdkj jgs ;gwfn;ksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr
vo'; O;ä dh ysfdu ;gwfn;ksa ds fy, us'kuy gkseysaM dh vkokt
ls os vkdf"kZr ugha FksA3 egkRek xkaèkh ftvksuokn vkSj mldh vkèkkjHkwr
voèkkj.kk ls lger ugha FksA ftvksuokn ds çfr vius er dks O;ä
djrs gq, ucaoj 1938 esa xkaèkhth us gfjtu esa ,d ys[k esa dgk fd
ÞfQfyLrhu dh fcfCydy voèkkj.kk ,d HkkSxksfyd {ks= ugha gSAß4
xkaèkhth dh èkkj.kk Fkh fd ftvksu HkkSxksfyd ugha gS cfYd ;g ân; esa
fLFkr gSA ftvksuokn ds vkèkkjHkwr rdZ dks [kafMr djrs gq, xkaèkhth
us ç'u iwNk fd Þi`Foh ds vU; yksxksa dh rjg os ¼;gwnh½ mlh ns'k
dks viuk ?kj D;ksa ugha cukrs tgka os iSnk gq, gSa vkSj thfodk vtZu
djrs gS\ß5 fQfyLrhu esa vjc leFkZd uhfr viukrs gq, xkaèkhth
us dgk fd ÞfQfyLrhu vjcksa dk mlh rjg gS tSls baxysaM vaxzstksa
dk vkSj Ýkal Ý+kalhfl;ksa dkA vjcksa ij ;gwfn;ksa dk vkjksi.k xyr
vkSj vekuoh; gksxkAß6 ;gwfn;ksa dks lq>ko nsrs gq, xkaèkhth us dgk
fd Þos dsoy vjcksa dh l)kouk ij fQfyLrhu esa cl ldrs gSaA
mudks vjcksa dk ân; ifjorZu dh dksf'k'k djuk pkfg,Aß Lora=
Hkkjr ds çFke çèkkuea=h tokgjyky usg: dh ftvksuokn ds çfr
èkkj.kk yxHkx egkRek xkaèkh ds fopkjksa ds gh vuq:i FkhA ftvksuokn
ds dbZ vkykspdksa ds foijhr usg:th fQfyLrhu esa ;gwnh tM+ksa

7
dks vo'; tkurs Fks ysfdu mudk ;g Hkh dguk Fkk fd ckyQksj
?kks"k.kk ds le; ^;g {ks= [kkyh vkSj ukckn ugha Fkk* vkSj ;g bl
le; ^fdlh vkSj dk ?kj FkkA* blhfy, usg: dk dFku Fkk fd Þgesa
;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd fQfyLrhu ewyr% vjc ns'k gS vkSj ,slk gh cuk
jguk pkfg,Aß7 ;g fçTe fczrkuh lkezkT; ds fojksèk esa Fkk vkSj pwafd
ftvksuoknh vkanksyu dks fczVsu us leFkZu fn;k Fkk blfy, ftvksuokn
dk fojksèk ,d mi&fl)kUr ds :i esa fodflr gqvkA blhfy, bl
fçTe ds vuqlkj ftvksuokfn;ksa dks ijks{k lykg nsrs gq, dgk x;k
fd ;gwfn;ksa dks fczrkuh ljdkj dk leFkZu ugha ysuk pkfg, cfYd
fQfyLrhuh ln~Hkkouk vkSj leFkZu dks ikus dh dksf'k'k djuk pkfg,A
1938 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl lfefr us fnYyh cSBd esa dgk fd
fczVsu dks ;gwnh vkSj vjcksa dks bl eqís dks 'kkafriw.kZ rjhds ls fuiVus
ds fy, NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A fQfyLrhu ç'u ds lekèkku ds fy, usg:
us ^,d jkT;* lekèkku dk lq>ko fn;k Fkk ftlds vuqlkj fczVsu dks
vius ihNs fQfyLrhu esa ,d lkekfld] èkeZfujis{k jk"Vª NksM+uk pkfg,
ftlesa vjc vkSj ;gwnh nksuksa gh 'kkfey gksaxsa vkSj ,d la?kh; lafoèkku
dk fuekZ.k djsaxsa ftlesa ,d Hkkx esa vjc cgqer gksxk vkSj nwljs Hkkx
esa ;gwnh cgqer gksxk vkSj nksuksa ,d nwljs ls ,d la?kh; jkT; ds <kaps
esa caèksa gksaxsa ftldk 'kklu l;qaä vkSj yksdrkfU=d rjhds ls vjcksa
vkSj ;gwfn;ksa }kjk ,d lkFk fd;k tk,xkA8

'kq#vkr esa ;g èkkjk iw.kZ :i ls ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y ds fojksèk

esa Fkh vkSj blesa fQfyLrhu vkSj vjc jk"Vªokn ds leFkZu dh uhfr
ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA bl xkaèkh&usg:oknh èkkjk dk yacs le; rd
dkaxzsl ny }kjk vuqlj.k fd;k x;kA bl èkkjk us 'kq: esa bt+jk;y
dh LFkkiuk dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk vkSj blds vfLrRo dks ekU;rk nsus ls
Hkh badkj fd;k FkkA ijorÊ dky[kaM esa bl èkkjk esa la'kksèku –f"Vxkspj
gqvk vkSj btjk;y ds vfLrRo dks ekU;rk nsus ds lkFk mlls lhfer

8
lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dks Lohdkjksfä nh x;hA btjk;y ls jktuf;d
lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj cgqvk;keh lg;ksx ds lekukUrj bl èkkjk ds
leFkZdksa }kjk fQfyLrhu eqís dk iqjtksj leFkZu fd;k x;kA bt+jk;yh
foe'kZ ds lacaèk esa bl fçTe ds rkfdZd fu"d"kZ ds :i esa bl èkkjk
esa ftvksuokn dk fojksèk] Lora= laçHkq fQfyLrhu jkT; dh LFkkiuk
dh ekax dk iw.kZ leFkZu] bt+jk;y ls lhfer lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk]
vkSj fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds çfr bt+jk;yh O;ogkj dh vkykspuk ij cy
fn;k x;kA bl èkkjk ds dqN leFkZd vjc&bZjku vkSj fQfyLrhu ds
çfr dêj leFkZu O;ä djrs gq, bt+jk;y dk rhoz fojksèk djrs gSaA
dkaxzsl ds jkT; lHkk lkaln ef.k 'kadj v¸;j ds er esa bt+jk;y ls
lacaèk uSfrd :i ls laHko ugha gSa vkSj bl lnh ds eè; rd ;gwnh
jkT; dk vfLrRo ugha jgsxk vkSj fQfyLrhu {ks= fQfyLrhfu;ksa dks
fey tk,xkA9 eksnh ljdkj dh bt+jk;y uhfr dk fojksèk djrs gq,
v¸;j dk er gS fd Hkkjr ds ijaijkxr fQfyLrhu&vjc leFkZd
lS)kfUrd #>ku ,oa er dks vc j{kk lg;ksx ds fçTe ls ns[ks tkus
ds dkj.k :ikarfjr vkSj fo:fir fd;k tk jgk gSA10 tqykbZ 2014 esa
xkt+k la?k"kZ ds nkSjku eksnh ljdkj dh bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu uhfr dh
dVq vkykspuk djrs gq, v¸;j us dgk fd blus fQfyLrhu ij fczDl
çLrko ds ^lqfoèkktud vkoj.k* dks viukrs gq, usg: dks Hkqyk fn;k
gSA11 ftvksuokn dh mxz fgUnw jk"Vªokn ls rqyuk djrs gq, v¸;j
dgrs gSa fd nksuksa gh èkeZ vkèkkfjr jk"Vªokn ds leFkZd gSa blhfy,
çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh us btjk;y dh fgczw Hkk"kk esa fcu;kfeu usrkU;kgq
dks ^etky rkso* dgdj cèkkbZ nh FkhA çdkjkarj ls v¸;j lq>ko nsrs
gSa fd èkeZfujis{k Hkkjr dks eksnh ljdkj fd bt+jk;y uhfr dk leFkZu
ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj vjcksa ds lkFk ,drk fn[kuh pkfg,A12

Hkkjr esa bt+jk;y ij jktuhfrd&lkefjd foe'kZ dh nwljh èkkjk fgUnw

jk"Vªokn vkSj jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZokn ls lEc) gS tks ftvksuokn vkSj

9
bt+jk;y :ih çfr ldkjkRed #>ku dks çfrfcfEcr djrhA fgUnw
jk"Vªokn vkSj jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZokn ds nksuksa gh fçTe bt+jk;y ds
ç'kald vkSj mlls csgrj lacaèkks dh LFkkiuk ds leFkZd gSaA fouk;d
nkeksnj lkojdj] lhrkjke xks;y] v#.k 'kkSjh tSls dbZ fgUnw fopkjdksa
us u dsoy ,afV&lsesfVTe dh dVq fuank dh cfYd bt+jk;y ds fuekZ.k
dk dêj leFkZu fd;kA fgUnw jk"Vªokn ds çcy çoäk fgUnw jk"Vªoknh
fouk;d nkeksnj lkojdj FksA13 lkojdj us u dsoy fQfyLrhuh {ks=
esa bt+jk;y jkT; dh LFkkiuk dk iqjtksj leFkZu fd;k Fkk cfYd os
ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y leFkZd uhfr viuk, tkus ds Hkh i{kèkj FksA
1923 esa çdkf'kr viuh iqLrd ^fgUnqRo* esa lkojdj us ftvksuokn
leFkZd uhfr ij cy fn;k FkkA lkojdj ds vuqlkj Þ,sfrgkfld :i
ls bl ckr ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd eqfLye iSxacj ds tUe ds
nks gtkj o"kZ iwoZ ls gh lEiw.kZ fQfyLrhu ;gwfn;ksa dk jk"Vªh; x`g
jgk gSAß lkojdj us fQfyLrhu dgs tkus okys {ks= esa ;gwnh jkT; dh
LFkkiuk dk iw.kZ leFkZu djrs gq, cy nsdj dgk fd Þ;fn ftvksuoknh
LoIu iwjk gksrk gS] ;fn fQfyLrhu ;gwnh jkT; curk gS] rks blls gesa
mruh gh [kq'kh gksxh ftruh gekjs ;gwnh fe=ksa dks gksxhAß14 bl nwljh
èkkjk ds vuq:i jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k bt+jk;y dk leFkZu djrk
gSA LorU=rk ds ckn Lora= ny vkSj tula?k Hkh bt+jk;y leFkZd
uhfr ds i{kèkj FksA Hkkjrh; turk ikVÊ us Hkh blh èkkjk ds vuq:i
bt+jk;y leFkZd #[k viuk;kA bl izdkj 1992 ds iwoZ Hkkjr ljdkj
dh vjc ,oa fQfyLrhu leFkZd uhfr ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; jktuhfr
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rcdk btjk;y dk leFkZd FkkA Hkkjr ds lkefjd
fparu esa jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZoknh èkkjk Hkh btjk;y ls xgu lacaèk dk
leFkZu djrh gSA bl èkkjk esa u rks bt+jk;y ds çfr dksbZ f>>d
gS vkSj u gh mldk fojksèk gS cfYd ;g èkkjk varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa
Hkkjr vkSj btjk;y dks LokHkkfod lk>snkj ds :i esa ns[krh gSA ;g
èkkjk Hkkjr&bt+jk;y nks&i{kh; lacaèkks dks ,d cgqvk;keh ykHknk;d

10
mPp çksQkby nsus dk leFkZu djrh gSA lq"kek Lojkt us btjk;y
dks Hkkjr ds ,d ^foÜoluh; lk>snkj* dh laKk nh FkhA bl èkkjk ds
leFkZd vkradokn&fujksèk ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr] vejhdk vkSj bt+jk;y
ds chp ,d xBcaèku dk fuekZ.k djus dk iqjtksj leFkZu djrs gSaA bl
fçTe dks O;ä djrs gq, Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu jk"Vªh; lqj{kk lykgdkj
czts'k feJk us Hkkjr] bt+jk;y vkSj vejhdk ds chp ,d lkefjd
f=dks.k dh LFkkiuk dk leFkZu djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd vkradokn ds
[krjs dks ns[krs gq, Lora= lektksa dk xBcaèku cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A15
blh èkkjk ds vuq:i MkŒ lqcze.;e Lokeh ds vuqlkj bfly ;kfu
^bLykfed LVsV* }kjk iSnk fd, x, oSfÜod [krjs dk fujksèk djus esa
viuh fHkUu&fHkUu {kerkvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr] vejhdk vkSj bt+jk;y
dk fo'ks"k mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA Lokeh ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds ikl ekuo
lalkèku {kerk gS] vejhdk ds ikl vL= {kerk gS vkSj bt+jk;y ds
ikl [kqfQ;k ra= {kerk gSA bl fçTe ds vuq:i vius ,d Hkk"k.k esa
Lokeh us dgk Hkkjr ljdkj dks bfly ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ esa vejhdk
dk iw.kZ leFkZu djuk pkfg,A gekl vkSj bt+jk;y ds chp la?k"kZ dks
MkŒ Lokeh èkkfeZd utfj, ls O;k[;kf;r djus dh ctk; vkradokn
vkSj yksdrkfU=d jkT; ds chp esa ,d la?k"kZ ds :i esa ns[krs gSa vkSj
ekurs gSa fd bt+jk;y dk iw.kZ leFkZu djuk Hkkjr ds jk"Vª fgr esa gSA
Lokeh ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds jk"Vªoknh eqlyekuksa dks gekl dh ctk;
bt+jk;y dk leFkZu djuk pkfg,A buds er esa Hkkjr dks l;qaä jk"Vª
la?k esa Hkh bt+jk;y dk leFkZu djuk pkfg,A16

Hkkjr esa bt+jk;y lacaèkh lkefjd fparu ,oa foe'kZ esa rhljh
egRoiw.kZ èkkjk lkE;oknh fopkjèkkjk ls tqM+h gqbZ gS ftlds leFkZd
Hkkjr ds lkE;oknh ny gSa tks ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y ds dêj
vkykspd gS rFkk fQfyLrhu vkanksyu ds iqjtksj leFkZd gSaA ;g
èkkjk Lora= ,oa laçHkq fQfyLrhu jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh leFkZd gS

11
vkSj bt+jk;y dh fQfyLrhu uhfr dh dêj fojksèkh gSA bl èkkjk esa
ftvksuokn dks ekDlZokn&ysfuuokn17 ds fçTe ls O;k[;kf;r djrs gq,
bldk rhoz oSpkfjd fojksèk fd;k x;k vkSj fQfyLrhu leFkZd uhfr
ij cy nsrs gq, ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y dh dVq vkykspuk dh x;hA
ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh fopkjèkkjk us 'kq: ls gh ftvksuokn dk fojksèk
fd;k FkkA dkyZ ekDlZ ds ys[ku fo'ks"kdj mudh —fr Þ;gwnh leL;k
dk HkkSfrdoknh fo'ys"k.kß esa ftvksuokn fojksèkh fopkjksa dh tM+ksa dks
ns[kk x;k gSA18 oSKkfud lektokn ds tud dkyZ ekDlZ us ^;gwnh*
'kCnkcyh dks cqtZqvk lekt vkSj çdkjkarj ls iwathokn ds çrhd ds
:i esa ç;qä fd;k Fkk vkSj ;gwfn;ksa dh leL;k dk ewy dkj.k mudh
vkfFkZd Hkwfedk dks ekuk Fkk vkSj blhfy, ekDlZ dh utj esa ;gwnh
ç'u dk lekèkku ,d oxZfoghu lektoknh lekt esa ;gwfn;ksa ds
?kkyesy ;kfu vflfeys'ku esa fufgr gS ftlesa ykHk dh çsj.kk ds fy,
dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxkA19 blh èkkjk ds vuq:i :lh lkE;oknh usrk
Oykfnehj ysfuu us 1903 esa lkE;oknh ny ds eq[ki= ^bLdjk* esa fy[kk
Fkk fd ;gwnh jk"Vªokn dk ewy fopkj Li"Vr% çfrfØ;koknh vkSj ;gwnh
loZgkjk&oxZ ds fojksèk esa gSA20 blh voèkkj.kk ds vkèkkj ij lksfo;r
la?k us ftvksuokn dk rhoz fojksèk fd;k rFkk vjc jk"Vªokn dk leFkZu
fd;k FkkA21 Hkkjr ds lkE;oknh nyksa us ekDlZokn&ysfuuokn dh
fparuèkkjk dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gq, vkSj blds vuq:i ftvksuokn vkSj
bt+jk;y ds çfr viuk fojksèk O;ä fd;k gSA lkE;oknh fopkjèkkjk
iwathokn vkSj lkezkT;okn dk dêj fojksèk djrh gS vkSj pwafd blds
vuq:i vejhdk] ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y ewyr% cqtZqvk lekt]
iwathokn vkSj lkezkT;okn ls lEc) gS vr% vejhdk] ftvksuokn
vkSj bt+jk;y dk fojksèk bl èkkj.kk dh rkfdZd ifj.kfr gSA bl
èkkjk esa fQfyLrhu vkanksyu dk leFkZu djrs gq, ftvksuokfn;ksa }kjk
14 ebZ 1948 dks bt+jk;y jkT; dh LFkkiuk dks ,d cykr ç;kl ekuk
x;kA lkE;oknh èkkjk fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds çfr bt+jk;yh uhfr dk rhoz

12
fojksèk djrh gSA22 ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV ikVÊ ¼ekdik½ us tqykbZ 2014
esa xkt+k iêh esa btjk;yh lSfud dkjZokbZ dh dM+h fuank djrs gq,
geyksa dks rRdky can djus dh ekax dh vkSj eksnh ljdkj ij
vU;k;iw.kZ bt+jk;yh dkjZokgh dks vuns[kk djus vkSj bt+jk;y
leFkZd #[k viukus dk vkjksi yxk;kA23 bl xkt+k la?k"kZ ds nkSjku
lkE;oknh usrk lhrkjke ;spqjh us ekax dh Fkh fd Hkkjr dks xkt+k
esa bt+jk;y dh lSU; dkjZokbZ dh dM+h vkykspuk djuh pkfg,A
bt+jk;y dh fQfyLrhuh uhfr ds fojksèk esa vkfFkZd igyw dks O;ä
djrs gq, ;spqjh dh èkkj.kk gS fd Hkkjr us bt+jk;y ls gfFk;kjksa
dks [kjhndj fQfyLrhu ij bt+jk;y ds vekuoh; ;q) dk foÙkh;
leFkZu fd;k gS blfy, Hkkjr dks fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds lkFk lqæ<+~rk
dks O;ä djus ds fy, bt+jk;y ls lSU; lg;ksx ;fn lekIr ugha
rks de ls de fuyafcr vo'; dj nsuk pkfg,A24 çèkkuea=h ujsaæ
eksnh dh çLrkfor bt+jk;y ;k=k dk fojksèk djrs gq, ekdik ds
eq[ki= ^ihiqYl MseksØslh* us bls Lora= fQfyLrhu jkT; ds leFkZu
dh Hkkjr dh iqjkuh uhfr ds var ds :i esa O;k[;kf;r fd;kA25 bl
fçTe dk lq>ko gS fd Hkkjr dks vejhdk dh Xykscy j.kuhfr dk
fgLlk ugha cuuk pkfg, D;ksafd vejhdh j.kuhfr phu ds vojksèk
ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl fçTe ds vuqlkj vejhdk vkSj btjk;y ,d
nwljs ds iwjd gSa D;ksafd ;g ,d vksj bt+jk;y dks vejhdh j.kuhfr
dk leFkZd ekurk gS vkSj nwljh vksj ;g vejhdk dks bt+jk;y dh
vU;k;iw.kZ vkSj neudkjh dq[;kr fQfyLrhuh uhfr dk leFkZd djkj
nsrk gS D;ksafd vejhdh leFkZu ds dkj.k gh btjk;y fQfyLrhuh
vjc {ks=ksa ij dCtk fd, gq, gSA bl fçTe us vkradokn fujksèk ij
vkèkkfjr vejhdk] bt+jk;y vkSj Hkkjr ds chp çLrkfor fdlh Hkh
rjg ds lkefjd f=dks.kh; xBcaèku dk rhoz fojksèk djrs gq, cktis;h
ljdkj ij bl lkefjd f=dks.k dh rjQ vxzlj gksus vkSj vejhdh
Xykscy j.kuhfr dk fgLlk cuus dk vkjksi yxk;kA26 bl fçTe ds

13
vuqlkj bt+jk;y ds lkFk lSU; vkSj lqj{kk lg;ksx esa c<+rh xgurk
Hkkjr ewyHkwr fgrksa ds fy, ?kkrd gS blfy, Hkkjr dks bt+jkbyh
xqIrpj mixzg ds ç{ksi.k dks can dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj btjk;y ls
lSU; lg;ksx lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A27
bl çdkj Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd&lkefjd leqnk; esa ftvksuokn vkSj
bt+jk;y ij foe'kZ ij ,d fofoèkrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bl foe'kZ
esa xkaèkh&usg:oknh fçTe dh j.kuhfr ftvksuokn dk fojksèk vkSj vjc
jk"Vªokn ds leFkZu ij vkèkkfjr FkhA fgUnw jk"Vªokn vkSj jktuhfrd
;FkkFkZokn dk j.kuhfrd fçTe ftvksuokn vkSj fQfyLrhu esa ;gwfn;ksa
ds us'kuy gkseysaM dh LFkkiuk dk i{kèkj FkkA ;g fçTe bt+jk;y ls
djhch lacaèk LFkkfir djus ij t+ksj nsrk gSA fQfyLrhuh vkanksyu ds
dêj leFkZu ,oa ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y ds çfr udkjkRed #>ku
esa lkE;oknh fçTe dkQh gn rd xkaèkh&usg:oknh fçTe ds lehi
vo'; Fkk ysfdu lkE;oknh fçTe esa rqyukRed :i ls ftvksuokn
vkSj bt+jk;y ds fojksèk dh rhozrk vfèkd FkhA xkaèkh&usg:oknh fçTe
vkSj lkE;oknh fçTe esa fQfyLrhu uhfr ij lkE;rk ds ckotwn nksuksa
ds oSpkfjd vkèkkj esa dkQh varj FkkA bu nksuksa fçTeksa esa ftvksuokn
vkSj bt+jk;y ds fojksèk rFkk fQfyLrhu ds leFkZu ds fy, çLrqr dh
x;h rkfdZd çfrKfIr;ksa ds fopkjèkkjkRed <kaps esa ewyHkwr varj FkkA
vkpk;Z pk.kD; }kjk ^vFkZ'kkL=* esa of.kZr e.My fl)kUr vkSj "kkM~xq.;
uhfr ds utfj, ls Hkkjr esa bt+jk;y ij jktuhfrd&lkefjd foe'kZ
lacaèkh mijksä rhuksa fçTe dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k dkQh egRoiw.kZ
gSA varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa fl)kUr fuekZ.k ,oa xzsaM j.kuhfr ds fuekZ.k
esa çkphu Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd&lkefjd fpard vkpk;Z pk.kD; dh
^vFkZ'kkL=* ,d egRoiw.kZ çLFkku foanq gSA28 pk.kD; us iM+kslh jkT;ksa ds
çfr uhfr ds lanHkZ esa e.My fl)kUr vkSj fons'k uhfr ds N~g fodYi
ds :i esa "kkM~xq.; uhfr dks çLrqr fd;k FkkA29 btjk;y lacaèkh foe'kZ

14
esa xkaèkh&usg#oknh fçTe esa fQfyLrhu vkSj vjc jkT;ksa dks ,d fe=
ds :i esa ekuk x;k gS vkSj fons'k uhfr fodYi ds :i esa fQfyLrhu
vkSj vjc jkT;ksa dks pk.kD; uhfr ds vuq:i lafèk j.kuhfr dh bdkbZ
ds :i esa rks ugha ysfdu djhch jktuhfrd&lkefjd fe= ds :i esa
vo'; ns[kk x;k gSA vjc&bt+jk;y la?k"kZ vkSj ;q) esa bl fçTe us
vjc jkT;ksa dk jktuhfrd vkSj jktuf;d leFkZu fd;kA bl fçTe esa
bt+jk;y dks çR;{k :i ls pk.kD; }kjk çLrkfor vfj ;kfu 'k=q dh
Js.kh esa rks ugha ekuk x;k ysfdu bls ,d fe= jkT; ds :i esa Hkh ugha
ns[kk x;k vkSj bt+jk;y dh fQfyLrhuh uhfr dk iqjtksj fojksèk fd;k
x;k vkSj çdkjkarj ls bt+jk;y dk Hkh fojksèk fd;k x;kA ogha nwljh
vksj fgUnw jk"Vªoknh vkSj jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZoknh fçTe esa pk.kD; ds
e.My usjsfVo ds vuq:i bt+jk;y dks ,d LokHkkfod fe= ds :i esa
çLrqr fd;k x;k vkSj pk.kD; ds "kkM~xq.; uhfr ds çk:i ds lanHkZ esa
bt+jk;y ls lkefjd xBcaèku dh LFkkiuk dh j.kuhfr dks viukus dk
lq>ko çLrkfor fd;k x;kA 2003 esa Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu jk"Vªh; lqj{kk
lykgdkj c`ts'k feJk }kjk vkradokn&fujksèk ds lanHkZ esa vejhdk]
bt+jk;y vkSj Hkkjr ds chp lkefjd xBcaèku LFkkiuk dk tks lq>ko
fn;k x;k Fkk mls vkèkqfud lanHkksZa esa pk.kD; dh lafèk j.kuhfr ds
led{k j[kk tk ldrk gSA bl ;FkkFkZoknh fçTe esa fQfyLrhu dks u
rks fe= ekuk x;k gS vkSj u gh 'k=q cfYd ,d çdkj ls rVLFkrk ds
Hkko dks çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ;g fçTe pjeiaFkh fQfyLrhuh laxBu
gekl dk fojksèkh gS vkSj gekl&bt+jk;y la?k"kZ esa bt+jk;y dk
leFkZu djrk gSA bt+jk;y foe'kZ ij lkE;oknh fçTe esa ftvksuokn
vkSj bt+jk;y dks yxHkx vfj ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gS vkSj fQfyLrhu
dks fe= ekuk x;k gSA bl fçTe esa bt+jk;y dh fQfyLrhuh uhfr dk
iqjtksj fojksèk fd;k x;k gS vkSj bt+jk;y ls lSU;&lkefjd lg;ksx
dks lekIr djrs gq, bt+jk;y ls laHkkfor fdlh Hkh xBcaèku dk
iqjtksj fojksèk fd;k x;k gSA ;g fçTe fQfyLrhu dks iw.kZ leFkZu dh
uhfr ij cy nsrk gSA
15
bl çdkj ftvksuokn vkSj bt+jk;y ij foe'kZ esa jktuhfrd&lkefjd
cgqyokn ds vfLrRo ds ckotwn ,d jkT;&drkZ ds :i esa Lora= Hkkjr
dh bt+jk;y uhfr vkSj rRlacaèkh jktuf;d O;ogkj esa xkaèkh&usg:oknh
fçTe dk çHkko dkQh yacs le; rd cuk jgkA bl uhfr esa fQfyLrhu
dk leFkZu djrs gq, bt+jk;y ls jktuhfrd&lkefjd nwjh cuk,
j[kh x;hA rRdkyhu usr`Ro }kjk varjkZ"Vªh;] {ks=h; vkSj vkarfjd
lajpukRed ckè;rkvksa ds ijlsi'ku vkSj xkaèkh&usg:oknh fçTe ds
çHkko ds vkèkkj ij vktkn Hkkjr esa blh fçTe ds vuq:i bt+jk;y
uhfr dks fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA ijorÊ dky[kaM esa bt+jk;y ls
djhch lacaèk LFkkfir djus dh leFkZd fgUnw jk"Vªokn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn
ds fçTe vkSj rRlacaèkh j.kuhfr ds leFkZu esa Lora= ny] tula?k vkSj
Hkkjrh; turk ikVÊ us iqjtksj vkokt mBkbZ vkSj bt+jk;y uhfr ds
lacaèk esa lkefjd foe'kZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr
esa la'kksèku dh ekax dh vkSj bt+jk;y leFkZd fons'k uhfr dks viukus
ij cy fn;k x;kA 1992 esa Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr dks la'kksfèkr
fd;k x;k vkSj nksuksa ns'kksa esa jktuf;d lacaèkks dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
bl le; rd varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr] if'pe ,f'k;k dh jktuhfr
esa dkQh lajpukRed cnyko Hkh vk pqds FksA bl çdkj Hkkjr dh
la'kksfèkr bt+jk;y uhfr esa lkaL—frd ;FkkFkZokn30 }kjk çLrkfor
lkefjd laL—fr mikxe ds vuq:i vkarfjd jktuhfrd i;kZoj.k
ds ;FkkFkZoknh jktuhfrd&lkefjd fparu ,oa fçTe dk dnkfpr
çHkko vo'; Fkk ysfdu lkFk gh lajpukRed ;FkkFkZokn31 ds vuq:i
varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj {ks=h; i;kZoj.k dh lajpukRed ckè;rkvksa us Hkh bl
uhfr ij çHkko Mkyk FkkA bt+jk;y ds leFkZu lacaèkh fçTe ds c<+rs
çHkko vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;] {ks=h; rFkk vkarfjd i;kZoj.k dh lajpukRed
ckè;rkvksa ds vuq:i lek;kstu djrs gq, Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr
esa 1992 esa la'kksèku fd;k x;k gkykafd fQfyLrhu&vjc leFkZu dh
ijaijkxr uhfr dks ;Fkkor cuk, j[kk x;kA

16
fÝQfyLrhu&vjc leFkZd uhfr

Hkkjr&bt+jk;y jktuf;d lEcUèkksa ds fodkl dk bfrgkl cM+k gh

jkspd gSA Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèk ,d nwjLFk vtuch ds yacs nkSj
ls xqtjus ds ckn lEcUèkksa esa lkekU;hdj.k ls gksrs gq, cgqLrjh;
ykHknk;d lk>snkj ds eqdke rd igqaps gSaA32 'kq#vkr esa Hkkjr dh
uhfr vjc&fQfyLrhu leFkZd vkSj ftvksuokn ,oa bt+jk;y fojksèkh
FkhA bl le; Hkkjrh; usr`Ro us ftvksuokn vkSj ;gwfn;ksa ds fy,
us'kuy gkseysaM dh LFkkiuk ds ç;klksa dk leFkZu ugha fd;k FkkA
ftvksuokn vkSj vjc jk"Vªokn ds Vdjko esa Hkkjr us vjc jk"Vªokn ds
leFkZu dh uhfr viukbZA 19oha lnh ds mÙkjkèkZ esa ;wjksi ds ;gwfn;ksa
us fQfyLrhu dgs tkus okys {ks= ij ^us'kuy gkseysaM* dh LFkkiuk ds
fy, ftvksuoknh vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr dh FkhA jktuhfrd ftvksuokn
ds tud fFk;ksMksj gtZy FksA ftvksuoknh jktu; vius Hkkoh jkT; dh
Lohdk;Zrk ds fy, ç;kljr FkkA 1917 esa fczVsu ljdkj }kjk ckyQksj
?kks"k.kk ds ekè;e ls fQfyLrhu {ks= esa ;gwfn;ksa ds fy, us'kuy
gkseysaM dh Loh—fr ftvksuokfn;ksa ds jktuf;d ç;klksa ds fy, ,d
cM+h lQyrk FkhA blh le; Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds jk"Vªoknh
usr`Ro us varjkZ"Vªh; lEcUèkksa vkSj fons'k uhfr ij viuh jk; Li"V :i
ls j[kh FkhA bl le; Hkkjr us if'pe ,f'k;k esa vjc leFkZd uhfr
viukbZ FkhA f[kykQr vkanksyu dh ekax ds leFkZu esa egkRek xkaèkh us
ekpZ 1921 esa ,d oäO; esa fQfyLrhu ij eqfLye fu;a=.k cus jgus
dh ckr dh FkhA33

vc ;gwnh jktu; us vius ftvksuoknh y{;ksa ij jktuf;d leFkZu

ikus ds fy, Hkkjr ij Hkh viuk è;ku dsfUær fd;kA ftvksuokfn;ksa
us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknh usr`Ro ls laidZ lkèkk vkSj bt+jk;y jkT; dh
LFkkiuk ds fy, leFkZu ekaxkA 20oha lnh ds rhljs n'kd ls gh Hkkjr
dh ftvksuokn vkSj Hkkoh bt+jk;y uhfr dk ladsr LorU=rk vkanksyu
17
ds le; ls gh jk"Vªh; usr`Ro }kjk çHkkoh rjhds ls fn;k x;k FkkA
egkRek xkaèkh us bl eqís ij 1938 esa viuh jk; lkoZtfud :i ls
j[khA nf{k.k vÝhdk esa vius çokl ds nkSjku xkaèkhth ds dqN ;gwnh
fe= Hkh cus Fks ftues gsujh iksyd vkSj gjeu dkysuck[k çeq[k FksA
;gwnh usrk eks'ks 'ksjrksd ds fuosnu ij gjeu dkysuck[k us ebZ 1937
esa Hkkjr vkdj xkaèkhth ls eqykd+kr dj ftvksuokn ds fy, leFkZu
ekaxkA gjeu dkysuck[k bl le; rd ftvksuoknh gks pqds FksA
nwljs foÜo ;q) ds ckn vkaXy&;gwnh lkaln flMuh flyojesu vkSj
vejhdh ;gwnh thouhdkj yqbl fQ'kj us xkaèkhth ls eqykd+kr dh
FkhA T;wbZ'k opZqvy ykbczsjh }kjk ,d ys[k esa ;g nkok fd;k x;k
fd bu yksxksa ls eqykd+kr esa xkaèkhth us O;fäxr :i ls ftvksuokn
dk leFkZu fd;k Fkk ysfdu mls dHkh lkoZtfud :i ls Lohdkj
ugha fd;kA34 lkoZtfud :i ls xkaèkhth us ftvksuokn dk leFkZu
ugha fd;k FkkA Hkkjr ds çFke çèkkuea=h tokgjyky usg: us xkaèkhth
dh uhfr dk gh vuqlj.k fd;k FkkA 13 twu 1947 esa çflí oSKkfud
vyoVZ vkbULVkbu us usg#th dks i= fy[kdj bt+jk;y ds çfr uhfr
cnyus dk vuqjksèk fd;k FkkA35 ysfdu vkbULVkbu ds rdZ usg:th
dks vkÜoLr u dj ldsA

bl le; rd fQfyLrhu {ks= esa ruko cgqr vfèkd c<+ pqdk FkkA
l;qaä jk"Vª la?k us fczfV'k esaMsV ds vèkhu fQfyLrhu {ks= ij ;gwfn;ksa
vkSj fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds nkos ij fopkj dj leL;k dk lekèkku fudkyus
dk ç;kl fd;k vkSj 29 uoacj 1947 dks bl {ks= esa ;gwfn;ksa vkSj
fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds fy, i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkT; dh LFkkiuk dk çLrko ikfjr
fd;kA bl çLrko ds i{k esa 33] foi{k esa 13 er iM+s Fks tc fd
10 jkT; vuqifLFkr jgs FksA fczfV'k esaMsV dh lekfIr dh iwoZ laè;k ij
14 ebZ 1948 dks bt+jk;y jkT; ds mn; dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA lksfo;r
la?k bt+jk;y dks fofèkd ekU;rk nsus okyk igyk ns'k cukA

18
l;qaä jk"Vª la?k esa fQfyLrhu eqís ij foHkktu ernku ds nks fnu
iwoZ ftvksuokfn;ksa us usg: dk leFkZu ikus dh ,d vkSj dksf'k'k dhA
okbt+esu us ,d dsfcy esa usg: dks fy[kk fd os ^le> ugha ldrs fd
Hkkjr dSls foHkktu ;kstuk dk fojksèk dj ldrk gSA*36 Hkkjr us l;qaä
jk"Vª esa fQfyLrhu ds caVokjs ds çLrko ds fojksèk esa er fn;k FkkA
Hkkjr us 'kq:vkr ls gh vjc ,oa fQfyLrhu leFkZd uhfr viuk;h
FkhA fQfyLrhu leFkZu dh Hkkjr dh uhfr bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d
lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk ds ckn Hkh tkjh cuh jghA
bt+jk;y dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh çFke vjc&bt+jk;y ;q) dh
'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA 1949 esa Hkkjr us l;qaä jk"Vª esa bt+jk;y ds ços'k
dk fojksèk fd;kA bt+jk;y uhfr esa FkksM+k ifjorZu ykrs gq, Hkkjr
us flracj 1950 esa bt+jk;y ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj fd;kA ysfdu
jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk ugha dhA Hkkjr us cacbZ esa bt+jk;y
dks okf.kT; nwrkokl [kksyus dh vuqefr nhA bl çdkj bt+jk;y ls
lEcUèkksa dks dkQh de j[krs gq, lhfer lEcUèkksa dh uhfr ij cy
fn;k x;kA
vjc&bt+jk;y la?k"kZ esa Hkkjr us vjc jkT;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA
felz vkSj mlds usrk vCnsy teky ukflj ds lkFk Hkkjr ds djhch
lacaèk fodflr gq,A37 1956 ds Lost+ ladV ds le; Hkkjr us felz ij
bt+jk;yh geys dh vkykspuk dhA bl le; Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa
esa fxjkoV vkbZA twu 1967 ds N~g fnolh; vjc&bt+jk;y ;q) esa
Hkkjr us vjc ns'kksa dk i{k fy;k vkSj bt+jk;y ij nks"kkjksi.k fd;kA
mYys[kuh; gS fd bl le; Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa Lora= ny vkSj tu
la?k us bt+jk;y leFkZd uhfr ij cy fn;kA 1973 ds ;kse fdIiwj
;q) esa Hkh Hkkjr us felz vkSj lhfj;k dk leFkZu fd;kA gkykafd bl
le; ;q) dh 'kq#vkr felz vkSj lhfj;k us dh Fkh ysfdu Hkkjr dk
ekuuk Fkk fd bl {ks= esa ruko dk dkj.k bt+jk;y }kjk vfèkxzghr
vjc {ks=ksa dks [kkyh djus ls euk djuk gSA
19
1977 esa lÙkk esa vk;h turk ljdkj bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa
dks lkekU; djuk pkgrh Fkh ij laHkor% vjc ukjktxh ds dkjd
ds dkj.k ,slk u dj ldhA tuojh 1979 esa bt+jk;yh j{kk ea=h
eks'ks n;ku us Hkkjr ;k=k dh ysfdu Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa ds
lkekU;hdj.k dh fn'kk esa dksbZ Bksl çxfr u gks ldhA 1979 esa
dkaxzsl ikVÊ ds lÙkk esa vkus ds ckn vjc leFkZu dh uhfr tkjh
jghA bl le; Hkkjr us bt+jk;y }kjk 1967 esa vfèkxzghr fd, x,
{ks=ksa dks [kkyh djus dh fQfyLrhuh ekax dk leFkZu fd;kA 1982 esa
yscuku ij bt+jk;yh geys dh Hkkjr us dVq vkykspuk dhA 1982 esa
gh cacbZ esa bt+jk;yh okf.kT;&nwr ;kslsQ glhu dh Hkkjr dh vjc
leFkZd uhfr ij fVIi.kh dks vkifÙktud ekurs gq, ljdkj }kjk mUgs
fu"dkflr dj fn;k FkkA

tc jktho xkaèkh çèkkuea=h cus rks bt+jk;y ds çfr Hkkjr dh uhfr dk

iqu% ewY;kadu djus dh igy 'kq: gqbZA 1985 esa la;qä jk"Vª ds l= ds
nkSjku nksuksa ns'kksa ds çèkkueaf=;ksa dh cgqpfpZr nwjxkeh eqykd+kr gqbZA
1988 esa çèkkuea=h jktho xkaèkh dh vejhdk ;k=k ds nkSjku vejhdh
dkaxzsl ds lnL; ds fuosnu ij çeq[k ;gwnh ykSfcLV ls eqykd+kr gqbZ
FkhA blds ckn gh uohu bt+jk;yh okf.kT; nwr dh Hkkjr esa okilh
dh tk ldhA bl le; bt+jk;y esa bafrQ+knk ds :i esa Lor% LQwrZ
fQfyLrhuh fgald çfrjksèk mHkkj ij FkkA ftusok esa ,d cSBd esa Hkkjr
ds fons'k jkT; ea=h dsds frokjh us bt+jk;y dh vkykspuk ls cprs
gq, fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds vkRefu.kZ; ds vfèkdkj ds lkFk&lkFk bt+jk;y
ds 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk esa jgus ds vfèkdkj dks Lohdkj fd;kA çèkkuea=h
jktho xkaèkh }kjk 'kq: dh x;h bt+jk;y ds lkFk lEcUèkksa ds ewY;kadu
uhfr vkSj bt+jkbyh usr`Ro vkSj ;gwnh O;fä;ksa ls jktuf;d eqykdkrksa
vkSj laidksZa us tuojh 1992 esa bt+jk;y ls lEcUèkksa ds lkekU;hdj.k
dh vkèkkjf'kyk j[khA

20
Hkkjr us 'kq: ls gh fQfyLrhu leFkZu dh uhfr viuk;h FkhA 1973
ds vjc&bt+jk;y ;q) ds ckn fQfyLrhuh eqík rsth ls mHkjk vkSj
Hkkjr us ih,yvks ds leFkZu dh uhfr viuk;hA tgka ,d vksj Hkkjr
us fQfyLrhuh leFkZd uhfr ds rgr l;qaä jk"Vª esa ih,yvks ds
vksCtcZj ntZs dk leFkZu fd;k ogha bt+jk;y fojksèkh #[k viukrs gq,
ftvksuokn dks uLyokn ds leku ekuus okys çLrko dk Hkh leFkZu
fd;kA 1975 esa Hkkjr us ih,yvks dks ekU;rk nh ,oa 1980 esa blls
iw.kZ jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj fnYyh esa ih,yvks fe'ku
dks nwrkokl dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA uoacj 1988 esa Hkkjr us fQfyLrhu
jkT; dks ekU;rk nhA 1993 esa vksLyks le>kSrs ds ckn Hkkjr us xkt+k
esa vyx ls Hkkjrh; fe'ku [kksyk ftls 2004 esa if'peh rV ds jeYyk
esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;kA 2012 esa Hkkjr us l;qaä jk"Vª egklHkk
ds ml çLrko dk leFkZu fd;k ftlesa fQfyLrhuh;ksa dks ^xSjlnL;
i;Zos{kd jkT; ntkZ* dk Lrj fn;k x;kA

Hkkjr dh vjc&fQfyLrhu leFkZu ,oa bt+jk;y ls nwjh cuk, j[kus dh

uhfr ds dbZ dkj.k FksA bt+jk;y ds mn; ds lkFk gh vjc&bt+jk;y
la?k"kZ dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA bl le; Hkkjr u rks ftvksuokn dk
leFkZu dj ldrk Fkk vkSj u gh vjc&bt+jk;y la?k"kZ esa rVLFkrk
;k bt+jk;y leFkZd uhfr viuk ldrk FkkA lkezkT;okn fojksèkh
vkSj vÝhdk&,f'k;k HkzkrRo dh uhfr ij cy nsus ds dkj.k Hkkjr us
vjc jk"Vªokn dk leFkZu fd;kA pwafd bt+jk;y ds mn; esa fczVsu
dk leFkZu Fkk vkSj Hkkjrh; usr`Ro v¡xzsth lkezkT;okn ds f[kykQ
vkanksyujr Fkk vr% bl vkèkkj ij Hkh ftvksuokn dk fojksèk fd;k
x;k FkkA vjc leFkZu vkSj ftvksuokn fojksèk dh Hkkjr dh uhfr dk
vkèkkj flQZ uSfrd vkSj fopkjèkkjkRed gh ugha FkkA vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
ds i= dk tokc nsrs gq, 11 tqykbZ 1947 dks usg: us fons'kuhfr
ds ;FkkFkZoknh igyw dks mtkxj djrs gq, fy[kk Fkk fd ÞçR;sd ns'k

21
vius fgrksa ds ckjs esa loZçFke lksprk gS---vDlj ,slk gksrk gS fd dksbZ
varjkZ"Vªh; uhfr fdlh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; uhfr ds vuq:i gksrh gS rks og
jk"Vª varjkZ"Vªh; csgrjh ds fy, lkglh Hkk"kk viukrk gSA ysfdu T;ksa
gh og varjkZ"Vªh; uhfr jk"Vªh; fgrksa ;k LokFkZifjrk ds fojksèk esa çrhr
gksrh gS rks ml varjkZ"Vªh; uhfr dk vuqlj.k u djus ds dbZ dkj.k
gks ldrs gSaAß38 bl çdkj usg: Hkkjr dh fQfyLrhu leFkZu dh uhfr
dks ns'k ds jk"Vªh; fgrksa ds vuq:i eku jgs FksA oLrqr% if'pe ,f'k;k
ls rsy dh vkiwfrZ dk ç'u uoksfnr Hkkjr ds fodkl ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk
ds fy, dkQh egRoiw.kZ FkkA lkFk gh ikfdLrku ls la?k"kZ vkSj d'ehj
eqís ij Hkkjr dks vjc&eqfLye ns'kksa ds leFkZu ;k de ls de mudh
rVLFkrk dh vko';drk FkhA bl le; d'ehj dk eqík l;qaä jk"Vª
la?k esa Fkk vkSj Hkkjr dks vjc ns'kksa ds leFkZu dh t:jr FkhA ;g
lp gS fd dkykarj esa ikfdLrku vkSj d'ehj ds eqís ij Hkkjr dks vjc
ns'kksa dk visf{kr leFkZu ugha feyk Fkk ysfdu uoksfnr Hkkjr vjc
ns'kksa dks ukjkt djus dk tksf[ke ugha mBkuk pkgrk FkkA foHkktu dh
=klnh ds rRdky ckn Hkkjr dh tukaddh; lajpuk ds Lo:i ds rRo
dks Hkkjr dh vjc uhfr fuèkkZj.k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkus ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Hkkjr ds cgqr ls yksx if'pe
,f'k;k esa thfodk ,oa vFkkZsiktZu ds fy, jgrs gSa vkSj buls ns'k dks
jhfeVkUl ds :i esa fons'kh eqæk feyrh gSA ysfdu le; dh pky
cnyh vkSj rnuq:i Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa Hkh cnys i;kZoj.k
dk çfrfcac >ydkA varr% 29 tuojh 1992 dks mnh;eku uohu
ifjos'k esa Hkkjr }kjk bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh
?kks"k.kk dh x;hA

bt+jk;y uhfr esa ifjorZu dkjd

Hkkjr }kjk bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk vpkud
'kwU; esa ugha dh x;h FkhA varjkZ"Vªh;] {ks=h; vkSj vkarfjd dkjdksa us

22
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa esa cnyko dh ihfBdk rS;kj dh FkhA 20oha
lnh dk vafre n'kd varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vkewypwy ifjorZu ds
nkSj dk lk{kh cuk FkkA 'khr ;q) ds var vkSj lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu
ds i'pkr ,d&èkzqoh; foÜo O;oLFkk dk mn; gqvk FkkA vc vejhdk
foÜo esa ,dek= 'kfä cudj mHkjk Fkk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk fopkjèkkjk
ds vkxzgksa ls eqä gks pqds FksA lksfo;r la?k Hkkjr dk djhch fe= Fkk
vkSj bldk fo?kVu Hkkjr ds fy, jktuf;d&lkefjd uqdlku FkkA
varjkZ"Vªh; eap ij jk"Vªh; fgrksa ds laj{k.k vkSj laoèkZu ds fy, Hkkjr
dks u, fe=ksa dh t:jr FkhA tfVy nks&èkzqoh; varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk
ds LFkku ij bl mnh;eku pqukSrhiw.kZ ,d&èkzqoh; varjkZ"Vªh; lajpuk
esa Hkkjr }kjk vejhdk ls nks&i{kh; lacaèkks dks iqujifjHkkf"kr djuk
,d lkefjd vko';drk FkhA Hkkjr&vejhdk lEcUèkksa esa nksuksa ns'kksa
dh fons'k uhfr mís';ksa esa fHkUurk ds lkFk&lkFk bt+jk;y dkjd ,d
egRoiw.kZ rRo FkkA bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lacaèkks dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr dks
u dsoy vejhdk ds djhc yk ldrh Fkh cfYd j{kk] —f"k ,oa rduhd
ds {ks= esa bt+jk;yh fo'ks"kKrk ls t:jreUn lg;ksx dk ekxZ ç'kLr
dj ldrh FkhA blh le; Hkkjr us ^yqd bZLV uhfr* viukdj nf{k.k
iwoZ ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ls Hkh djhch lacaèk cukus dh uhfr viukbZA

,d {ks= dh –f"V ls if'pe ,f'k;k dh jktuhfr esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ

cnyko vk jgs FksA vc rd bt+jk;y ds dêj fojksèkh jgs fQfyLrhuh
laxBu ih,yvks us 1988 esa bt+jk;y ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj dj
fy;k FkkA vejhdk us ih,yvks ls okrkZ 'kq: dj nh FkhA [kkM+h ;q) ds
ckn if'pe ,f'k;k esa bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu 'kkafr çfØ;k dh 'kq#vkr
gks jgh FkhA esfMªM esa 'kkafr lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj
vk'kk dh tk jgh Fkh fd vc fQfyLrhu eqís dk 'kh?kz gh lekèkku gks
tk,xkA ftvksuoknh fopkjèkkjk vkSj bt+jk;y ds fojksèkh jgs fQfyLrhu
vkSj vjc leFkZd lksfo;r la?k us Hkh väwcj 1991 esa bt+jk;y ls

23
iqu% jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dj yh FkhA varj&jkT; la?k"kZ ds
:i esa vjc&bt+jk;y la?k"kZ lekIr Hkys gh u gqvk gks ysfdu blesa
,d ^fxjkoV* t:j vk jgh FkhA 1978 esa bt+jk;y&felz ds chp dsai
MsfoM le>kSrs ds ckn 1979 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; ,d 'kkafr lafèk
gqbZ ftlesa felz us flukbZ çk;}hi dh bt+jk;y ls okilh ds ,ot esa
blds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj fd;k FkkA ih,yvks ds usrk ;kflj vjkQkr
}kjk Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèkks ds lkekU;hdj.k ij viuk ldkjkRed
#[k O;ä djus ds ckn Hkkjr ds fy, bt+jk;y uhfr esa ifjorZu
djuk lgt FkkA bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu 'kkafr çfØ;k esa Hkkjr dh
fdlh Hkh lkFkZd Hkwfedk ds fy, t:jh Fkk fd bt+jk;y ls lEcUèkksa
dk lkekU;hdj.k dj jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;A

Hkkjr ds vkarfjd vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd i;kZoj.k esa Hkh ifjorZu

vk;k FkkA Hkkjr us 1990 dh 'kq#vkr esa vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dh
uhfr viuk;h FkhA bl le; Hkkjr dks vkbZ,e,Q vkSj foÜo cSad
ds leFkZu dh t:jr FkhA bu nksuksa laLFkkvksa esa vejhdh çHkko
dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr dks vejhdk ds lg;ksx dh vko';drk FkhA
Hkkjr&vejhdk lEcUèkksa ds uohu lehdj.k esa Hkkjr ds bt+jk;y ls
lEcUèkksa ds lkekU;hdj.k ds ç'u dk gy ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk
dj ldrk FkkA ;g ,d la;ksx gks ;k lksph le>h j.kuhfr dk fgLlk
gks] rRdkyhu çèkkuea=h ujflag jko dh 1992 esa vejhdk ;k=k ds
Bhd iwoZ gh bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk
dh x;h FkhA lkFk gh Hkkjr esa ,d jktuhfrd oxZ ,slk Hkh mHkj dj
vk;k Fkk tks bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dk i{kèkj
FkkA Hkkjrh; turk ikVÊ ds çeksn egktu] lektoknh turk ikVÊ ds
;'koar flUgk vkSj turk ikVÊ ds lqcze.;e Lokeh us bt+jk;y ds çfr
Hkkjrh; uhfr esa cnyko dh odkyr dh FkhA vc lÙkk ds xfy;kjksa
esa ;g Hkh vglkl fd;k tkus yxk Fkk fd bt+jk;y ls jktuhfrd

24
nwjh cuk, j[kus vkSj vjc&fQfyLrhu leFkZd uhfr viuk, tkus
ds ckotwn Hkh Hkkjr dks if'pe ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ls ladV ds le;
ikfdLrku vkSj d'ehj eqís ij visf{kr leFkZu ugha feyk FkkA if'pe
,f'k;k ds vfèkdrj ns'kksa us yxHkx ikfdLrku leFkZd uhfr ij cy
fn;k FkkA 1969 ds eqfLye ns'kksa ds jckr lEesyu esa ikfdLrku ds
noko ds QyLo:i Hkkjr ds çfr viuk;k x;k lkSrsyk O;ogkj vkSj
1971 esa ckaXykns'k ds eqís ij if'pe ,f'k;k;h ns'kksa dk jktuhfrd
ekSu Hkkjr ds fy, vçR;kf'kr FkkA lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds ckn
Hkkjr dks viuh j{kk ds fy, gfFk;kjksa dh vkiwfrZ ds fy, u, lzksrksa
dh ryk'k djuh FkhA bt+jk;y dk lSU;&vkSèkkSfxd ladqy Hkkjr dh
j{kk j:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke FkkA Hkkjr esa mHkjrs vkradokn ds
[krjs ls fuiVus ds fy, bt+jk;y ds vuqHko dks lk>k djus dks ,d
volj ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA u, vkfFkZd ,oa Hkw&lkefjd ifjos'k esa
lkefjd] j{kk] vkrad&fujksèk] —f"k] ty&çcaèku] foKku ,oa rduhdh
vkSj vkfFkZd tSls fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa bt+jk;y ls djhch lEcUèkksa ds
fodkl dh laHkkouk dks ,d u, volj ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA

u;h bt+jk;y uhfr

bl ifjofrZr varjkZ"Vªh;] {ks=h; vkSj vkarfjd i;kZoj.k esa Hkkjr us
viuh fons'k uhfr dks lek;ksftr fd;kA 29 tuojh 1992 dks Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk
ds ckn Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèkksa esa ,d u;k nkSj 'kq: gqvkA Hkkjr dh
ijaijkxr if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr vjc&fQfyLrhu leFkZu vkSj bt+jk;y
fojksèk ij vkèkkfjr Fkh vkSj bt+jk;y ls lEcUèkksa ds lkekU;hdj.k
ds fy, fQfyLrhu eqís ds lekèkku dh 'krZ yxkbZ x;h FkhA u;h
if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr esa iqjkuh uhfr ds bt+jk;yh ?kVd esa vkewypwy
cnyko dk ladsr fn;k x;k 'ks"k uhfrxr <kapk yxHkx ;Fkkor cuk
jgkA vc fQfyLrhu leFkZu dh ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; uhfr dh fujarjrk
25
bt+jk;y ls xR;kRed ,oa ykHknk;d lEcUèkksa ds fodkl esa ckèkk
ugha FkhA bl u;h uhfr esa nksuksa eqíksa dks vyx&vyx dj fn;k x;k
FkkA vc Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr fQfyLrhuh eqís ij vkèkkfjr fuHkZj
ifjoR;Z ds :i esa vfLrRo u j[k dj ,d Lora= ifjoR;Z ds :i
esa fodflr gks jgh FkhA vc Hkkjr us bt+jk;y ds lkFk cgqvk;keh
xgu jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd&lkefjd&rduhdh lEcUèkksa ds fodkl vkSj
bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhuh 'kkafr okrkZ vkSj la?k"kZ dks ,d nwljs ls tksM+dj
ns[kuk can fd;kA vc bt+jk;y ds lEcUèkksa ds fodkl ds fy,
Lora=&laçHkq fQfyLrhu jkT; dh LFkkiuk ,d iwoZ 'krZ ugha FkhA
Hkkjr us vc bt+jk;y ls eS=hiw.kZ lacaèk fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk laçHkq
fQfyLrhu jkT; ds mn; ds leFkZu dh uhfr viuk;hA vc Hkkjr
mä nksuksa eqíksa ij çxfr dk leFkZd gSA vc Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr
esa bt+jk;y vkSj fQfyLrhu eqís ij leku O;ogkj dh uhfr viukus
ij cy fn;k x;kA

Hkkjr us bt+jk;y ls lkefjd lg;ksx] vkrad&fujksèk] vkfFkZd] —f"k]

foKku&rduhd vkSj O;kikj ds {ks= esa ikjLifjd ykHknk;d nks&i{kh;
lacaèk fodflr fd,A bt+jk;y us Hkh t:jr iM+us ij Hkkjr dk leFkZu
,oa enn dhA Hkkjr&bt+jk;y ds chp mÙkj&lacaèk LFkkiuk dky esa
fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa xgu lg;ksx dh 'kq#vkr fd, tkus ds ckotwn nksuksa
ns'kksa ds eè; lEcUèkksa dk çksQkby yxHkx vioknLo:i fuEu gh cuk
jgkA lkFk gh bt+jk;y ls lacaèkks dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls Hkkjr us
la;qä jk"Vª vkSj bldh vkuq"kafxd laLFkkvksa esa fQfyLrhu ds eqís ij
fQfyLrhu çkfèkdj.k ds i{k esa ernku djus dh uhfr viuk;h tks
vkt rd tkjh gSA uoacj 2012 dks Hkkjr us l;qaä jk"Vª esa fQfyLrhu
dks xSj&lnL; i;Zos{kd jkT; dk ntkZ nsus ds çLrko dk leFkZu
fd;kA vioknLo:i 1991 esa Hkkjr us ftvksuokn dks uLyokn crkus
okys 1975 ds l;qä jk"Vª çLrko dks lekIr djus ds i{k esa er fn;k

26
Fkk vkSj 2001 esa Mjcu lEesyu esa Hkh Hkkjr us bt+jk;y ds i{k esa
#[k viuk;kA
ysfdu vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ds usr`Ro esa Hkktik uhr ,uMh, ljdkj
esa Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèkks dks uohu ÅapkbZ vkSj mPp çksQkby nsus
dh dksf'k'k dh x;hA ebZ 1998 ds ijek.kq ijh{k.k dh bt+jk;y us
vkykspuk ugha dhA Hkkjr ij rduhdh fu;kZr ds çfrcaèk ds le;
bt+jk;y us gfFk;kjksa dk fu;kZr u dsoy tkjh j[kk cfYd c<+k;k HkhA
1999 esa dkjfxy ;q) ds le; btjk;y }kjk Hkkjr dh lSU; enn ds
i'pkr Hkkjr&btjk;y lEcUèkksa esa ,d xq.kkRed ifjorZu dh 'kq#vkr
gqbZA dkjfxy ;q) ds le; bt+jk;y us Hkkjr dks ikfdLrkuh iksth'ku
dh tkudkjh lacaèkh çfrek,¡ miyCèk djkbZ vkSj vYi le; esa vfr
vko';d vkfVZjh 'ksy dks miyCèk djk;kA ;gk¡ ls Hkkjr&btjk;y
j{kk lg;ksx dks xfr feyhA 2002 esa ikfdLrku ds f[kykQ vkijs'ku
ijkØe dh ;kstuk ds le; bt+jk;y us Hkkjr dks fo'ks"k foeku ls
lSU; midj.k miyCèk djk;s FksA btjk;yh çèkkuea=h ,fj;y 'ksj‚u
dh flracj 2003 esa Hkkjr ;k=k ds lkFk nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp vc rd
fo|eku fuEu çksQkby Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa dks mPp çksQkby dk
:i nsus dh dksf'k'k dh x;hA ;g fdlh Hkh bt+jk;yh çèkkuea=h dh
igyh Hkkjr ;k=k FkhA
Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; DokVZsV ds jksM esi ds vkèkkj ij bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu
'kkafr okrkZ dk leFkZu lnSo gh fd;k gSA ijaijkxr :i ls Hkkjr us
fQfyLrhu jkT; dh LFkkiuk dks ysdj Hkh blds mn; dk leFkZu
fd;kA Hkkjr us bt+jk;y esa fQfyLrhuh vkRe?kkrh ce nLrksa ,oa vU;
vkrad —R;ksa dh vkykspuk djuk Hkh 'kq: fd;kA Hkkjr us fQfyLrhuh
fgald mxzoknh xfrfofèk;ksa dh vkykspuk 'kq: dhA 1 twu 2001 dks
rsy voho esa gq, vkRe?kkrh geys dh vkykspuk djrs gq, Hkkjr us dgk
fd Þfgalk ds ,sls —R; dks fdlh vkèkkj ij U;k;ksfpr ugha Bgjk;k

27
tk ldrkAß39 fnlacj 2004 dks lEiUu Hkkjr&btjk;y l;qaä dk;Z
lewg dh pkSFkh cSBd esa nksuksa i{kksa us vkradokn ds lHkh —R;ksa dh
vkykspuk dhA40 fons'k ea=ky; ds çoäk us ,d oäC; esa 25 twu
2006 dks xkt+k ds fudV dsjse 'kykse Økflax ij btjk;yh lSfud
ds vigj.k dh ?kVuk dh fuank djrs gq, foÜokl O;ä fd;k x;k fd
caèkd btjk;yh lSfud dh fjgkbZ c<+rs gq, ruko dks de djus esa
ennxkj gksxhA41 blh çdkj 12 tqykbZ 2006 dks yscuku ds fefyVsaV
}kjk nks bt+jk;yh lSfudksa ds vigj.k dh Hkh Hkkjr us fuank dhA42
fQfyLrhu vkSj bt+jk;y ds vkilh lacaèk vkSj fQfyLrhu vkSj
bt+jk;y ds chp ruko ,oa la?k"kZ ds eqís ij Hkkjr dh uhfr esa ,d
mrkj&p<+ko –f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ds usr`Ro
esa Hkktik uhr ,uMh, ljdkj us fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds çfr bt+jk;yh
O;ogkj dks ysdj viuh çfrfØ;k esa fpark dk #[k viuk;k ysfdu
bt+jk;y dh vkykspuk ugha dhA Hkkjr us mxz fQfyLrhuh rRoksa dh
fgald xfrfofèk ds lkFk lkFk bt+jk;y }kjk fQfyLrhuh {ks=ksa ds
vfrØe.k ij fpark O;ä dhA 24 ebZ 2001 dks ,d oäC; esa Hkkjr us
bt+jk;y vkSj fQfyLrhu i{kksa ls Þfcuk 'krZ leLr fgald xfrfofèk;ksa
dks lekIr djus] mdlkok jksdus vkSj fLFkfr dks lkekU; djus dh
vihy dhAß43 vçSy 2002 ds ,d çsl oäC; esa fQfyLrhuh 'kgj
vkSj dLcksa esa btjk;yh vfrØe.k ds rkRdkfyd var ds lkFk lkFk
vkrad] fgalk] mdlkok vkSj HkM+dko ds pØ ds var ij cy fn;k
x;kA44 flracj 2002 ds fons'k ea=ky; ds ,d oäC; esa dgk x;k
fd Þnks vkRe?kkrh ce geyksa vkSj jeYyk esa jk"Vªifr ;kflj vjkQkr
ds ifjlj ds f[kykQ bt+jkbyh lsuk ds vfrØe.k ls lqj{kk fLFkfr;ksa
esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSAß45 ekpZ 2003 esa bt+jk;y vkSj fQfyLrhu {ks= esa
fgalk esa c`f) ds çfr fpark O;ä dh x;hA46
dkaxzsl uhr ;wih, ljdkj esa Hkkjr us fQfyLrhu jkT; ds leFkZu ds
lkFk&lkFk bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu 'kkafr okrkZ dk leFkZu fd;k x;k]
28
bt+jk;y ds lkFk cgqvk;keh ykHknk;d lg;ksx dks vkxs c<+k;k
x;kA bl nkSjku dksbZ mPp jktuhfrd ;k=k lEiUu ugha gqbZ vkSj
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa dk çksQkby fuEu cuk jgkA ysfdu fQfyLrhu
{ks=ksa ds çfr btjk;yh vfrØe.k vkSj O;ogkj ds çfr #[k esa dnkfpr
ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA fons'k ea=ky; ds oäC;ksa ds rqyukRed
vè;;u ls irk yxrk gS o"kZ 2004 ds ckn btjk;y&fQfyLrhuh
la?k"kZ ds nkSjku Hkkjr us fQfyLrhuh {ks=ksa ij btjk;y dh vkØkedrk
dh rks vkykspuk dh ysfdu xkt+k ls btjk;y ij gksus okys geyksa
dk dksbZ Li"V ftØ ugha fd;kA ljdkj }kjk 20 ebZ 2004 dks ,d
oäC; esa xkt+k esa jkQk fQfyLrhuh 'kj.kkFkÊ dSai esa edkuks ds <gkus
,oa btjk;yh lsuk }kjk vfr'k; cy ds ç;ksx dh fuank dh x;h
vkSj bt+jk;yh ,d i{kh; dkjZokgh dks rRdky jksdus dh ckr dh
x;hA47 väwcj 2004 esa mÙkjh xkt+k esa fgalk esa c<+ksRrjh ij fons'k
jkT; ea=h us dgk Þge mÙkjh xkt+k esa fgalk dh gkfy;k c`f) vkSj
btjk;yh cyksa }kjk vlekuqikfrd vkSj cM+s iSekus ij cy ç;ksx dh
fuank djrs gSAß48 twu 2006 dks fons'k ea=ky; }kjk ,d oäC; esa
dgk x;k fd Hkkjr xkt+k esa btjk;yh j{kk cyksa }kjk fcuk fdlh
mdlkos ds }kjk efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa lesr funkZs"k ukxfjdksa ds ekjs
tkus dh fuank djrk gSA49 2006 esa btjk;y&yscuku lhek ij la?k"kZ
esa Hkkjr us bt+jk;y }kjk yscuku esa vR;fèkd vkSj vlekuqikfrd cy
ds ç;ksx dh fuank dh ftlesa cs:r gokbZ vìs lesr ukxfjd vkèkkjHkwr
lajpuk dks fu'kkuk cuk;k x;kA50 tuojh 2009 ds ,d oäC; esa
Hkkjr ljdkj us btjk;yh tehuh ,oa vU; cyksa }kjk xkt+k esa tkjh
vfrØe.k dh fuank dhA51 ysfdu 2012 esa bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu la?k"kZ
ds nkSjku Hkkjr us vius oäC; ls bt+jk;y ds lanHkZ esa fuank ;k
vkykspuk ds #[k dk foyksiu fd;kA xkt+k esa fgalk ij ehfM;k ds
ç'u ds mÙkj esa fons'k ea=ky; ds çoäk us xkt+k ds vklikl dsfUær
bt+jk;y vkSj fQfyLrhu ds chp fgalk dh rhoz c`f) ij fpark O;ä

29
dhA52 bl çdkj o"kZ 2012 esa ;wih, ljdkj us bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu
fgald la?k"kZ ds lacaèk esa ,d uohu #[k dk çn'kZu fd;kA
bl çdkj Li"V gksrk gS fd fQfyLrhfu;ksa ds çfr bt+jk;yh O;ogkj
dks ysdj Hkkjr us viuh çfrfØ;k esa dqN mrkj&p<+ko ds çfreku
dks NksM+dj Øfed :i ls ujeh fn[kk;hA ,uMh, ljdkj ds dky
esa bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu fgald la?k"kZ esa btjk;y }kjk fQfyLrhuh
{ks= dk vfrØe.k fd, tkus lacaèk esa Hkkjr us fpark O;ä dh fdUrq
bt+jk;y dh vkykspuk ugha dhA ckn esa dkaxzsl uhr ;wih, ljdkj
dky esa bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhuh la?k"kZ esa bt+jk;yh j{kk cyksa }kjk
fQfyLrhuh {ks=ksa esa cy ç;ksx djus ij bt+jk;y dh vkykspuk djus
dh uhfr dks viuk;kA ysfdu 2012 esa bl uhfr esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;k
vkSj fQfyLrhuh&bt+jk;y fgalk vkSj bt+jk;y }kjk fQfyLrhu {ks=
dk vfrØe.k gksus dh fLFkfr esa bt+jk;y dh fuank djus dh uhfr ls
cpk x;k gSA
fQfyLrhu leL;k ls lacfUèkr ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fdUrq laosnu'khy
eqís ;kfu iwoÊ ts:lyse dh fLFkfr ij Hkkjr dh uhfr esa Hkh ifjorZu
ifjyf{kr gqvkA 'kq: ls gh Hkkjr dh uhfr bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu
fookn ds nks&jkT; lekèkku ds i{k esa jgh gS vkSj Hkkjr us Lora=
,oa laçHkq fQfyLrhu jkT; ds mn; vkSj bt+jk;y ds lkFk blds
'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo dk leFkZu fd;k gS fdUrq ljdkj ds fdlh Hkh
vkSipkfjd oäO; ;k dFku esa ts:lyse ds eqís ij dksbZ fof'k"V #[k
ugha viuk;k x;kA gkykafd fQfyLrhu jk"Vªh; çkfèkdj.k us lnSo
gh iwoÊ ts:lyse dks Hkkoh fQfyLrhu jkT; dh jktèkkuh crk;k
Fkk ysfdu Hkkjr us ts:lyse dk mYys[k fd, fcuk gh fQfyLrhuh
jkT; dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA loZçFke 1994 vkSj iqu% vxLr 2008 esa
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèkks esa jktuf;d laokn ds nkSjku ts:lyse dk
eqík mHkjdj lkeus vk;k FkkA 2009 esa fQfyLrhuh çkfèkdj.k çeq[k

30
egewn vCckl dh Hkkjr ;k=k ds nkSjku rRdkyhu fons'k ea=h ç.ko
eq[ktÊ us lkoZtfud :i ls igyh ckj ts:lyse dk ftØ fQfyLrhu
jkT; vkSj mldh jktèkkuh iwoÊ ts:lyse ds :i esa fd;k FkkA ;g
bt+jk;y ds fy, udkjkRed dFku FkkA bl le; ls Hkkjr ds
fQfyLrhu lacaèkh oäC;@dFku esa iwoÊ ts:lyse dk mYys[k fu;fer
:i ls fd;k tkus yxkA53
eksnh ljdkj vkSj bt+jk;y
çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh ds usr`Ro okyh ,uMh,&2 ljdkj esa bt+jk;y
ds çfr Hkkjr dh uhfr vkSj #[k esa fof'k"V ifjorZu dk ladsr feyk
gSA eksnh ljdkj us dbZ dneksa ds }kjk Li"V :i ls ladsr fn;k fd
og Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa ,oa laidksZa dks ,d uohu mPp çksQkby
nsxhA nksuksa ns'kksa esa jktuhfrd laidZ c<~us vkSj Hkkjr&btjk;y lacaèk
dk çksQkby mPp gksus dh laHkkouk vc cycrh gqbZ gSA vc laHkkouk
c<+ x;h gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa ds lacaèk esa mPp jktuhfrd laidZ vkSj
laokn dks c<+kdj lkoZtfud f>>d dks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA bt+jk;y ds çfr mPp jktuhfrd Lrj ij lkoZtfud f>>d
dks nwj fd, tkus dh uhfr ij cy fn;k tk jgk gSA blh Øe esa
flracj 2014 ds var esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds çèkkueaf=;ksa us vejhdk esa
l;qaä jk"Vª egklHkk ds lEesyu ds nkSjku eqykd+kr dh FkhA54 bl
le; bt+jk;y ds çèkkuea=h us dgk fd Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa
esa ^vkleku gh lhek gSA*55 bt+jk;y ds vfèkdkfj;ksa us dgk fd
;g eqykd+kr nksuksa ns'kksa esa ÞHkkoh lg;ksx ds fy, ,d mRçsjd
dk dke djsxhAß56 çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh ds usr`Ro esa dsaæ esa 30
o"kksZa ds ckn iw.kZ cgqer dh ljdkj ds xBu ds ckn ;FkkFkZoknh
lkefjd leqnk; esa O;ä dh x;h laHkkouk ds vuq:i fons'k ea=h }kjk
?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh bt+jk;y tk,axsA gkykafd
bl lacaèk esa fdlh frfFk dh ?kks"k.kk ugha dh x;h gS tks fd nksuksa i{kksa
31
dh lqfoèkk vkSj lgefr ls r; dh tk,axhA57 çèkkuea=h eksnh bt+jk;y
tkus okys Hkkjr ds çFke çèkkuea=h gksaxsaA fons'k ea=h lq"kek Lojkt
us ;g Hkh dgk fd fQfyLrhu ds çfr Hkkjr dh uhfr esa dksbZ cnyko
ugha gSA fQj Hkh ;g ,d uhfrxr cnyko dks vo'; n'kkZrk gS D;ksafd
vc rd Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkh çèkkuea=h bt+jk;y ;k=k ij ugha x;k
gSA çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh dh bt+jk;y ;k=k u dsoy Hkkjr&btjk;y
lEcUèkksa esa fodflr gksrs mPp jktuhfrd çksQkby dks çfrfcfEcr
djrh gS cfYd bl ;k=k ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp iwoZ ls fodflr gks jgs
cgqvk;keh ykHknk;d lacaèkks esa vkSj Hkh vfèkd xgurk vkSj xq.kkRed
ifjorZu vkus dh çcy laHkkouk Hkh gSA ;g ;k=k Hkkjr&bt+jk;y esa
fodflr gks jgs djhch lacaèkks dks lkoZtfud :i ls O;ä djus dh
fgpfdpkgV dks lekIr djrs gq, nks&i{kh; lacaèkks dks inZs ds ihNs
ls fudkydj [kqyk lkoZtfud :i çnku djsxhA çèkkuea=h eksnh dh
bt+jk;y ;k=k dks ^vo';aHkkoh fu"d"kZ* ds :i esa Hkh O;k[;kf;r fd;k
x;k gSA58 çèkkuea=h eksnh dh bt+jk;y ;k=k ds iwoZ fons'k ea=h lq"kek
Lojkt fQfyLrhu] bt+jk;y vkSj tkMZu dh ;k=k ij tk,axh tks dh
çèkkuea=h dh ;k=k dh iwoZihfBdk ds :i esa gksxkA
vc nksuksa ns'kksa ds lacaèkks esa vkSj vfèkd xgurk vkus dh mEehn
gSA j{kk ,oa vkfFkZd lg;ksx ls vkxs c<+dj rduhdh {ks= esa xgu
lk>snkjh dks vkSj vkxs c<+k;k tk,xkA uoacj 2014 ds çFke lIrkg
esa Hkkjr ds x`g ea=h jktukFk flag dh bt+jk;y ;k=k vkSj bt+jk;y
ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr f'keksu isjst+ dh Hkkjr ;k=k nksuksa ns'kksa esa ikjLifjd
lg;ksx dks uohu {ks=ksa esa vkxs c<+kus dh fn'kk dk ladsr nsrh gSaA
x`g ea=h jktukFk flag dh bt+jk;y ;k=k ds nkSjku Hkkjr dks lhek
lqj{kk] mì;u lqj{kk] ty lap;u] lkbcj lqj{kk dh rduhd nsus
,oa ^esd bu bafM;k* dh Hkkjrh; igy ds lanHkZ esa mUur rduhd ds
Hkkjr esa gLrkarj.k vkSj fodkl ij ppkZ dh x;h gSA ;g nksuksa ns'kksa
esa fodflr gksrs xgu ^mPp rduhd lacaèk* dk lwpd gSA nksuksa ns'k
32
vc mPp rduhdh lacaèk LFkkfir djsxsaA bt+jk;y ^esd bu bafM;k* esa
Hkkx ysxkA *esd bu bafM;k* esa bt+jk;y us viuh #fp O;ä dh gS
vkSj og Hkkjr esa rduhd gLrkarj.k vkSj fodkl dk bPNqd gSA Hkkjr
dh vis{kk gS fd bt+jk;y ^esd bu bafM;k* esa Hkkx ys vkSj rhljs ns'k
dks l;qaä :i ls fufeZr mRikn dk fu;kZr fd;k tk;A Qjojh 2015
esa bt+jk;y ds j{kk ea=h eks'ks ;kyksu us Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkSipkfjd
fuea=.k ij ^,sjks bafM;k 'kks* esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, Hkkjr dh ;k=k dks
ldkjkRed crkrs gq, dgk fd bt+jk;y eksnh ljdkj dh ^esd bu
bafM;k* igy dk Lokxr djrk gS vkSj blesa lgHkkx Hkh ysxkA59 1992
esa nksuksa ns'kksa esa jktuf;d lacaèk LFkkfir gksus ds ckn ls ;g bt+jk;y
ds fdlh Hkh j{kk ea=h dh igyh Hkkjr ;k=k FkhA ;g nksuksa ns'kksa esa
lkoZtfud Lrj ij c<+rs j{kk lEcUèkksa dk ladsr nsrh gSA vc çrhr
gksrk gS fd Hkkjr&bt+jk;y j{kk lacaèk inZs ds ihNs ls vkxs c<+dj
lkoZtfud vkdkj ys jgs gSA vc rd Hkkjr dh uhfr bt+jk;y ls j{kk
lEcUèkksa dks lrg ds uhps j[kus dh FkhA ysfdu vc blesa ifjorZu
vk;k gSA bt+jk;yh j{kk ea=h dks ^,sjks bafM;k 'kks* esa vkSipkfjd
fuea=.k nsdj Hkkjr us bt+jk;y ls j{kk lacaèkks dks lkoZtfud Lo:i
nsus dh uhfr ij vey fd;k gSA
j{kk {ks= esa c<+rs lg;ksx ls vkxs tkdj bt+jk;y ls vkSj —f"k
rduhdh&vkfFkZd lEcUèkksa esa Hkh djhch c<+sxhA nksuksa ns'kks esa nks&i{kh;
O;kikj vkSj fuos'k Hkh c<+k gS vkSj nksuksa ns'k eqä O;kikj le>kSrk dh
vksj vkxs c<+ jgs gS rkfd vkfFkZd lEcUèkksa dks etcwr fd;k tk ldsA
nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp iwoZ dh Hkkafr j{kk {ks= esa Hkh lacaèk vkxs c<+ jgs
gSaA phu ls lhek ij ruko vkSj ikfdLrku }kjk lhek ij xksykckjh
ds chp väwcj 2014 ds var esa Hkkjr ljdkj us bt+jk;y ls 3200
djksM+ #i;s dh ,d Mhy esa ,d bt+jk;yh daiuh ^jQk;y fMQsal
,M~okULM flLVe* ls 8356 Likbd ,aVh&Vsad xkbfMM felkby vkSj
321 yk¡pj [kjhnus dk fu.kZ; fd;k gSA 10 uoacj 2014 dks bt+jk;y

33
esa Hkkjr&bt+jk;y }kjk l;qaä :i ls fodflr yach nwjh dh lrg
ls ok;q felkby ¼,yvkj&,l,,e½ cjkd&8 dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k
x;k gSA cjkd&8 felkby dk lQy ijh{k.k mUur gfFk;kj flLVe
dks fodflr djus esa nks&i{kh; lg;ksx esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj gSA
Hkkjr ds 10 jkT;ksa esa Hkkjr&bt+jk;y —f"k lg;ksx ifj;kstuk,a ^lsaVj
vkQ ,Dlhysal* dh LFkkiuk ds :i esa vius fØ;kUo;u ds fofHkUu
pj.kksa esa gSaA 2015 rd bu ^lsaVj vkQ ,fDlysUl* dh la[;k c<+kdj
28 djus dh ;kstuk gSA —f"k esa lg;ksx ds fy, orZeku esa pkyw rhu
o"kÊ; dk;Z;kstuk dks 2015 ds ckn Hkh tkjh j[kus dk fu.kZ; fy;k
x;k gSA
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa esa fQfyLrhu dk ç'u 'kq: ls gh ,d
egRoiw.kZ dkjd jgk gSA Hkkjr fQfyLrhu dk leFkZd gS ysfdu eksnh
ljdkj esa dqN uhfrxr ifjorZu vkus dh laHkkouk gSA tqykbZ 2014
esa 'kq: gq, xkt+k esa btjk;y&gekl la?k"kZ ds nkSjku btjk;y ds
çfr foi{k ds vkykspukRed #[k ds ckotwn Hkkjr ljdkj us laln
esa btjk;y ds f[kykQ fdlh fuank dk çLrko ikfjr djus ls badkj
fd;kA fons'k ea=h lq"kek Lojkt us dgk fd fQfyLrhu vkSj btjk;y
ds lkFk Hkkjr ds lacaèk iqjkuh ljdkjksa dh fojklr gSaA fons'k ea=h
lq"kek Lojkt us Hkkjr dh uhfr dks Li"V djrs gq, tqykbZ 2014 esa
dgk fd fQfyLrhu ds çfr Hkkjr dh uhfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gSA
xkt+k la?k"kZ esa fdlh dk i{k ysus ls badkj djrs gq, ljdkj us dgk
fd bt+jk;y vkSj fQfyLrhu dks 'kkafr okrkZ djuk pkfg,A Hkkjr dh
uhfr bt+jk;y ds lkFk vPNs lEcUèkksa dks cuk, j[krs gq, fQfyLrhu
eqís dk iwjk leFkZu djuk gSA60 Hkkjr us fczDl ns'kksa ds lkFk la;qä
jk"Vª ekuo vfèkdkj ifj"kn ds ml çLrko ds leFkZu esa er fn;k
ftlesa xkt+k ij bt+jk;y dh lSU; dkjZokgh dh tkap djus dh ckr
dh x;h FkhA61 ;g er Hkh çrhdkRed vfèkd gh Fkk vkSj fQfyLrhu
eqís ij Hkkjr dh ijaijkxr uhfr ds leFkZu esa vfèkd FkkA
34
çèkkuea=h eksnh us viuh vejhdk ;k=k esa U;w;ksdZ esa bt+jk;y ds
çèkkuea=h usrkU;kgq ls eqykdkr dh ysfdu fQfyLrhuh usrk egewn
vCckl ls eqykd+kr ugha dhA62 la;qä jk"Vª esa çèkkuea=h eksnh dk
Hkk"k.k Hkh vrhr o"kksZa dh fQfyLrhuh uhfr ls çLFkku n'kkZrk gS D;ksafd
vrhr esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"k.kksa esa yxHkx fu;fer :i ls ^fQfyLrhu la?k"kZ*
vkSj fQfyLrhu dh jktèkkuh ds :i esa iwohZ ts:lyse dk lanHkZ fn;k
tkrk FkkA lkoZtfud oäC; esa Hkkjrh; cnyko vkus ds ckn 2013
esa Hkh iwoZ çèkkuea=h eueksgu flag us Hkkoh Lora= laçHkq fQfyLrhuh
jkT; dh jktèkkuh ds :i esa iwoÊ ts:lyse ij fQfyLrhuh nkos dk
lanHkZ fn;k FkkA63 ysfdu çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh us vius l;qaä jk"Vª
Hkk"k.k esa fQfyLrhuh eqís dk dksbZ ftØ ugha fd;kA64 ;g Hkkjr dh
fQfyLrhuh uhfr ij lfØ;rk esa ifjorZu dk ladsr djrk gSA ;g
iqjkuh çks&,fDVo fQfyLrhu uhfr ls dnkfpr fopyu dks n'kkZrk gSA

l;qaä jk"Vª esa bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu la?k"kZ ds eqís ij Hkkjr dh ernku

uhfr esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu dk ladsr ns[kus dks feyk gkykafd
ljdkj us fdlh uhfrxr ifjorZu ls badkj fd;kA65 3 tqykbZ 2015
dks la;qä jk"Vª ekuo vfèkdkj ifj"kn esa tqykbZ&vxLr 2014 esa
?kfVr xkt+k ;q) ds lacaèk esa l;qaä jk"Vª tkap vk;ksx ds çfrosnu
dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, gksus okys ernku esa Hkkjr vuqifLFkr jgkA
bl ernku ds rRdky ckn Hkkjr ds fons'k ea=ky; us ,d oäC;
esa dgk fd fQfyLrhu eqís ij leFkZu djus dh Hkkjr dh iqjkuh
uhfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh vk;k gSA bl ernku esa vuqifLFkr jgus
dh uhfr ds i{k esa fons'k ea=ky; us rdZ fn;k fd tkap çfrosnu
esa btjk;y dks varjkZ"Vªh; vijkèk U;k;ky; esa ys tkus dk çR;{k
lanHkZ gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr us vuqifLFkfr ds fodYi dk p;u fd;k
D;ksafd Hkkjr bl U;k;ky; dks ekU;rk ugha nsrk gSA vrhr esa Hkh
tc ekuo vfèkdkj ifj"kn çLrko esa varjkZ"Vªh; vijkèk U;k;ky; dk

35
çR;{k lanHkZ vk;k gS tSlk fd lhfj;k vkSj mÙkjh dksfj;k ds ekeys esa
gqvk Fkk rks Hkkjr us vuqifLFkr jgus dh uhfr dk gh vuqlj.k fd;k
FkkA66 mYys[kuh; gS fd 22 fnlacj 2014 ds n fgUnw lekpkj i= ds
gokys ls ;g [kcj vk;h Fkh fd vc Hkkjr l;qaä jk"Vª esa fQfyLrhu
eqís ij viuh ernku uhfr ,oa çfreku esa ifjorZu dj fQfyLrhu
dks leFkZu can dj ldrk gSA67 bl ernku ls ladsr feyrk gS fd
vc eksnh ljdkj us l;qaä jk"Vª esa fQfyLrhu eqís ds i{k esa ernku
dh djus dh Hkkjr dh ijaijkxr uhfr ds LFkku ij vuqifLFkr jgus
dh uhfr dks viuk;k gSA ;g Hkkjr dh fQfyLrhu eqís ij ernku
dh uhfr esa eqyHkwr ifjorZu dks çfrfcfEcr djrk gSA Lej.kh; gS fd
bt+jk;y ls j{kk vkfn {ks=ksa esa xgu lacaèk cukus ds ckn ;wih, ljdkj
us bZjku ds çfr uhfr esa rfud cnyko yk;k Fkk ysfdu fQfyLrhu
ij ernku dh uhfr ;Fkkor cuh jgh FkhA fQfyLrhu eqís ij Hkkjr
dh ernku uhfr Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa esa ,d vM+pu@#dkoV
cuh FkhA bt+jk;y ds jktuhfrd oxZ esa f'kdk;r Fkh fd djhch lacaèk
cukus ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr ds fQfyLrhuh #[k esa ifjorZu ns[kus dks ugha
feyk FkkA ,d ofj"B bt+jk;yh baVjyksD;wVj us btjk;y ;k=k ij
x, Hkkjrh; fons'k ea=h ls dqN le; iwoZ dgk Fkk fd ubZ fnYyh us
rsy voho dks ,d ^feLVªsl* dh rjg le>k gS ;kfu Hkkjr us nks&i{kh;
lacaèkks dks lkoZtfud xst+ ls vyx j[kk gSA68 Hkkjr dh ernku uhfr
esa la'kksèku tgka bt+jk;y ds fy, ,d lq[kn [kcj t:j gS ysfdu
if'pe ,f'k;k ds jkT;ksa ,oa fQfyLrhuh çkfèkdj.k esa Hkkjr dh fons'k
uhfr ds Hkkoh ekxZ dks ysdj 'kadk t:j mBsxhA

bt+jk;y us la;qä jk"Vª ekuo vfèkdkj ifj"kn esa xkt+k ;q) ij lEiUu
ernku esa Hkkjr ds vuqifLFkr jgus dh ç'kalk dh vkSj dgk fd blls
nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcUèkksa esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu vk,xkA bt+jkbyh fons'k
ea=ky; ds mi&egkfuns'kd ekdZ lksQ+j us dgk fd eksnh ljdkj

36
ds xBu ds ckn ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcUèkksa esa ,d xq.kkRed ifjorZu
vk;k gS vkSj nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp lacaèk vc fcuk fdlh vojksèk ds
^iw.kZr% lkekU; lacaèk* esa :ikarfjr gq, gSaA lksQ+j nksuksa ns'kksa ds lacaèkks
esa csgrjh dk Js; dkQh gn rd çèkkuea=h fcu;kfeu usrkU;kgq vkSj
çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh dks nsrs gSaA69 ehfM;k lw=ksa dk ;g Hkh dguk gS
fd bl ernku dh iwoZ laè;k ij bt+jk;y ds çèkkuea=h usrkU;kgq us
Hkkjr ds çèkkueU=h ujsaæ eksnh ls Qksu ij okrkZ dh FkhA70

ogha nwljh vksj fQfyLrhu çkfèkdj.k us ;k=k ij x, fons'k ea=ky;

ds lfpo vfuy okèkok ls Hkkjr }kjk bl ernku esa vuqifLFkr jgus
ds fy, Hkkjr ls lQkbZ ekaxh gSA Hkkjr esa fQfyLrhu ds jktnwr us
Hkkjr }kjk ernku esa vuqifLFkfr ds fy, fn;s x, rdZ dks larks"ktud
ugha ekuk gS fdUrq vk'kk O;ä dh gS dh ;g ,d y?kq viokn gS vkSj
Hkkjr dh uhfr esa ifjorZu ugha gSA71

vçSy 2015 esa usiky esa vk, Hkwdai ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds jkgr jktu;
us Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèkks dks HkkoukRed vk;ke çnku fd;kA usiky
Hkwdai esa Hkkjr us vius O;kid cpko ,oa jkgr dk;Z ds le; bl
ns'k esa Hkwdai esa Qals bt+jk;y ds ukxfjdksa dks Hkh cpk;kA bt+jk;y
ds çèkkuea=h fcu;kfeu usrkU;kgq us Hkkjr dks bl ckr ds fy,
èkU;okn fn;kA tgka ;g Hkkjr dh dwVuhfr ds ekuorkoknh igyw dks
çfrfcfEcr djrk gS ogha blus Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa dks HkkoukRed
tqM+ko dk vk;ke çnku fd;kA

bl çdkj Li"V gksrk gS dh eksnh ljdkj us Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcaèkks

ds vxzxkeh cgqvk;keh fodkl dks dkQh xaHkhjrk ls fy;k gS vkSj vc
;g bt+jk;y ls nks&i{kh; lacaèkh dks ,d uohu vk;ke vkSj xfr nsus
dh bPNqd çrhr gksrh gSA eksnh ljdkj ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjr dh lkefjd
x.kuk esa bt+jk;y dk egRo cgqr c<+k gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA Hkkjr dh

37
vkrad&fujksèk dh uhfr esa Hkh bt+jk;y dks ,d cM+s leFkZd ds :i
esa ns[kk tk jgk gS fo'ks"kdj [kqfQ;k lwpuk laxzg.k vkSj vkrad&jksèkh
rduhd dh çkfIr ds {ks= esaA dsusFk okYl ds lajpukRed ;FkkFkZokn
dh èkkj.kk ds vuq:i eksnh ljdkj dk Hkkjr dh {kerk fuekZ.k ij
vR;fèkd cy gSA bl {kerk fuekZ.k esa rduhd ds egRo dh Hkwfedk
ij eksnh ljdkj us dkQh cy fn;k gSA j{kk] —f"k] lhek lqj{kk] lkbcj
lqj{kk] ty çcaèku] vkradokn&fujksèk tSls dbZ egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa esa
bt+jk;y dh rduhdh fo'ks"kKrk dk ykHk ysus ds fy, eksnh ljdkj
bt+jk;y ls xgu vkSj mPph—r lacaèkks dk fodkl djus ds fy,
çfrc) çrhr gksrh gSA Hkkjr ds fy, bt+jk;y ,d mPp rduhd dk
egRoiw.kZ lzksr cudj mHkj jgk gSA bl rduhd dks çkIr djus ds
fy, eksnh ljdkj bt+jk;y ds çfr Hkkjr dh f>>drk ds #>ku dks
cnyus ds fy, ladfYir çrhr gksrh gSA Hkkjr ds fodkl dh dgkuh
dks ^LVsV vkQ n vkVZ* vkSj ^dfVax ,t+ rduhd* ds leFkZu dh
vko';drk gS vkSj bt+jk;y bl leFkZu dks nsus ds fy, rS;kj çrhr
gksrk gSA eksnh ljdkj dk bt+jk;y ds ckjs esa ;g ifjofrZr lksp vkSj
utfj;k nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcUèkksa dks uohu vk;ke vkSj ÅapkbZ ns ldus
dh laHkkouk lesVs gq, çrhr gksrk gSA
cgqvk;keh lEcUèk
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y us fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa djhch lacaèk fodflr fd, gSaA
nksuksa ns'kksa ds lacaèk ikjLifjd t:jr ds vkèkkj ij fodflr gks jgs
gSaA nksuksa dks dbZ ekeyksa esa ,d nwljs dh t:jr gSA Hkkjr ds fy,
bt+jk;y mUur rduhd dh çkfIr ds ,d cM+s lzksr ds :i esa mHkjk
gSA j{kk] —f"k] ty lap;u] mì;u lqj{kk] lhek lqj{kk] vkrad&fujksèk]
vkarfjd lqj{kk vkfn {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr bt+jk;y dh rduhd dks çkIr
dj jgk gSA esd bu bafM;k esa bt+jk;y us viuh #fp O;ä dh gS
vkSj og Hkkjr esa rduhd gLrkarj.k vkSj fodkl dk bPNqd gSA nksuksa
ns'kks esa nks&i{kh; O;kikj vkSj fuos'k Hkh c<+k gS vkSj nksuksa ns'k eqä
38
O;kikj le>kSrk dh vksj vkxs c<+ jgs gS rkfd vkfFkZd lEcUèkksa dks
etcwr fd;k tk ldsA bt+jk;y ds fy, Hkkjr dk Hkh dkQh egRo
gSA bt+jk;yh j{kk ,oa —f"k rduhd o mRiknksa ds fy, Hkkjr ,d
cM+k cktkj gSA Hkkjr ds lkFk jktuf;d lacaèk ls bt+jk;y dh oSèkrk
c<+h gSA
Hkkjr viuh j{kk t:jrksa dk 70 çfr'kr fons'kh lzksrksa ds Ø; djrk
gSA72 lSU;&lqj{kk {ks= esa nksuksa ns'kksa us lg;ksx dks dkQh c<+k;k gSA
Hkkjr cM+h ek=k esa bt+jk;y ls gfFk;kjksa dk vk;kr dj jgk gSA 2012
esa bt+jk;y dk j{kk fu;kZr lkr fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj Fkk ftlesa
Hkkjr dk va'k yxHkx ,d fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj ls vfèkd FkkA73
Hkkjr dks gfFk;kjksa dh vkiwfrZ ds ekeys esa :l ds ckn bt+jk;y
dk nwljk LFkku gSA74 phu ls lhek ij ruko vkSj ikfdLrku }kjk
lhek ij xksykckjh ds chp väwcj 2014 ds var esa Hkkjr ljdkj
us bt+jk;y ls 3200 djksM+ #i;s dh ,d Mhy esa ,d bt+jk;yh
daiuh ^jQk;y fMQsal ,M~okULM flLVe* ls 8356 Likbd ,aVh&Vsad
xkbfMM felkby vkSj 321 yk¡pj [kjhnus dk fu.kZ; fd;k gSA75
väwcj 2014 dh xkftZ;u v[kokj dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr us vius
lksfo;r ;qxhu lSU; midj.kksa dks vixzsM djus esa 250 fcfy;u Mkyj
fuos'k djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA76 10 uoacj 2014 dks bt+jk;y esa
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y }kjk l;qaä :i ls fodflr yach nwjh dh lrg ls
ok;q felkby ¼,yvkj&,l,,e½ cjkd&8 dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k
x;k gSA77 ;g felkby ^bt+jk;yh ,sjksLisl baMLVªh* vkSj ^j{kk 'kksèk ,oa
fodkl laxBu* ¼MhvkjMhvks½ }kjk l;qaä :i ls fodflr dh x;h
gSA MhvkjMhvks eqf[k;k vfouk'k panj vkSj Hkkjrh; lsuk ds vfèkdkjh
felkby ijh{k.k ds le; bt+jk;y esa FksA panj ds vuqlkj cjkd&8
felkby dk lQy ijh{k.k mUur gfFk;kj flLVe dks fodflr
djus esa nks&i{kh; lg;ksx esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj gSA78 bl felkby
dks l;qaä :i ls fodflr djus ds fy, tuojh 2007 esa le>kSrk
39
fd;k x;k FkkA79 Hkkjr&bt+jk;y j{kk lg;ksx esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ç'u
v‚QlsV eqís ds çcaèku ls lacfUèkr gS ftlds fØ;kUo;u ij è;ku nsuk
Hkh t:jh gSA v‚QlsV Dykt+ Øsrk jkT; }kjk j{kk lkSnksa esa çfriwfrZ
ikus dk ,d mik; gS rkfd og vius ns'k esa Lons'kh lSU;&vkS|ksfxd
ladqy dk fodkl dj ldsA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 2005 esa ?kksf"kr j{kk
çksD;ksjesaV uhfr esa igyh ckj v‚QlsV Dykt+ dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k
FkkA blds vuqlkj 300 djksM+ ls vfèkd dk j{kk lkSnk gksus dh fLFkfr
esa foØsrk jkT; ;k daiuh }kjk Hkkjr esa lkSns dh jkf'k ds 30 çfr'kr
dk fuos'k j{kk {ks= esa çR;{k ;k l;qaä miØe ds ekè;e ls fd;k
tk,xkA vkt Hkkjr bt+jk;y ls dkQh j{kk gfFk;kj Ø; dj jgk gS
vkSj 2012 esa ;g vkadM+k ,d fcfy;u Mkyj dk FkkA 2005 ds ckn
vc rd gq, dqy j{kk lkSnksa dh ewY; x.kuk dj blds 30 çfr'kr
v‚QlsV dk vkdyu dj bt+jk;y ls v‚QlsV Dykt+ ds fØ;kUo;u
ij rRijrk çnf'kZr djuk t:jh gSA bt+jk;y ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr dk
v‚QlsV dbZ fefy;u Mkyj gksxkA bl v‚QlsV eqís ij è;ku nsdj
j{kk {ks= esa ^esd bu bafM;k* dk;ZØe dks vkxs c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
1992 esa jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp
nks&i{kh; O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd lacaèk esa dkQh rhoz çxfr gqbZ gSA80
nksuksa ns'kksa esa nks&i{kh; O;kikj 2012&13 esa N~g fcfy;u Mkyj FkkA81
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y eqä O;kikj le>kSrk dh vksj dne c<+k jgs gSaA
Hkkjr esa bt+jk;y ds rRdkyhu jktnwr vyksu mf'it ds vuqlkj
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y eqä O;kikj le>kSrk gksus ls nksuksa ns'kksa ns'kksa ds
O;kikj dbZ xquk c<+ tk,xk vkSj O;kikj lEcUèkksa esa ^lkefjd cnyko*
vk,xk vkSj ;g ^lkefjd xse psatj* lkfcr gksxkA82
—f"k {ks= esa nksuksa ns'kksa esa dkQh lg;ksx c<+k gSA bt+jk;y dh —f"k
rduhd ,oa Kku dkQh fodflr gS vkSj Hkkjr blls ykHkkfUor gks jgk
gSA bl {ks= esa lg;ksx ds varxZr ÞKku vkSj rduhd dh lk>snkjh]

40
fofHkUu —f"k {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr Hkj esa ^lsaVj vkQ ,Dlhysal* dh LFkkiuk]
fo'ks"kKksa vkSj fdlkuksa dh fofue; ;k=k,a vkSj Hkkjrh; —f"k 'kksèk
Nk=ksa dks bT+kjk;y esa Ldkyjf'ki nsuk lfEefyr gSaAß83 bl lg;ksx
dk mís'; bt+jk;y dh v|ru —f"k O;ogkj vkSj rduhd dk Hkkjr
esa fØ;kUo;u vkSj lekos'ku gSA 2008 ds —f"k lg;ksx le>kSrs
vkSj 2011 dh rhu o"kÊ; dk;Z;kstuk ¼2012&15½ ds varxZr ns'k ds
10 jkT;ksa esa Hkkjr&bt+jk;y —f"k lg;ksx ifj;kstuk,a ^lsaVj vkQ
,Dlhysal* dh LFkkiuk ds :i esa vius fØ;kUo;u ds fofHkUu pj.kksa esa
gSaA gfj;k.kk esa Øe'k lCth vkSj Qyksa ds fy, djeky vkSj fljlk esa
nks ^lsaVj vkQ ,Dlhysal* iw.kZ :i ls pkyw gks pqds gSaA 2015 rd bu
^lsaVj vkQ ,fDlysUl* dh la[;k c<+kdj 28 djus dh ;kstuk gSA84
bu dsUæksa esa btjk;y ds —f"k fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fdlkuksa dks mRiknu
vkSj ykHk c<+kus ds fy, xzhu gkml] iksyh gkml vkSj dSuksih tSlh
^mRiknd —f"k* dk çf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gS ,oa fofHkUu —f"k rduhdksa
;Fkk ofrZdy Q+kfeZax] fMªi flpkbZ] e`nk lksyjkbtslu vkfn dk çn'kZu
fd;k tkrk gSA bu dsUæksa ds ihNs Þewy fopkj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa
esa fdlkuksa dks O;kogkfjd 'kksèk vkSj rduhd dk gLrkarj.k djuk
gSAß85 —f"k esa lg;ksx ds fy, orZeku esa pkyw rhu o"kÊ; dk;Z;kstuk
dks 2015 ds ckn Hkh tkjh j[kus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA86 bu dsUæksa
dh LFkkiuk ds ihNs lg;ksx dk mís'; l;qaä Hkkjr&btjk;yh —f"k
'kksèk ,oa fodkl ds fy, eap miyCèk djkuk gSA87 mä {ks=ksa ds vykok
nksuksa ns'k foKku ,oa rduhd] vUrfj{k foKku] vkradokn fujksèk] vkfn
{ks=ksa esa Hkh lg;ksx dj jgs gSaA 2008 esa Hkkjr us bt+jk;y dh ,d
^Vsd&lkj* jkMkj [kqfQ;k mixzg dks ç{ksfir fd;k FkkA

fu"d"kZ
bl çdkj Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr 1947 esa ftvksuokn ,oa bt+jk;y
ds mn; dk fojksèk djus vkSj 1950 esa bt+jk;y dks ekU;rk nsus
41
vkSj vfr lhfer jktuf;d lEcUèkksa ds ,d /kzqo ls pydj 1992
esa bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk djus vkSj cgqi{kh;
xgu lacaèkks ds fodkl ds nwljs èkzqo rd igq¡prh gSA nksuksa gh le;
;kfu 1950 vkSj 1992 esa bt+jk;y ds çfr viuk;h x;h uhfr vkSj
jktuf;d O;ogkj ds i{k esa rdZ vkSj dkj.k çLrqr fd, x,A ifjos'k
vkSj uhfr esa cnyko vo'; vk;k ysfdu nksuksa gh dky[kaM esa buds
ewy esa eq[; :i ls rhu lkefjd rRo lapkyd rRo dh Hkwfedk esa
FksA rc vkSj vc nksuksa le; Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa Hkkjr dh
mÙkjthfork vkSj lqj{kk fpark;sa] lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dk ç'u vkSj vkfFkZd
fodkl dk dkjd varoZfyr FkkA88 ysfdu ç'u gS fd vjc leFkZu dh
,drjQk uhfr ls Hkkjr ds mä lkefjd y{;ksa dh iwfrZ dgk¡ rd gks
ldhA bl lacaèk esa fudksyl Cysjy dk dguk gS fd ÞHkkjr dh if'pe
,f'k;k uhfr ls Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ nqfoèkk dks dqN jkgr vo'; feyh
ysfdu ;g bldh jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dks lqfuf'pr
djus esa vlQy jgh tc fd Hkkjrh; usr`Ro yxkrkj fcuk 'krZ vLlh
ds n'kd ds var rd vjc igy dk leFkZu djrk jgkAß89
,d egRoiw.kZ ç'u ;g mBrk gS fd D;k lkrosa ,oa vkBosa n'kd ds
eè; rd Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr dh leh{kk] ewY;kadu vkSj rRlacaèkh
O;kogkfjd jktuf;d ifjorZu fd, tkus dh t:jr Fkh\ jktuhfrd
xfy;kjksa esa ;g foe'kZ 'kq: gks x;k Fkk ysfdu bldh >yd uhfrxr
ifjorZu esa çfrfofEcr ugha gqbZ FkhA bl le; ns'k esa bfUnjk dkaxzsl
vkSj turk ikVÊ lÙkk esa FkhA if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr esa ifjorZu dk ç'u
blfy, mBk D;ksafd Hkkjr dh ,drjQk vjc leFkZu dh uhfr ds ckn
Hkh bls phu vkSj ikfdLrku ds lkFk ;q)ksa ,oa d'ehj eqís ij visf{kr
vjc leFkZu ugha feyk FkkA bl le; rd yxHkx Li"V gks pqdk
Fkk fd ,drjQk vjc leFkZu dh uhfr ls Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; lqj{kk
lqfuf'pr ugha gks jgh gS vkSj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk fparkvksa ds lacaèk esa vjc
i{k ls yxHkx eksgHkax dh fLFkfr curh utj vk jgh FkhA ysfdu

42
dksbZ uhfrxr ifjorZu ugha vk;kA D;ks\ bl dky esa Hkh ,drjQk
vjc leFkZd uhfr ds i{k esa D;k ogh ijaijkxr dkj.k fo|eku Fks
;Fkk ÅtkZ lqj{kk] vjc leFkZd ijaijkxr jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk] vjc
jkT;ksa dks ikfdLrku ls nwj j[kuk] ns'k dh tukaddh; lajpuk vkfnA
D;k dksbZ Xykscy dkj.k Hkh Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr dks çHkkfor dj
jgs Fks\ D;k bl dky esa Hkkjr dh ,drjQk vjc leFkZu dh uhfr esa
,d uohu uhfr fuèkkZjd rRo ds :i esa lksfo;r dkjd dh Hkh dksbZ
Hkwfedk Fkh\

;g lgh gS fd lksfo;r la?k us bt+jk;y ds mn; esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

fuHkkbZ FkhA90 lksfo;r la?k us l;qaä jk"Vª la?k esa fQfyLrhu ds
foHkktu ds çLrko dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA bt+jk;y dks fofèkd ekU;rk
nsus okyk igyk ns'k lksfo;r la?k FkkA çFke vjc&bt+jk;y ;q) esa Hkh
lksfo;r uhfr yxHkx bt+jk;y ds i{k esa >qdh gqbZ FkhA ysfdu ijorÊ
dky esa lksfo;r uhfr bt+jk;y fojksèkh vkSj vjc leFkZu esa >qdrh
pyh x;h Fkh vkSj 1967 ds vjc&bt+jk;y ;q) ds ckn lksfo;r la?k
us bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lacaèk lekIr dj fy, FksA vjc&bt+jk;y
la?k"kZ vkSj ;q)ksa esa lksfo;r la?k us vjc jkT;ksa dks uSfrd] jktuhfrd
vkSj lSU; leFkZu fd;k FkkA91 bt+jk;y vkSj felz ds chp 1978 ds
dsai MsfoM le>kSrs dh Hkh lksfo;r la?k us dVq vkykspuk dh FkhA bl
çdkj lÙkj vkSj vLlh ds n'kd esa Hkh lksfo;r la?k dh ,drjQk
vjc leFkZu dh uhfr tkjh j[kh FkhA blh le; bfUnjk xkaèkh dh
ljdkj us lksfo;r la?k dh rjQ dne c<+rs gq, Hkkjr&lksfo;r eS=h
lafèk dks Lohdkj fd;k FkkA lksfo;r la?k us 1971 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku
;q) esa [kqydj Hkkjr dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA vc lksfo;r la?k Hkkjr
dk ,d cM+k gfFk;kj fu;kZrd cu dj mHkjk FkkA Hkkjr viuh lqj{kk
fparkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, deksos'k lksfo;r leFkZu dk lgkjk ys
jgk FkkA

43
bl dky[kaM esa lksfo;r la?k dh if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr dk Hkkjr
dh ,drjQk vjc leFkZu uhfr ls dksbZ lacaèk gS\ bl dky[kaM esa
Hkkjr&lksfo;r eS=h vius f'k[kj ij Fkh vkSj lksfo;r la?k dh uhfr
bt+jk;y fojksèk vkSj vjc leFkZu dh FkhA Hkkjr dh lqj{kk fparkvksa ds
lanHkZ esa vjc jkT;ksa ls eksgHkax ds ckn Hkh bt+jk;y uhfr esa la'kksèku
ugha fd;k x;k rks dgha bldk dkj.k lksfo;r dkjd rks ugha Fkk\
eksjkjth nslkbZ ds usr`Ro okyh turk ljdkj us [kkfyl xqVfujis{krk
dh ckr dh vkSj Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr dk ewY;kadu djus dh
dksf'k'k dh ysfdu pkgrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa okLrfod
la'kksèku ,oa ifjorZu ugha dj ldh FkhA Hkkjr dh if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj
bt+jk;y uhfr esa lksfo;r dkjd ij uohu 'kksèk vkSj xaHkhj vè;;u
fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA 'kksèk vè;;uksa esa bl ifjdYiuk ij
Hkh fopkj fd, tkus dh vko';drk gS fd Hkkjr dh lqj{kk fpark ds
lacaèk esa vjc jkT;ksa ls eksgHkax ds nkSj esa lksfo;r la?k dh vksj Hkkjr
ds c<+rs gq, dneksa us Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa la'kksèku djus ;k
u djus dh uhfr dks dgk¡ rd çHkkfor fd;k Fkk\ lÙkj vkSj vLlh
ds n'kd esa Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr dk iqueZwY;kadu vkSj rRlacaèkh
la'kksèku dk LFkxu dgha lksfo;r çHkko ds dkj.k rks ugha fd;k x;k\
'kk;n vHkh ,sls dksbZ nLrkost+ ;k vkuqHkfod vkèkkj miyCèk ugha
gS ftlls mä rkfdZd çfrKfIr ;k ifjdYiuk dks lR; ;k vlR;
?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldsA Hkfo"; esa lkoZtfud gksus okys nLrkost+ bl
dky[kaM esa Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa lksfo;r dkjd ds gksus ;k u
gksus dh iqf"V dj ldsaxs bldh ,d laHkkouk çrhr gksrh gSA

çèkkuea=h jktho xkaèkh us Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa ewY;kadu vkSj

la'kksèku ds foe'kZ ij è;ku nsrs gq, bt+jk;y ls laidZ c<+kus dh
fn'kk esa dqN jktuf;d dne mBk, Fks ysfdu 1992 esa gh rRlacaèkh
uhfr ifjorZu dk fu.kZ; fy;k tk ldk FkkA çèkkuea=h jktho xkaèkh

44
}kjk bt+jk;y uhfr dk ewY;kadu vkSj la'kksèku djus dh 'kq#vkr dh
x;h FkhA blh le; lksfo;r la?k esa jk"Vªifr fe[kkby xksokZpksc us
isjsL=ksbdk vkSj XykLuksLr dh uhfr viukdj varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkks ds
fo&oSpkfjdhdj.k vkSj dkeu ;wjksih; gkse dh ckr dh FkhA xksokZpksc
us lksfo;r la?k dh if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr esa Hkh la'kksèku djrs gq,
vjc&bt+jk;y la?k"kZ ds lSU; lekèkku dh ctk; jktuhfrd lekèkku
dh ckr dh Fkh rFkk bt+jk;y ds çfr Hkh uhfr ifjorZu ds ladsr
nsuk 'kq: fd, FksA92 jktho xkaèkh ds çèkkueaf=Ro dky esa Hkkjr dh
bt+jk;y uhfr esa la'kksèku dk ç;kl vkSj vkSj xksokZpksc dh mijksä
mnkj uhfr dk ,d gh dky[kaM esa ,d lkFk ?kfVr gksuk D;k ,d
la;ksx ek= Fkk\ bl ckr ij vkuqHkfod 'kksèk fd, tkus dh t:jr gS
fd D;k Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa LFkxu vkSj ifjorZu esa lksfo;r
dkjd dh dksbZ Hkwfedk Fkh\

tgka rd vejhdh dkjd dk ç'u gS rks fuf'pr :i ls Hkkjr dh

bt+jk;y uhfr esa ukSosa n'kd esa bl dkjd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh
gSA vejhdk us 1948 esa bt+jk;y ds mn; ds le; ls gh Hkkjr ls
bt+jk;y uhfr esa lek;kstu dh vis{kk dh Fkh ysfdu rc bl vejhdh
dkjd dh mis{kk dh x;h FkhA ysfdu 1992 esa bt+jk;y ls lacaèk
lkekU;hdj.k dh uhfr esa vejhdh dkjd dkQh egRoiw.kZ cudj mHkjk
FkkA Hkkjr dh ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, vejhdk ds
leFkZu dh t:jr Fkh vkSj vejhdk ls djhch lacaèk ds fy, bt+jk;y
ls lEcUèkksa dk lkekU;hdj.k iwoZ 'krZ FkhA93 1992 esa jktuf;d lacaèkks
dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ls Hkkjr&bt+jk;y ds chp lacaèk yxkrkj lqx<+
gq, gSaA iwoZ esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp jktuf;d lEcUèkksa ds vHkko vkSj
vjc&fQfyLrhu leFkZd uhfr ds vuqlj.k djus ds ckotwn Hkkjr us
,d jkT; ds :i esa bt+jk;y ds vfLrRo dks lnSo Lohdkj fd;kA
egkRek xkaèkh vkSj tokgjyky usg: us ftvksuokn dk leFkZu Hkys gh

45
u fd;k gks ysfdu bu nksuksa dh ,d dkSe ds :i esa lfn;ksa ls HksnHkko
vkSj vR;kpkj dk na'k >syus okys ;gwfn;ksa ds lkFk iw.kZ lgkuHkwfr FkhA
bfrgkl ds fdlh Hkh dky esa Hkkjr esa ;gwnh leqnk; ds lkFk dHkh Hkh
dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa dkQh le; ls ;gwnh fuokl
dj jgs FksA foÜo esa laHkor% Hkkjr gh ,dek= ns'k Fkk tgka ;gwfn;ksa
dk dHkh Hkh fojksèk ugha fd;k x;k vkSj u gh ,afV&lsesfVd xfrfofèk;ka
ns[kh x;hA Hkkjr es ^cuh btjk;yh* dkQh la[;k esa ekStwn gSaA Hkkjr
ds mÙkj&iwoÊ jkT; esa ,d leqnk; dks esu'khe ;gwfn;ksa ds :i esa
bt+jk;y us Lohdkj fd;k gSA
1992 ds iwoZ Hkh Hkkjr&bt+jk;y ds chp fdlh u fdlh :i esa
jktuhfrd laidZ] laokn] vk'kk,¡ vkSj vis{kk,¡ cuh jghA Hkkjr dh
vjc leFkZu dh uhfr ds ckotwn bt+jk;y us Hkkjr dks vius i{k esa
djus ds ç;klksa dk R;kx ugha fd;kA bt+jk;y ds çFke çèkkuea=h
MsfoM csu xqfj;u dk ekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr ds çèkkuea=h usg: }kjk
btjk;y ds lkFk iw.kZ jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk ds LFkxu dk
dk;Z ^j.kuhfrijd gSa u dh lS)kfUrdA*94 xqfj;u dks vk'kk Fkh fd ;g
^vYidkfyd* gh gksxkA usg: dks lacksfèkr djrs gq, xqfj;u us dgk
fd ÞdbZ ckj mUgksus¼usg:½ Hkkjr ;k=k ij x, gekjs çfrfufèk;ksa ls
oknk fd;k fd og nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk
djsaxsAß95 xqfj;u us usg: ls vis{kk fd;k fd vius mä okns dks iwjk
djrs gq, bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;A Hkkjr
ls jktuf;d lacaèkks dh LFkkiuk dh vk'kk esa bt+jk;y us tc Hkh ekSdk
vk;k Hkkjr dh enn dhA96 Hkkjr ds vius iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk gq, reke
;q)ksa ds nkSjku bt+jk;y us Hkkjr dks dbZ egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh nh FkhA
1962 ds Hkkjr&phu ;q) esa usg: us MsfoM csu xqfj;u dks enn ds
fy, dgk vkSj bt+jk;y us Hkkjr dks lSU; midj.k fn;s FksA 1965
vkSj 1971 esa ikfdLrku ds lkFk ;q) esa bt+jk;y us Hkkjr dks eksVkZj
dh vkiwfrZ dh FkhA97
46
1992 esa jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr Hkkjr&bt+jk;y
lEcUèkksa dk cgqvk;keh fodkl Rofjr xfr ls gqvk gSA ijaijkxr :i
ls Hkkjr dh if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr esa vjc vkSj fQfyLrhu dk leFkZu
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d nwjh cuk, j[kh x;h FkhA
ysfdu 'khr;q)ksÙkj foÜo esa Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr esa cnyko vk;k
vkSj bt+jk;y ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk cgqvk;keh
lk>snkjh&ijd lEcUèkksa dk fodkl gqvkA ysfdu Hkkjr&bt+jk;y
lEcUèkksa esa xgurk ds fodkl ds ckotwn laHkor% tkucw>dj lacaèk
fuEu çksQkby ds cus jgs vkSj è;ku vkdf"kZr djus okyh ijLij
mPpLrjh; ;k=kvksa dh la[;k vfèkd ugha jghA 1996 esa bt+jk;y ds
jk"Vªifr ,tj okbt+esu vkSj 2003 esa bt+jk;y ds çèkkuea=h ,fj;y
'ksj‚u us Hkkjr ;k=k dh FkhA 2000 esa Hkkjr ds fons'k ea=h tloar
flag us bt+jk;y dh ;k=k dh FkhA blds ckn vc rd Hkkjr ds
dbZ ea=h] eq[; ea=h] bt+jk;y dh ;k=k dj pqds gSaA vc rd Hkkjr
ds jkT; ;k 'kklu çeq[k }kjk bt+jk;y dh ;k=k ugha dh x;h gSA
ysfdu vc yxrk gS fd ujsaæ eksnh ljdkj Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa
dks u;k mPp çksQkby nsxhA vc laHkkouk gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa ds lacaèk
esa mPp jktuhfrd laidZ c<+sxk vkSj lkoZtfud f>>d dks lekIr
fd;k tk,xk vkSj rduhdh {ks= esa xgu lk>snkjh dks vkSj vkxs c<+k;k
tk,xkA o"kZ 2003 ds ckn flracj 2014 esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds çèkku eaf=;ksa
us vejhdk esa eqykd+kr dhA uoacj 2014 esa Hkkjr ds x`g ea=h us
bt+jk;y ;k=k dh rFkk bt+jk;y ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr us Hkkjr ;k=k dhA

vkrad&fujksèk ds eqís ij Hkkjr vkSj bt+jk;y esa fgrksa dh ikjLifjdrk

mHkjh gSA nksuksa gh ns'k ds Hkhrj vkSj ckgj ls çk;ksftr vkrad ds
f'kdkj gSa vkSj vkrad&fujksèk ij lg;ksx Hkh dj jgs gSaA ysfdu
vkradokn ds lzksr ds ckjs esa nksuksa dk #[k vyx&vyx gSA Hkkjr
dk ekuuk gS fd ikfdLrku vkradokn dk dsaæ gS vkSj ;g Hkkjr esa

47
vkrad dk fu;kZr dj jgk gSA bt+jk;y ds vuqlkj bZjku vkrad dk
tud gSA
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa esa bZjku] ikfdLrku vkSj phu tSls ckgjh
vlgt rRo Hkh ekStwn gSaA Hkkjr ds bZjku ds lkFk djhch lacaèk]
bt+jk;y ds phu ds lkFk djhch lacaèk vkSj bt+jk;y }kjk ikfdLrku
dks gfFk;kj vkiwfrZ dh dfFkr [kcjsa rfud vlgt djrha gSa ysfdu
çrhr gksrk gS nksuksa ns'kksa us vkilh lEcUèkksa ds fodkl ij fdlh vU;
ckgjh rRo ds çHkko dks vkus ls udkjk gS vkSj jktuhfrd ifjiDork
dk çn'kZu fd;k gSA phu ,f'k;k esa bt+jk;y dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd
lk>snkj gSA bt+jk;y&phu ds chp lkykuk O;kikj 10 fcfy;u
vejhdh Mkyj gS tc fd Hkkjr&bt+jk;y ds chp lkykuk O;kikj
yxHkx 5 fcfy;u vejhdh Mkyj gSA Hkkjr dks vkÜoLr djrs gq,
bt+jk;y us dgk gS og phu ds lkFk gfFk;kj O;kikj dks iqutÊfor
djus ds fy, dksbZ dne ugha mBk jgk gSA blds vykok vejhdk us
phu dks gfFk;kj ;k j{kk rduhd fd vkiwfrZ ij çfrcaèk yxk;k gqvk
gSA phu ls c<+rs vkfFkZd vkSj O;kikfjd lEcUèkksa ds ckotwn bt+jk;y
phu dks ,d lkefjd lk>snkj ds :i esa ugha ns[krk gSA bt+jk;y ds
vfèkdkfj;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds lkFk lEcUèkksa esa lkefjd ?kVd dks
det+ksj djrs gq, phu ls lacaèk c<+kus dk dksbZ ç'u ugha gSA98 bl
–f"V ls phu dks bt+jk;y dk O;kikfjd lk>snkj ekuk x;k gS tc
fd Hkkjr dks bt+jk;y dk lkefjd lk>snkj ekuk x;k gSA
bZjku dkjd dks Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lEcUèkksa ds fodkl esa ,d detksj
dM+h ekuk x;k gSA bt+jk;y bZjku ds ijek.kq dk;ZØe dk dVq
vkykspd gS vkSj bls vius vfLrRo ds fy, [krjk ekurk gSA99
bt+jk;y dh vis{kk gS Hkkjr bZjku ds lkFk vius lEcUèkksa dks lhfer
djsA bt+jk;y ds jk"Vªifr f'keksu isjst us bZjku dks foÜo 'kkafr vkSj
vU; ns'kksa ds vfLrRo ds fy, [krjk ekurs gq, dgk fd if'pe ,f'k;k
48
{ks= esa ^cykr gstseksu* cuus ds bZjku ds ^vkØked ç;Ruksa* ds çfr
Hkkjr rVLFk ugha jg ldrkA100 Hkkjr dks bZjku ls rsy vk;kr dh
vko';drk gSA gkykafd Hkkjr us bZjku ij vejhdh çfrcaèkksa ds ckn
ls bZjku ls rsy dk vk;kr de fd;k gSA ÅtkZ lqj{kk uhfr ds rgr
Hkkjr us u, ÅtkZ lzksrksa dh ryk'k tkjh j[kh gSA Hkkjr us ;g Hkh
Li"V fd;k gS fd bZjku ls lg;ksx vkSj rsy vk;kr djus dk rkRi;Z
;g ugha gS og bZjku dh ijek.kq egRokdka{kkvksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA101
vQxkfuLrku esa vkradokn ds fojksèk esa Hkkjr vkSj bZjku ds lk>k fgr
gSa vkSj nksuksa gh ;gk¡ ij rkfycku vkSj vy&dk;nk ds fojksèkh gSaA

Hkkjr us viuh if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr esa lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dh uhfr dk

çn'kZu fd;k gSA if'pe ,f'k;k ds jktuhfrd&lkefjd lehdj.k
esa dbZ èkzqo gSaA vc Hkkjr dh uhfr fdlh ,d /kzqo ds lkFk lEc)
u gksdj lHkh ds lkFk fLFkfr ds vuq:i lacaèk fodflr djus vkSj
lkefjd Lok;Ùkk cuk, j[kus dh gSA bl lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dks u
dsoy bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu ds lanHkZ esa cfYd bZjku&bt+jk;y]
lÅnhvjc&bZjku ds lanHkZ esa viuk;h x;h larqyu dh uhfr ds
ifjçs{; esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr&bZjku ds chp j{kk lg;ksx dks
bt+jk;y viuh lqj{kk fpark ds fojksèk esa ns[krk FkkA mls Hk; Fkk fd
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y j{kk lg;ksx esa Hkkjr dks nh tkus okyh rduhd dgha
bZjku ds gkFk esa u yx tk,A bt+jk;y dh lqj{kk fparkvksa ds lanHkZ
esa Hkkjr us bZjku ls vius lacaèkks dks j{kk {ks= esa de vo'; fd;k
gS ysfdu ÅtkZ t:jrksa] vQxkfuLrku vkSj eè; ,f'k;k esa bZjku ds
ekè;e ls igq¡p cukus vkSj bl utfj, ls pkckgj iksVZ dk fodkl
djus vkSj vQxkfuLrku esa vkradokn ij lg;ksx dks tkjh j[kk gSA
oLrqr% Hkkjr vkSj bZjku nksuksa dks ,d nwljs dh t:jr gSA bZjku Hkkjr
ds fy, dbZ ek;uksa esa egRoiw.kZ gSA bZjku Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ t:jr
dks iwjk djrk gSA nksuksa ns'kksa esa xSj&ÅtkZ O;kikj Hkh c<+k gSA bZjku

49
ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr vQxkfuLrku vkSj eè; ,f'k;k esa viuh igq¡p
cukuk pkgrk gSA blh –f"V ls Hkkjr bZjku esa pkckgj iksVZ dk fodkl
ds fy, 100 fefy;u Mkyj ds fuos'k dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA bZjku
ls xSl ds vk;kr dh ;kstuk,¡ vHkh rd dk;Z:i ugha ys ldh gSaA
2009 esa Hkkjr us xSl ikbi ykbu ls vius dks ckgj dj ysus ds ckn
bZjku&ikfdLrku&Hkkjr xSl ikbi ykbu vc vrhr dk eqík cu pqdk
gSA vQxkfuLrku esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds lk>k lkefjd fgr gSaA nksuksa gh
rkfycku ds fojksèkh gSaA bl çdkj Hkkjr us bt+jk;y dks Hkh le>kus
dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd Hkkjr dk bZjku ls laidZ bt+jk;y ds jk"Vªh;
fgrksa vkSj mldh lqj{kk fparkvksa ds foijhr ugha gSA

Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lkefjd lEcUèkksa esa ikfdLrku dkjd udkjkRed

Hkwfedk fuHkk ldus dh laHkkfor {kerk j[krk gSA102 twu 2013 esa
bt+jk;yh lekpkj i= ^gkjsRl* esa Nih ,d [kcj ds vuqlkj ,d
fczfV'k ljdkjh fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd bt+jk;y us ikfdLrku vkSj pkj
vjc jkT;ksa dks j{kk midj.kksa dk fu;kZr fd;k gSA103 bt+jk;y
us ikfdLrku dks bt+jk;yh lSU; rduhd ds gLrkarj.k ds dfFkr
lekpkj dk rRdky [kaMu fd;kA104 bt+jk;y ds j{kk ea=ky; us dgk
fd ^bt+jk;y ikfdLrku dks j{kk midj.k dk fu;kZr ugha djrk gS*
vkSj ^bt+jk;y ,slk dksbZ dk;Z ugha djsxk ftlls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk
[krjs es iM+s*A105 bt+jk;y }kjk ikfdLrku dks gfFk;kj vkiwfrZ djus
dh mä [kcj Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lkefjd lk>snkjh dks udkjkRed :i
ls çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA106 ;g lp gS fd btjk;y vkSj ikfdLrku
esa jktuhfrd laidZ c<+k gS vkSj blh Øe esa 2005 esa ikfdLrku vkSj
btjk;y ds fons'k eaf=;ksa dh rqdÊ ds bLrkacqy esa cSBd Hkh gqbZ FkhA
bt+jk;y dh iwjh dksf'k'k gksxh fd ikfdLrku ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa
dh LFkkiuk gks tk;s D;ksafd blls bLykfed txr esa bt+jk;y dh
Lohdk;Zrk vkSj vkSfpR; dk Hkko c<+sxkA fudV Hkfo"; esa ;k ,d n'kd

50
esa ;k blds ckn Hkh ;g laHko gS fd bt+jk;y vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp
jktuf;d lacaèkks dh LFkkiuk gks tk;A ,d ifjdYiuk ;g gks ldrh
gS bt+jk;y&ikfdLrku esa fudV Hkfo"; esa jktuf;d lacaèk LFkkfir
gksrs gSa rks Hkh btjk;y Hkkjr ds lkFk vkt dh lkefjd x.kuk ds
fglkc ls vius ykHknk;d lkefjd lEcUèkksa ds tksf[ke dh dher
ij ikfdLrku ls lEcUèkksa dk fodkl ,oa foLrkj ,d lhek ds vkxs
ugha djsxkA vfèkd ls vfèkd laHkkouk ;g gks ldrh gS fd bt+jk;y
viuh lkefjd Lok;Ùkk ds rgr ikfdLrku ls jktuf;d lEcUèkksa dh
LFkkiuk ds ckn dsoy O;kikfjd] vkfFkZd vkSj xSj&lkefjd {ks= esa gh
lg;ksx dks tkjh j[ks vkSj lacaèkks dks dksbZ ,slk lkefjd vk;ke u ns
ftlls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk çHkkfor gksA ikfdLrku ds vkrad dk dsaæ gksus
ds dkj.k vkSj bt+jk;y dh lqj{kk fparkvksa ds dkj.k Hkh bt+jk;y dks
bls dksbZ lkefjd&j{kk rduhd ugha nsuk pkfg,A

Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y leFkZd uhfr dk vk'k; ;g ugha gS fd Hkkjr

if'pe ,f'k;k ds vU; egRoiw.kZ drkZvksa dh vogsyuk dj jgk gS
vkSj mlus vius leLr vaMs ,d gh Vksdjh esa j[k nsus dh uhfr dks
viuk;k gSA Hkkjr dh if'pe ,f'k;k uhfr esa ,d larqyu ns[kus dks
feyrk gSA vc Hkkjr us fdlh ,d drkZ ds lkFk lEc) gksus dh
ctk; cgqeq[kh lac)rk dh uhfr ij cy fn;k gS tks fd Hkkjr dh
cgw&osDVj mUeq[k uhfr dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA blls Hkkjr dh
lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dh uhfr Hkh çfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA Hkkjr us fons'k
uhfr fuekZ.k ,oa jktu; esa lkefjd Lok;Ùkk ij cy fn;k gSA
lkefjd Lok;Ùkrk dk vk'k; ckgjh ncko ds fcuk ,oa jk"Vªh; fgrksa
dk laj{k.k vkSj laoèkZu djrs gq, fons'k uhfr fu.kZ; fuekZ.k esa Lora=
èkkjk dk vuqlj.k djuk gSA mÙkj&'khr ;q) dky esa if'pe ,f'k;k
esa Hkkjr us fdlh dk i{k ugha fy;k gS vkSj fons'k uhfr esa lkisf{kd
lkefjd Lok;Ùkk cuk, j[kh gSA Hkkjr us {ks=] ns'k vkSj eqík fo'ks"k

51
ds vkèkkj ij viuh Lora= fons'k uhfr dk çn'kZu fd;k gSA if'pe
,f'k;k ds ns'kksa esa vkarfjd la?k"kZ ;k nks&i{kh; vkilh ruko ;k
{ks=h; la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr us vgLr{ksidkjh ,oa leku nwjh dh
uhfr viuk;hA Hkkjr us ikjLifjd laokn ls la?k"kZ ds lekèkku ij
cy fn;kA bZjku&lÅnh çfrLièkkZ] bZjku&thlhlh dk vkilh lansg]
vjc&btjk;y la?k"kZ] bt+jk;y&fQfyLrhu la?k"kZ] bjkd&lÅnhvjc
erHksn&xfrjksèk] thlhlh esa vkarfjd erHksn] lhfj;k la?k"kZ] ;eu
ds jktuhfrd ladV vkfn esa Hkkjr us fdlh dk i{k u ysrs gq,
lkefjd Lok;Ùkk ,oa larqyu&uhfr dk ifjp; nsrs gq, bu lHkh
jkT;ksa ls ykHknk;d lacaèk fodflr fd, gSaA bt+jk;y] bZjku] bjkd
vkSj thlhlh ns'kksa esa Hkkjr ds cgqvk;keh fufgr fgrksa dks ns[krs gq,
;g ,d t:jh j.kuhfr FkhA fdlh dk i{k ysus dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr
ds fgr çHkkfor gks ldrs FksA Hkkjr us ijek.kq eqís ij varjkZ"Vªh;
ijek.kq ÅtkZ vfHkdj.k esa bZjku ds f[kykQ er nsus ds ckotwn bZjku
ls u dsoy O;kikj ,oa ÅtkZ lg;ksx dks tkjh j[kk cfYd pkckgj iksVZ
ds fodkl esa Hkh #fp O;ä dh gSA Hkkjr us bt+jk;y ls cgqvk;keh
ikjLifjd ykHknk;d lacaèk fodflr djus ds lkFk&lkFk fQfyLrhu
eqís ij viuk ijaijkxr leFkZu tkjh j[kk gSA Hkkjr dks rsy vkiwfrZ
ds ekeys esa lÅnhvjc ds ckn bjkd dk nwljk LFkku gSA Hkkjr us
thlhlh ns'kksa ls cgqvk;keh lg;ksx fodflr fd;k gSA

if'pe ,f'k;k ds u, lehdj.k esa rhu èkzqo mHkjs gSa ;Fkk lÅnh&felz
/kzqo] rqdÊ&d+rj èkzqo vkSj bZjku&lhfj;k èkzqoA Hkkjr us bu rhuksa èkzqoksa
ds lkFk ykHknk;d lacaèk fodflr fd, gSaA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh mYys[kuh;
gS fd if'pe ,f'k;k dh jktuhfr esa egRoiw.kZ èkqjh ds :i esa fo|eku
lÅnh&felz èkzqo ds lkFk bt+jk;y ds lacaèk dkQh csgrj gSaA if'pe
,f'k;k esa orZeku fLFkfr yxHkx çokg esa vkSj vfuf'prrkiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡
{ks=h; vkSj {ks=krhr 'kfä;ksa ds :i esa dbZ jkT;&drkZ lfØ; Hkwfedk

52
esa gSaA bl fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr us cM+h ltxrk ls lkefjd
Lok;Ùkk dh uhfr ij cy nsrs gq, lkefjd LFkkf;Ro dk leFkZu fd;k
gS rkfd mlds jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh lqj{kk vkSj laoèkZu fd;k tk ldsA
Hkkjr us if'pe ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds lkFk vius lEcUèkksa dks larqfyr
fd;k gSA if'pe ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr us bjkd] lÅnh vjc] d+rj cgjhu]
bt+jk;y ds lkFk lEcUèkksa dk fodkl djrs gq, bZjku ls Hkh lacaèkks
dk fodkl djrs gq, larqfyr fons'k uhfr vkSj lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dk
ifjp; fn;k gSA
bl {ks= esa la?k"kZ] jktuhfrd ifjorZu vkSj vjc&olar ds lacaèk esa
Hkkjr us jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj fgrksa ds vuq:i lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dk
ifjp; fn;k gSA Hkkjr us if'pe ,f'k;k esa yksdrkfU=d tukdka{kkvksa
dk leFkZu fd;k gS ysfdu bl {ks= esa ckgjh gLr{ksi }kjk cykr
ifjorZu dk leFkZu ugha fd;k gSA laçHkq jkT; ds vkarfjd ekeys esa
vgLr{ksi dh uhfr Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dk ewyHkwr fl)kUr jgk gSA
lkFk gh bl {ks= esa la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr us fdlh i{k dk leFkZu
u djrs gq, laokn ,oa okrkZ }kjk la?k"kZ lekèkku ij cy fn;k gSA
bl çdkj mÙkj&'khr;q) dky esa Hkkjr us lkefjd Lok;Ùkk dh uhfr
ij cy nsrs gq, bt+jk;y ls le>nkjhiw.kZ ijLifjd ykHknk;d lacaèk
fodflr fd, gSa vkSj nksuksa gh ns'k dfri; vlgt foanqvksa ij ,d
nwljs dks vkÜoLr djrs gq, vkilh lEcUèkksa dks cM+h xaHkhjrk ls vkxs
c<+k jgs gSaA dqy feykdj fiNys nks n'kdksa dh jktuf;d ;k=k esa
nksuksa ns'kksa us cgqi{kh; lk>snkjh ds lEcUèkksa dk fodkl fd;k gSA
Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèk fdlh rhljs ns'k ds f[kykQ ugha gSa vkSj u gh
fdlh rhljs ns'k ds çHkko ds dkjd ls çHkkfor gSaA Hkkjr us fQfyLrhu
eqís ds çfr ijaijkxr leFkZu dks cuk, j[krs gq, bt+jk;y ls djhch
ikjLifjd ykHknk;d fe=rkiw.kZ lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA Hkkjr us
;FkkFkZoknh fçTe }kjk çLrkfor j.kuhfr ds vuq:i bt+jk;y ls fdlh

53
lafèk dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;k gS cfYd lkefjd lk>snkjh dk fodkl
fd;k gSA nksuksa ns'kksa dk vkilh lg;ksx fgrksa dh ikjLifjdrk ds
vkèkkj ij fodflr gks jgk gSA Hkkjr dh bt+jk;y uhfr ds Lo:i
esa tks ifjorZu ifjyf{kr gq, gS muls ;g Hkh nf'kZr gksrk gS fd
Hkkjr dh fQfyLrhu leFkZu dh ijaijkxr uhfr dh fujarjrk ij
xkaèkh&usg:oknh fçt+u dk çHkko 'ks"k gS ysfdu Hkkjr dh btjk;y
uhfr esa vk;k xq.kkRed ifjorZu ;FkkFkZoknh fçTe dh vksj >qdko dks
çfrfcfEcr djrk gSA vc vfèkd laHkkouk bl ckr dh gS fd Hkkjr
dh fQfyLrhu leFkZu dh ijaijkxr uhfr dks ;Fkkor cuk, j[krs gq,
fQfyLrhu eqís dks Hkkjr&bt+jk;y lacaèkks ds xgu fodkl esa ckèkd
ugha cuus fn;k tk,xkA lkFk gh bt+jk;y ds lkFk cgqvk;keh lacaèk
vkSj lg;ksx dks uohu vk;ke nsrs gq, xgurk dks fodflr djrs gq,
nks&i{kh; lacaèkks dk çksQkby lkoZtfud :i ls mPp fd;k tk,xkA

54
 Endnotes
1. For the details of India-Israel relations in post cold war period see:
P.R. Kumaraswamy, “India and Israel: Evolving Strategic Partnership”,
Mideast Security and Policy Studies, No. 40, September 1998; Efraim
Inbar and Alvite Singh Ningthoujam, “Indo-Israeli Defense Cooperation
in the Twenty-First Century”, Mideast Security and Policy Studies No.
93, January 2012; PR Kumaraswamy, “The Maturation of Indo-Israeli
Ties: Israel in the World”, Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2013, pp 39-48,at
http://www.meforum.org/3494/india-israel-ties; Farah Naaz, “Indo-Israel
Relations: An Evolutionary Perspective”,at http://www.idsa-india.org/an-
may9-5.html
2. For the brief discussion of the debate regarding Gandhi and Zionism
see: A. K. Ramakrishnan, “Mahatma Gandhi Rejected Zionism”,
August 15, 2001, Wisdom Fund, http://www.twf.org/News/Y2001/0815-
GandhiZionism.html; E. S. Reddy, “Gandhi, The Jews and Palestine:
A Collection of Articles, Speeches, Letters and Interviews”, at http://
www.gandhiserve.org/information/writings_online/articles/gandhi_jews_
palestine.html; “Gandhi: Zionism and anti-Semitism”, in Homer A. Jack
(ed), The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings, Homer
(New York, AMS Press, 1956), pp. 317-322 at http://globalwebpost.com/
farooqm/study_res/gandhi/gandhi_zionism.html
3. Gandhi, “The Jews”, Harijan, November 26, 1938, at http://www.
jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/JewsGandhi.html
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Benny Morris, “Einstein’s other theory”, The Guardian, February 16, 2995,
at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/16/israel.india
8. Mani Shankar Aiyar, “Modi’s Overtures to Israel are Deeply Degerous”,
NDTV, March 24, 2015, at http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/modis-overtures-
to-israel-are-deeply-dangerous-749042
9. Ilan Ben Zion, “Former Indian Cabinet Minister:’Impossible to have good
moral relations with Israel’”, Times of Israel, February 18, 2014, at http://
www.timesofisrael.com/former-indian-mp-impossible-to-have-a-good-
moral-relations-with-israel/
10. Mani Shankar Aiyar, “Modi’s Overtures to Israel are Deeply Degerous”,
NDTV, March 24, 2015, at http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/modis-overtures-
to-israel-are-deeply-dangerous-749042

55
11. Mani Shankar Aiyar, “India’s government is cowering behind the
BRICS position on the conflict”, Indian Express, July 23, 2014, at http://
indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-gaza-evasion/
12. Mani Shankar Aiyar, “Modi’s Overtures to Israel are Deeply Degerous”,
NDTV, March 24, 2015, at http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/modis-overtures-
to-israel-are-deeply-dangerous-749042
13. “Why Modi’s India aligns more closely with Israel than with Palestinians”, Aljazeera,
August 3., 2014, at http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/8/3/modi-
israel-relations.html
14. Ibid.
15. Isabelle Saint-Mezard, “India and Israel: an unlikely alliance: From Antipathy
to Military Cooperation”, at http://mondediplo.com/2010/11/11indiaisrael;
Louise Tillin, “US-Israel-India: Strategic axis?”, BBC, at http://news.bbc.
co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3092726.stm
16. Dr Subramanian Swamy speech to express Solidarity with ISRAEL, 3August
2014, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzcqj8XFiVE
17. For the brief discussion of Marxist/Soviet perspective on Zionism
and Israel see: Sergeyev, Sergei, “Zionism, Instrument of Aggressive
Imperialist Circles”, in P. N. Fedoseyev and others (ed.), The Palestine
Problem: Aggression, Resistance, Way of Settlement, USSR Academy
of Science, Moscow, 1948; Sharif, Walid, “Soviet Marxism and Zionism”,
Journal of Palestine Studies, Beirut, Spring 1977, no. 6 (3).
18. Sharif, Walid, “Soviet Marxism and Zionism”, Journal of Palestine Studies,
Spring 1977, no. 6 (3), p. 78.
19. Ibid. p. 79.
20. Schechtman, J. B., ‘The U.S.S.R., Zionism and Israel’ in Lionel Kochan
(Ed.) The Jews in Soviet Russia since 1917, (London: Oxford University
Press, 1970), p. 98.
21. Orbach, William, “A Periodization of Soviet Policy Towards the Jews”,
Soviet Jewish Affairs, (London), Vol. 12, no. 3, 1982, p. 60; see also
Hashim S. H. Behbehani, The Soviet Union and Arab Nationalism, 1917-
1966, (London: KPI Ltd., 1986), p. 20.
22. “Surjeet Writes to PM On Sharon Visit”, Press Release of CPI (M),
September 6, 2003, at http://cpim.org/content/surjeet-writes-pm-sharon-
visit
23. “Gaza Attack: Government Stand Pro-Israeli”, Press Statement of CPI(M),
July 17, 2014, at http://www.cpim.org/content/gaza-attack-government-
stand-pro-israeli

56
24. “Stop funding Israel’s war on Palestine, CPI-M tells Modi government”, Zee
News, December 29, 2014, http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/stop-
funding-israels-war-on-palestine-cpi-m-tells-modi-government_1522169.
html
25. “Modi’s Israel visit amounts to abandoning Palestine: CPI-M”, Zee News,
June 4, 2015, at http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/modis-israel-visit-
amounts-to-abandoning-palestine-cpi-m_1607440.html
26. “On Strategic Alliance With Israel”, Press Statement of CPI (M), May 11,
20013, available at http://cpim.org/content/strategic-alliance-israel
27. “Left Parties on UPA Govt completing four years”, Left Parties Statement
on May 23, 2008, available at http://cpim.org/content/left-parties-upa-
govt-completing-four-years
28. Kautilya, Arthshastra, ed. By L. N. Rangrajan (New Delhi, Penguin,
1992).
29. For the detailed analysis of Chanakya’s thought see George Modelski,
“Kautlya; Foreign Policy and International Systen in Ancient Hindu World”,
American Political Science Review, Vol. 58, no. 3, September 1964, pp.
549-560; see also Rasheed Us Zaman, “Kautilya:The Strategic Thinker
and Indian Strategic Culture”, Comparativ Strategy, Vol. 25, 2006, pp.
231-247;
30. For the discussion of Cultural Realism, see Alaistair Johnston, Cultural
Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Ming China, (Princeton,
Princeton University Press, 1995).
31. For the detailed discussion of structural Realism, see Kenneth Waltz,
Theory of International Politics, (New York: McGrawHill, 1979).
32. P. R. Kumaraswamy, India’s Israel Policy, Columbia University Press,
2010.
33. “Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand”, Jewish Virtual Library, at http://www.
jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07046.html
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. For the details of India’s West Asia policy Under Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru see Najma Heptulla, The Indo-West Asian Relations: The Nehru
Era (New Delhi, South Asia Books, 1992)
38. Benny Morris, op. cit. Rasheed Uz Zaman, “Kautilya: The Indian Strategic

57
 Thinker and Indian Strategic Culture”,  Comparative Strategy, Vol. 25,
2006, pp. 231-247.
39. “India condemns the suicide bomb attack on Tel Aviv on 1st June which led to loss
of life and injuries to a large number of innocent people”, June 04, 2001, http://
www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/19010/India_condemns_the_
suicide_bomb_attack_on_Tel_Aviv_on_1st_June_which_led_to_loss_
of_life_and_injuries_to_a_large_number_of_innocent_people
40. Fourth Meeting of the India-Israel Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism and
First Round of Consultations on Disarmament Issues (New Delhi, November
29 - December 2, 2004), December 02, 2004, at http://www.mea.gov.in/
press-releases.htm?dtl/7360/Fourth_Meeting_of_the_IndiaIsrael_
Joint_Working_Group_on_Counter_Terrorism_and_First_Round_of_
Consultations_on_Disarmament_Issues_New_Delhi_November_2
41. “Statement by Official Spokesperson on abduction of Israeli soldier at Kerem Shalom
crossing near Gaza”, June 27, 2006, at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.
htm?dtl/4227/Statement_by_Official_Spokesperson_on_abduction_of_
Israeli_soldier_at_Kerem_Shalom_crossing_near_Gaza
42. “Statement by Official Spokesperson on the tension at the Israel-Lebanon border”,
July 13, 2006, at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/4181/
Statement_by_Official_Spokesperson_on_the_tension_at_the_
IsraelLebanon_border
43. “We continue to remain gravely concerned at the situation in the West Asia”,
May 24, 2001, at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/10523/
We_continue_to_remain_gravely_concerned_at_the_situation_in_the_
West_Asia
44. Press Statement, April 18, 2002, at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.
htm?dtl/13487/Press_Statement
45. “India Expresses Concern At Developments In West Asia” September 23, 2002, at
http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/18958/India_Expresses_
Concern_At_Developments_In_West_Asia
46. “Statement by Official Spokesperson on the recent escalation of violence in
West Asia”, March 07, 2003,at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.
htm?dtl/9171/Statement_by_Official_Spokesperson_on_the_recent_
escalation_of_violence_in_West_Asia
47. “Statement by the Official Spokesman on the large scale demolition of homes in the
Rafah Palestinian refugee camp in Gaza by the Israeli Defence Force”, May 20,
2004, http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/7634/Statement_
by_the_Official_Spokesman_on_the_large_scale_demolition_of_

58
 homes_in_the_Rafah_Palestinian_refugee_camp_in_Gaza_by_the_
Israeli_Defence_Force
48. “Statement by Shri E. Ahamed, Hon’ble Minister of State for External Affairs on the
escalation of violence in Northern Gaza”, October 05, 2004, at http://www.mea.
gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/7401/Statement_by_Shri_E_Ahamed_
Honble_Minister_of_State_for_External_Affairs_on_the_escalation_of_
violence_in_Northern_Gaza 49. “Statement by Official Spokesperson
on the killing of innocent civilians in Gaza by the Israeli Defence Forces”, June 12,
2006, at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/4416/Statement_
by_Official_Spokesperson_on_the_killing_of_innocent_civilians_in_
Gaza_by_the_Israeli_Defence_Forces
50. “Statement by Official Spokesperson on the tension at the Israel-Lebanon border”,
July 13, 2006, at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/4181/
Statement_by_Official_Spokesperson_on_the_tension_at_the_
IsraelLebanon_border
51. “Statement by Official Spokesperson on situation in Gaza”, January 04, 2009,
at http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/1573/Statement_by_
Official_Spokesperson_on_situation_in_Gaza
52. “OfficialSpokesperson’sresponsetoamediaquestiononviolenceinGaza”,November
18, 2012, at http://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/20823/Official_
Spokespersons_response_to_a_media_question_on_violence_in_Gaza
53. P. R. Kumaraswamy, “The Maturation of Indo-Israeli Ties Israel in the
World”, Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2013, pp. 39-48, at http://www.
meforum.org/3494/india-israel-ties
54. Suhasini Haidar, “Modi to meet Netanyahu; marks shift in Indian policy”,
The Hindu, September 29, 2014, http://www.thehindu.com/news/
national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-visit-to-us/article6454837.
ece?ref=relatedNews
55. Herb keinon, “Indo-Israel ties on the march”, Jerusalem Post, September
29, 2014, at http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Indo-Israel-ties-on-the-
march-376555
56. Herb Keinon, “Netanyahu meeting with Indian PM Modi signals ‘increased
Israeli-Indian cooperation’”, Jerusalem Post, September 28, 2014, at
http://www.jpost.com/International/Netanyahu-meeting-with-Indian-PM-
Modi-signals-increased-Israeli-Indian-cooperation-376464
57. Suhasini Haidar, “Modi to be first Indian PM in Israel”, June 1, 2015,
Times of India, at http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-to-be-
first-indian-pm-in-israel/article7268929.ece?ref=relatedNews

59
58. “Narendra Modi will be first Indian PM to visit Israel and Palestine”,
Times of India, June 1, 2015, at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
india/Narendra-Modi-will-be-first-Indian-PM-to-visit-Israel-and-Palestine/
articleshow/47491228.cms
59. “India-Israel defence ties ‘out of closet’ now”, Times of India, February
18, 2015, at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Israel-defence-
ties-out-of-closet-now/articleshow/46290751.cms
60. “No change in India`s policy on Palestine: Sushma Swaraj”, Zee News,
July 21, 2014, at http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/no-change-in-
indias-policy-on-palestine-sushma-swaraj_949094.html
61. “India Backs Anti-Israel Vote: Can’t Support Violation of International Norms,
Say Sources”, NDTV, July 24, 2014, at http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/
india-backs-anti-israel-vote-can-t-support-violation-of-international-
norms-say-sources-564142
62. Suhasini Haidar, “Modi to meet Netanyahu; marks shift in Indian policy”,
The Hindu, September 29, 2014, http://www.thehindu.com/news/
national/prime-minister-narendra-modis-visit-to-us/article6454837.
ece?ref=relatedNews
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. “In a first, India refuses to vote against Israel at UN”, Times of India, July
4, 2015, at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/In-a-first-
India-refuses-to-vote-against-Israel-at-UN/articleshow/47932142.cms
66. “Official Spokesperson’s response to a question on India’s vote on Resolution
A/HRC/29/L.35 in the Human Rights Council”, MEA Media Briefings, July 3,
2015, at http://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/25425/Official_
Spokespersons_response_to_a_question_on_Indias_vote_on_
Resolution_AHRC29L35_in_the_Human_Rights_Council
67. Amit Baruah, “India may end support to Palestine at U.N.”, The Hindu,
December 22, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-may-end-
support-to-palestine-at-un/article6713364.ece?homepage=true
68. Ibid.
69. “India’s stand at UNHRC a qualitative leap in ties, Israel says”, Times of
India, July 8, 2015, at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-stand-
at-UNHRC-a-qualitative-leap-in-ties-Israel-says/articleshow/47990509.
cms?
70. Nidhi Rajdan, “On Eve of Gaza Vote, PM Narendra Modi Got a Call

60
 From Israel Counterpart Benjamin Netanyahu”, NDTV, July 6, 2015,
at http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/israeli-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-
called-pm-narendra-modi-on-eve-of-un-voting-on-gaza-india-abstained-
778413?ndtv_related
71. “UNHRC vote: Palestine asks India to explain why it abstained”, Indian
Express, July 9, 2015, at http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-
others/unhrc-votepalestine-asks-india-to-explain-why-it-abstained/
72. “India spikes US’ Javelin missiles for Israel’s ‘Spike’”, Economic Times,
October 26, 2014, at http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-
10-26/news/55446711_1_rafael-advanced-defence-systems-israeli-
missile-drdo-chief
73. Amos Harel, “Sisters in arms: The burgeoning defense trade between
Israel and India”, Haaretz, February 22, 2014, at http://www.haaretz.com/
news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.575486
74. “India, Israel discuss defence deals”, Business Standard, June 30, 2014,
at http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-israel-
discuss-defence-deals-114063000997_1.html
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96. Ibid.
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99 bZjku ds çfr bljk;yh #[k vkSj bZjku&bljk;y lEcU/kksa ds fy, ns[ksa vuwi dqekj
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dqekj xqIrk] ÞbZjku vkSj bt+jk;y esa c<rh rY[khß] Mh,y,] ebZ 18] 2012; bZjku
ijek.kq leL;k vkSj lacfU/kr ijek.kq laokn ds laf{kIr fooj.k fy, ns[ksa: vuwi dqekj
xqIrk] ÞfoLQksVd fLFkfr esa bZjku leL;kß] Mh,y,] vçSy 16] 2012; vuwi dqekj
xqIrk] ÞbZjku ls ijek.kq laokn ds ek;usß] Mh,y,] väwcj 26] 2013
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& Iran”, The Economic Times, February 19, 2012,at http://articles.

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