Art & Culture Udaan (Hindi)

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LkaLdj.k % izFke
ISBN : 978-81-19130-44-3
}kjk izdkf'kr % Physics Wallah
eksckby ,si% Physics Wallah (Iys LVksj ij miyC/)
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;wVÔwc pkSuy% Physics Wallah - Alakh Pandey
UPSC Wallah
UPSC Wallah - Hindi Medium
PSC Wallah - UP Bihar
MPSC Wallah
bZesy% support@pw.live
vf/dkj
lHkh vf/dkj çdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr jgsaxsA ys•d ;k çdk'kd dh fyf•r vuqefr ds fcuk bl iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk fdlh Hkh rjg
ls mi;ksx ;k bldh vU; çfrfyfi rS;kj ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
Nk=k leqnk; ds fgr esa%

fdlh Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k pkSuy] bZesy vkfn ;k fdlh vU; pkSuy ds ekè;e ls eksckby] ySiVkWi ;k MsLdVkWi ds ekè;e ls ihMh,iQ ;k vU;
led{k çk:iksa esa iqLrdksa dh lkWÝV dkWih dk çlkj ,d çdkj dk vijk/ gSA fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ }kjk viuh fMokbl (midj.kksa) ij iqLrd dh
lkWÝV dkWih dks çlkfjr] MkmuyksM] laxzghr djuk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e dk mYya?ku gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ bl iqLrd ;k bldh fdlh Hkh lkexzh
dh iQksVksdkWih djuk Hkh voS/ gSA ,slh fdlh Hkh lkWÝV dkWih laca/h lkexzh ds çkIr gksus dh voLFkk esa bls MkmuyksM ;k iQkWjoMZ u djsaA
vLohdj.k%
o"k; dh xgjh le> j•us okys PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kKksa ,oa vè;kidksa dh Vhe us iqLrdksa ds fy, dM+h esgur dh gSA tcfd bu iqLrdksa
dks rS;kj djus esa daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] lEikndksa ,oa çdk'kdksa }kjk iw.kZ ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqLrd 'kSf{kd mís';ksa ds fy,
vfHkçsr gS rFkk ys•d iqLrd esa fufgr fdlh Hkh =kqfV ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxkA fo"k; oLrq dh lVhdrk ds fy, tk¡p dh xbZ gSA çdk'kd
}kjk fo"k;&oLrq dks lVhd ,oa vkf/dkfjd tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k gSA
;g iqLrd ,oa blesa fufgr O;fÙkQxr ;ksxnku çdk'kd }kjk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e ds varxZr lqjf{kr gSaA
çfrfØ;k ds fy, bZesy djsa% support@pw.live
(;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

izLrkouk
PW ONLY IAS dh ,d vR;f/d dq'ky fo'ks"kK Vhe ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dM+h esgur djrh gS fd Nk=kksa dks ;wih,llh ijh{kk ds
fy, lokZsÙke lkexzh çkIr gksA
'kq#vkr ls gh daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] leh{kdksa] MhVhih vkWijsVjksa] çwiQjhMjksa ,oa vU; yksxksa dh iwjh daVsaV Vhe Nk=kksa ds fy,
çHkko'kkyh lkexzh rS;kj djus gsrq muds lokZsÙke Kku rFkk vuqHko ds vuqlkj lkexzh dks vkdkj nsus esa layXu gSA
vè;kidksa us fo"k;&oLrq dks vklkuh ls le>us okyh Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djus dh ubZ 'kSyh viukbZ gS ,oa bl vè;;u lkexzh ds fuekZ.k ds
nkSjku Vhe dks viuk ekxZn'kZu rFkk i;Zos{k.k çnku fd;k gSA
PW ONLY IAS oSpkfjd ,oa euksjatd f'k{kk esa n`<+ fo'okl j•rk gSA PW ONLY IAS Nk=kksa dks xq.koÙkk rFkk Li"Vrk ykus ds fy, mPp
ijh{kk&mUeq• fo"k;&oLrq çnku djrk gSA
;wih,llh vè;;u lkexzh cgqrk;r ds lkFk cktkj esa miyC/ gS] ijarq PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kK gekjs ;wih,llh Nk=kksa ds fy, lokZsPp
vè;;u lkexzh çnku djus gsrq fujarj dk;Zjr gSaA
;g vè;;u lkexzh ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus okys ç'uksa dh çpqj fofo/rk ds lkFk vo/kj.kkvksa dk fo'ks"k ,oa le>us ds fy, cgqvk;keh n`f"Vdks.k
viukrh gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksxh ijh{kk ds fy, Kku ls lqlfTtr djrh gSA
bl vè;;u lkexzh dk eq[; mís'; gekjs Nk=kksa dks laf{kIr] Li"V] y?kq ,oa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ fo"k;&oLrq çnku djuk gSA
iqLrd dh fo'ks"krk
çkjafHkd ijh{kk ds fy, mPp laHkkfor fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ

uohure MsVk ,oa rF;ksa ds lkFk v|ru (viMsVsM) iqLrdsa
oLrqfu"B ç'uksa dks gy djus ds fy, laf{kIr ,oa lVhd fo"k;&oLrq
ljyrkiwoZd ;kn djus ds fy, rkfydk] ÝykspkVZ ,oa ekbaMeSi dk lekos'kA
INDEX
1- Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk 1&5 4- Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk 25&35
 flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh ewfrZ;k¡ 1&2  izkxSfrgkfld dky 25
 ekS;Zdkyhu ewfrZdyk 2  ik"kk.kdkyhu fp=kdyk 26&29
 ekS;ksZÙkjdkyhu ewfrZdyk 2&3
 iwoZ eè;dkyhu fp=kdyk 30
 xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk 3&4
 eqxy fp=kdyk 30&32
 nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ewfrZdyk 4&5
 Hkkjrh; vk/qfud ewfrZdyk 5  jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk 32&33
2- Hkkjrh; okLrqdyk 6&17  igkM+h fp=kdyk 33
 gM+Iik lH;rk esa okLrqdyk 6  vk/qfud fp=kdyk 34

 ekS;Zdkyhu okLrqdyk 6&8  yksd fp=kdyk 35
 ekS;ksZÙkj okLrqdyk 8&9 5- Hkkjrh; laxhr 36&44
 xqIrdkyhu okLrqdyk 9&10
 Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl 36&37
 b.Mks&bLykfed ;k Hkkjrh; vjch okLrqdyk
10&11
 fgUnqLrkuh 'kkL=kh; laxhr 37&38
 fnYyh lYrur okLrqdyk 11&12
 izkarh; 'kSyh 12  fgUnqLrkuh laxhr dh v¼Z'kkL=kh; laxhr
38
 eqxy dkyhu okLrqdyk 13&14  dukZVd 'kkL=kh; laxhr 39&40
 eè; dkyhu okLrqdyk 15  laxhr ok| ;a=kksa dk oxhZdj.k 40&41
 vkSifuosf'kd okLrqdyk& vk/qfud Hkkjr
16&17  yksd laxhr 41
3- eafnj okLrqdyk 18&24  laxhr ds lEca/ esa izeq[k O;fDr 41&42
 ukxj 'kSyh okLrqdyk 19&20  laxhr ls tqM+s leqnk; 42
 xqIrdkyhu eafnj 20
 {ks=kh; laxhr 43&44
 [ktqjkgks mi'kSyh 20
 Hkkjrh; vk/qfud laxhr 44
 if'pe Hkkjr (lksyadh 'kSyh) 20
 iwohZ Hkkjr (vksfM'kk 'kSyh) 21 6- Hkkjrh; u`R; fo/k,¡ 45&51
 ioZrh; 'kSyh ds eafnj 21&22  u`R; ds Lo:i 45
 æfoM+ 'kSyh ds eafnj 22  Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; 45&49
 oslj 'kSyh 22  u`R; ls lEcaf/r izeq[k O;fDrRo 49&50
 gks;ly 'kSyh 23
 Hkkjr ds izeq[k yksdu`R; 50&51
 fot;uxj 'kSyh 23
 Hkkjr ds vU; yksdu`R; 51
 uk;d 'kSyh 23
 iky vkSj lsu 'kSyh 24 7- Hkkjrh; jaxeap 52&57
 Hkkjr ds ckgj fLFkr dqN eafnj 24  Hkkjr ds ukVd dk fodkl 52&54
 Hkkjr ds izeq[k eafnj 24  izfl¼ vk/qfud ukVd vkSj ukVddkj 54&57
Art and Culture 1
kkjrh; dBiqryh dyk

8- H 58 12- izkphu vkSj eè;;qxhu dky esa Hkkjr 68&69
 iqryh ds izdkj 58 vkus okys izeq[k fons'kh ;k=kh
 /kxk iqryh 58&59 13- H
kkjrh; gLrf'kYi 70&71
 Nk;k iqryh 59&60
14- H
kkjr ds fo'o fojklr LFky 72&75
 NM
+ iqryh 60
 fo'o fojklr 72
 nLrku
k iqryh 60
 ukekadu izfØ;k 72&73
kkjr esa ek'kZy dyk
9- H 61&63
 fo'o fojklr lwph esa 'kkfey ekun.M 73&74
 dyj hi;V~Vw 61
 dh vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr
Hkkjr 74&75
 flyEce 61&62
 dSys.Mj 75
 FkksMk
'kSyh 62
 xrdk 62 kkjr ds esys ,oa R;kSgkj
15- H 76&82
 bUcqvku
dq'rh 62  ds izeq[k esys
Hkkjr 76&78
 eqf"
V ;q¼ 62  Hkkjr
ds fofHkUu R;kSgkj 78&82
 xkM&'kSyh
psbch 62&63 jLdkj vkSj lEeku
16- iq 83&84
 &Vk vkSj lfjr ljd
Fkkax 63
 jRu
Hkkjr 83
 ~VqofjlkbZ
dqV 63
 i| iqjLdkj 83&84
 enkZuh[ksy 63
 lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj 84
 ykBh 63
 lEeku
Hkk"kk 84
 ijh [kaMk 63
 Hkkjr
ds dqN vU; izeq[k ek'kZy vkVZ 63  nkn
k lkgc iQkYds iqjLdkj 84
kkjr ds jk"Vªh; izrhd

10- H 64&65 17- H
kkjr ds lkaLÑfrd laLFkku 85&89
 jk"Vªh; èot 64  ; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k
Hkkjrh 85
 jk"Vªh; fpÉ 64  jk"Vªh; ik.Mq fyfi fe'ku 85
 jk"Vªxku 64  lkfgR; vdkneh 85
 jk"Vªh; xhr 64  laxhr ukVd vdkneh 85&86
 jk"Vªh; iq"i 64
 yfyr dyk vdkneh 86
 jk"Vªh; i'kq 65
 bafnj
k xk¡/h jk"Vªh; dyk dsUæ 86
 jk"Vªh; i{kh 65
 jk"Vªh; laxzgky; 86
 jk"Vªh; dSys.Mj 65
 lkaLÑf
rd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k dsUæ 87
L=kh; Hkk"kk
11- 'kk 66&67
 jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky; 87
 ; Hkk"kk dks ntkZ izkIr djus dk ekun.M
'kkL=kh 66
 ; lkaLÑfrd lEca/ ifj"kn~
Hkkjrh 87
 'kkL=kh
; Hkk"kk dh lwph 66&67
 'kkL=kh
; Hkk"kk ds dqN vU; rF; 67  Hkkjrh
; ,sfrgkfld vuqla/ku ifj"kn~ 88
2 ii Art and Culture
 v kWy bf.M;k jsfM;ks 88  eè;dkyhu lkfgR; 102

 Hkkjr
ds jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj 88&89  hu vkSj eè;dkyhu caxkyh lkfgR;
izkp 102&103
 usg:eseksfj;y laxzgky; vkSj iqLrdky; 89  fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 103&104
 dyk vkSj lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds fy, 89  v k/qfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 104&106
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; U;kl kkjrh; flusek
22- H 107&112
18- izkphu dky ds fo'ofo|ky; 90&91  yhoqM dh 'kq:vkr
ckW 107
 fo'ofo|ky;
ukyank 90
dh 'kq:vkr
VkWdht 107&108

 r{kf'k{kk 90
 yhoqM elkyk fiQYeksa dk [kkstdrkZ
ckW 108&111
 v ksnariqjh fo'ofo|ky; 90
 esa fiQYe m|ksxksa ls tqM+s Hkkjr ds laLFkku
Hkkjr
 foØef'kyk 90 111&112
 oYyHkh 90
23- H
kkjrh; flDds 113&115
 tx n~ny 91
 hu flDdksa dk fodkl
izkp 113
 [ksr
ekU; 91
 izkx
Sfrgkfld vkSj dkaL; ;qx ds flDds 113
 'kkjnkihB 91
 ukxktqZu dksaM fo|kihB 91  nd dky ds flDds
oSf 113
vkSj tSu
19- ckS¼ 92&98  tu in dky ds flDds 113&114
 ckS¼ 92&94  dksly tuin dh jtr foelSfVdk 114
 tSu 94&95  v kgr flDds 114
20- n'kZ
u'kkL=k ds fo|ky; 96&97  fgUn&;wukuh flDds 114
 :f<+okn
h n'kZu 96&97  k dkyhu flDds
dq"kk. 114
 fo/feZd n'kZu 97  xqIr&dkyhu flDds 114
21- H
kkjrh; lkfgR; 98&106  lkrokgu ds flDds 114&115
 lkfgR; dk oxhZdj.k 98  b.Mks&lklSfu;u flDds 115
 nd dky esa lkfgR;
oSf 98&99
 'kkg
h pksyksa ds flDds 115
 egkdkO; 99&101
 v kgkse jkT;ksa ds flDds 115
 'kkL=kh
; laLÑr lkfgR; 101
 fnYyh lYrur ds flDds 115
 foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa laLÑr lkfgR; dk ;ksxnku
 eqxydkyhu flDds 115
102

iii
Art and Culture 3
1 Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk
(Indian Sculpture)
ewfrZdyk Hkkjrh; lekt dsewY;ksa
o lkaLÑfrd thouds fodkl dks izLrqr djus dkmÙke ekè;egSA ewfrZdykLdYIpj
dks
(Sculpture) dgrs gSa] tks
izksVks&baMks'kCn
;wjksih;
ls feydj cuk gqvk gSA ftldk vk'k;
dkV] Nk¡VdjfufeZr dh xbZ vkÑfr ls gSA
fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh ewfrZ;k¡  fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk ls izkIr ewfrZ;ksa

eksgutksnM+ks
esals yxHkx
,d ntZu izLrjdh ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSaA
 Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk izkphure
ds izek.kksa
esa lsmPp iqjkik"kk.k
 oslqesfj;u{ks=kksa mj vkSj
ds lqlk esa [kksth x;h mlh rjg dh
dky ls izkIr csyu ?kkVh (mÙkj izns'k) yksgankukyk
esa ls
ewfrZ ds yxHkx lkn`'; gSaA
vfLFk fufeZr ekr`nsoh dh ewfrZ;ksa ds lk{; feys gSaA
• gM+Iik ls izkIr
uXu iq:"k dk /M+ (yky iRFkj ls fufeZr)A
 Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ewfrZdyk dk okLrfod fla/q izek.k
?kkVh
• eksgutksnM+ks HksM+&gkFkh
ls izkIr dh la;qDr ewfrZA
lH;rk ls feyk gSA
• eksgutksnM+ks ekuo ls izkIr
efLr"dA
 bl lH;rk ls izkIr ewfrZ;ksa dk VsjkdksVk
fuekZ.k] izLrjrFkk
/krqvkfn ls fd;k x;k FkkA dkaL; ewfrZ;k¡
(Bronze Sculpture)
 dkaL; ewfrZ;k¡lkekU;r% rk¡cko fVuds feJ.k ls fufeZr gksrh
 ewfrZdyk esa ewfrZ fuekZ.k f=kfoeh;
ds fy,:i] dBksj inkFkZ
gSAdkaL; ewfrZ izLrj rFkkVsjkdksVk ewfrZ;ksa
ls vf/d lqanj
rFkke`nq inkFkZ
(Plastic Material) dksfi?kykdj ewfrZ cukus
izrhr gksrh gSA
dh rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
 blds fuekZ.k ds lk{; eksgutksnM+ks
] dkyhcaxkrFkkyksFky ls
izLrj(Stone)
feys gSaA dkaL; ewfrZukjh dk] fo"k;
i'kq&i{kh
rFkkf[kykSus
jgs gSaA
 gM+Iik lH;rk esa ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k pwuk]
esa
cyqvk
vf/drj
 dkals dh ewfrZ;ksa yqIrdks
ekse rduhd (Lost Wax) dk
o LysVh iRFkjkssa
dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
mi;ksx djds cuk;k tkrk FkkA
 gM+Iik vkSjeksgutksnM+ks
esa ikbZ xb± iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k¡ f=k&vk;keh
oLrq,¡ cukus dk mRÑ"V mnkgj.k gSA iRFkj dh eqfrZ;ksaeksgutksnM+ks esa nks iq#"k ls izkIr dk¡ls dh urZdh dh ewfrZ
izfrek,¡ cgqpfpZr gS ftuesa ls ,d iq#"k /M+ ykygS]
pwuktks • urZdh dh ewfrZ f=kHkax eqækesa [kM+h
iRFkj dk cuk gSA gSaA
• bldh Ropk dk jax lkaoykfn[kk;k
• eksgutksnM+ks ls izkIr nk<+h
izfl¼ x;k gSA
okyk iqtkjhdh ewfrZ dks cukus ds • og yxHkxfuoZL=k rFkk mlds yEcs
fy, lsy[kM+h iRFkj dk iz;ksx fd;k ds'k flj ds ihNs ,dtwM+s ds :i essa
x;k FkkA xqaFks gq, gSaA urZdh dh ewfrZ
• bl vko{k ewfrZ
dks'kkWy vks<+s
fn[kk;k • mldh ckW;ha Hkqtk pwfM+;ksals <+dh
x;k gSA 'kkWy
ck,¡ da/s ds mQij ls gqbZZ gSA laHkor% gM~Mh tks;k gkFkhls nk¡r
fufeZr gSA
vkSj n¡k;ha Hkqtk ds uhps ls Mkyh x;h gSA • og viuh nkW;ha Hkqtk ds mQijh Hkkx esa cktwcan vkSj
'kkWyf=kiqQfy;k
uewukssssa ls lth gqbZ gSA Hkkx esa dM+k igus gq, gSaA
• vk¡[ks vk/h can fn[kkbZ xbZa è;kukoLFkk
gS] tks dks iznf'kZr • nkfgus gkFk dej ij fVdkrFkkckW;k gkFk ijaijkxr
djrh gSaAnk<+h ew¡N
vkSjxyeqPNs psgjs ij mHkjs gq, izrhr gksrs gSAHkkjrh; u`R; dh eqæk esa mlds ?kqVusmQij ls dqN
ckW;ha
• nkfguh Hkqtk ijcktwcan
,d rFkk xnZu ds pkjkssa vksj NksVs&NksVsta?kk ij fVdkgqvk izrhr gksrk gSA
Nsn cus gSa] ftlls izrhr gksrk gSgkj og gq, gSaA • ;g vkÑfr HkkokfHkO;fDr
fd igus vkSj'kkjhfjd mQtkZ ls vksrizksr gSA
• dkyhcax
k ls ,d cSy dh ewfrZ
izkIr gqbZA  laHkor%dqN eqgjksa xf.krh;
ij vkÑfr;k¡ feyh gSaA ftudk
• nk;ekcknls rk¡cs vkSj dkaL; dh jFkuqek xkM+hizkIr gqbZA mi;ksx'kS{kf.kd mís';ksa ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA
VsjkdksV
k ewfrZ;k¡
(Terracotta Sculpture)  eksgutksnM+ks dh izfl¼i'kqifr eqgj (pkj tkuojksa& xSaM+k]
 laHkor% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ekuo }kjk fufeZr igyh ewfrZ HkSalk] gkFkh vkSj ck?k ls f?kjk gqvk) izkIr gqvk gS
feV~Vhls cuk;h x;h gksxh D;ksafd lcls vf/d izkIr ewfrZ;k¡
 eksgjksa ijcSy] xSaMk]
gkFkh vkfn ds fp=k feys ijUrq
xk; ds
idh feV~Vh ls fufeZr gSaA
fp=k ugh feys gSA
 bu ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.kfpidok ds fy, rduhd ;k fiafpx
rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA bldk izeq[k  ,d fNæ okys eqgjs
fo"k; Hkh feyh gS ftudk mi;ksx lEHkor%
lhfV;k¡
] f[kykSus] [ksyus ds ikls ] fxfV~V;k¡
] pØkdkj rkcht ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gksxkA
(fMLd)] i'kq&i{kh rFkkukjh&iq:"k FkhA M(Pottery)
e`n~Hkk.
flU/q?kkVh ls izkIr VsjkdksVk ls fufeZr izeq[k ewfrZ;k¡  fla/q ?kkVh ls izkIr e`n~HkkaMksa
lknsrFkkfpf=kr esae`nHkkaM
gSaA
• eksg utksnM+ks lsfgyrs
izkIr gq, flj dk i'kq f[kykSukA fpf=kr e`n~Hkk.Mksa dks ykylkekU;r%
o dkys e``n~~~Hkk.Mksa
ds
• ekr` nsoh] lhax okys nsork dk eq[kkSVkA uke ls tkurs gSaA
 yky o dkyh i`"BHkwfe ij fMtkbu ] fp=krFkkT;kferh;
• Vsjkd ksVk
dh vf/d ewfrZ;k¡ dkyhcaxk ds LFkyksa ls feyh gSaA
izfr:i fp=kksa ds vkorhZ& fo"k; FksA
xgusa(Ornaments)
 lknse`n~HkkaM vf/d rFkk fpf=kr e`n~HkkaM cgqr gh de i
 fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk ds yksx os'k&Hkw"kk ds izfr ltx FksA bl
gSa] tks fd lekt esa
vehjh&xjhch ds oxhZdj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA
dkj.ko'k ogvkHkw"k.k ] ewY;oku /krqvksa] jRuksa
rFkkgfM~M;ksa
tSlh fofo/rkiw.kZ lkexzh dk mi;ksx djrs FksA  mi;ks x%& ?kjksa esa crZuksa dk ikuhmi;ksx
] [kk|kUu Hk.Mkj.k ]
 gkj] ifV~Vdk
ltkoV vkfn ds fy, lkns crZuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
] cktwcan vkSjvaxwBh tSls xgusaiq:"kksavkSj
efgykvksa nksuksa ds }kjk /kj.k fd;s tkrs FksA tcfd  fNfnzr crZuksa
dejcan] dk mi;ksx'kjkc dks mM+syus ds fy, fd;k
>qedsvkSjik;y dsoy efgykvksa }kjk gh iguh tkrh FkhA tkrk FkkA
 pUngw nM+ks o yksFky eudksa
esads dkj[kkus feys gSaA ekS;Z
dkyhu ewfrZdyk
gfj;k.kk ds iQjekrk iqjkLFky ij ,d dfczLrku('kok/ku)
 ekS ;Z dky dh ewfrZdyk dk mi;ksx Lrwi ltkoV]
dh rksj.k
ik;k x;k gS] tgk¡ 'koksa dks xguksa ds lkFk niQuk;k x;k gSA
rFkk/kfeZd vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA
eqgjsa(Seal)
 bl vof/ esa iRFkj dh ewfrZ dk fuekZ.k fpidok rduhd
 gM+ Iik lH;rk esssa fdlh oLrq ,d dks
LFkkuls nwljs LFkku ij ls fd;k tkrk FkkA bl nkSjku Hkkjrh; ckS¼ ewfrZdyk
/eZls
ys tkus ds fy,]xhyh feV~Vh ij nkxh x;h (BIik ekjdj)
izHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k vius pjeksRd"kZ ij FkhA
izekf.kr vkÑfrtksfd lhy ds leku dk;Z djrh Fkh] eqgjsa
 ekS;Zdkyhu e`.ewfrZ;ksa i'kq&i{kh dk vk/kj ] f[kykSuk vkSj
dgykrh Fkh] tks lkekU;r% ml le; mifLFkr vU; lH;rkvksssa
ds lkFkO;kikjdks iznf'kZr djrh gSA ekuo gSaA
 gM+ Iik dh ekud eqæk 2 × 2 bapdh oxkZdkj ifV;k gksrh  Fkh]laHko
r% ge dg ldrs gSa fdiRFkjksa ij ikWfy'k djus dh
tks vkerkSj ijlsy[kM+h ls cukbZ tkrh FkhA dyk bl nkSjku vius pjeksRd"kZ ij FkhA
 Hkkjr essa eq[;r%
dkyhcaxk o yksFky tSlscUnjxkgksa  ekS
ls eqgjksa ;Zdky dh izfl¼ ewfrZ;ksa;{k esavkSj
ls ;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ
ds lk{; feyrs gSaA gM+Iik lH;rk essaoxkZdkj vf/drj eqgjksa izeq[k gSaA og rhuksa /eksZa (fgUnw] ckS¼ ,oa tSu) ls la
dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tcfd dqN LFkkukssa f=kdks.kh;
ols o`Ùkkdkj ;{k dh ewfrZ ikj[ke (eFkqjk] mÙkj izns'k) ls izkIr gqbZ] tks
eqgjksads Hkh lk{; feys gSaA iQhV Å¡ph FkhA
 eqg jsa cukus ds fy,
eqyk;e iRFkj LVsVkbV (lokZf/d iz;ksx)]  ;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ 1917nhnkjxat
bZ- esa(iVuk) esa feyhA ;g
vxsV] pVZ ] rk¡ck
] iQk;alrFkkVsjkdksVk vkfn dk iz;ksx ewfrZ ukjh lkSan;Zrk ds HkO; rjhds dks n'kkZrh gSaA
fd;k tkrk FkkA
 lokZ f/d eqgjksa ijfp=kk{kj fyfi(fiDVksxzkfiQd fLØIV)fofn'kk esa (eè; izns'k) esa f=kos.kh
vkSjukSy[kh unh ds laxe ds
eqnzkys[k mRdh.kZ f}&fn'kkRed
gS rFkk ys[ku 'kSyh dk iz;ksx lehi fLFkr nkuk ckck ?kkV ;{k ols ;f{k.khdh fo'kky ewfrZ
fd;k x;k gSA fp=kkRed ys[ku 'kSyh dks vHkh rd i<+k ugha izkIr gqbZ gSA ;{k ewfrZ Hkkjr esa feyh vc rd dh lcls cM+h
tk ldk gSA gSA ;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ
iVuk laxzgky;esa lajf{kr gSaA
2 dyk] fojklr ,oa laLÑfr
ekS;Z
dky ds ckn dh ewfrZdyk fo'ks"krk,¡
bl 'kSyh dh ewfrZ;ksa esa ?kqa?kjkys
cq¼ izk;%
 Hkkjrh
; ewfrZdyk 'kSyh dk O;ofLFkrekS;Zdky
bfrgkl ds ckn ckyks esa o vkè;kfRed eqæk ] deesa
ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA bl dky esa'kkldh;
dyk dkslaj{k.krks xgus igus gq,] cM+k yykV] ;ksxh dh
feyk gh] lkFk ghO;kikfjd xfrfof/;ksads u;s fopkj o fLFkfr esa cSBs ] vk¡[ksa
gq, vk/h ]can
laLÑfr dk izHkko
Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk
esa ns[kk x;k] tks fd blyykV ij mHkkj vkfn voLFkk esa n'kkZ;k
izdkj gSa& x;k gSA bl 'kSyh esa cq¼ dh ewfrZ ij HkO;rk dk
;wukuh,oa gsysfufLVd izHkko
iM+rk gSA
dky dh ewfrZdyk 'kSyh
ekS;ksZÙkj
izeq[k dsUæ laj{k.k fuekZ.k lkexzh eFkqjk'kSyh
xka/kj dfilk rFkk dfu"d Hkwjs ;k dkys jax]  ;ss'kSyh iw.kZr% Lons'kh :i esa fodflr gqbZ gSA
' kSyh csxzke (dq"kk.k)pwuk&iRFkj] feV~Vh  bl 'kSyh dk mn~Hkoigyh vkSj rhljh 'krkCnh bZ-iw-
ds eè;
eFkqjk eFkqjk rFkk ;equk rVij gqvkA
dq"kk.kyky cyqvk iRFkj
'kSyh lkjukFk  eFkqjk 'kSyh dk lEca/ckS¼] tSurFkkfganw
rhuksa /eksZa ls gSaA
vejkorh vejkorh rFkklkrokgu lisQn laxejej rFkk  ekS ;ksZÙkj ;qx esa igys
;{k ewfrZ;ksaa
dh ds uewus ij vk/kfjr rFkk
lkFk ghlsod] dqcsj dh iwtk]o`{k rFkk iq"i dfydk,¡
vkSj
'kSyh ukxktqZudks.Mk'kkld fpÙkhnkj gjs&'osr iRFkj
cksf/lRoksa
dh iwtk ds fp=kksa ds ekè;e ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
xka/kj'kSyh  bl 'kSyh esaiQrsgiqj lhdjhds yky cyqvk fpÙkhnkj iRFkj
 xka/kj 'kSyh dk fodkl vk/qfudis'kkojvkSjviQxkfuLrku ;k liQsn fpÙkhnkj iRFkj dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] D;ksafd
ds fudViatkc dh if'peh lhekvksals feys {ks=kksa esa gqvkA
;g iRFkj eFkqjk {ks=k esa LFkkuh; :i ls miyC/ FkkA
 bl dyk dks ge xzhd bafM;u 'kSyh ds :i esa tkurs gSabl 'kSyh esa fufeZr ewfrZ;k¡ esa cq¼ dks eqLdqjkrs gq, psgj
D;ksafd
;wukuh dyk dk bl ij izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSAizlUu eqækesa fn[kk;k x;k flj
gSAvkSj psgjk eqaMk gqvk]
 dq"kk.k oa'k }kjk izksRlkgu ,oa mlds izrkih dfu"d
'kkld g"V&iq"V ekaa'kisf'k;ksa
ls Hkjk gqvk 'kjhj]
vHk;eqæk esa nkfguk
izFkeds le; bl 'kSyh dk mn; gqvkA gkFk
] yykV ij mHkkjvkfnA
blds izeq[k dsanz
r{kf'kyk]dfilk ] iq"dykorh]ckfe;ku v ejkorh 'kSyh
vkfn jgsaA  ;s 'kSyh iw.kZr%
Lons'kh:i eas fodflr gqbZ gSA
 eq[;r% xka/kj 'kSyh dk fodkl 50 bZlk iwoZ
ls ysdj 5oha  bl 'kSyh dk mn; (Hkkjrvejkorh
ds {ks=k)
Ñ".kk&xksnkojh
'krkCnhrd gqvkA dh fupyh ?kkVh ds foLr`r {ks=kksa esa gqvkA vejkorh '
 izkjfEHkd xka/kj 'kSyh
uhysesa
/wlj cyqvk iRFkj,oa mÙkjorhZ laj{k.klkrokgu 'kkldksa }kjk fd;k x;kA
'kSyh esa
feV~Vh rFkk IykLVjdk iz;ksx ewfrZ;k¡ cukus ds fy,
vej korh 'kSyh
ij ckS¼ /eZdk vf/d izHkko rFkk ewfrZ;ksa
fd;k tkrk FkkA esaf=kHkax vklu
(rhu >qdkoksa ds lkFk 'kjhj) dk vR;f/d
 cq¼ rFkkcksf/lRoksa dh ewfrZ;k¡
xzhd jkseu nsorkvksa
ij iz;ksx gqvkA
vk/kfjr Fkh tks
vkiksyks
dh ewfrZ ls feyrh&tqyrh gSA v ejkorh 'kSyh esa xfr'khy vkÑfr;ksa ds iz;ksx ij vf/d cy
 xka/kj dyk ls izsfjr dh izfrek fcgkj ds fn;k x;k gSA
'k;ukoLFkk esa cq¼
cks/x;k esa
varjkZ"Vªh; dY;k.k fe'ku eafnj
esa LFkkfir dh xbZA
 dFkkRed dyk rFkk cq¼ dh O;fDrxr fo'ks"krkvksa
dks n`';
 'k;ukoLFkk esa cq¼ dh izfrek egkifjfuokZ.k ds pj.k dksds ekè;e ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
n'kkZrh
gSA vtark dh xqiQkvksa'k;ukoLFkk
esa Hkh
esacq¼dh izfrek  bl 'kSyh dh ewfrZ;ksa
liQsnesa
laxejej dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
izkIr gqbZ gSA  buesa ekuo ds lkFk&lkFk i'kq :i esa cq¼ ds fiNys tUe ds
 xka/kj 'kSyh dh ewfrZ;k¡ 'kSyhxr :i &
ls jkseu
xzhdks
vkSj thou ij vk/kfjr tkrd dFkk ds fo"k;ksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
bZjkuds igyo dyk ls tqM+h gq;h gSA ;g yksddykds T;knk djhc izrhr gksrh gSA
dyk] fojklr ,oa laLÑfr 3
;wukuh dyk jkse

u dyk jFk eafnj
] ftls lIr iSxksMkHkh dgrs gSaegkcyhiqje~
,oa
• v kn'kZoknh 'kSyhA • ;FkkFkZoknh 'kSyhA esa iRFkj ij rjk'kh x;h
efg"kklqj efnZuh dh izfrek
] xaxk
• nsorkvksa dh vkn'kZ ewfrZ;k¡ cuk;h Lo#i esa euq";ksa dk
• ;FkkFkZ vkSjvorj.k vkfn iYyo dkyhu ewfrZdyk ds fof'k"V
tkrh] ftlesa mudk is'kh; ?kVukvksa dk fp=k.k fd;kmnkgj.k gSA
Lo#i fn[kk;k tkrk FkkA tkrk FkkA  pkyqD; dkyhu ewfrZdykij xqIro iYyo dyk dk izHkko
• l axejej dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
• daØhV dk mi;ksx fd;k ns[kk x;k gS] bl dky essssa vf/drj ewfrZ;ksa
eafnjkssa
dk fuekZ.k
FkkA tkrk FkkA dks ltkus,oa xqiQkvksa ds LrEHkksa
,oa Nrksa ij mRdh.kZu
ds
xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA
 bl dky dh ewfrZdyk fganw ls lacaf/r pkyqD; dkyhu ewfrZdyk ds eq[; mnkgj.k
esa] tSu] ckS¼ /eks± cknkehgS&
dh xqiQk
ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k rFkkxSj&/kfeZd
lkFk ghfo"k; ls izkIruVjkt f'ko dh 16 fofHkUu Hkko&Hkafxek dh ewfrZ;k
Hkh bl dky dh ewfrZdyk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gSA ,oa blds vfrfjDr euq"; o dkYifud i'kq dh ewfrZ;k¡ rFkk
 Irdky dh ewfrZ;k¡ fo'kq¼ :i ls oL=k igus gq, gksrh,sgksy
xq ls izkIrnqxkZ eafnj
Fkh vkSj ,oaegkdwVs'oj
ls izkIrv¼Zukjh'oj]
buesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh uXurk ugha FkhA gfjgj dh ewfrZ;k¡ izeq[k gSA
 lkjukFk
] eFkqjk
] lqYrkuxat
(500 fdyks otuh rkez ewfrZ)]
 pkyqD ; oa'k ds iru ds i'pkr~ yxHkx 8oha 'krkCnh ds eè;
dkS'kkach]
jktx`g] JkoLrhvkfn xqIrdkyhu izeq[k ewfrZdyk
esajk"VªdwV oa'k
dk mn; gqvkA buds ,yksjk
}kjk essa
ikoZrh
ds dsUæ FksA fookg,oa dSyk'k ioZrdksjko.k }kjk fgykus ds HkO; okLrq
 ewfrZ
dyk dk eq[; ikjaifjd dsanz
eFkqjk
Fkk] ftlds lkFk&lkFk dykRed ewfrZ;ksa dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA
ckS¼&;wukuh dyk dk xka/kj
dsanz
Hkh iQyrk&iQwyrk jgkA blds lkFk gh
,fyiSaQVk
esa'kSo/eZ
ls lEcaf/r ewfrZ;ksa dks cM+s
 xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk tSuesa
/eZij fgUnw /eZ
dk izHkko c<+us vkdkj dh pV~Vkuksssa dks dkVdj cuk;k x;k gS tksfd jk"
yxk] ftldk ifj.kke tSu rhFk±djds lkFkbUæ
] lw;Z
] dqcsj ewfrZdyk ds izeq[k mnkgj.k gSA
vkfn ds ewfrZ fuekZ.k ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
 yky c yqvk iRFkj o"kZ 1987 bZ-
dk mi;ksx] /krq dk mi;ksx] cq¼ ds flj esa,fyiSQaVk
dksfo'o fojklr lwph esa 'kkfey
ds pkjksa vksj
izHkkeaMydh ltkoV bl 'kSyh dh izeq[k fd;k x;kA
fo'ks"krk;sa FkhA  pksydkyhu ewfrZdykdkaL; esa ewfrZ dyk dk LFkku fo'o
 xqIrdky esa n'kkorkj
gh dh vo/kj.kk dklok±xh.kfodkl izfl¼ gS] bl dky essssa jktkvksa
'kSo vuq;k;h
ds gksus ds dkj.k
gqvk] ftldk izHkko eq[;r%
,yksjk dh n'kkorkj ewfrZ;kssa
esa f'ko o f'ko ifjokj dh ewfrZ;ksssa dk vR;f/d fuekZ.k fd;k
ns[kk tk ldrk gS lkFk [ktqjkgkssa
gh o nsox<+ esa mifLFkr x;k] lkFk gh iRFkjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k eafnjksa
ewfrZ;ksa esa Hkh bl vo/kj.kk dks ewrZ :i esssa izLrqresssa
fd;k x;k
fd;kgSA
tkrk FkkA
 xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk ds izeq[k mnkgj.k mn;fxjh&ls izkIr  uVjkt dh dkaL; izfrek pksy dkyhu/krq ewfrZ
dk mRÑ"V
ojkg ewfrZ
] jktLFkkuls izkIruj ukjk;.k ewfrZ
] ,fyiSaQVkls mnkgj.k gS] blds lkFkratkoqj
gh ds c`gns'oj eafnjesa
izkIrf=kewfrZ
(czãk] fo".kq] egs'k) vkfn gSA mifLFkr ewfrZ;ksafu;r eqæk,¡
dh ,oa vyadj.k bl dky dh
nf{k.k Hkkjr dh ewfrZdyk izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA
 iYyo dkyhu ewfrZdyk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkjFk] e.Mi o  ikydkyhu ewfrZdyk dk fodkl 8&12oha 'krkCnh fcgkj oesa
fo'kky eafnjgS] ftldks cukus ds fy;s nks izdkj dh fof/;ksa
caxkyesa iky 'kkldksa }kjk gqvk] bl 'kSyh ckS¼
dh ewfrZ;k¡
ds
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS&
vusd :ikssssa tSls
voyksfdrs'oj]
fd eS=ks;
] gfjfr] cksf/lRo]
• ' kSydrZu 'kSyh%
bl 'kSYkh egsUæoeZu
dks o ekeYy 'kSyh etwaJh ] rkjk vkfn ewfrZ vkd"kZ.k dk dsUæ jgsA
Hkh dgrs gS bldh fo'ks"krk
iRFkjksa dks rjk'kdj ewfrZ;ksa
 bl dky essa ewfrZ;ksa dk Hkwjs
fuekZ.k
o dkys jaxds eqyk;e
o eafnj ds fuekZ.k ls gSA
cslkYViRFkjkssa ij fd;k x;kA ikydkyhu ewfrZ;k¡ ys[k;qD
• lajpukRed 'kSyh% bls eq[;r%jktflag o vijkftr
oeZu 'kSfy;k¡
dgrs gS ;s fo'ks"k :i ds
Hkou fuekZ.k
ls lkFk gh frfFk;ksssssa dk Hkh ukyUnk]
mRdh.kZu dk'khiqj
gSA
]
lEcaf/r gSA dqfdZgkjvkfn ikydkyhu ewfrZdyk dsUæ FksA
 [ktqjkgks
dh ewfrZdyk dk fodkl 10&13oha 'krkCnh esa  gks
;ly us gsysfoM(gSysfcMq) csYywj
rFkk esatSu eafnjksa
dk
fuekZ.k djok;kA
pUnsy 'kkld ds }kjk eè; Hkkjr esa djk;k x;k bl ewfrZdyk
 Ñ".knsojk;
esa dke&Hkkouk ds n`';] rhFk±dj dh ewfrZ] nsoh&nsorkvksa o ds
nsofot; uxj lkezkT; dsfpnacje~rFkkxksiqjksa
ifjokjksa dh ewfrZ ,oa yksd&thou dh ewfrZ;k¡ izeq[kesa buds
gSSA Hkxoku Ñ".k dks uDdk'kh esa fpf=kr fn[kk;k x;k gS
tks gks;ly f'kYidyk dk ,d 'kkunkj mnkgj.k gS] ftlesa
 y 'kkldksa us
pans [ktqjkgks esa eafnjksa
dh Ükaà[kyk cuokbZA
Hkxoku JhÑ".k dks baæ ds izdksi xksdqyokfl;ksa
ls dh j{kk
 13oha 'krkCnh ds eè;dks.kkdZ
esa ds izfl¼ lw;Z eafnj dk djus ds fy, xkso/Zu ioZr dks idM+s gq;s fn[kk;k x;k gSA
fuekZ.k xaxoa'k ds ujflagoeZu
'kkld }kjk djok;k x;k Fkk bls
Hkkjrh;vk/qfud ewfrZdyk
CySd iSxksM+k
ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
 le dkyhu Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krk,¡ rFkk l
 bl eafnj esa
lw;Z izfrek dk gkL; Hkko
,oa izos'k }kjij
ledkyhu fp=kdyk dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa leL;kvk
fufeZr mNyrh gqbZv'o izfrek,¡ fof'k"V ewfrZdyk ds yxHkx leku gh gSaA
mnkgj.k gSA  ;g egku Hkkjrh; ijaijk ls nwj gSa rFkk ;g vk/qfud mnk
 dh ewfrZdyk dh ,d lqizfl¼ fo'ks"krkvarjkZ"Vªh; ladYiuk
jktLFkku&xqtjkr ij dqN vf/d gh etcwrh ls fuHkZj
fnyokM+k tSu eafnj
esa Ñ".k yhykvksa dk vadu gSA djrk gSA
 1906 esavcuhanzukFk VSxksj
}kjk fp=kdyk dh ubZ 'kSyh&
uVjkt ewfrZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡
caxky Ldwy vkWiQdk vkVZ
lw=kikr fn;kA
• f' ko] uVjkt dh eqæk esa u`R; djrs
 nsoh izlkn jk; pkS/jh}kjk 'kghn Lekjd(iVuk) dk
gq;s dbZ izdkj izrhdkRed
ds vFkZ
fuekZ.k x;kA
dks O;Dr djrs gSaA uVjkt dkaL;
dh
 jkefdadj cSt us ewfrZdyk esa u;s vk;ke tksM+dj vk/qfud
ewfrZtkspksy dkyhu ewfrZdyk dk
Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dks lqn`<+ vk/kj iznku fd;kA
mRÑ"V mnkgj.k gS Hkxoku ftlesa
 buds }kjk fufeZr izfl¼ ewfrZ laFkky ifjokjdh ewfrZ gSaA
f'ko rkaMo u`R;
dk izn'kZu dj jgs gS
 xxs UnzukFk VSxksj
}kjk jfpriQwy rksM+rh L=kh] tSfeuh
dk fp=k
bl eqæk esa
uVjktdh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA
jkW;}kjk jfpriqtkfjuksa dk fp=k]fcjuSMs }kjk jfpr twu
• pkj Hkqtk,¡& 1970 dk fp=k rFkk ds-th- lqczã.;udk eqxkZ foØsrk vkÑfr
 nkfgu s gkFk Me:
essa idM+ j[kk gS bl Me: ls fudyus dk dYi vkfnA
okyhèofu l`tu dk izrhd gSA  ewfrZdyk& Mh-ih- jkW; pkS/jh dh Ñfr Je dh thrA
 mQij mBs nwljs gkFkvfXugS
esa tksfdfouk'k dk izrhdgSA  vk/qfud Hkkjr esa /krq dyk ds izeq[k dsanz psUubZ] gSa&
 mudk,d gkFk vHk; eqæk esa mQij mBk gqvk gS tksfr:fpjkiYyh] ratkSj ] eqEcbZrFkkokjk.klh
A
cqjkb;ksa ls gekjh j{kk djrk gSA
rk¡cs,oa dk¡lsds /krq dk;Z ds fy,mÙkj izns'k
dk eqjknkckn
 mudk nwljk ck;k¡ gkFk muds mBs gq, ik¡o dh vksjtuin izeq[k gSaA
b'kkjk djrk gS] vFkkZr~
f'ko eks{kds ekxZ dks fn[kk jgs gSA
 fVfxzl ;qizsQV~l (ntyk&iQjkr) ?kkVh ds eslksiksVsfe;kbZ y
• ,d ik¡o ls jk{kl dks nck j[kk gS] vKkutksfddk izrhd flU/q ?kkVh lH;rkesyqgkdks dgrs FksA
eslksiksVkfe;k
esaflU/q
gS vFkkZr~
f'ko vKkudk fouk'k dj Kkudk izlkj dj jgs gSaA ?kkVh lH;rk dh eksgjsa feyhA
• pkjksa vksj mBusvfXu
okyhdh yiVs czãkaM dk izrhd gSA  ' kkay Hkftdk& ;g ,d izdkj dh ;f{k.kh dh izfrek gS tksfd
• muds'kjhj ij ygjkrsliZ dqaMfyuh 'kfDr ds |ksrd gS tks lkaph ds egku Lrwi ds izos'k }kj ij dks"Bd vkÑfr;ksa esa n
vkse( ¬ ) dh Hkk¡fr izrhr gks jgs gSA tk ldrk gSA bls 'kqHk dk izrhd ekuk tk ldrk gSA


BRINGING INNOVATIVE DISRUPTION IN
PRACTICE | REVISION | EVALUATION
PW ONLY IAS www.pw.live

Hkkjrh; okLrqdyk
2 (Indian Architecture)
Hkkjrh; okLrqdyk vkfndkyhu lekt ls ysdj vk/qfud lekt rd yksxksa dh jktuSfrd rFkk vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr yksxksa dh l
dks n'kkZrk gS] vFkkZr~ vkfndkyhu ;k vk/qfud lekt vius vkJ; ds fy, csgrj rduhd ls fuekZ.k okLrqdyk
djokrs gSaA
(Architecture) 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk VSDVu
ds 'kCn
(Traction) ls O;qRiUu gqvk gS] ftldk vk'k;
fuekZrk gksrk gSA
gM+Iik lH;rk esa okLrqdyk (LFkkiR; dyk) gM+Iik uxj dh eq[; fo'ks"krk
lkoZtfud Lukukxkjks
a dk
izpyu Fkk tgk¡
deZdkaMh; ifo=krk
ds lk{; feyrs gSaA
 Hkkjrh; LFkkiR; dyk ds izkphuregM+Iiklk{;] jksiM+
]
dkyhcaxk] jaxiqj vkfn ls izkIr gq, gSaA  eksgutksnM+ks
] eksgutksnM+ks c`gr~lsLukukxkj
ds lk{; feys gSaA bl Lukukxkj
dksmPp rduhd ls cukus ds dkj.k blesa dksbZ
fjlko o
 fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh egRoiw.kZ uxj
fo'ks"krk
fu;kstu gSA ;g
njkj ugha vkbZ gSaA
u dsoy Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] cfYd fo'o bfrgkl esa Hkh vkd"kZ.k
dk fo"k; gSaA  vf/dka'k Hkouksa esa futh dq,¡ vkSj Lukukxkj Fks rFkk o
 izk;% gM+IikbZ 'kgj nks Hkkxksa esa if'peh rFkkFkk dh

foHkkftr tks Hkh mfpr O;oLFkk FkhA
iwohZHkkx FksA
/kSykohjkrhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
yksFky
,oa
Fkk] o`gr Lukukxkj dh fo'ks"krk
cukoyh ds foHkktu ds dksbZ izek.k ugha feyrsA • eksgutksnM+ks ds x<+h {ks=k
 gM+Iik uxj ds if'peh Hkkx esa Å¡pkbZ fLFkr ds ls izkIrA
x<+ij(uxjdksV)
:i esa tkus tkrs Fks rFkk blds pkjksa vksj fdyscanh •dhidh
xbZ FkhA ls fufeZrA
bZaVksa
 if'peh Hkkx esa
dqyhu 'kkld oxZjgrs Fks rFkk Å¡pkbZ ij
• eq[; rkykc dk vkdkj
fLFkr x<+ dk mi;ksx fo'kky Hkouksa] vUukxkj] iz'kklfud Hkou] o`gr Lukukxkj
yxHkx 12 × 7 × 3 ehVjA
Lukukxkj vkfn ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA
• iQ'kZ vkSj nhokjksa dhftIle
b±Vksa
ls tksM+k
dks x;k gSA
 iwohZ Hkkx dks fupyk x<+ ;k uxj dgrs Fks] ftlesa Jfed oxZ
• Lukudq.M
jgrs FksA bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk Ükà[kykc¼ rjhdksa ls edkuksadsdkikuh dks ckgj fudkyus dh leqfpr O;oLFkkA
fuekZ.k djok;k tkuk FkkA • Lukudq.M ds fudV ,d dqvk¡ gS ftlls dq.M esa ikuh Hkjk tkr
 feV~Vh idh
dh b±Vksadk mi;ksx rFkk
ftIle ds xkjs dk gSA
mi;ksx djds ,d lkFk tksM+k tkrk FkkA
ekS;Z dkyhu okLrqdyk
 uxj vk;rkdkj fxzM iSVuZ
ij vk/kfjr gksrs Fks rFkk lM+dsa
,d&nwljs dks
ledks.k ij dkVrh FkhA  ekS;Zdkyhu okLrqdyk
ckS¼rFkktSu /eZ ls izHkkfor FkhA
 ty fudklh O;oLFkk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh ledkyhu  bl dyk dks nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
lH;rkvksa
dh rqyuk esa gM+Iik dks loksZRÑ"V ekuk x;k gSA ekS;Zdkyhu okLrqdyk
 felz vkSjeslksiksVkfe;kbZ
lH;rk ds eafnjksa ;k 'kkldksa ds fy,
egyksa dh rjg bu LFkyksa ls cM+h Lekjdh; lH;rk,¡ ugha njckjh dyk yksdfiz; dyk
feyrh gSaA
jkT; ds laj{k.k esa fodflr O;fDrxr iz;klksa ls fodflr
 lM+d dh ukfy;ksaesugksy
ds dh liQkbZ rFkk <+ddj j[ks egy] LraHk ,oa Lrwi LFkkiR;
tkus dk izek.k feyrk gSA
njckjh dyk ekS;ZLraHkksa esa eq[; :i ls pkj Hkkx 'kkfey gksrs Fks%
 ekS;Zdkyhu LFkkiR; dyk fdruh izxfr dj pqdh Fkh bldk
1- ewB % ,dk'e izLrj ls cuk gksrk FkkA
vanktk bu egyksa ls izkIr gq, vo'ks"kksa ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
2- 'kh"kZ ;k yykV ewB% ds lcls Åij'kh"kZ
;k yykV dks j[kk
 iVukds lehi dqezgkj uked xzke ds ikl (jkt/kuh ikVfyiq=k)
tkrk Fkk] tks
deku ;k ?kaVsds vkdkj dk gksrk FkkA
egyksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA
3- 'kh"kZ iQyd % yykV ds Åij 'kh"kZ iQyd ds :i esa Kkr
 ekS;Z dky esajktizlkn (egy) cyqvk iRFkjksa ls fufeZr Fks] o`Rrkdkj ;kvk;rkdkj vk/kj gksrk FkkA
ftu ij ikWfy'k dh xbZ FkhA
4- 'kh"kZ ewfrZ vk;rkdkj
% ;k o`Rrkdkj vk/kj ij 'kh"kZ ewfrZ
 panzxqIr ekS;Z
dk egy bZjku esa ilsZiksfylds vdesfu;u (lkekU;r% ,d cSy] 'ksj] gkFkh] tSls tkuoj) dks rjk'kk tkrk Fkk
egyksa ls izsfjr FkkA
mnkgj.k % ykSfj;k uanux<+ LraHk (paikj.k)] lkjukFk L
 ekS;Zdky ds bl egy esa Å¡pk dasaæh; LraHk rFkk ,d rhu
jlh (vkdsZfefu;e) LraHkksa ds lkFk lekurk,a
iQk
eaftyk ydM+h dk <+kapk FkkA
 nks uksa ds }kj ij ikWfy'k fd,çLrjksa
gq, dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k
 egyksa dh nhokjksauDdkf'k;ksa
dks vkSjewfrZ;ksa ls ltk;k tkrk FkkA
Fkk rFkk dey tSlsewfrZdykds dqN leku vkÑfr feyrs gSaA
 egyksa ds fuekZ.kydM+h
esadk eq[; :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
 LraHkksa ij mn~?kks"k.kkvksa (ckS¼ f'k{kkvksa vkSj n
LraHk lacaf/r) dks mRdh.kZ djus ds ekS;Z dyhu fopkj dk mn~
 v 'kksd }kjk fufeZr LraHkksa esa ekS;Zdkyhu dyk dk loksZRÑ"V
iQkjlh LraHkksa ls feyrk gSA
uewuk ,dk'e LraHk gSA vlekurk,a v'kksd ds LraHk vkdZsehfu;e LraHk
 ;s LrEHk /Ee ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, ns'k ds vusdksaewB • ,dk'e çLrj
{ks=kksa esa • tksM+
s lfgr
LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSaA ;g f'kykys[k jktdh; izrhd rFkk thrs • uhps ls Åij dh vksj • csyukdkj
x;s ;q¼ksa ds miy{; esa LFkkfir fd;s x;s FksA 'kadq ds tSlk • • kaps
 ;g LraHk
pqukj dscyqvk iRFkjksa
ls fufeZr djok;s x, FksA • fpduk
 lk{;ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd LraHkksa

yykVdh ls leFkZuvk/kj • dks
bZjkuh LraHkksa ,d leFkZu vk/kj
bZ leFkZu vk/kj •ugha
izHkkfor gksrs FksA ?kaVh ds vkdkj
• 'kh"
kZ ij • lcl s uhps
 lkjukFkesa ik;k x;k ekS;Z dkyhu LraHk] uke ls dk Hkkx

flagdstks
fo[;kr gSA mís'; • Lora=k
:i ls LFkkfir • egy dk Hkkx
lkjukFk ds v'kksd LraHk dh fo'ks"krk 'kh"kZ iQyd• ' kh"kZ iQyd ij 'ksj] •gkFkh
dksbZ 'kh"kZ iQyd
vkSj o`"kHk dh ewfrZ;k¡A ugha] fliQZ ew
 blds 'kh"kZ ij pkj flag cSBS gSa tks ,d nwljs dh
ekuoh; vkÑfr;k¡
vksj ihB fd;s gq, gSaA
cuh gqbZA
 ;s flag lHkh fn'kkvksa
/Eeesa
dk izlkj djds
Lrwi okLrqdyk
cq¼ dks izrhdc¼ djrs gSA
 Lrwi dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ
<sj ;k <wgk
gSA bldk fuekZ.k iwtk ds
 flagksa ds uhps LraHk ds Åij /eZpØ j[kk gqvk
mn~ns'; ls fd;k tkrk gSA
gSA
 Lrwi oSfnd dky ls Hkkjr esa izpfyr gS rFkk blds chp es
/eZpØ dks Hkkjr ljdkjjk"Vªh;
us fpÉ
ds :i esa 26 tuojh] e`rdksa ds vo'ks"k vkSj
jk[kdks j[kk tkrk FkkA
1950 dks viuk;kA
 ;g ,d ckS¼ Lekjd gksrk gS] tksfd ,d v¼Z xksykdkj xqac
 iQyd ds uhpslR;eso t;rs (nsoukxjh fyfi) fy[kk gqvk gSAdh rjg gksrk gS ftlds vanj
cq¼ ds vo'ks"k rFkk
jk• j•h
 lkjukFk LraHk ds 'kh"kZ iQyd esa pkj fn'kkvksa dk gqbZ
izfrfuf/Ro
gksrh gSaA
djrs gq, pkj i'kqvksa dks fn[kk;k ?kksM+k
x;k gS]
(if'pe)]  Lrwi oSfnd dky ls Hkkjr esa çpfyr
'kok/ku Vhys
Fks ysfdu
gkFkh(nf{k.k)]o`"kHk (iwoZ)'ksj
vkSj
(mRrj)A mUgsa ckS¼ksa }kjk yksdfç; cuk;k x;k FkkA
 Lrwiksa,desa
o`ÙkkdkjrFkk vaMk lfgr ,d csyukdkj  blesa Øe'k% rhu Lrwi feys gSa] & igyk ekS;Zdky esa cu
x;k]gSA
vkÑfr o ,d gfeZdk gksrh gSa rFkk 'kh"kZ ij ,d N=k gksrk tcfd Lrwi nks vkSj rhu dk laca/ ekS;ksZÙkj dky ls g
 Lrwi dh mRifÙk tehu ij ,d lk/kj.k v/Z&xksykdkj Vhys ds osfndk ij dksbZ vyadj.k ugha gSA blesa lknxh gSA
 bldh
:i esa gqbZ] ftls cknvaMk

esadgk x;kA /hjs&/hjs] ;g ,d Lrwi esa
isfVdkizkIr gqbZ gSa] ftlesa ,d lwph vkSj mu yksxks
larqfyr :i ls o`Ùkh; rFkk
oxkZdkj
:i tSlh vf/d tfVy uke ntZ gSa] ftUgsa
v'kksdus ckS¼ /eZds izpkj&izlkj ds fy,
lajpuk esa fodflr gksrk pyk x;kA Hkstk FkkA
N=kh
;f"V çeq• dyk
gfeZdk k LFkkiR; dyk
xqiQ
h ekxZ
mQij vaMk  ekS;Z dky esa
pêðkuksa
dks dkVdj cukbZ xbZ xqiQk esa okLrqd
lhf<+;k¡
dk mn~Hko ns•k x;kA bu xqiQkvksatSu dksvkSj
lkekU;r%
ckS¼
fHk{kqvksa
}kjkfogkj(okl LFky) ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
 xqiQk fuekZ.k tSu
ewyr%
/eZdh fo'ks"krk Fkh] fdUrq dkykarj esa
;g ckS¼vkSjfgUnw fHk{kqvksa
ds vkokl LFky ds :i esa Hkh
izfl¼ gqvkA
rksj.k  ekS;Z dky ds nkSjku
xqiQkvksa
dh fo'ks"krk vR;f/d
ikWfy'knkj
 vaMk ds ÅijgfeZdkgksrh Fkh] tks NTts
,d (ckyduh) Hkhrjh nhokjsa
o vyaÑr }kj FksA
tSlh lajpuk gksrh Fkh] tks nsorkvksa ds fuokl dk çfrfuf/Ro
v'kksd }kjk fcgkj esa cjkcj igkM+h ij pkj xqiQk,¡ fufeZr djok;
djrk FkkA xbZ] ftlesa
lqnkek xqiQk
] d.kZ pkSij xqiQk]
yksel ½f"k xqiQk
 gfeZdkls fudyrk gqvk ,d eLrwy gksrk Fkk] ftlsdgk rFkkfo'o >ksiM+h xqiQk
;f"V gSA
tkrk Fkk] blds Åij çk;% ,dN=kh ;k Nrjh gksrh FkhA Lrwi
 ;s xqiQk,¡ T;knkrjnks d{kksa
dh cuh gSaA
ds pkjksa vksjckM+k
,d gksrk Fkk] tks bl ifo=k LFkku dks nqfu;k
v 'kksd ds ikS=k
n'kjFk }kjk
ukxktZquh igkM+h
ij rhu xqiQkvksa
ls vyx djrh FkhA dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA
 ekS ;Zdky esa v'kksd ds jkT;dky ds nkSjku] Lrwi dyk  bldh
vius lqizfl¼xksfidk xqiQk mYys[kuh; gSA
pjeksRd"kZ ij FkhA v'kksd ds jkT;dky ds nkSjku e`n~HkkaM
yxHkx
84000 Lrwicuok;s x;s FksA  ekS;Z dky ds e`n~HkkaMksa dks lkekU;r% dkys ikWfy'knkj
mÙkjh
• lruk&eè; izns'kdk Hkjgqr Lrwi e`n~HkkaM
(,uchihMCY;w)fpf=kr
;k /wlj e`n~Hkk.M ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
• mÙkj çns'kesafiijgok Lrwi lcls çkphure gSA
 ekS;Z dky ds e`n~HkkaMksa dkyk dh fo'ks"krk
jaxvkSj vR;f/d
• cq¼ dh e`R;q ds ckn cuk, x, Lrwi% jktx`g] oS'kkyh
] ped Fkh vkSj lkekU;r% budk mi;ksxfoykflrk dh oLrqvksa
dfiyoLrq] vYydIik] jkexzke ] osFkihM ] ikok] dq'khuxj ds :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA
vkSjfiiyh ou vkfnA  d kS'kkachvkSjikVfyiq=k ,uchihMCY;wdsfeêðh crZuksa ds
lk¡ph dk Lrwi dsaæ FksA
 eè; izns'k esa fLFkr
ekS;kZ
sÙkj okLrqdyk
fofn'kkds fudV
ig kM + h ] ft ls  bl nkSjku ekS;Z lkezkT; tSls 'kfDr'kkyh lkezkT; dk iru g
izkphure lkfgR; esa rFkk ftl dkj.ko'k vusdksa {ks=kh; jkT;ksa dk vfoHkkZo gq
lkrokgu] 'kd ] okdkVd vkfnA blh vof/ esa /kfeZd
dk duk M ; k
ifjn`'; us 'kSo
] oS".ko
] czkã.kvkfn laiznk;ksa dk mn; gqvk
psÙkh; fxfjdgrs rFkk blh le; dyk us cnyrslkekftd&jktuhfrd ifjn`';
FksA lk¡ph dh Lrwi
dks Hkh ifjyf{kr fd;kA
xqiQk,¡  mn;fxfj igkM+h ij fLFkr nks izfl¼ xqiQk,¡jkuh xqiQkrFkk

 ekS;kZsÙkj dky esa nks çdkj 'kSydhxqiQkvksa
dk fodkl ns•k gkFkh xqiQk
gSaA
x;k] pSR;vkSjfogkjA  jkuh xqiQk lcls cM+h vyaÑr xqiQk gSA
 fogkj dk fodkl ekS;Z lkezkT; ds nkSjku gqvk Fkk] tcfd  gkFk h xqiQk gkFkhxqEiQk
esa vfHkys[k
gS] ftls czkãh fyfi esa
pSR;d{kksa dk fodkl ekS;kZsÙkjds dkynkSjku gqvkA
mRdhf.kZr fd;k x;k FkkA gkFkhxqEiQk dfyaxvfHkys[k
ds tSu esa
 pSR; çkF kZuk
ds mís'; ls cuk;k x;k ,d vk;rkdkj çkFkZuk 'kkld [kkjosydk thou&pfj=k rFkk izkIr dh miyfC/;ksa
xbZ
d{k gksrk Fkk] ftlds dsaæ esa Lrwi dks j•k tkrk Fkk rFkk ogha
dk mYys[k gSaA
fogkjksa dk mi;ksx fHk{kqvksa
fuokl LFky dsds :i esa fd;k
 l krokgu dky ds nkSjku] bu xqiQkvksa jktdh; laj{k.k
dks
tkrk FkkA
çkIr gqvk vkSj ;s vf/d foLr`r rFkk vyaÑrgksrs pys
mnkgj.k % dkysZ dk pSR; xqiQk] vtark dh xqiQk,¡ vkfnA
x,A }kjksa ij fofHkUu çdkj feFkqu
ds tksM+ksa
dks mRdhf.kZr
 [kaM fxfj dh xqiQk,¡
vksfM'kk esa yxHkx Hkqqqous'oj
ds ikl
fd;k x;kA cgqeaftyk xqiQk,a rjk'kh tkuh izkjEHk dh x
[kaMfxfj ij fLFkr gSaA bu xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k vf/dka'kr%
dkyZs esa
nks eaftyk fogkj vkSjvtark esa rhu eaftyk
lkèkqvksa ds fuokl
ds fy;s fd;k x;kA [kaMfxfj 16eaxqiQk,¡
gS ftuesa eq[;r%
nsolHkk] vuar xqiQk vkfn gSaA fogkj cuk, x,A
ckS¼xqiQkvksa rFkk tSu xqiQkvksa ds chp vlekurk,¡
t Su xqiQk,a ckS¼ xqiQk,a
• tSu xqiQkvksacyqvk
dks iRFkj • ckS¼
ls rjk'kk x;k Fkk (rjk'kus ds fy, vklku ysfdu xqiQkvksa dBksj
dks pêðkuksa
ls rjk'kk x;k Fkk
ewfrZdyk ds fy, eqf'dy)A (ewfrZdyk ds fy, mi;qÙkQ)A
• t Su xqiQkvksa esad{k dksbZ
;k iRFkjksa
lHkkls rjk'ks x, /kfeZd LFky ugha gksrs FksA
• ckS¼ xqiQkvksa
lHkk d{k
esavkSj
/kfeZd {ks=kgksrs FksA
• tgkaHkh pêðkuksa dks dkVk tk ldrk Fkk] tSu xqiQkvksa dks• ogka ckS¼ xqiQkvksa
dkVdj cuk;kdks vPNs rjhds ls ;kstuk cukdj
x;k Fkk] xqiQkvksa dks dkVus esa dksbZ ;kstuk ugha gksrh FkhA rjk'kk x;k FkkA
• tSu xqiQk,a ljy rjhds ls cuh gksrh Fkha tSu muesads laU;kl dh• ckS¼
vkSjfHk{kqvksa xqiQk,a
foLr`rrFkkfo'kkygksrh FkhaA
>yd fn•kbZ nsrh FkhA
l ekurk,¡
nksuksa xqiQkvksa dh i'kqvksa
ewfrZ;ksa
vkSjikS/ksa
esa
tSls leku :ikaduksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA e/qnksuksa
yoax 'kSyh
esaHkh leku gksrh
FkhA
mnkgj.k% iqjh esa
•aMfxfjvkSjmn;fxfjA
Lrwi
• ikW
fy'knkj cyqvk iRFkj dk iz;ksxA
 ekS;kZsÙkj dkyLrwi
esa fo'kkyvkSjvf/d vyaÑr gksrs x,
• Lrwilknh b±Vksals fufeZr] uhao cM+s f'kyk[kaMksa dh rFkk
rFkkydM+hvkSjbZaV ds LFkku ijçLrj dk vf/d mi;ksx
pkjksa rjiQ
rksj.k}kjcuk;k x;k gSA
fd;k tkus yxkA
 rksj.k%'kqax jktoa'k us Lrwiksa
lqanjrkiwoZd
ds vyaÑr
ços'k r dkyhu okLrqdyk
xqI
}kjksa ds :i esa rksj.k (;s rksj.k gsysfufLVd çHkko dks çfrfcafcr
 xqIrdky esa okLrqdyk dh fLFkfr Lof.kZe
vius ;qx
esa FkhA bl
djrs gSa) dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk fd;kA
vof/ ds nkSjku xqiQk,¡ vkSj LraHk brus fodflr ugha gq,] ft
eè; izns'k dh Hkjgqr Lrwi dh fo'ks"krk eafnj vius pjeksRd"kZ ij FksA
• bldk fuekZ.k v'kksd
 bl dky esa Hkkjr ds mÙkjh vkSj eè;fo".k Hkkx
q]nf{k.kh
esa
ds dky esa rFkk fodkl
'kqaax dky
esa gqvkA Hkkjresaf'ko rFkk vU; Hkkxksa esa rhuksa nsoksa dh iwtk
FkhA
• jsfyax(osfndk) dh
fMtkbueq[; vkd"kZ.k  okjk.klhds fudVlkjukFk esa fLFkr
/es[k Lrwi
bl dky esa
dk fcanq (iRFkjksa ij Hkjgqr Lrwi fodflr ,d izfl¼ Lrwi gSA gkykafd
xqIr dkyds nkSjku Lrwiksa
fufeZr fMtkbu)FkkA ds fuekZ.k esa fxjkoV vkbZA
 l kjukFk ls çkIr cq¼ dh ewfrZ xqIr dyk dh ,d cstksM+ nj

ÑfrfuekZ.k (f'k•j) dk rsth ls fodkl gqvk
 eaf
gSA LdanxqIr ds }kjk cuok;k x;k Hkhrjh ,dk'e LraHk Hkh eafnj] >kalh (mÙkj çns'k)A
1- n'kkorkj
mYys•uh; gSaA 2- Hkhrjxkao eafnj (bZaV) dkuiqj (mÙkj çns'k)A
 Hkkjr 3- ikoZrh eafnj] upukdqBkj (eè; çns'k)A
h; okLrqdyk dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh nks lqizfl¼ xqiQk,¡
vtark rFkk,yksjkdk T;knkrj fodkl blh dky esa gqvkA 4- fo".kq eafnj] tcyiqj (eè; çns'k)A
 xqIrdkyhu okLrqdyk esa Ñf=ke xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k eq[;
ksa
 eafnj :i ls
dk fodkl
ekS;Z dky
ls gh izkjEHk gks x;k] ysfdu vkxs
mn;fxfj vkSjjRukfxfjesa fd;k x;kA pydj xqIr dky esalajpukRed eafnjksadks ns[kk x;kA eafnjksa
,yksjkdh xqiQkvksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ dk fuekZ.k mÙkjorhZ xqIr dky ds fgUnw 'kkldksa ds laj
• ;g xqiQkegkjk"Vª esa gqvkA
fLFkr gSA  xqIrdky ds eafnjksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa
Å¡ps pcwrjsa
esa
] pcwrjsrd
• bleas 32 xqiQk,¡gS] igq¡pus ds fy,lhf<+;k¡
] xHkZ ]x`g xHkZ x`gds pkjksa vksj
ftuesa16 czkã.kh; iznf{k.kk ekxZ
dk rFkk
likV Nr ij f'k[kj cukus dh 'kq:vkr
'kSyh]12 ckS¼ 'kSyh vkfn fo|eku gSaA
rFkk4 tSu 'kSyhls  bl dky ds nkSjku okLrqdyk ukxj
dhvkSjæfoM+nksuksa 'kSfy;ksa
fufeZr gSaA jk
,yks dh xqiQk dk fodkl gqvkA
• ,yksj
k dh xqiQk,¡
frjNh <+ykuij gSA
ks&bLykfed ;k Hkkjrh; vjch okLrqdyk
baM
vt ark dh xqiQkvksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
 esa bLyke fo'ks"k :i ls eqfLye
Hkkjr lkSnkxjksa
] O;kikfj;ksa
]
• egkjk"Vª
esa
vkSjaxkckn /eZxq:vksa
vkSjfotsrkvksa
ds lkFk vk;k] tks ;gk¡ yxHkx 600
ds fudVo?kksjkunh o"kks± rd le;≤ ij vkrs jgsA
ds fdukjs fLFkr xqiQkvksa
dh ,d Ükà[kyk gSA  Hkkjr
esa vc HkO; ifjos'kfo'kky
esa Hkoucukus dh izfØ;k
ls iwjh rjg izpfyr rFkk
Hkou fuekZ.k
vkSj vyadj.k dh
• buesa29 esa ls25
vusd fof/;k¡ izpfyr vkSj yksdfiz; gks pqdh Fkh] tSls&
xqiQk fogkjksa
dh rFkk
4 pSR; xqiQk,¡gSaA
dh vtark dh xqiQk 'kgrhjksa
] VksMksa
vkSj vusd[kaHkksa ds lgkjs
dkNrksa
fuekZ.kA
• v tark dh xqiQkvksackS¼
esafHk{kqvksa
}kjkokdkVd 'kkldksa eqfL
yeksa dks
,ds'ojokn ij fo'okl Fkk rFkk ltho :i esa
ds laj{k.k esa isafVax dh xbZA fdlh Hkh lrg ij izfrÑfr cukuk oftZr Fkk blfy, mUgksaus
• v tark dh xqiQk,¡
lh/h [kM+h <+yku
ij gSaA IykLVj ;k iRFkj ij vjcsLd] T;kferh; izfr:i vkSj
lqys[ku dykvksadk fodkl fd;kA
egRoiw.kZ xqiQk,¡  bLykfed 'kSyhus ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; 'kSyh tSls ltkoVh
eaMis'oj dh xqiQk,¡ egkjk"Vª
esa fLFkr_
czkã.k xqiQk,¡
] ckn esa dks"Bd] NTts] xqEcnksa dh vyadu vkfn dbZ rRoksa dks
t Su xqiQkvksa
esa ifjofrZrA fd;kA
twukx<+ dh xqiQk,¡
ckS¼ xqiQk,¡xqtjkr esa fLFkr] budh ,d Lykfed eè;;qxhu dyk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
baMks&b
vf}rh; fo'ks"krk çkFkZuk LFky ds •lkeus esgjkc] xqEcnrFkkpkjckx 'kSyh dk mi;ksxA
30&50 iQqV Åaps uxj nqxZ dh mifLFkfr gS]
• ehukj dh mifLFkfrA
ftls mQij dksV ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
• tksM+
us okys lkexzh ds :i esa xkjs dk mi;ksxA
mn;fxjh xqiQk,¡ eè; çns'k
esa fLFkr_paæxqIr
& f}rh;
dk
• ekuoh; ,oa i'kq ds vkÑfr;ksa dk mi;ksx de vFkok ugha
laj{k.k çkIr] ojkgorkj vFkkZr~ fo".kq ds
lqvj vorkj dh ewfrZ mYys•uh; gSA fd;k x;kA
ck?k dh xqiQk,¡ esa ck?k unh ds rV ij fLFkr 9• fo'kkyrk] O;kidrk vkSj o`gnrk dk lekos'kA
eè; çns'k
v yadj.k ds fy, vjcsLd rFkk T;kferh; fl¼karksa dk mi;ksxA
ckS¼ xqiQkvksa dk ,d lewg gSA vtark•xqiQkvksa
ds leku ysfdu fp=kdkjh vè;kReoknh •dsv kaxu ds iwQyksa vkSj iQOokjksa ds :i esa ifjlj esa iQkV
ds LFkku ij HkkSfrdoknh vf/d gSaA mi;ksxA
 fi=kknqj
k (Pietradura) rduhd & ltkoV ds fy, nhokjksa esa d qrqcehukj dh okLrqdyk
dherh iRFkjksa vkSj jRuksa dks tM+k tkrk FkkA
• dqrqcehukj dh ik¡p eaftys
 vxzn`'; rduhd& f'kykys• okLro esa nwj gksrs gq, HkhgS iklftlesa pkj ckyduh gSA
utj vkrs FksA bldh mQpkabZ 72-5 ehVj gSA
 fuekZ.k dk;ks± ds ifjlj esa ty dk mi;ksxA ehukj dk /jkry O;kl 14-
 okLrqdyk dh vkdZq,V 'kSyh us okLrqdyk VªSchV
dh 'kSyh
dks 3 ehVj vkSj f'k[kj dk O;kl
cny fn;kA 2-75 ehVj gSA blds vUnj
yxHkx 379 lhf<+;k¡ cuha gqbZ
v jcsLd i¼fr
gSA
• v jcsLd] ltkoV dh ,d 'kSyh Fkh] ftldh fo'ks"krk ,d&nwljs
• ik¡p eaftyk ehukj dhrhu eaftys yky cyqvk iRFkj
ls rFkk
ls fyiVs ikS/ksa vkSj ykbuksa] ifÙk;ksafMtkbu
vkSj iwQyksssssssa okyh
vafre nks eaftyksa
esaekcZy vkSj yky cyqvk iRFkj dk
fujkdkj oØh; :ikadu FkhA
bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA
• bldh fo'ks"krk ,d lrr ruk gksrk Fkk] tks iÙksnkj f}rh;d rus
 ,scd ds }kjk 1192 bZ-ds vklikl dqOor&my&bLyke
dh Ükaà•yk dk fuekZ.k djrs gq, fu;fer varjky ij foHkkftr
efLtn dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k Fkk] ftlesafganw
vkSjtSu
gksrk Fkk rFkk f}rh;d ruk Hkh iqu% foHkkftr gksrk Fkk ;k
eafnjksabls
dh lajpukvksa dk iquçZfr:i.k fd;k x;k FkkA
eq[; rus ls feyus ds fy, okil eksM+k tkrk FkkA
 bl 'kSyh dk ,d vkSj mnkgj.k vtesj esa fLFkr
v<+kbZ fnu
fnYyh lYrur dky (1206&1526 bZ-) dk >ksaiM+kgS rFkk
<+kbZ fnu ds(esys)
mlZ ds dkj.k bldk
uke v<+kbZ fnu dk >ksiM+kiM++kA
 okLrqdyk dks nks O;kid Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk
gS%
f• yth jktoa'k (1290&1320 bZ-)
 f[kyth oa'k ds 'kkldksa }kjk fodflr okLrqdyk dh 'kSyh dks
fnYyh lYrur dky % okLrqdyk lsYtqd 'kSyh dgk tkrk gSA
çeq• fo'ks"krk,a
lkezkfT;d 'kSyh izkarh; 'kSyh
dh ,d uqdhyh uky ds :i esa esgjkcA
• ?kksM+s
fnYyh ds 'kkldksa LFkkuh; 'kkldksa rFkk• foLr`r xqacn] uhps esgjkcA
}kjk lajf{krA ljnkjksa }kjk lajf{krA
• tkyhnkj f•M+fd;ka] f'kykys• dh ifêð;kaA
• yky cyqvk çLrj dk mi;ksx] lHkh fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa tks
lkezkfT
;d ('kkgh) 'kSyh
okyh lkexzh ds :i esa xkjs dk mi;ksxA
xqykejktoa'k (1206&1290 bZ-)  vykmíhuf•yth ds }kjkdqOor&my&bLyke efLtn ds
 muds}kjk fodflr okLrqdyk dh 'kSyhekeyqd
dks 'kSyh ckM+svykbZ
esa njoktk(,d ços'k }kj) dk fuekZ.kA mlds
dgk tkrk gSA }kjklhjh dk fdyk Hkh cuok;k x;kA
 dqrqcehukj dk fuekZ.k
dqrqcqíhu ,scd
(1199 bZ-) ds }kjk  vykbZnjoktk dh bekjr bLykfed okLrqdyk ds fl¼kar
izkjEHk djok;k x;k FkkA ftls mldh e`R;q ds ckn ij cuh igyh bekjr gSA
mlds
mÙkjkf/dkjh
bYrqrfe'k (1210&35 bZ-) ds }kjk iwjk fd;k x;k oa'k (1320&1413 bZ-)
r qxyd
FkkA ikapoha eafty
fiQjkst'kkg
dks rqxyd
ds }kjk iwjk djk;k
 ;g fnYyh lYrur dky ds nkSjku okLrqdyk ds fy, ladV
x;k Fkk rFkk bldh ejEer
fldanj yksnh rFkk cknestj
esa dky FkkA ;|fi] fiQj Hkh dqN fuekZ.k dk;Z fd, x, FksA
vkj- fLeFk us djokbZA  v yadj.k dh rqyuk esa Hkou etcwrh
dh ij vf/d è;ku
dqrqcehukj lwiQh lar [oktk dqrqcqíhu cf[r;kj dsafær fd;k x;k FkkA
dk fuekZ.k
dkdh dh ;kn esa djk;k x;kA  /wlj cyqvk çLrj] yky cyqvk çLrj dk mi;ksxA

 rqxydksaus cêðkjds :i esa tkuh tkus okyh fuekZ.k 'kSyh

 dk yksnh oa'k dh loZJs"B bekjr
eksB dh efLtn(1505 bZ-) Fkh
mi;ksx fd;k Fkk] ftldh fo'ks"krk Hkouksa dks vf/d etcwrh ftls fldanj yksnh dsothj }kjk cuok;k x;k FkkA
nsus ds fy,<yoka nhokjsaFkhaA fnYyh ds lkr 'kgj
 ços'k }kj esa
esgjkcvkSjljy nksuksa fof/;ksa dk la;kstu fd;k uke 'kgj
x;k FkkA
1- jktiwrjktk }kjk LFkkfir fdyk jk;fiFkkSjk
 x;klqíhu rqxyd(1320&1325 bZ-) ds }kjk fnYyh ds 2- rhljsvykmíhu f•yth lhjh
,sfrgkfld 'kgj rqxydkckn dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA
3- x;klqíhu rqxyd rqxydkckn
 yky cyqvk çLrjls fufeZrfx;klqíhu rqxyd dk edcjk
4- eksgEen&fcu&rqxyd tgkaiukg (14oha 'krkCnh)
,d vfu;fer iapHkqtrFkk uqdhys vkdkj dk gS] ftlds
5- fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd fiQjkstkckn dksVyk
f'k•j ij ,d daxwjs dks j•k x;k gSA
6- 'ksj'kkg lwjh fnYyh 'ksj'kkgh@'ksjx<+
 ;g ,d Ñf=ke tyk'k; esa [kM+k vkSj ,d iDds unh iFk }kjk
7- 'kkgtgk¡ 'kkgtgkaukckn
rqxydkcknls tqM+k FkkA
mnkgj.k&
tgkaiukg] fiQjkstkckn vkfn uxjA çkarh;'kSyh
lSÕ;ndky (1414&1451 bZ-) 1- okLrqdyk dh caxky 'kSyh
 foLr`r bekjrksa dk fuekZ.k djuslSÕ;n
ds fy,dky cgqr gh  bZaVksa vkSj dkyslaxejej dk mi;ksx blokLrq 'kSyh dh
NksVk Fkk] ysfdu ml le;v"Vdks.kh;
ds edcjsvius vki fof'k"V fo'ks"krk FkhA
esa okLrqdyk dh ,d fof'k"V fo'ks"krk j•rs gSa A  ckal ls fufeZr <yku okys ckaXyk Nrksa
dks eqfLyeksa }kjk
 bu edcjksa ds
vyadj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa jax ds çHkko viuk;k
dks x;k vkSj ckn esa ;g vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh foLr`r :
c<+kus okys
uhys jax jksxu
okyh VkbYl dk mi;ksx djrs FksA iQSy x;kA
 bl vof/ esaxqynLrk ds eqDr :ils mi;ksx rFkk edcjs ij mnkgj.k
dey dh vkÑfr us ckn dh vof/ dh 'kSyh dks vR;f/d xkSM+dne dh jlwy efLtn ] caxky vkSj iaMuk
vnhuk
esa efLtn
çHkkfor fd;kA fldanj 'kkg }kjk fufeZr dh xbZA
yksnhoa'k (1451&1526 bZ-) 2- okLrqdyk dh ekyok 'kSyh (eè; çns'k vkSj jktLFkku)
 bl vof/ ds nkSjku dsoy dk;Z fd;k x;kA fofHkUu jax ds çLrjksa vkSj laxejej dk mi;ksx rFkk ehukj
edcjksa dk fuekZ.k
 nksgj dk çpyu bldh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk FkhA vuqifLFkfr ;gk¡ dh vf}rh; fo'ks"krk FkhA
s xqacnksa
 bls okLrqdyk dh
 bl dky ds edcjkas eaas okLrqdyk nks çdkj ds Fks] gkykafd nksuksa iBku 'kSyhds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
çdkjksa esa nhokjsa
/wlj xzsukbV
dh cuh gksrh FkhA a esa fo'kky f[kM+fd;k¡ yxh gksus ls bu ij ;wjksih; iz
 Hkouks
 igys çdkj esa ,d cjkens ds lkFk

v"Vdks.kh; fMtkbu
gksrk Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
Fkk rFkk nwljs esa oxkZdkj ;kstuk gksrh Fkh] ftlesa cM+h f•M+fd;k¡]
dksbZ Hkhckoyh] LFkkuh; Lrjij miyC/ lkexzh
cjkenkugha gksrk FkkA dk mi;ksx] cêðkj ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx vkfn i;kZoj.k vuqdwy
dks n'kkZrh gSA
 yksnhdky ds nkSjku fufeZr
edcjs fdlh HkhHkO; vyadj.k
ds fcukdBksjvkSjlkns FksA mnkgj.k
 fldanj yksnh ds }kjk jkuh :ierh dk eaMi] v'kjiQh egy] fgaMksyk egy vkSj tgkt
vkxjk'kgj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj
mlds }kjk bls viuh jkt/kuh cuk;k x;kA mlds
dqrqcehukj
}kjk egyA
dh ejEer Hkh djokbZ xbZ yksnh
,oa xkMZu
dk Hkh fuekZ.ktkSuiqj'kSyh (1394&1479 bZ-)
djok;k x;kA  'kdhZ 'kkldksa }kjk lajf{kr fd;s tkus ds dkj.k 'kdhZ
gh bls
 fldanj yksnh dk edcjk (1517 bZ-)A ;gv"Vdks.kh; 'kSyhds :i esa tkurs gSaA
edcjk ,d oxkZdkj mQ¡ph pkjnhokjh dsesa
izkax.k
fLFkr gS]
 bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk& rksj.k ds iklLraHkksa
fo'kkyokyh
ftlds pkjksa vksj cqtZ
cus gSA tkfy;k¡ gSA
 t kSuiqj
esavVkyk efLtn o tkek efLtn okLrqdyk dh ed cjk fuekZ.k dh okLrqdyk
n`f"V ls vR;f/d egRoiw.kZ gSaA • edcj k fuekZ.k dh okLrqdyk esa fuEu lkekU; çfr:i 'kkfey
cgeuh gksrs gSa%
 bl 'kSyh esaHkkjrh;]rqdhZ felz
vkSjbZjkuh 'kSfy;kssssa
dk 1- ,d xqacn okyk d{k (gqtjk)A
leUo; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 2- dsaæ esa ,d Lekjd ds lkFk if'peh nhokj ij ,d esgjkcA
 blesaxqycxZ] chtkiqjtSls Hkou fufeZr FksA 3- Hkwfexr d{k esa okLrfod dczA
 bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krkesgjkcksa
rhu okys vxzHkkx
] cYcuqek • edcj s dh bl lkekU; okLrqdyk esa] eqxyksa ds }kjk edcjs d
xqacnrFkkNr gSA pkjksa vksj cxhpksa dk fuekZ.k djds ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+k x
 ns'k dh izfl¼ bekjr pkjehukj eqgEen dqyh dqrqcq'kkg }kjkus xqacn okLrqdyk dh nksgjh xqacn ç.kkyh vkSj vyad
• eqxyksa
gSnjkckn esa cuok;h x;h FkhA tM+us dh fi=kk&nqjk 'kSyh dks Hkh viuk;kA
egRoiw.kZ rF; gqek;w¡ vkSj 'ksj'kkg lwjh ds vjktdrk dk dky
 y[kumQ fLFkr izfl¼ bekjr cM+k bekeckM+k dk fuekZ.k ' ksj'kkg lwjh ds lkFk yxkrkj la?k"kZ dsgqek;w¡
dkj.kokLrqdyk
vkliqQíkSyk }kjk djok;k x;kA
ij è;ku dsafær ugha dj ldkA
 uokc okftn vyh 'kkg us dSljckx dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
 mlusnhuiukg uke ds ,d 'kgj dh uhao j•hA bl vof/ dh
 'ksj'kkg lwjh ds mRÑ"V LFkkiR; lklkjke
dk uewukeas cuok;k okLrqdyk iQkjlh esa 'kSyh dh çeq•rk FkhA
gqvk edcjk gSA  gqek;w¡ dk edcjk & eqxy okLrqdyk dk igyk mnkgj.k
 'ksj'kkg us fnYyhfnYyh
esa 'ksj'kkgh
dh uhao MkyhA fnYyh esagqek;w¡ dk edcjk gS] ftls mudh iRuh
gkth csxe
 fdyk&,&dqguk uked efLtn dk fuekZ.k
'ksj'kkg}kjk gh us cuok;k FkkA
djok;k x;kA
eqxydkyhu okLrqdyk
 ds vkxeu ds lkFk baMks bLykfed okLrqdyk esa yksnh ds
eqxyksa
le;dky ds nkSjku dh fxjkoV ds ckn mYys•uh; lq/kj ns•us
dks feykA
 fnYyh lYrur ds lqYrkuksa ds foijhr]
eqxy LFkkuh; vkcknh
vkSjjktiwr çkarksa
ds lkFk ?kqy&fey x,A
 bl okLrqdyk esa
yky cyqvk iRFkj
] laxejej rFkk[kqjnjs
iRFkjdk mi;ksx gqvkA
ek;w¡ dk edcjk
gq
 eqxydkyh
u Hkouksa ?kqekonkj
esa ] dks.knkj
vkSjjaxhu esgjko bl edcjs dk fMtkbu bZjkuh okLrqdkj
efyd fetkZ X;kl
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA
 bldh izeq[k fo'ks"krk
fi=kk&nqjk
(Pietradura) rduhd gSaA
 blh fMtkbu ij vkxs pydj
rktegy dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
ckcj 'ksj'kkglwjh
 ckcj }kjk 4 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;k x;k ftlus viuk vf/drj lwjhdky esa yksnh 'kSyh ls okLrqdyk dh eqxy 'kSyh dh vk
le; ;q¼ djus esa fcrk;kA voLFkkarj gSA
 fd] og m|kuksa dk 'kkSdhu
gkyka FkkA mlus tksM+s
,d cxhpksa
 mlds }kjk fufeZr bekjrsa&
fdyk&,&dqguk@iqjkus fdys dh
dk fuekZ.k Hkh djok;k FkkA efLtn (fnYyh)] jksgrkl fdyk (ikfdLrku)A
 mlusikuhir esadkcqyh ckxdh efLtn vkSj fnYyh ds ikl mlus ,d çkphu ekS;Z ekxZ dk iqufuZekZ.k rFkk foLrkj d
lEHky esatkek efLtn dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA rFkk mlslM+d&,&vkte(egku lM+d) dk u;k uke fn;kA
 v;ksè;kdh ckcjh efLtndk fuekZ.k Hkh blds dky esa gqvkA ckn esa bls
xzSaM Vªad jksM ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA
 j'kkg ds tUeLFkku
'ks lklkjke esa lwjh dk edcjk (yky cyqvk• t ks/k ckbZ dk egy % ;g egy lhdjh dk lcls cM+k egy
çLrj) fufeZr gSAA gS bl ij mRdh.kZ vyadj.kksa dh izsj.kk nf{k.k ds eafnjk
v dcj okLrqdyk ls fy;k x;k gSA blxqtjkr
ij 'kSyh dk O;kid
 blds 'kkludky esa fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa 'kSfy;ksa dk izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
fgUnw&eqfLye
O;kid leUo; fn[krk gSA t gk¡xhj
 v dcj us vkxjk dks viuh lÙkk dk dsaæ cuk;kA mldh  blusfp=kdyk rFkkckx&cxhpksa ij vf/d è;ku dsafær
okLrqdyk fganw vkSj bLykeh feJ.k dks n'kkZrh gSAfd;k FkkA
 v dcj ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku fuekZ.k dh çeq• fo'ks"krk yky 'kklu dky esa fliQZ
 mlds fi=kk&nqjk
(nhokjksa dks v/Z&dherh
cyqvk iRFkj dk mi;ksx FkhA VÔwMj
mlus vkdZ
(prq"dks.kh; iRFkjksa ls cus iq"iksa ds vyadj.k dh) dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA
esgjkc) ds mi;ksx dh Hkh 'kq#vkr dhA  mlus d'ehj esa'kkyhekj ckx vkSjykgkSj esa eksrh efLtn
 vdcj ds 'kklu dky esa jktk ekuflagoànkou
}kjk esa xksfoandk fuekZ.k djk;kA
nso dk eafnjcuok;k x;k FkkA  mlus vkxjk ds fudV fldanjk esa vdcj dk edcjk
vkxjk dk fdyk cuok;k] ftldk fuekZ.k dk;Z
1613 esa iwjk gqvkA
• blus xsVksa ij nks  mudhiRuh us ,Rekn&mn&nkSyk (mlds firk) ds edcjs dk
ohj jktiwr uk;dksa fuekZ.k djk;k tks iw.kZliQsn
:i ls laxejej ls cuk igyk
t;ey vkSjiÙkk eqxy fuekZ.k FkkA
dh ewfrZ;k¡ yxokbZA  ,ReknqíkSyk ds edcjs dk fuekZ.k uwjtgk¡ 1626&28 esa bZ-
• bld k fu ek Z. k djok;k] tksfetkZ&X;kl csxdh iq=kh FkhaA
vd cj ds  v kxjk esa ;equk fdukjs
lisQn laxejejls fufeZr bl bekjr esa
v kxjk fdyk
' kk lu dk y es a loZizFkefi=kk&nwjk
rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
vkjEHk gqvk Fkk ysfdu fdys ds vanj fufeZr vf/dka'k
• efj;e&mt&tekuh dk edcjk tgk¡xhj us vdcj ds edcjs
lajpukvksa dk fuekZ.k
'kkgtgk¡ds 'kkludky esa gqvk FkkA
ds fudV ,d ckx esa cuok;kA
• ' kkgtgk¡ }kjk fufeZr egRoiw.kZ eksrh bekjrsa
efLtn
&]
• bUgh dh ;kn esa
ykgkSjesa ,d efLtn dk Hkh fuekZ.k djk;kA
nhoku&,&vke ] nhoku&,&•kl ] tgkaxhjh egyA
• pkjckx 'kSyh ds cxhps ;gk¡ utj vkrs gSaA 'kkgtgk¡
 blds dyk dh vof/ esa LFkkiR; dyk vius f'k[kj ij FkhA
iQrsgiqjlhdjh% vdcj dh ubZ jkt/kuh
 mlus viuh fç; csxe eqerkt egy dh ;kn esa lcls vn~Hkqr
• cqyannjoktk % yky cyqvk çLrjls cuh lajpuk &1576 bekjr]rktegy dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
esa xqtjkr ijvdcj dh thr ds miy{; esa cuk;k x;kA ;g
 rktegy esa eqxy okLrqdyk dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA
fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk ços'k }kj gSA
rktegy ds ckjs esa dqN rF;
• iap egy % •aHkksa ij fufeZr ik¡p eaftyk bekjr iQkjlh
vkSj
 mLrkn vgen
cnxhj dh vo/kj.kk ls çsfjrA
ykgkSjh
us bldh
• bcknr •kuk% vdcj fofHkUu /eks± ds /eZxq#vksa ls ppkZ
fMtkbu rS;kj dh
djus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx djrk FkkA
vkSj mLrkn bZlk
• fgj.k ehukj% vdcj ds pgsrs gkFkh dh Le`fr esa cuk;k x;k[kkW dh fuxjkuh
Fkk] ftldk ukefgj.k FkkA ;g ;kf=k;ksa ds çdk'kLraHk
fy, esa22 o"kks±esa
ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk FkkA cukA rkte gy
• ' ks[k lyhe fp'rh dk edcjk % 1581 bZLoh esa fufeZr] ckn
 ;g edcj k eqerktdh ;kn esa 'osr laxejej ls cuk;k x;k]
esa 1606 bZLoh tgk¡xhj
esa }kjk ltk;k x;k FkkA tks;equkds unh rV (vkxjk) ij fLFkr gSaA
 lu~ 1983esarktegy dks;wusLdks dh fo'o fojklr lwphd 'ehj 'kSyh

esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA  dk"Bds mi;ksx dh fo'ks"krkA
 ' kkgtgk¡
ds }kjkfnYyhesayky fdyk rFkktkek efLtn]  d'ehjh okLrqdyk nks pj.kksa ds rgr fodflr gqbZ] igyk
ykgkSj'kkyhekj
esa ckxrFkk'kkgtgk¡ukckn
'kgj dk fuekZ.k eè;dky ds çkjaHk dk fganw pj.k vkSj nwljk 14oha 'krkCn
djk;k x;kA ckn dkeqfLye pj.kA
 e;wj(eksj) flagklu dk fuekZ.k blh ds 'kkludky esa gqvk FkkA
 fgUnw pj.k
 t gk¡xhj ds edcjs dk fuekZ.k mlds csVs
'kkgtgk¡ds }kjk
 eafnj okLrqdyk dh çeq• fo'ks"krk,a
f=knyh esgjkc
ykgkSjesa fd;k FkkA
(xka/kj çHkko)]
dks"VkRed foU;kl
vkSjifjc¼ vkaxu]
v kSjaxtsc lh/h /kj okyh fijkfeMh; Nr] LraHkksa okyh nhokjsa
 blds 'kkludky esa eqxy okLrqdykdh voufr gqbZA vkSjf=kdks.kh; lM+d(xzhd çHkko)A
 blds }kjk fufeZr djok;h x;h dqN bekjrksa ckn'kkgh
esa  ekrZaM lw;Z eafnj
ddkZsVjktoa'k vkSj
mRiyjktoa'k ds
efLtn (ykgkSj)]eksrh efLtn(yky fdyk ds vUnj) rFkk
varxZr fufeZr fd;k x;kA ;g okLrqdyk
xka/kj]
dh phuh
chch&dk&edcjk (vkSjaxkckn) izeq[k gSaA
vkSjxqIr 'kSyh
ls çHkkfor gSA
eè;; qxhu okLrqdyk 'kSfy;k¡  v U; eafnj&
voafriksj ds eafnj
] iaMjsFku eafnj
(fo".kq
( baMks bLykfed dks NksM+dj) dks lefiZr)]eeys'oj f'ko eafnj vkfnA
 eqf
Lye pj.k
dyk dh jktiwr 'kSyh
okLrq
 yd M+h ds yêòksa rFkk ydM+h ds /kfeZd LFkyks
 ;g eqxy okLrqdyk ls çHkkfor gSA
ft;kjr dgk tkrk gS] ds fuekZ.k ds fy, nsonkj ds o`{kksa
 bldh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk&
>wyrs gq, NTts(>jks•k) dk iz;ksx gSA
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
 jkt iwr egy & tSlyesj] chdkusj] tks/iqj] mn;iqj vkSj dksVk
 Jhuxj esa 'kkg genku dh efLtn vkSjfldanj cqrf'kdu
iSyslA
}kjk fufeZr Jhuxj fLFkr
tkek efLtn (1400 bZLoh)]
 ekueafnj & Xokfy;j dk lcls cM+k egy] jktk eku flag ydM+h dh okLrqdyk ds mnkgj.k gSaA
rksej(1486&1516 bZ-) }kjk cuok;k x;k FkkA
 m|ku&;s pkj ckx 'kSyh esa fufeZr gS] ftlesa ty /kjk,a]
 t; flag }kjk LFkkfirt;iqj ] jktiwr vkSjeqxy LFkkiR;
iQOokjs vkSj o`{kksa dk mi;ksx'kkyhekj
fd;k x;kA
ckx
'kSfy;ksa ds la;ksx dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA ;g uxj ,d nhokj
(tgk¡xhj }kjk 1619 bZ- esa fufeZr)] fu'kkar ckx] cknkeo
ls f?kjk gqvk gS ftlesa fu;fer varjky x<+ijvkSj ehukjs gS
m|ku (Jhuxj)A
 t ;iqj esa çeq• bekjrsa& gok egy (1799 bZ-)] 18oha lnh
dh 'kq#vkr esa
t; flag f}rh; }kjk fufeZr ik¡p os/'kkykvksa  eqxy jktdqekjnkjkf'kdksg }kjk ijhegy dks 17oha
esa ls lcls cM+htarj&earj] vU; mTtSu ] eFkqjk
] okjk.klh 'krkCnh ds eè; esa cuok;k x;k FkkA
vkSjubZ fnYyh esa gSaA fl• 'kSyh
dyk dh vo/ 'kSyh
okLrq  okLrqdyk dh fl[k 'kSyh dk fodkl vk/qfud iatkc {ks=k esa
 ;g 'kSyh vo/ {ks=k ds vkl&ikl vo/ ds uokcksads laj{k.k gqvkA
esa fodflrA  okLrqdyk
dh eqxy 'kSyh vkSjjktiwr 'kSyh ls çHkkforA
 cM+k bekeckM+k
uokc vkf'kiqQíkSyk ds }kjk 1784 bZ- esa fufeZrA fo'ks"krk,¡
eq[; d{k esa •aHkksa dh vuqifLFkfr (fMtkbu esaNrfj;ksa@fd;ksLd
ljy vkSj
dh cgqyrk] xqacnksa ij vyadj.k ds fy, ihr
lefer)
rFkk rkacs dh ijr] vusd i=kdksa dk mi;ksx djds esgjkcksa
 Nrj eafty] Hkwfexr dejs
vkSj ,d lksus dh Nrjhls f?kjk vyadj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA
,d lqanj xqacn eq[; vkd"kZ.k gSaA
 mnkgj
.k %ve`rlj esa fLFkrLo.kZ eafnj
(16&17oha 'krkCnh)A
 :e h njoktk & y•uÅ 1784 bZ- esa fufeZrA
dyk dh nDdu 'kSyh

okLrq mnkgj.k
 bl okLrqdyk dk fodkl 1347 bZ- esa rc izkjEHk gqvk tc
thll dk lsØsM gkVZ ppZ (iqMqpsjh) vkSj pUæuxj dk lsØsM
vykmíhu cgeu 'kkg us xqycxkZ fdys vkSj xqycxkZ
tkek ppZAesa
efLtn dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
v axzsth 'kSyh
 nwljs pj.k dk çfrfuf/Ro vgen 'kkg (1422&1436 bZ-) }kjk
 v axzstksa us okLrqdyk dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa dk mi;ks
fd;k x;k]ftlesa chnj fdyk] egewn xoka dk enjlk vkSj vyh
ckfjn dk edcjk 'kkfey FkkA xksfFkd] baihfj;y] bZlkbZ
] vaxzsth iqutkZxj.k
vkSjfoDVksfj;u
buesa ls çeq• gSaA
 cht kiqj 'kSyh (dukZVd)
 v axzstksa ds }kjk eq[; fuekZ.k lkexzh ds :i esa yky cyqvk i
 v kfny'kkg ds 'kkludky esa fodflr lcls egRoiw.kZ
mnkgj.k xksy xqEctdk gSA vkSj eksVs pwuk iRFkj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
 chtkiqj ds xksy xqEcteqgEen

esa vkfny 'kkg
(1627 d ydÙkkesalsaV tkWu dk ppZ
 (1787 bZ-)]
psUubZ esa iQksVZ
bZ-) dh lekf/ gSA lsaV tkWtZ esa lsaV eSjh ] fof/
dk ppZ
U;k;ky;] çslhMsalh
dkWyst vkSjpsUubZ dk lhusV ]gkmlubZ fnYyh
] 1911 bZ-
 ;g fo'o dk lcls cM+k xqacn d{k gSA bldk Hkwfexr
esa jkt/kuh cukus ds ckn O;ofLFkr :i ls ;kstukc¼ rjhds
esgjkc ,d oxkZdkj dcz d{k vkSj Hkwfe ds Åij ,d cM+k
,dy oxkZdkj d{k ls feydj curk gSA ls bl 'kgj dks cuk;k x;kA
 çeq• fo'ks"krk& bldks ,d cM+s v/Zxksyh; xqacn foDVksf
 ds j;k eseksfj;y gkWy] dksydkrk
}kjk
?ksjk x;k gS rFkk blds dksuksa ij lkr
v"Vdks.kh;
eaftyk  fofy;e belZu ds }kjk 19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/Z e
ehukjgSaA fMtkbu fd;k x;kA
v kSifuosf'kd okLrqdyk & vk/qfud Hkkjr  Hkkjresa egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dh Le`fr esa bldk fuek
fd;k x;k FkkA
 dsUæh; lÙkk detksj gksus ds i'pkr~ {ks=kh; lÙkk vkSj lqn`<+ gksus
 ;g xksfFkd iqu#¼kj vkSj uo&'kkL=kh; 'kSfy;ksa ds
yxhA bu {ks=kh; lÙkkvksa dk neu djds ;wjksih; O;kikjh 'kkld
la;qÙkQ Lons'kh vkSj Hkkjr&bLykeh okLrqdyk ls ç
cu cSBsA ;wjksih; 'kkldksa us Hkkjrh; LFkkiR; dyk esa vius iSj
ilkjus vkjEHk dj fn;sA  fnYyhdk iqu#¼kj
xkyh 'kSyh
iqrZ  1911 bZ- esa jkt/kuh dks dydÙkk
fnYyh
lsgLrkarfjr
 blds vUrxZr Hkkjr ds fy, tyok;q :i ls mi;qÙkQ
vkbZcsfj;u fd;k x;kA
'kSyh
esax`gksa
vkSjxksok dh vo/kj.kk çLrqr dhA  fnYyh dh lexz ;kstuk cukus dk dk;Z
ds cSjksd ppks± lj ,MoMZ
 aus vius
bUgks O;kikfjd dsUæksa
vkSjxksnkeksa
dks cukuscsfj;u
esa yqfV;aldks çnku fd;k x;kA mUgksaus
bafM;k xsV
vkSj
'kSyhdk iz;ksx fd;kA jk"Vªifr Hkou
dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
 v kWd ckWe thll ppZ
izaQkfll
esa tsfo;jdh vfLFk lqjf{kr  ,d ckS¼ Lrwi dh rtZ ij ,d fo'kky
xqacnds :i esa
j[kh xbZ gSA okbl jhxy iSysl dks cuk;k x;kA
 iqrZxkfy;ksa dsydM+h
}kjk dh Nrksa
vkSjlhf<+;ksa
ds lkFk eq[;  fganw vyadj.k vkSj bLykeh le:irk ds dqN rRoksa dk
fuekZ.k lkexzh ds :ibZaVksa
esadk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA çfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k  lkmF
k CykWd vkSj ukWFkZ CykWd] ftlds fdukjs jk"V
fLFkr gS] bldks
xksok esa vkWd&ckWe thll ppZ esa dSFksMªy ds fo'kky d{k@Hkou] gcZVZ csdj
us ;kstuk cukdj feyk;kA
eqacbZ esa dkLVsyk Mh vxqMk] lsaV ikWy ppZ] nhoA  jkWcVZ VkWj Vlsy
uked okLrqdkj dukWV
us Iysl
dk
Úkalhlh 'kSyh fuekZ.k fd;kA
 dkVZsfl fnYyh esa
;u] fxzM ;kstukvksa vkSj oSKkfud okLrqdyk dkmi;ksx esVdkWiQ gkml(1835) rFkklsaV tsEl ppZ
djds ikafMpsjh dks ,d fof'k"V 'kgjh fMtkbu çnku fd;kA (1836) fnYyh ds lcls iqjkus fczfV'k LFkkiR; ds uewus
baMks
xkWfFkd 'kSyh eq[; rF;
 bls baMks foDVksfj;u 'kSyh ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
 jk" Vªifr Hkou] laln Hkou] bafM;k xsV rFkk jktiFk ds okLr
 ;g okLrqdyk dh Hkkjrh;]iQkjlh vkSj
xksfFkd 'kSfy;ksa
dk ,Mfou yqfV;al gSaA
feJ.k gSA
 bafM; k xsV dk fuekZ.k 1931 bZ- esa yky cyqvk iRFkj ls gq
fo'ks"krk,¡
 v ktkn Hkkjr dk igyk ;kstuk c¼ 'kgj p.Mhx<+ gS] 1948 bZ
• foLr`r fo'kky bekjrsa] iryh nhokjsa] uqdhyh esgjkcsa] edku esa
cM+h&cM+h f[kM+fd;ksa dk mi;ksxA esa iatkc ljdkj us
iksyks oekZdh vè;{krk esa bldh LFkkiuk
• ppZ dks ozwQl xzkmaMls;kstuk
cuk;k x;kA ds fy, ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k FkkA
• igyh ckj edku esa LVhy] yksgk vkSj daØhV&xkjs  dkmnkgj.k& jk"Vªifr Hkou] laln Hkou] mPp U;k;ky; vkfnA
iz;ksxA
• uoxksfFkd 'kSyh dk mnkgj.keqacbZ
dk N=kifr f'kokth ys&dkWcZqflvj
VfeZulgS] tks izkphu le; esa isfuulqyj jsyos dEiuh dk
LVs'ku vkSj eq[;ky;
foDVksfj;k VfeZul
FkkA og ,d Úkalhlh okLrqdkj FkkA mlus ;kstukc¼paMhx<+ rjhds ls
esa }kjk fo'o fojklr esa 'kkfey fd;k 'kgj ds :i&js•k dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA
• bls o"kZ 2004;wusLdks
x;kA p V~Vkuksa dks dkVdj cuk;h xbZ dqN vU; xqiQk,¡
mnkgj.k
• ,yhisaQVk dh xqiQk 2nd BC] egkjk"Vª esa f'ko dks lefiZr
eqEcbZ
esa xsVos vkWiQ bf.M;k] lsaV ikWy dSFksMªy (dksydkrk)A eafnjksa
dk laxzgA
uo jkseu 'kSyh • dkysZ dh xqiQk Loh] egkjk"Vª] HkO; pSR;
2nd ls 5th bZ
 1911 ds mijkar] vaxzstksa }kjk fuekZ.k esa rduhd dh 'kSyh dks
gkWyA
uojkseu 'kSyh dgrs gSA
 bls uo 'kkL=kh; 'kSyh ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA• t ksxs'ojh dh xqiQk egkjk"Vª] egk;ku ckS¼ dykA
 okLr qdkj& ,Mfou yqfV;al vkSj gcZVZ csdjA • ojkg xqiQk eafnj rfeyukMq
fo'ks"krk,¡ • lksu Hk.Mkj xqiQkfcgkj

• bekjrksa dh lajpuk xksykdkj@pØkdkjA
ykWjh
csdj
• izkP;:ikaduksa dk vR;f/d iz;ksxA
• v kSa/ss vFkok mQij mBs gq, xqacn dh vo/kj.kk]
bUgs
loksZPp ftls a xjhcksa oktqdkn
dk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
csdj] dsjy esa
lkewfgd vkokl vo/kj.kk ds mÙkjnk;h FksA
U;k;ky;vkSjjk"VªifrHkouds 'kh"kZ ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
dyk vkSj ewfrZdyk ds chp varj

LFkkiR;
çkpy LFkkiR; dyk ewfrZdyk
vkdkj vkSj ifjf/ LFkkiR; dyk bekjrksa ds cukoV vkSj fuekZ.k dks lanfHkZr ewfrZdyk vis{kkÑr NksVs &vk;
djr k gSA gSaA
mi;ksx dh tkus LFkkiR; dyk esa lkekU;r% fofHkUu çdkj dh lkefxz;ksa ewfrZdyk dk ,d Hkkx lkekU;r% ,d g
okyh lkexzh tSls iRFkj] ydM+h] dkap] /krq] jsr] vkfn ds feJ.k dk lkexzh ls cuk gksrk gSA
x fd;k tkrk gSA
mi;ks
fl¼kar LFkkiR; dyk esa lkekU;r% fofHkUu çdkj dh lkefxz;ksa ewfrZdyk dk ,d Hkkx lkekU;r% ,d
tSls iRFkj] ydM+h] dkap] /krq] jsr] vkfn ds feJ.k dk dh lkexzh ls cuk gksrk gSA
mi;ks
x fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k rktegy] yky fdyk vkfnA uVjkt dh ewfrZ] u`R; djrh gqbZ yM+dh] vkfnA


3 efUnj okLrqdyk
(Temple Architecture)
eafnjksa dk vfLrRo dc ls gS ;g fooknkLin iz'u gS ysfdu

lk{;ksa
dqN
ls irk pyrk gS fd ik"kk.kdkyls yksxizÑfr iwtkesa
fo'okl j[krs Fks] vkxs pydj
ekS;Zdky esas dqN NksVs&NksVs
nsoky;ksa
dk fodkl gqvk tSls& eafnjksa dk vkdkj NksVk
] xHkZ&x`g rd
igq¡pus ds fy, lhf<+;k¡a]
ugh
Nrsa likV]iznf{k.kk iFk ugha
vkfnA ysfdu fuf'pr :i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 10oha 'krkCnh
rd vkrs&vkrs Hkw&iz'kklu
esa eafnj vR;f/d egRoiw.kZ gks x;s FksA
 eafnjksa dk fodkl
xqIrdkyds dqNfganw
'kkldksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr dsiwohZ Hkkxds lkFk ekykckj rV;k Hkkjr ds
gqvk] ftlesa
lajpukRed eafnjksa
dk fodkl gqvkA nf{k.k&if'peHkkx esa rhu eq[; nsorkvksssa dh iwtk&vpZu
 lajpukRed eafnjvkMEcjghu iwtk LFky gSA ftlesa ,d NksVk tkrh FkhA
eaMi tkspkj [kaHkksa
ij fVdk gksrk gS]eq[keaMi
bls uke ls  çkjafHkdfganw eafnjksa
dk fuekZ.k
pêðkuksa
dks dkVdj cuk, x,
tkurs gSaA xqiQkvksa ls fd;k x;k rFkk mlds i'pkr~] xqIr okLrqdyk
 xqIrdkyhu eafnjksa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk Fkh fd eafnjksa vkxeu ds lkFk] eqÙkQ :i ls •M+s igys fganw eafnjksa dk f
dk fuekZ.k
Å¡ps pcwrjksa ] pcwrjksa
ij fd;k x;k vkSj ckn ds o"kks±
rd igq¡pusa ds fy, lhf<+;ksa dk likVesa
Nr] ,dk'e çLrj ls
iz;ksx
] xHkZ&x`g
] iznf{k.kk ekxZ ] likV Nr ij f'k[kj fufeZr eafnjksa ls ysdj rf{kr (x<+s
f'k•jksa
gq,)
ls ;qÙkQ eafnjksa
vkfnA dk Øfed fodkl gqvkA
 bl dkykof/ esa czkã.kh; 'kkldkssa ds gksus ds dkj.k Øfedds
 Hkkjr fodkl dks ik¡p pj.kksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS
mÙkjhvkSjeè; Hkkxesafo".kq
] nf{k.kh Hkkx
esaf'ko vkSj tks fuEu gSa%
pj.k fo'ks"krk,¡
çFke likV Nr okys eafnj_ vf/dka'k eafnjksa dk
oxkZdkj
vkdkj
_ mFkys LraHk
fufeZr
ij rFkklEiw.kZ
lajpukde Å¡pkb±ds eapksa
(txrh) ij fodflr_ mnkgj.k % lkaph esa fufeZr
eafnj la[;k 17A
f}rh; fiNys pj.k ls rqyukRed :i ls Å¡ps eapksa ij fufeZr_
xHkZx`g
ds pkjksa vksj
çnf{k.kkiFk_ eaftyk
nks eafnjds çek.k_
mnkgj.k%upuk dqBkjfLFkrikoZrh eafnj(eè; çns'k)A
r`rh; f'k•jksa dk mn~Hko_
de Å¡pkbZ ds rFkk vkdkj esa
yxHkx oxkZdkj_ eafnj cukus dh iapk;ru 'kSyh dk vkjaHk (çeq•
nsork ds eafnj ds lkFk pkj xkS.k nso eafnj)_
HkwfoU;kl
eafnj dh ;kstuk ds
Øwl
vkdkj dh_mnkgj.k% n'kkorkj eafnj
]
nsox<+(mÙkj çns'k)A ,sgksy dk nqxkZ efUnj (dukZVd)A
prqFkZ eq[; eafnj vf/d vk;rkdkj gks x, rFkk ckdh lkjh phtsa fiNys pj.k ds tSlsmnkgj.k%
gh FksA
'kksykiqj fLFkr f=kfoØe
eafnj ftlsVsj eafnjHkh dgk tkrk gSA
iape ckgj dh vksj mFkys vk;rkdkj fdukjksa okys o`Ùkkdkj eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk gqvk rFkk 'ks"k lHkh f
tSlh tkjh jgh_mnkgj.k%
efu;kj eB] jktxhjA
 dqN vU; çdkj ds eafnj gSa%  fuja/j%çnf{k.kkiFk ds lkFk eafnjA
 la/j%fcuk çnf{k.kkiFk ds eafnjA  loZrksHkæ%

oSlk eafnj ftlesa gj rjiQ ls ços'k fd;k tk ldsA
fganw
eafnjksa ds çeq• vo;o  eafnj esa ,d?kqekonkj xqEcn
gksrk gS] ftls
f'k[kjdgk tkrk gSA
 eafnjdk xHkZ&x`g
ges'kkf'k[kj ds uhps cuk;k tkrk gSA
d y'k
vkeyd
f'k[kj f'k[kj ds izdkj
xHkZx`g v: f'k[kj
v arjky
egke.Mi js[kk izlkn iQlekuk oYyHkh
e.Mi
v¼Ze.Mi • f'k[kj oxkZdkj• js[kk&izlkn
ls • oxkZ esa
dkj eafnjksa
iznf{k.kk iFk gksrk gSA v f/d pkSM++s ,oa
esgjkcnkj Nrksa esa
txrh
(mQapkbZ dk eap) • nhokjsa Hkhrj dhÅ¡pkbZ esa dqNf'k[kj dk fuekZ.k
vf/"Bku
vksj eqM+dj pksVhNksVs gksrs gSaAftldk fdukjk xksy
ij ,d fcanq ij • <yoka Nrsagksrh gksrk gSA
ukxj 'kSyh okLrqdyk feyrh gSaA gSA • ck¡l dh ydM+h ls
cusNdM+saA
efUnj LFkkiR; ds vax
vf/"Bku
 ;s pcwrjsuqek lajpuk gksrh gS bls vk/kj cukdj
eafnjksa
dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS] ukxj 'kSyh
vf/"Bku
esa ,d vko';d
rRo gS tcfdæfoM+ 'kSyhesa ;g vko';d ugha gSA
xHkZx`g
 ; s eafnj dk lokZf/d
ifo=k Hkkx gksrk gS ftlesa fdlh
nsoh&nsork dh izfrek
dks LFkkfir fd;k tkrkæfoM+
gS] 'kSyh
esa ;gvk;rkdkj tcfd ukxj 'kSyhesa ;soxkZdkjgksrk gSA
f'k[kj js[kkizlkn iQlekuk oYyHkh
 xHkZx`g ds mQijfo'kky fufeZrlajpuk dksf'k[kj dgk tkrk  bl 'kSyh esa cus eafnjksa
xHkZ&x`g
dsds Åij ,d js[kh; f'k[kj
]
gSAukxj 'kSyh
esaf'k[kj js[kh;gksrs gS vkSj 'kh"kZ
vkeydij ftlesa rhu mHkkjk
saa ls la;ksftr gksrk gSA
dh lajpuk gksrh gS tcfd æfoM+ 'kSyh fijkfeMesa f'k[kj
dh
vkdkj ds gksrs gS vkSj 'kh"kZ
Nf=kdkijdh lajpuk gksrh gSaA• HknzjFk& eè; ds mHkkj dksA
• duZ jFk&fdukjsokys mHkkj dksA
xksiqje
 ;g eafnj dkizos'k }kj gksrk gS tks æfoM+ 'kSyh dk vax gS • ;gizfrjFk&duZjFkrFkkHkæjFk ds eè; ds mHkkj dksA
vR;Urfo'kky o vyaÑr gksrk gS]
xksiqjedh ;g fo'kkyrk  fodkl ds Øe esa /hjs&/hjs f'k[kj ij dbZ mHkkjksa dks cuk;k x
okLrfod] rkRdkfyd vkfFkZd
] jkTkuhfrd le`f¼dks n'kkZrh gSaA
• vkeyd & f'k[kj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx rFkkÅij
i jdksVk@nhokj yxk gqvkA
 æfoM+ eafnjksaxksiqje
esa cuk;s tkus dk ,d cM+k dkj.k
eafnjksa • Å¡ps pcwrjs & txrh
dk nhokjksa
ls f?kjk gksuk Fkk] ukxj 'kSyh ds eafnjksa esa ;g
5oha izk;%
'krkCnh ds ckn iapk;ru 'kSyh ds eafnjksa esa xHkZx`g
ugha ik;k tkrk gSA nsoh xaxkvkSj;equk dh izfrekvksa dh mifLFkfr ns[kh tkrh gS
ukxj 'kSyh vkeyd rFkkdy'k dh mifLFkfr }kjk eaMiksa ds fuekZ.k e

 ukxj 'kSyh%mRrj Hkkjr esa eafnj okLrqdyk dh tks 'kSyh LraHkksa dk mi;ksx xHkZx`g ds pkjksa vksj iznf{k.kk iF
fodflr gqbZ] mls
ukxj 'kSyhdgrs gSaA tkrk gSA
 rd gqvkA  oxkZ
bl 'kSyh dk fodklfgeky; ls ysdj foaè; {ks=kksa dkj rFkk Åij dh vksj oØ gksrs f'k[kj bldh fo'ks"krk gSA
 vk;rkdkj :i esa fufeZr gq;s blds fupys fgLls dks
bl 'kSyh ds eafnj uhps ls mQij pcwrjk]Hkhrjh Hkkx xHkZx`g] vkarfjd
fo'kky pcwrjs(osnh) ij cuk;k tkrk gSA foLr`r {ks=kfoeku
rFkk ,d laiw.kZ eafnj dks rFkk cká Hkkx dks f'k[kj dgrs gSaA
ukxj 'kSyh ds izeq[k efUnj  buds dksus pkjesa NksVs nsoky;

cus gq, gSaA
 ukx j 'kSyh ds varxZr mHkjh rhu eq[; mi&'kSfy;ksa
vksfM'kk
] esa blesa ,d vkeyd gS rFkk
vkeyd ij ,d dy'k LFkkfir gSA
[ktqjkgksrFkklksyaadh
dh 'kSfy;k¡ gSA  eafnjesa vkxs cus cjkens
gq, gSaA
iapk;ru 'kSyh  bldk fuekZ.k yky cyqvk iRFkj ls gqvk Fkk]Hkxoku blesa
eq[; nsoky; dks ,d oxkZdkj osnh ij cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk pkj fo".kq dh f=keq[kh izfrek xHkZx`g
esa LFkkfir dh xbZA
dksuksa esa pkj NksVs lgk;d nsoky; cuk;s tkrs gSaA bUgsa iapk;ru
d anfj;k egknso eafnj
'kSyh dgrs gSaA
 [ktqjk gks ds eafnjksa esa
xqIrdkyhu eafnj lo ZJ s "B e a f nj
 fo' ks"krk&
xHkZx`g esa izos'k
,d }kjk gksrk gSvyaÑr
tks gksrk danfj;k egknso dk
gS blds pkjksa vksj ?kweus ds fy, iznf{k.kk iFk gksrk gSA eafnj
eafnj gSA dh
Nr izk;%lery gksrh gS fdUrq dqNf'k[kj eafnj;qDr Hkh
 blds f'k[kj o
cuus yxs& nsox<+ dk n'kkorkj eafnj A
vyadj.k bldh
 efUnj eq[;r% iRFkj ls curs gS ysfdu dqN efUnj
,d bZVls danfj;k eafnj
fof'k"V igpku gSA
Hkh fufeZr gq,dkuiqj
tSls dk Hkhrj xk¡o dk eafnj ftlesa
 blesa igys pcwrjs] fiQj var esa
xHkZx`gcuk gqvk gSA
Hkhrjh Hkkx
lknk gksrk Fkk pkS[kV
vkSj ij 'ka[k dk fpßcuk
 eafnjds mÙkjh ] nf{k.kh
] if'peh dksuksa ij cus vky;ksa esa
gksrk FkkA
czãk] fo".kq
] egs'k vkfn nsorkvksa dh izfrek LFkkfir gSaA
 xqIrdkyhu efUnjksa tcyiqj
esads fudV cukfrxok dk fo".kq
if'p e Hkkjr (lksyadh 'kSyh)
eafnjrFkkeè; izns'kesa fLFkrupukdqBkj dk ikoZrh eafnj
 Hkkjr ds if'peksRrj {ks=kksa
xqtjkr]
esajktLFkkurFkkif'peh
mYys[kuh; gSA
eè; izns'k ('kSyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa) blesa 'kkfey fd;s tkrs g
[ktqjkgks
mi'kSyh
 bu eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k jax] fdLe
esa rFkkcyqvk iRFkjksa dk
 [ktqjkgks dh mi'kSyh dk laj{k.kpansy 'kkldksa
us fd;k rFkk
mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
bldk fodkl 10oha&13oha 'krkCnh ds eè; gqvkA
 blesa liQsn fpdus laxejej dk iz;ksx fn[krk gSA
 eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k
ykyesa
cyqvk iRFkj ] eVeSyh xzsukbV
rFkk
 blds rgr fganw eafnjksa ds lkFk&lkFktSu eafnjksa
dk fuekZ.k
iUuk [knku ds LFkkuh; xqykch iRFkjksa
dk mi;ksx gqvkA
gqvkA
 f'k[kj ds Åij fudyh ehukjuqek vkÑfr& m:Jax xHkZx`g
rFkk
 ekma V vkcw ds eafnjksa dks'kkld lksyadh
Hkhe flagds ea=kh
cjkens ds chp ds xfy;kjs& varjkyA
naMuk;d foey }kjk cuok;k x;k blfy, bls foey'kkgh
 bl 'kSyh dh eafnjksa dh izfrekvksa a nsoh
] nsork
es ] vIljk eafnjHkh dgrs gSaA
ds vfrfjDr laHkksxjrizfrek,¡rFkki'kqvksa dh vkÑfr;k¡
foey'kkgh eafnj
fo|eku gSaA
 v kcw ioZr ij fLFkr ;g
 [ktqjkgks ds eq[; eafnjksay{e.k
esarFkkdanfj;k egknsodk
eafnjjktLFkkuh 'kSyh
eafnj fof'k"V gSaA dk leUo; gSA bldks
y{e.k eafnj naMuk;dfoey }kjk
 ;g eafnjfo".kq dks cuok;k x;kA
lefiZr gSA  ; g eafnjeks<+sjk ds eafnj
 bl dk f ue kZ .k ds ledkyhu gSA
foey'kkgh eafnj
pansyoa'kh; jktk  l iQsn laxejej ls fufeZr]
/ax }kjk 954 bZ- esa bldh pkjnhokjh gSA bleas
vkfnukFk dh ewfrZ;k¡
fojkt eku gSA
djok;k x;kA y{e.k eafnj  izos'k}kjxqacnkdkj] lkeus iwjc 6 LraHkksa
esa dk rFkk
eaMi
 ;g eafnj Å¡ph osnh blds chp esatSfu;ksa ds iafDr]
ioZrksa dk n`'; cuk gqvk gSA
ij fLFkr vkSj ml rd igq¡pus ds lhf<+;k¡
fy, cuh gqbZ gSA
 blds rhu izeq[k vax xHkZZx`g]
eaMirFkkvarjky gSaA
eks<+
sjk dk lw;Z eafnj (xqtjkr 'kSyh)  ,d jgL;e;h ?kVuk ftlesa xqEcn pqEcdh;
dh 'kfDrdh
 bl 'kSyh ds eafnj esa lkeus otg ls leqæh iksr dh nq?kZVuk gksus yxhA CySd
bl eafnj dks
,d vk;rkdkj tydqaM ] gS iSxksMk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ftlds pkjksa vksj cjkens cus  ;g eafnj jFk ds vkdkj dk cuk gqvk gS ftlesa iRFkj 24 ds
gq, gSaA ifg;sa lkr ?kksM+ksa
}kjk [khaps tkrs gSaA
 dqa M esa tkus ds fy,
lhf<+;k¡  ;wu sLdks}kjk bl eafnj dks
fo'o fojklr dh lwph esa 'kkfey
fufeZr gSaA fd;k gSA
 lhf<+;ksa ds [kkyh
eè; LFkku] fyaxjkt eafnj
lw;Z eafnj] eks<ssjk  bl eafnj dks mM+hlk
muesa
NksVs&NksVs fLFkr
nsoky;
gSaA
 tyd qaM if'pe
ds dh vksj fpf=kr rksj.k fo|ekugSaA LFkkiR; ds lEiw.kZ
fo'ks"krkvksa ds fy,
 blesa cuspcwrjs ij lhf<+;ksa
ls igq¡pdj eafnj esa
izos'kfd;k
loksZijh ekuk tkrk gSA
tk ldrk gSA
 ;g eafnj Hkqous'oj
 bZ aVksa
rFkkiRFkjksa
ls fufeZr vkaxu gSA fyaxjkt eafnj
esa fLFkr gSA
 xHkZx`gukxj
esa 'kSyhdk f'k[kj ,oa mllstqM+k m:ÜkàxgSaA bu eafnjksa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk
HkksxeaMy
igys] uVeaMi
]
 fo"kqoksa dslwjt
nkSjku
dh fdj.ksalh/s eq[; eafnj ij iM+rh gSaAtxeksgurFkk vkf[kjh xHkZx`g
essa gksrk gSA
iwohZHkkjr (vksfM'kk 'kSyh)  bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k 11ohalnh esalkseoa'kh jktk ;rkfr
 bls dfyax ;k iqjh 'kSyh ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] blds ds'kjh izFke ds }kjk djok;k x;k vkSj ;g Hkxoku f'ko dks
f'k•j dksnsmydgk tkrk FkkA rhu çdkj ds nsmy js•kgSa lefiZr gSA bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k yky cyqvk iRFkjls gqvkA
nsmy ] fia<k nsmy
vkSj••jknsmyA eaMi dkstxeksgudgk  blesa150 izdkj ds NksVs&NksVs cuk;s
eafnj
x;sA
tkrk FkkA eafnjæfoM+
esa 'kSyh dh rjg pkjnhokjh gSiwohZ ckgjh
Hkkjr (vle 'kSyh)
nhokjksa dks HkO; :i ls ltk;k tkrk gS tcfd vkarfjd nhokjsa
bl 'kSyh esa fuekZ.k ds VsjkdksVk
fy, dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk
lk/kj.k gksrh gSA 6oha 'krkCnh esa njoktk&nk&ikoZfr;k
fufeZr ij ge xqIr ds
mM+hlk eafnj lewg çHkko dks Hkh ns• ldrs gSa ysfdu12oha cknlsesa14oha
tx eksgu e.Mi@lHkk Hkou 'krkCnh rdÅijh cekZ lsrkb ds dkj.k {ks=kh; 'kSyh vgkse
fodflr gqbZ] tks
caxky dhiky 'kSyhds lkFk fefJr gks xbZA
fi "B vf/"Bku (pcwrjk)
eLrd 'kh"kZ (vkeyd) d kek[;k eafnj
x.Mh f'k[kj xqokgkVh] vle 17oha lnh
'kfÙkQihB] nsoh dkek[;k dks
nsoy@nsmy xHkZx`g
lefiZr] rkaf=kd mikldksa ds
 bu eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k ds ijdksVk
fy, rFkkxzsukbV
dk iz;ksx fy,] vacqckph esys ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA çfl¼ (nsoh ds okf"kZd
d ks.kkdZ dk lw;Z eafnj ekfld /eZ dk mRlo)A dkek[;k nsoh eafnj
 bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k
ioZrh; 'kSyh ds eafnj
jktk ujflag nso us  d qekÅ ] x<+oky] fgekpy vkSjd'ehj dh igkfM+;ksa esa
djok;kA fodflr okLrqdyk dk vuwBk xka/kj :i] 'kSyh dk çkjafHkd
 ;g vius vkdkj vkSj çHkko] ckn esa xqIr vkSj xqIr ds cknckS¼ dk çHkko]
vkSjfganw
f'kYidyk ds fy, eafnj feyrs gSa
•M+h Nrksads lkFkydM+h ds eafnj ds fuekZ.k
lw;Z eafnj (dks.kkdZ)
fo'o esa izfl¼ gSA dh viuh ijaijkeq[; xHkZx`g vkSjf'k•j js•kçlkn 'kSyhesa
 eafnjesssa otunkj xqEcnls uhao ugha cuh cfYd ;g xqEcngSa vkSj eaMi esa
ydM+h dh okLrqdyk gSA ewfrZ;ksa rkacsvkSjesa
eafnj dk fgLlk FkkA tLrs dk mi;ksx gqvk gSA
iaMªsFku
eafnj • ujflagoeZu f}rh; & pêðkuksa rjk'kdj
dks cuk, x,
 8& 9oha lnh esa
Hkxoku f'kodks lefiZr eafnj ds ikl ikuh eafnjksa ds ctk;
okLrfod lajpukRedeafnj ds fuekZ.k
dh Vadh@tyk'k; feyh gS_ ydM+h bekjr]
dhuqdhys Nr dk vkjEHk gqvkA
vkSj /hjs&/hjs ls ckgj dhfrjNs
vksjgksrs gq, cgqr gh de • uanhoeZu& vkdkj esaNksVs eafnjks
a dk fuekZ.k
ek=kk vyadj.k
esa xqIr ds ckn uDdk'kh dh dehA  egkcyhiqje esa okLrqdyk %7oha&8oha 'krkCnh ujflagoeZu
esa
æfoM+ 'kSyh çFke }kjk LFkkfir 'kgj ftls
ekeYyiqje ds uke ls Hkh tkuk
tkrk gS] ekeY; dk vFkZ gksrk egkugS&
;ks¼k
A ;g ;wusLdks
dk ,d fo'o /jksgj LFkygSA
f'k[kj
' kksj eafnj
3 eafnj& 2 f'ko ds vkSj 1 fo".kq ds lajpukRed eafnj] xzsukb
xksiqje eaMi ls cuk xksiqjedk lcls iqjkuk mnkgj.k ik¡p eaftyk eafnj gSA
foeku jFk eafnj ;k iap jFk
pêðkuksa dks dkVdj cuk, x, lcls iqjkus eafnjA
æfoM+ 'kSyh ds eafnj xHkZx`g  •qyh goknkj çLrj Nr% lajpukRed fo'o dk lcls cM+k
 nf{ k.k eas
iYyoksa
ds }kjk7oha 'krkCnh ds ckn eafnj fuekZ.k vkSjlcls iqjkuk xaxkds LoxZ i`Foh
ls ij vorfjr gksus dh
'kq: gqvkA dgkuh ;kvtZqu dh riL;k ;kiYyo jktk dh Lrqfr djus
 a ds nkSjku
pksyks nf{k.k Hkkjr dheafnj okLrqdyk
vius ds fy, ç'kfLrA
pjeksRd"kZ ij FkhA p ksy 'kSyh ds eafnj
æfoM+'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk,¡  9oha ls 13oha 'krkCnh ds chpiwoZofrZ;ksa
vius (iYyo]
• iapk;ru 'kSyh (NksVs eafnj ifjlj esa ugha) pkyqD; ;k ikaM~;) dh rqyuk esa foLr`r iSekus dk mi;ksx
• xHkZx`g ds izos'k }kjikykssssssa  f' ko eafnj%
}kj ij (feFkqu vkSj ;{k) dh ewfrZ ratkoqj esa 11oha lnhjktjkts'oj
esa ;k c`gns'oj
feyrh gSA eafnjds uke ls fufeZr gqvk jktjkt
gSA pksy }kjk lHkh
• Å¡phpkjnhokjh ls f?kjhA Hkkjrh; eafnjksa esa lcls cM+k lcls Å¡pk
vkSj rFkk blesa
• Å¡psizos'k }kj dks
xksiqje~
dgrs FksA cgqeaftyk foeku gSA nks
eaftyk xHkZx`g] fyaxjktds :i esa
çeq• nsorkf'ko] igyh ckj xksiqje;gk¡ ns•k x;k gSA blds
• f'k[kj dksfoeku dgrs FksA
lkFk vU; rhurksj.k izos'k }kj
Hkh gSA blesa,dk'e f'k•j
• foekuv"Vdks.kgksrk FkkA
gS xHkZx`g dh nhokjksa
ikSjkf.kd
esadFkk
ds fHkfÙk fp=k fpf=kr
• eafnjifjlj ds vanj tyk'k; dh mifLFkfrA dh xbZ gSa rFkk ewfrZ;ksa
uDdk'khdh esaxbZ gSA
mnkgj.k %
xaxbZdksaM
pksyiqje eafnj  ;g eafnjxzsukbV pV~Vkuksa
dksjktsUæ izFke us xaxk ls cus gq, gSA
ds MsYVkbZdh{ks=k
thr dh [kq'kh esssa cuok;k FkkA
oslj 'kSyh
iYyo 'kSyh ds eafnj
 7oha ls 8oha 'krkCnh ds chp iRFkj vkSj Lekjdksa  bls dukZVd
esa dbZ 'kSyh ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl 'kSyh dk
f'kykys•ksa dk fuekZ.k ftlesa T;knkrj /eZds gSaA vkjEHk 7oha 'krkCnh ds
'kSoeafnj pkyqD;
eè; 'kkldksads }kjk fd;k
x;k rFkk ;gjk"VªdwVksa
nDdu dsckS¼ bfrgklls çHkkfor eaMi jFkksa esa foHkkftr ds 'kklu dky esa vR;f/d fodflr
(lcls cM+k& /eZjkt jFk) iYyo eafnjksa 4 pj.k
dksesa gqbZ] blesa
ukxjvkSjæfoM+nksuksa 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ çkIr gksrh
oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS (igys eafnj pêðkuksa dksdkVdj
egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bu ukxj
eafnjksa
'kSyh
ds
esaf'k•j
cuk, x, rFkk ckn ds dky esa lajpukRed eafnj)A vkSjoxkZdkjvk/kj gS rFkk æfoM+ 'kSyh LraHkksa
dh rjgij
• egsaæoeZu çFke
& pêðkuksa s rjk'kdj
dk cuk, x, eafnjA eaMivkSjtfVy uDdk'khdh xbZ gSA f'k•j vkSjeaMi
• ujflagoeZu çFke& dks cuk, x, eafnjksa varjkyls tqM+s gq, gSaA blfy, eafnjksa
pêðkuksarjk'kdj xHkZx`g
dsesa
pkjksa vksj
dkstfVy ewfrZ;ksa
ds }kjkvyaÑr fd;k x;kA •qyk ekxZ ugha gSA
fo'ks"krk,¡  dY;k.k eaMiuked ,d u;s eaMi dk pyu bl 'kSyh esa

• foeku vkSjeaMi dks vR;f/d egRoA
gqvkA
• [ kqys iznf{k.kk iFkA

 bl dky ds eafnjksaewfrZ
ds izfr"Bkiu
esa 'kkldksa vkSj mudh
ifRu;ksssssa dh ewfrZ yxkbZ tkrh FkhA
• [ kEHkksa
] njoktksa
vkSjNr dksckjhd uDdk'kh
ls ltk;k x;k gSA
 fot;uxj xzsukbV ,oa
DyksjkbV iRFkj ls fufeZr 'kgj gSA
• ykn•ku eafnj%
,gksy] dukZVd igkfM+;ksa ds ydM+h dh Nr okys
 eafnj,d lEiw.kZ dykÑfr] ftlesssa u dsoy ewfrZ;k¡ o fp=k F
eafnjksa ls çsfjr ysfdu bldk fuekZ.k çLrj ls fd;k x;k gSA
cfYd laxhr] u`R;vkSjjaxeaph;izn'kZu Hkh gksrs FksA
 mnkgj.k %Mkacy dk MksMk clkCck eafnj] cknkeh ds eafnj
 bu 'kkldksa }kjk fufeZr
fo|kuxj] osYYkksj
vkfn uxjksa dh
;ly 'kSyh
gks LFkkiuk dh x;hA
 gks;ly 'kkldksa us eSlwj ds fudV viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh blesa ,d yksi{kh

dh u`R;'kkyk
] laxhrkRed LraHk
rFkk
foV~By eafnj
cuok;s x;sA
fodflr dhA
 mnkgj.k %
;s eafnjtfVy fMtkbuokysrkjs ds vkdkj esa cuh gksrh gSA foêòyLokeh eafnj] dey egy] gEih fLFkr fo:ik{k
 bls rkjke; ;kstuk ds :i esa Hkh tkurs gSA eafnjA
 eq[; fuekZ.k
lkexzh&eqyk;e cyqvk iRFkjksssa
dk mi;ksxA
 eafnjksa
dkstxrh ds :i esa mBs eap
ij cuk;k x;kA
 bl 'kSyh ds eafnjksa
ujs'k
dksujflag}kjk viuh jkt/kuh
}kj
leqæ eas cuok;kA
gks;lys'oj eafnj
gks;ly eafnj] dukZVd
esa 1150 bZ-eqyk;e
esa
cyqvk iRFkj ls cukA
uVjkt ds :i esa f'ko
dks lefiZr ;g eafnj uk;d 'kSyh
,d nks eafty bekjr gks;ly e afnj
 bls enqjS 'kSyh ds uke ls Hkh tkuk 16oha
tkrk gSAls 18oha
gS] ftlesa
laxhrvkSju`R;ds fy, eaMi fo|eku gSA 'krkCnhds eè; æfoM+ 'kSyh
ds leku bLykeh okLrqdyk ls
çHkkfor fo'kky xfy;kjksa ;k ijkØe dh mifLFkfr
xksiqjedh
fot; uxj 'kSyh
dyk uk;d 'kSyh esa vius pjeksRd"kZ ij igq¡puk;dxbZ]
 fot ;uxj dh LFkkiuk 1336 bZ-
esa gqbZA bl uxj dh LFkkiuk 'kSyhds vUrxZr lcls Å¡ps
xksiqje
dk fuekZ.k gqvkehuk{kh
tks
gfjgj ,oa cqDdk }kjk dh xbZA eafnjksa
pksy] gks;ly]
esa iakM~; eafnj (enqjS) esa fLFkr gSA eafnj dh lajpuk tfVy ij
vkSjpkyqD;ksadh la;qÙkQ fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA ;gk¡ nf{k.k
ds eafnj
uDdk'khfo|eku gSA
okLrqdyk ds 'kSyh esa vkrs gSaA  bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k
fr:eYykbZ uk;dds dky esa gqvkA
 cht kiqjdh baMks&bLykfedls'kSyh
çHkkforæfoM+ 'kSyh  ds bl eafnj esa oLrqr% nks Hkou ,d gSf'ko
ftlesarFkknwljk
eafnjksa dh pkjnhokjh
rjg ls f?kjk gqvkA nhokjksa
vR;f/dij ehuk{kh
(f'ko dh iRuh) dks lefiZr gSA
uDdk'kh] eafnjesa lHkh rjiQ
xksiqjegSA  eafnjessavuq"Bkfud Luku ds fy, fo'kky tyk'k; Hkh
 dsaæh; eaMi fufeZr fd;k x;kA
,dk' e çLrj ds LraHk ,d ls vf/d eaMi vkSj
dksdY;k.k eaMi ds uke ls tkuk tkrk/eZfujis{k
gSA bekjrksa
 fo'kky tyk'k; ds pkjksssssssa
lhf<+;k¡
vksj
vkSjLraHk;qDr }kj eaMi
dh vo/kj.kk çpfyr gqbZA Hkh gSA
 ;g efUnj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; yksxksa dsvkfFkZd

thou dh
vkSj Hkkjrds izeq[k eafnj
lkekftd fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA
• osadVs'
oj eafnj fr#ifr] vka/z izns'k
 ;g lcls izkphu eafnjkssa
esa ls ,d gSaA
kFk Lokeh eafnj
• jaxu uSYyksj] vka/z izns'k
 bl eafnj dks fo'o ds7 vtwcksa
esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
• uoxzg eafnj xqokgkVh] vle
• lkseukFk eafnj fxj lkseukFk] xqtjkr
• Jh cgqpkjk ekrk eafnj esglkuk] xqtjkr
• cS|ukFk nso?kj] >kj[k.M
• fo#ik{k gEih dukZVd
• foV~
By Lokeh eafnj gEih] dukZVd
• in~eukHk Lokeh fr#ouariqje] dsjy
Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
• lc jhekyk iruefrV~Vk] dsjy
iky vkSj lsu 'kSyh • egkdkys'oj eafnj mTtSu] eè; izns'k
 caxky{ks=knks
esa izdkj
dh 'kSfy;k¡
iQyh&iwQyh
A • foV~
By eafnj i<+jiqj] egkjk"Vª
 8oha&
12ohalnh ds chp iky vkSjlsuoa'k ds laj{k.k ds• dj.kh ekrk ns'kuksd (chdkusj)] jktLFkku
v/hu bl 'kSyh dk fodkl gqvkA
• jkeIik eafnj eqyqxq] rsyaxkuk
iky 'kSyh lsu ' kSyh • eq#

xu eafnj paxyiV~V`] rfeyukMq
i ky 'kkld ckS¼ (egk;ku) FksAl su 'kkld fgUnw FksA • pkSlB;ksfxuh eafnj tcyiqj] eè; izns'k
cgqr lfg".kq lf g".kq Hkkjr ds ckgj fLFkr dqN eafnj

• dVk{k jkt eafnj ikfdLrkuesa fLFkr] Hkxoku f'ko dks
ckS¼ vkSj fgUnw nksuksa ckS¼vkSj fgUnw nksukssssssa
l efiZrA
/eks± dk laj{k.k /eks± dk laj{k.k
• vadksjokVeafnj dacksfM;k
esa fLFkr] fo'o dk lcls
eafn
jksa
fogkjksa] pSR;ksa] Lrwiksa dk dk fuekZ.k rFkk lkFk cM+k eafnjA Hkxoku fo".kq dks lefiZr]
fuekZ.k djok;kA gh ckS¼ LFkkiR; dks cuk;s j[kkA [kesj 'kkldksa }kjk 800&1300 bZ- esa
fl¼s'oj eafnj dk fuekZ.k cka
Xykns'k esa <+kds'ojh fufeZrA
(cjkdj esa) tks f'ko dks lefiZr eafn
j dk fuekZ.k • i'kqifrukFk eafnj dkBekaMq
] usiky esa fLFkrA Hkxoku
okLrqdyk dh fo'ks"krk f'ko dks lefiZrA
• ck¡l dh >ksifM+;ksa
dh Hkkafr Hkouksa dks;k <yqvk • izhgfogkj eafnj
oØkdkj dacksfM;k
esa fLFkr] [kesj 'kkldksa
Nr (caXyk Nr) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA }kjk fufeZr] Hkxoku f'ko dks lefiZrA
• kdksVk
Vsj dh b±Vksa
dk iz;ksx A ;wusLdks
dh fo'o /jksgj dh lwph esa
• eafnjksa
dk yack]oØkdkj f'k[kjA ' kkfeyA
• ewfrZ • izcuu eafnj
;ksa ds fy,izLrjo /krq dh ewfrZ;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k baMksusf'k;k
esa fLFkrA
f=kewfrZ
(czãk]
tkrk gSA fo".kq] egs'k) dks lefiZrA


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Questions Analysis

4 Hkkjrh; fp=dyk
(Indian Painting)
dyk ds fofHkUu :iksa esa fp=kdkjh dyk dk lw{ere izdkj gS] tks js[kkvksa vkSj jaxksa ds ekè;e ls ekuo fparu vkSj Hk
djrk gSA izkxSfrgkfld dky esa euq"; xqiQkvksa esa jgrk Fkk] rks mlus xqiQkvksa dh nhokjksa ij fp=kdkjh dhA
fodkl gksus ij ;g fp=kdkjh xqiQkvksa lsoL=kksa
fudydj
] Hkouksa
] crZuksa
] flDdksa] dkxtksa
vkfn ij vk xbZA
Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh  Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh Hkkjrh;

esa laLÑfr dh Hkkafr gh çkphudky
ls ysdj vkt rd ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dh ,d:irk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA
izkxSfrgkfld izkphu eè;dkyhu vk/qfud  çkphu o eè;dky ds nkSjku
Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh
eq[; :i ls
fp=kdyk fp=kdyk fp=kdyk /kfeZd Hkkoukls çsfjr Fkh] ysfdu vk/qfud dky rd
ykSfdd thoudk fu#i.k djrh gSA vkt Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh
çkxSfrgkfld dky yksdthouds fo"k; mBkdj mUgsa
ewrZ(lkdkj) dj jgh gSA
 Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh ds çkjafHkdçkxSfrgkfld
mnkgj.k dkyds Hkkjr esa fp=kdyk ds ekud
gSa] tc ekuo
xqiQkvksa dh nhokjksa
ij fp=kdkjh
fd;k djrk  Hkkjr esa fp=kdyk dh çkphu
vR;arrFkkle`¼ ijEijk jgh gS_
FkkA tks orZeku rd tkjh gSA Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk dkfuf'pr
fodkl
 HkhecsVdkdh xqiQkvksa
esa dh xbZ
fp=kdkjh 5500 bZ-iw-
ls fu;eksarFkkekudksa
ds vk/kj ij gqvk gSA
Hkh vf/d iqjkuh gSA  okRL;k;u ukV~;'kkL=k]
fo".kq /eZiqjk.k
vkfn xzUFkksa esa vPNs fp=
 7oha 'krkCnhvtark
esa vkSj ,yksjk xqiQkvksa dh fp=kdkjh
fuekZ.k 6esa
rRo vko';d ekus x;s gS_ tks
"kM+akx
uke ls
Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh
dk lokZsÙke mnkgj.k gSaA izpfyr gSA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa&
:iHksn ,d vkÑfr dk nwljs vkÑfr esa gksuk] blds rgr ekuk x;k fd cuk;h tkus okyh vkÑfr (L=kh&iq#"k] i'kq&i{
nwljh vkÑfr;ksa ls fHkUu gksuh pkfg,A
çek.k fp=kksa dh cukoV ,oa vuqikr esa larqyu gksuk pkfg,A
Hkko fp=k ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftlesa Hkkouk,sa fn•k;h nsrh gksA (Hkkouk dk çn'kZu)
yko.; ;kstuk fp=kksalkSan;Z
esa dk çn'kZu fo"k; ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A (lkSan;Z dk çn'kZu)
lkn`';rk fp=k ,slk gks ewy
tks vkÑfrrFkkçfrÑfr dh lekurk çnf'kZr djsA tSls&
f'ko Me: ds lkFkÑ".k cklqjhds
lkFkA
of.kZdk Hkax;g fp=kdkj ds xq.k ls lacf/r gSA blds rgr ekuk x;k gS fd fp=kdkj dks jax fuekZ.k dh dyk ,oa rqfydk ij i
gksuh pkfg,A
çkphu Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk

izkphu Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk
ck?k dh fp=kdykcknkeh dh fp=kdyk

ik"kk.k dkyhu fp=kdyk vtark dh fp=kdyk flruokly fp=kdyk
,yksjk dh fp=kdyk
ik"kk.
k dkyhu fp=kdyk kdkyhu fp=kksa ds fofo/rkiw.kZ fo"k;
ik"kk.
 vk• sV ,oa f'kdkj ds fp=k&lk¡Hkj
] fgj.k] uhyxk;] taxyh
ik"kk.kdkyhu fp=kdyk HkSlk
] lwvj vkfn tkuojksa dks ?ksj dj f'kdkj djrs gq, fpf=kr
fd;k x;k gSA (f'kdkj ds fp=k lcls vf/d la[;k esa cus gSA)
eè;ik"kk.k (le`¼)uoik"kk.k rkezik"kk.k
iqjkik"kk.k
(10000&6000(6000&20 00 (3000&1000  nSfu d thou ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa
ij fp=k ekrkvksa dks nw/
fuEu eè; mPp bZ-iw-) bZ-iw-) iw-)
bZ- fiykrs gq,] u`R; djrs gq,
] efnjkiku djrs rFkktqywl esa
ik"kk.kdkyhu fp=kksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ tkrs gq, vkfn cuk, x, gSA
 ik"kk. k dkyhu fp=k xqiQkvksanhokjksa
dh
] iQ'kks±
,oa Nrksa dks  bl dkj.k ik"kk.k dkyhu fp=kdyk isxks
dks xk;yklds uke
uqdhys iRFkj ls •qjnqjk djds cuk, x, gSaA (,slk fp=kksa dks
ls tkurs gSaA
nh?kZthoh cukus ds mís'; ls fd;k x;k gSA)
 ik"kk.k dkyhu fp=kksa ds fo'ks"k i{k fp=kdyk dh le> rFk
 xs#vkyky (eq[; jax)] ihyk] dkyk] liQsnrFkkgjkvkfn
çfrekudks è;ku esa j•rs gq, cuk, x, gS] bUgsa ns•us ls yxrk
jaxksa dk ç;ksx fp=k.k esa fd;k x;k gSA
gS fd yksxksalkSan;Z
dh ds çfr #fp jgh gksxhA
 jax kas dk fuekZ.k
çkÑfrd inkFkks±
tSls•futksa,oa ouLifr;ksa
ls fd;k x;k gSA jaxksa dks cukus ds mís'; lsi'kqvksa fp=kksa dh fo'ys"k.kkRed O;k[;k&
nh?kZthoh fofHkUu fo}kuksa
us fHkUu
dh pchZ,oa v.Ms dh tnhZ dk feJ.k fd;k tkrk gSA &fHkUu n`f"V;ksa ls bu fp=kksa dh O;k[;k dh gSaA
mi;ksfxrkoknh O;k[;k
vusd fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd bu fp=kksa dh vkfnekuo ds thou esa vR;Ur mi;ksfxrk jgh gksxh
dj mUgksaus ;g fp=k cuk,a gSA
gks
lkSUn;Z ijd O;k[;k dbZ fo}ku ekurs gS fd bu fp=kksa dks vkuUn dh çkfIr ,oa lkSUn;Z dh çsj.kk ds dkj.k vkuane
gSA
Hkkjr esa bl dyk dk fodkl ewyr% blh çsj.kk ls gqvk gS A ik"kk.k dky esa Hkh ;g çsj.kk eq[;
tknqbZ O;k[;k vusd fo}kuksa dk ekuukik"kk.k
gS fd dkyhu vkfnekuok
sa}kjk bu fp=kksa
vU/&fo'okl
dks ds dkj.k cuk;k
x;k gSA f'kdkj djus ls igys ;s tkuojksa ds f'kdkj ds fp=k cukrs Fks rkfd mu tkuojksa dh vkRek
gks
tk,A ftlls f'kdkj djuk vklku gks tk,A
ewY;kadu mís'; tks Hkh jgk gks ysfdu ;g fp=kdyk dh n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
egRo v tUrk dh fp=kdyk
 Hkkjr ds çkjfEHkd bfrgkl ds laLÑfr dh tkudkjh dsfy,;g fp=kdyk ckS¼ /eZ
;g fp=kvR;Ur ewY;oku lzksr gSa D;ksfd ml dky fyfiesa ls izHkkfor Fkk rFkk
dk çpyu ugha Fkk tks Hkh gks ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ ekè;eblds gSA[kkstdrkZ tkWu
 bu fp=kksa ik"kk.kdkyhu
ls yksxksathou
ds 'kSyh] vknj&O;ogkj] fLeFk FksA
fnup;kZ vkfn dh tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA
 egkjk"Vªds vkSjaxkckn
 ik"kk. kdkyhu fp=kdkfj;ksa ls Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk dh çphurk ds
ftys esalákfæ dh
eq[; lzksr feyrs gS rFkk blls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh;
igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr vtark 29 esa
xqiQk,¡
dqy
gSaA
ik"kk.k dky ls ghdykvksa esa :fp j•us okys yksx FksA
 ?kksM+s
dh uky ds vkdkj (v¼Zo`Ùkkdkj) dh ;s xqiQk,¡ o|ksjk
ik"kk.
kdkyhu fp=kksa ,oa orZeku fp=kksa esa rqyuk unh ?kkVh ds ck,¡ Nksj ij ,d vkXus; pêðku dks dkVdj
• lekurk ds rRo % lkSan;Z Hkkoksa dk çn'kZu dykRed vfHk#fp cukbZ xbZ gSa] ftlds fu"iknu
8 'krkfCn;ksa
esa dk le;yxk gSA
jaxkas dk vkilh lek;kstu vkfn orZekuik"kk.kdkyhu
esa Hkh  xqiQkvksa nhokjksa
dh (fHkfÙk) rFkkNrksaij cuk, x, fp=kksa esa
fp=kksa
tSls gh gksrs gSaA lokZf/d egÙoiw.kZtkrd fp=k
dFkkvksa (cq¼) ls tqM+s gq, gSA
• vleku rk ds rRo % orZeku esa fp=kdyk dk lkSan;Z
mís';
,oa  vt ark dh xqiQk la[;k 9 vkSj10 esa çkphure fp=kdyk,¡ gSa
vkuUndh çkfIr ds ctk; HkkSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fgrksals
ftudh lekurk vejkorh dh ewfrZdyk vkSj lkrokgu dky
çsfjr vf/d gS] tcfd ik"kk.k dky esa yksx
fp=k.k ykHk dh
(2 BC) dh ekuo vkÑfr;ksa os'kHkw"kk]
nd
dh vkHkw"k.kksa
rFkk
n`f"V ls vkuan ds fy, djrs FksA
tkrh; fo'ks"krkvksa ls gSaA
 la[;k 16&17ds fp=kik¡poha lnh

xqiQk ds eè; cus gSa] buesa
 ;gk¡ ds fp=k y;kRed 'kSyh ds gSa] fp=kdkjksa us fp=k cukrs
vka/z vkSj
okdkVd'kkldksa dk o.kZu gSA mHkkj
] Nk;k]xksykbZ
vkfn ds fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k gSA
 16oha xqiQkesa loZJs"B fp=k
ej.kklUu jktdqekjhrFkk  tgk¡dkseyrkdh vko';drk gS ogk¡ ckjhd rFkk tgk¡ n`<+rk
egkRek cq¼ ds mins'k dk gSA dh vko';drk gS ogk¡
eksVh,oa xgjh js•k, •haph x;h gSA
 xqiQk la[;k
1] 2 vkSj5 ds fp=k ik¡poha lnh ls NBh lnh esafp=kdkjksajaxksa
}kjk
dk ç;ksxfo"k; dsekaxds vuqlkj fuiq.krk
vFkkZr~ lcls ckn esa budk fuekZ.k gqvkA ds lkFk fd;k x;k gSA
 buxqiQkvksa (1] 2] 5) esa vR;f/d
vyadj.k vkSjvkHkw"k.kh;  xs:ok] gjk] yky] liQsn] uhyk]ihyk vkfn jaxkas dk ç;ksx
vfHkdYiksa
ds lkFktkrd dh dgkfu;ksa dks fpf=krfd;k x;k
fd;k x;k gSA jaxksa dk fuekZ.k •futksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa ds
gSA
ls fd;k x;k gSA
 xqiQk la[;k ,d esa
iÁikf.k voyksfdrs'oj] ekj&fot; rFkk
 v tUrk ds fp=kksa dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd leku fo
pkyqD; jktkiqydsf'ku f}rh;vkSjbZjku ds llkuh lkezkT;
gksus ij Hkh fp=kksa dh iqujko`fÙk ugha dh x;h gSA fp
ds ckn'kkg •qljks f}rh;ds lkFk nwrksa ds vknku&çnku dk
fp=k Hkh vafdr gSA fp=kksajl esa
fl¼kUr dk ikyu fd;k gSA
 vt arkdh fp=kdyk esa ds tfj;s xgjs&pednkj tSls cksf/lRo in~eikf.k

js•kvksa ds fp=k]ej.kklUu jktdqekjhds
xqykch
] Hkwjs ] gjsvkfn jaxksa ls ,slk fp=k cuk;k x;kfp=k
] flUnwjh gS] rFkk vke L=kh&iq#"kksa ds fp=kksa esa eq•M+s dk H
ftldh ped gtkjksalky ckn Hkh 'ks"k gSA fprou gkFk dh eqækvksa dks ns•dj le>k tk ldrk gSA
 v tark ds fp=kksa dh ,d •kl fo'ks"krk blds ik=kksa dk
 LoHkko&
;gk¡ds fp=kksa esa fL=k;ksa ds fp=kksa dks fp=kdkjksa u
fp=k.k gSA ls vafdr fd;k gS] mudslkSan;Z
] lkt&lTtk vkHkw"k.k
vkfn
fo"k; ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ dks ek¡x ds vuqlkj fn•yk;k x;k
ukjh
gSA
fp=kksa
vkè;kfRedrk
esa
vt Urk fp=kksa dh Jsf.k;k¡ vtUrk
% ds fp=k/kfeZd rFkk ij cy gSA
/eZfujis{knksuksa çdkj ds gSaA bUgsaesa ck¡Vdj ns•kvtUrk fp=kksa
rhu Jsf.k;ksa dh rduhdh vuKk ds fp=kksa dks eq[;r%
rhu
tkrk gS& fof/;ksals cuk;k x;k gS&
• çFke Js.kh ds fp=k blds
% rgr cq¼ds nk'kZfudrFkk 1- ÚsLdks rduhdhbls
% xhyh fof/ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blds
vkè;kfRedfp=k izkIr gq, gSaA blesatUemuds
ls e`R;q
rd rgr nhokjksa ij pwuk ,oa •fM+;k ds IykLVj dk ysi yxkdj
dh ?kVukvksaghu;ku
dks rFkkegk;ku nksuksa ijEijkvksa fp=k.k
esa fd;k tkrk Fkk
fn•yk;k x;k gSA
2- flDdks fof/ %tc nhokjksa •fM+;ka
ij ,oa liQsn jaxdh
• f}rh; Js.kh %blesacq¼ ds iwoZ tUe dh dgkfu;ksa dks lh/h iqrkbZ djus ds ckn fp=k.k fd;k tkrk Fkk rks
flDdks
bls
tkrd dgkfu;ksads ekè;e ls fpf=kr fd;k x;kA çeq• fof/ dgrs gSaA
tkrdksa esa
czkã.k tkrd ,oa tnUr tkrd gSaA
3- ÚsLdks flDdksnksukas
% fof/;ksa dkÚsLdks&flDdks
feJ.k
• r`rh; Js.kh %blds rgr yksd thou rFkk çkÑfrd n`';ksa
dgykrk gSA
ds fofHkUu i{kksa
dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA blds rgr fofo/
çdkj ds i'kq&i{kh
] iq"i&yrk,a ] ;{k&;f{k.kh] v tUrk ds fp=kksa dk egRo
] jktk&jkuh
x#M+&ukx] xU/oZ&viljk;sa ] fdUuj rFkk  v tUrk ds fp=k Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk
] ;ks¼k&jk{kl vn~Hkqr
esa fp=k
ekus tkrs gSaA
vke L=kh&iq#"kksa
dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA ;s fp=kfp=kdyk ekudksa(Hkko] lgtrk] lkSan;Z vkfn) ij
v tUrk fp=kksa ds fo'ks"k i{k Hkkjr gh ugha cfYd fo'o ds egRoiw.kZ fp=kksa eas fxus
 v tUrk ds fp=kfp=kdyk esamPp Js.kh
ds fp=k ekus tkrs gSa]
;gh dkj.k gS fdvtUrk ds fp=kksa
dks1983 essa
;wusLdks
lwph esa
bu fp=kksa esa Hkkoksa dk çn'kZu] laosnuk ,oa vfHkO;fÙkQ vR;f/d
ekuo dh vn~Hkqr fojklr ds :i esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;k
mRÑ"V fn•kbZ nsrh gSA
 v tark fp=kksa dk laj{k.k rhu 'kkldksa us lkrokgu
fd;k] ftlesa
]
 fofHkUu Hkko 'kkUr
tSls
] d#.kk] mYyklvkfn ds ewy Hkkoksa
ds vuqlkj fp=kdkjh dh x;h gSA okdkVdrFkk'kqax 'kkfey gSA
ck?kdh fp=kdyk xgjs :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSa

vtark
ysfdu
ds leku gh ekunaM
,oa
rduhdksadk ç;ksx fd;k gqvk gSaA
 ck?kfp=kdyk dh [kkst
1920
bZ-esaeqdqyMs
}kjk dh xbZA  ;gk¡ds eafnj dhNr ij ,d l?ku dey ou fpf=kr fd;k
x;k gSA
 ;s xqiQk,¡
eè; çns'k esa/kj
ftys dh dqD'kh rglhy esa  ;gk¡ds fp=kksa
ikaMÔ
esa jktk&jkuh
vkSj ,d urZdhds fp=k dks
fLFkrfoaè; ioZr Js.kh esa [;kfr feyh gSA
vofLFkr gSaA fo'ks"krk,¡
 ck?kesa dqy
ukS xqiQk,¡
gSa] tks • flÙkuokly fp=k dsoy
tSu /eZ ls lEcaf/r gSA
vtark ds ledkyhu gSaA
• tSu fo"k;ksa ds rgr fofHkUu rhFk±djksa dks fp=kdyk esa
 ck?kdh xqiQkvksa
ckS¼
esa/eZ
ds vykok lkekU; thou ds fp=k
Hkh cgqrk;r esa feyrs gSaA vtark
;kuhdh;srqyuk esa vf/d fd;k x;k gSAvkfnukFk
] ik'oZukFk
rFkkegkohj Lokeh ds
lkalkfjd vkSjekuoh; gSaA fp=k vf/d la[;k esa cus gSA
 ck?kdh fp=kdyk,¡ vtark dh xqiQk la[;k
,d vkSjnksdh • ;gk¡çÑfr ds rRoksa dk Hkh fp=k.k gS i'kq&i{kh] iq"i yrk
fp=kdykvksa ds lkn`'; gSa_ vyaÑr
;kuh,oa vkHkw"k.k ;qÙkQ vkfn ds fp=kksa dks çkÑfrd ifjn`'; nsrs gq, fpf=kr fd;k x;k
fp=kA
gSA ;gk¡ ds fp=kksa
dey iq"i
esa dkiQh vPNs cus gq, gSaA
xr n`f"V lsvtark vkSjck?knksuksa leku gSa fdarq ck?k dk
 'kSyh
• ;gk¡nSfud thou ds fo"k; dks Hkh fp=kdkjh esa egRoiw.kZ L
•kdk Hkh dkiQh çHkko'kkyh gSA
çkIr gSA vke
L=kh&iq#"kksau`R;
] laxhr
dks ] okrkZyki
,oa çse
fo'ks"krk,¡
• ck?kds fp=kvtUrk fp=kdyk 'kSyh ds <jZsij gh cus gSaA djrs gq, fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
• ;gk¡ds fp=kksa ds eq[; fo"k; cksf/lRo ls lEcaf/r ?kVuk,¡] cknkehfp=kdyk
çkÑfrd n`'; rFkk nSfud thou ls lEcaf/r gSaA mÙkjh dukZVd

• ckS¼fo"k;ksa ds rgr
ghu;kuhrFkkegk;kuhnksuksa ijEijkvksa
ds ckxydksV
esacq¼,oa cksf/lRodk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA ft ys ds
• ck?kds fp=kksa
çkÑfrd
esa fp=k.kij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;k gSA ekyçHkk unh
çÑfr ds rRokas tSls&
isM+&ikS/s]
iq"i] dks;y] lkjl ] e;wj
c sf lu es a
vkfn tkuojksa dk dkiQh euksje fp=k cuk;k x;k gSA
cknkehuked
• lkekU; thou ds rgr çse&fojgvkfn ?kVukvksa dks Hkh
txg fLFkr gS]
fp=kdkjksa us egRoiw.kZ LFkku ukjh fp=kksa
fn;kdks
gS]fo'ks"k Hkko
,oa lkt&lTtk ds lkFkfpf=krfd;k gSA ftldh LFkkiuk dk dky NBh 'krkCnh ekuk tkrk gSA
 pkyqD;oa'kds dyk laj{kd jktk eaxys'k dks bldk Js;
fl Ùkuokly fp=kdyk
fn;k tkrk gSA
 rfeyu kMq ds iqnqdksêðbZ
ftys
 cknkeh ;k okrkihesaczkã.k&fgUnw
/eZ]tSu/eZ ls lEcaf/r
esaflÙkuoklydh xqiQkvksa esa
fp=kdyk dkçkphure lk{; gSA
fLFkreafnjksa dh nhokjksa
ij 9oha
lnh ds nkSjku fp=k cuk, x, gSaA  ;gk¡f'ko&ikoZrh]uVjkt rFkkbaæ lHkk
dk fp=k.k n'kZuh; gSA
 ;s xqiQk,¡
fl¼ksa]'kSovkSjtSu  okrkih dyk esa fp=k cukusçfof/
dh ck?kvkSjvtark ls
/eZ ls tqM+s yksxksa dh jgh gSaA feyrh&tqyrh gSA
 flÙkuokly dh fp=kdyk,¡
tSu  vt ark
] ck?kvkSjcknkeh
dh fp=kdyk,¡] mÙkj rFkk nf{k.k dh
fo"k;ksa
vkSjçrhd ç;ksxksa
ls 'kkL=kh; ijaijk dk mÙke çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSaA
fo'ks"krk,¡ fo'ks"krk,¡
• cknkeh
xqiQkvksa
ds fp=kfgUnw(czkã.k)]tSurFkkckS¼ rhuksa• ,yksjkczkã.k(17)] ckS¼ (12 otz;ku) ,oa tSu (5) bu
/kfeZd fo"k;ksa ls lEcaf/r gSaA lkFk gh ;gk¡ yksd thou dks /eks± ls lacaf/r gSA /kfeZd fp=kksa ds lkFk&lk
rhuksa
egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;k gSA çkÑfrd fo"k;ksa ,oa yksd thou ds fp=k Hkh fpf=kr fd, x, gSA
• czkã.k/eZ ds fp=k % blds rgr
f'ko&fo".kq
ds fofHkUu :i • czkã.k/eZ ds fo"k; % blds rgrf'ko rFkkuVjkt] fo".kq
ujflag] f=kfoØe,oa budh lHkk ds fp=k cus gSaA ds vorkj x#M+
ij lokj y{eh ,oa ukjk;.k ds fp=k cus gSaA
• ckS¼ fp=k
%cq¼,oa cksf/lRodks fofHkUu
çrhdksa tkrd • ,yksjk esa
jkstejkZ ls lEcfU/r thou] vke
L=kh&iq#"kksa dks Hkh
dFkkvksa
vkfn ds ekè;e ls fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA LFkku çkIr gSA ;gk¡ lkSan;Z ds lkFk&lkFk Hk;adjrk
• t Su fp=kvkfnukFk
% ] usehukFk
] ik'oZukFk
,oa egkohj Lokeh çn'kZu fd;k x;k gS] tSls
bUæ dh lHkk esajke dks Hk;adj
vkfn rhFk±djksa
tSudks
dyk ds rgr fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkouk ls fn•yk;k x;k gS] ;gk¡ ds fp=kksa dh i`"BHkwfe e
ckny ds fp=k cus gSaA
fp=kksa
• cknkeh ds yksd
esa fo"k;ksa
ls lEcaf/r tSlsjktk&jkuh
njckj] u`R; laxhr&lkekU; L=khvkfniq#"k
ds fp=k cus gSaA r atkSj dh fp=kdyk
ukjh lkSan;Z ij fo'ks"k
cy fn;k x;k gS] ;gk¡ ds ekuo
 ratkSjdyk yksd dyk vkSj
vkÑfr;ksadks fo'ks"k <ax
fpf=kr
ls fd;k x;k gSAeksVs ,oa
dgkuh&fdLls lqukus dh
Hkkjh gksB
] nksgjh HkkSg
rFkkdey xsr cus gSaA
foLr`r dyk ls tqM+h gSA
,y ksjk dh fp=kdyk ratkSj dh çfl¼fp=kdkjh
 bl s e jk Bh es a ikjaifjd dyk dk gh :i gSA
os :y ys .k h ; k  bl dyk us Hkkjr dks
fo'o
os:y dh xqiQk,¡ eap ij çflf¼ fnykus esa
dgrs gSa tks vtark egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSaA
dh xqiQkvksa 100ls /kfeZdrk lsvksrçksrvkSj
fdyksehVj nwj ikSjkf.kd o`Ùkkar
gh blds eq[; fo"k; jgs gSaA
fLFkr gSaA  dyk vkSjf'kYinksuksa dk ghvPNk
,d fefJr :i ratkSj
 ekuk tkrk gS fd bu xqiQkvksa
300 bZ-
esals 1000 bZLoh
rd dh fp=kdkjhesa fn•kbZ nsrk gSA
fp=kkadudk dke gqvk gSA fp=kdkjh esa
 fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa eq[;dks
fo"k;
gh cuk;k
 ;g Hkkjr ds
rhuksa çkphu /eks± x;k gSA rLohjsa ,d foy{k.k :iltho
(fgUnw] tSu ,oa ckS¼) ls tqM+k esa çrhr gksrh gSaA
gqvk gSA fo'ks"krk,¡
 ;gk¡dh xqiQkvksa
dSyk'k
esa] yads'oj] baæ&lHkk
vkSjx.ks'kds ds eafnjksafHkfÙk
• ratkSj esa fp=kdyk
ds :i esa dh x;h
fp=k nhokjksa ij feyrs gSaA fp=kdkfj;k¡ ratkSj fp=kdyk dgykrh gSA
 ,yksjkdh fp=kdyk,¡ vtark ds 'kkL=kh; ekunaM
ls fHkUu gSa]
• ratkSj ds fp=k czkã.k /eZls lEcfU/r gSaA ;gk¡ fgUnw
vFkkZr~ buesa
dyk&dkS'ky ds ßkl ds ladsr Li"V fn•rs gSaA nsoh&nsorkvksa
tSls&f'ko] ikoZrh
,oa jkek;.krFkkegkHkkjr
 , yksjk dh fp=kdykvksa dh lokZf/d egÙoiw.kZ yk{kf.kddh dFkkvksaeafnjksa
fo'ks"krk,¡ dks dh nhokjksa
ij fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
gSa&flj dks vlk/kj.k :i ls eksM+uk]Hkqtkvksa ds dks.kh;
• ratkSjds fp=kksayky]
esa ihyk] dkyk] gjk vkfn vusd jaxksa
eksM+
] xqIr vaxksa dk vory eksM+
] rh•h çf{kIr ukd vkSj dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS ysfdu ;gk¡lqugjs jaxksa
ij fo'ks"k tksj
cM+s&cM+s A us=k fn;k x;k gSaA
 , yksjk dh fp=kdyk eè;dkyhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk ladsr Hkh nsrhdh
• eafnj gSaA
nhokjksa ij lkekU;&thou ls lEcaf/r fp=k.k Hkh cus
 ,yksjkdh xqiQk& eafnj la[;k 32esa mM+rh gqbZ vkÑfr;ksa gSAo ftlds rgrjktk&jkuh rFkku`R;&laxhr djrs gq, vke
cknyksa dk n`'; vR;ar lqUnj gSA L=kh&iq#"kksa fpf=krdks
fd;k x;k gSA
iwo
Z eè;dkyhu fp=kdyk  fp=k.k esa
yky] ihyk] dkykrFkkuhyk jaxksa dk ç;ksx fd;k
x;k gSaA
iwoZè;dkyhu
e fp=kdyk  ;gk¡jaxksa dk lek;kstu mfpr <ax ls ugha fd;k x;k gS blfy,
iky fp=k vkd"kZd ugha fn•kbZ nsrs gSaA
vi Hkza'k 'kSyh iky fp=kdyk
v iHkza'k 'kSyh eqxyfp=kdyk (1526&1707 bZ-)
 viHkza'k 'kSyh
ds fp=kik.Mqfyfifp=k.k ds mnkgj.k gS tksrhuHkkjr esa eqxy
:iksa esa gksrs gS& fp=kdyk16oha
• fp=k&rkM+i=k
iksFkh ij dh x;h fp=kdkjhA vk Sj 1 8o h a
• iV fp=k &diMs+ ij dh x;h fp=kdkjhA 'krkCnh
ds chp
dh vof/ dk
• dkxt ij dh x;h fp=kdkjh &fnYyh lYrur ds ckn
dky gSA ;g og
xqtjkr {ks=k esa tSu eBksa esa dkxt dk loZçFke ç;ksx gqvkA
le; Fkk] tc
 v iHkza'k 'kSyh ds fp=kksa
tSu /eZyksd&thou
esa rFkk çkÑfrd eqxyksa
usHkkjr ds cM+s fgLls'kklu
ij fd;k FkkA
fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/r gSA
 eqxy fp=kdyk dk fodkl lezkV vdcj] tgk¡xhjvkSj
 tSu fo"k; ds rgr ½"kHknso
] ik'oZukFk
] egkohj Lokeh
vkfn 'kkgtgk¡ds 'kkludky esa gqvkA eqxy fp=kdyk dk :i
rhFk±djksa
dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA iQkjlh vkSjHkkjrh; 'kSyh ds feJ.k ds lkFk gh fofHkUu
 ;gkaçR;sd rhFk±dj vyx&vyx jaxksa }kjk fpf=kr fd, x,lkaLÑfrd
gSa igyqvksa
dk la;kstu Hkh gSA
• egkohj&ihyk jax] • kFk&
ik'oZu uhyk jax eqxyfp=kdyk dk bfrgkl
 H kkjr dh eqxy fp=kdykgqek;w¡
ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku
• vkfnukFk&
lqugjs jax
fodflr gqbZA tc og vius
fuokZluls Hkkjr ykSVsA
 çkÑfrd fo"k;ksa ds rgr
Hkw&n`';]
isM+&ikS/s
] tkuojksa
ds fp=k
 og vius lkFk nks iQkjlh egku dykdkjksa
vCnqy len vkSj
cus gSA
ehj lSÕ;ndks yk;sA bu nksuksa dykdkjksa
LFkkuh; us
dyk
dk;ks±
 yksd&thouds rgr 'kkld ,oa jkfu;ksa
rFkkvke L=kh&iq#"kksa
] esa viuh fLFkfr ntZ djkbZ vkSj eqxy
/hjs&/hjs
fp=kdykdk
i'kq&if{k;ksa
ds fp=k cuk, x, gSaA fodkl gqvkA
 v iHkza'k 'kSyh ds
fcxM+s
fp=k gq, fp=k
dh 'kSyh ds :i esa ekus
 dyk dh eqxy 'kSyh dk lcls iwoZ mnkgj.k
rwrhukek isafVax
gSA
tkrs gSaA tSlS&  VsY
l vkWiQ&,&iSjV
tks orZeku esa dykDyhoySaM
ds laxzgky;
• ;gk¡ds ekuo dh fp=kdkjhuqdhyh
esa ukd
] esa gSA
• ewyvkdkj ls dkiQh
cM+h vk¡•s
,oa cM+s&2]gkFk ,d vkSj eqxy isafVax gS] fçalst
ftls vkWiQ n gkml vkWiQ rSewj
• mH kjs gq, isV ds lkFk fn•yk;k x;k gSAdgk tkrk gSA ;g 'kq#vkr dh eqxy fp=kdykvksa esa ls ,d gS] ftls
,oa nks&nks Bqîóh
dbZ ckj fiQj ls cuk;k x;kA
• L=kh vkÑfr;ksadksif{k;ksa dh vkÑfr dh Hkkafr fn•k;k
eqxyfp=kdyk ds fo"k;
x;k gS vr% mu fp=kksa LoHkkfodrk
esa ugha fn•k;h x;h gSA
 eqxyfp=kdyk esa ,d egku fofo/rk gS] ftlesa fp=k] n`';
iky fp=kdyk vkSjvykSfdd thou dh ?kVuk,¡ 'kkfey gSa] lkFk gh varjax
 ikyks a ds }kjk
ik.Mqfyfi(eq[; :i ls) dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k LFkkuksaçsfe;ksa
esadksfpf=krdjus okysfp=kvkfn gksrs gSaA
tksrkM+i=k] Hkqti=k vkfn ij fd;s x;sA
 eqxy fp=kdyk,¡ vdlj yM+kbZ
] ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;ksa
] taxy ds
eq[; iky fp=kdkjh n`'; oU;tho] 'kkgh thoutSls fo"k;ksa ds vklikl ?kwerh gSaA
ckS¼ /eZ ls lEcaf/r gS bl fp=k dyk cq¼
esa rFkkcksf/lRodks  ikSjkf.kddFkkvksa vkfn eqxy ckn'kkgksa dh yach dgkfu;ksa dk
eq[; LFkku fn;k x;k gSA iky 'kkld otz;ku ckS¼ /eZds c;ku djus ds fy, ;s fp=kdyk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ekè;e cu xbZ
vuq;k;h Fks] vr% ;gk¡ ds fp=kksa
ra=kokn
dkesa
çHkko fn•k;h nsrk gSAgSaA
fooj.k gqek;w¡
• ckcj • gqek;w¡ • v dcj  gq ek;w¡ tcbZjku
esafuokZlu
dk thou O;rhr dj jgk Fkk] ml
• tgk¡xhj • ' kkgtgk¡ • v kSjaxtsc ij iQkjlh fp=kdyk dk çHkko iM+kA vius fuokZlu ds fnuks
 eqxydkyvU; dkyksa dh Hkk¡fr fp=kdyk esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ esa mlusdkcqyesa ,d fp=k'kkyk
dky (xqy'ku fp=kdkjh) dh
FkkA rd fofHkUu 'kkldksa ds rgr LFkkiuk dh FkhA
ckcj ls ysdj vkSjaxtsc
vusdksa fp=kdkfj;k¡ dh x;hA eqxy fp=kdyk dk Hkkjrh;
 fp=kdyk
tc og Hkkjr vk;k rc vius lkFk nks çfl¼ fp=kdkjksa
ehj
ijEijk esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA lS;n vyh rFkkvCnqLlen dks bZjku
ls ys vk;kA
"krk,¡
fo'ks  bu nksuksa us vkxs vdcj ds dky nkLrku&,&vehjgEtk
esa
• eqxy fp=kdyk njckjh(Court) rFkkckjhd (Miniature) (eksgEen lkgc ds pkpk ds ohjrk dh dgkfu;k¡) dk fp=k.k
fp=kdyk dk mnkgj.k gSA blds eq[; fo"k;jktnjckj] fd;k gSA ;g fp=k.k feysu ij fd;k x;k gS] ftles
1200 ds
'kkldksa ds ifjokj
vkfn ls lacaf/r gSA yxHkx fp=k gSaA
,oa jkfu;ksa dks fp=kdyk esa eq[; LFkku fn;k
• 'kkldksa x;kdkyhu
v dcj gSA fp=kdyk
eqxy 'kkld njckj esa flagklu ij cSBs gq,
] ;q¼ ij tkrs  v dcj dk dky
gq,] f'kdkj djrs gq,] jkfu;ksa ds lkFk çse djrsn'kkZ;s
gq, fp=kd yk d s
x, gSA
fodkl dk ,d
• eqxyfp=kksa esa fp=kdkjkas }kjkekudksa
fp=kdyk
dk fo'ks"k
ds
egRoiw.kZ dky
è;ku j•k x;k gSA
Nk;k js•k
] mHkkj lkn`';rk
dk ikyu
fd;k x;k gSA FkkA mlds le;
fp=kdkjh
,d lkewfgd vfHk;kuds :i esa dh x;hA
• eqxyfp=kksa
Hkko&i{k]
esa laosnuk i{k
] xfr'khyrk i{k dks
]  v cqy iQty mlds njckj esa
dkiQh vPNs <ax ls fn•k;k x;k gS]gjeftlsds fp=kksa 17 egRoiw.kZ fp=kdkjksa
ls lEcfU/r fp=kksa dh ppkZ djrk gSA ftlesa vf/dka'k fganw FksA
fookg n`'; rFkkeqxyksa ds nSfud thou
esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
 v dcj ds v/hu fganw
] eqfLye
] ckS¼
] tSurFkk;wjksih;
• eqxyfp=kdkjh
esafp=kdkjksa
}kjkjktRo dk çn'kZu
(Power)
lHkh ijEijkvksa ds rgr fp=kdkfjrk dh x;hA
fd;k x;k gSA blds rgreqxy 'kkldksa dksÅ¡ps flagklu ij
cSBs gq, gkFk ryokj]
esa iQwy ,oa i{kh fy, U;k; djrs gq, v dcj dkyhu fp=kksa dk oxhZdj.k
rFkk 'kkld dsÅij lw;Z dk çdk'kiM+rs gq, fpf=kr fd;k ,sfrgkfld fp=k.k
x;k gSA • blds rgr ,sfrgkfld n`';ksa ] ?kVukvksa+
] ik=kksa
vkfn dk
• eqxyfp=kçkÑfrd rFkkjklk;fud nksuksa jaxksa ls cuk, x, fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA
gSaA
çkÑfrd jax ouLifr;ksa rFkk •futksa ls çkIr fd, x, gS • blesarkjh•&,&•kunkuh rSewfj;k ] njkcukek(tkHkh dh
tcfd tLrk ,oa flanwj
vkfn ls jklk;fud jax çkIr fd, x, gSaA dfork,¡)] rwrhukek (rksrs dh dgkuh) ds fp=k.k eq[; gSaA
• eqxy p=kdyk
f leqfpr 'kSyh dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSA blds
Hkkjr ds ckgj ds dFkkvksa dk fp=k.k
rgr bZjkuh (iQkjlh)] eè; ,f'k;kbZ] fganw ] ckS¼rFkk
;wjksih;lHkh çHkkoksa ds rgr fp=k cus gSaA blds rgr iQkjlds uk;dksa ohjrkiwoZd
ds dgkfu;ksa
dk fp=k.k
fd;k x;k gSA tSls&
nkLrku&,&vehj gEtkA
eqxy fp=kdyk dk loZs{k.k Hkkjrh; dykvksa ds fp=k.k
ckcj • blds rgr çkphu Hkkjrh; dFkkvksa egkHkkjr]
tSls& jkek;.k]
 ckcj us viuh vkRedFkk (rqdhZ) esa fp=kdyk iapra=k
rqtqd&,&ckcjh vkfn ds fp=k.k fd, x, gSA
ds çfr :fp çdV dh gSA mlds le; ,d çfl¼ rSewjh • O;fÙkQxr ;k :i fp=k& blds rgr 'kkld ] 'kkld ds
ifjokj] njckjh vkfn ds fp=k.k fd, x, gSaA
fp=kdkj fogtkn(bls iwoZ dk jkiQsy dgk x;k gS) Hkkjr
vk;k FkkA • eq[; fp=kdkj&clkou] ds'kq] nloarA

fo'ks"krk,¡  v U; dykvksa dh rjg vkSjaxtscds

• v dcj dkyhu fp=kdyk lkewfgd fp=kdkjh dk mnkgj.k gSA dky esa eqxy fp=kdyk esa fxjkoV
• njckjh,oa lw{e fp=kdkjh ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gSA vk;h D;ksafd blusfp=kdkjksa
dks fiNys
'kkldksatSlk laj{k.kugha fn;k fiQj
• v dcj dkyhu fp=kksaNk;k esa fl¼kUr ] mHkkj] Hkko,oa
Hkh muds dky ds dqN fp=kksa esa mls
laosnuk i{k dk fp=kdkjkas us ikyu fd;k gSA
chtkiqj ij ?ksjk Mkyrs gq, rFkk
• fp=kdkjhbZjkuh
] eè; ,f'k;kbZ] Hkkjrh; rFkk;wjksih;ijEijkvksa
xksydq.Mk ij fot; çkIr djrs gq,
ds fefJr çHkko ds :i esssa dh x;hA
fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
• v dcj dkyhu fp=kdyk esa pVdnkj jaxksa ij tksj fn;k x;k
gSçkÑfrd rFkkjklk;fud nksuksa çdkj ds jaxkas dk ç;ksx jktLFkkuh@jktiwrkuk fp=kdyk
fd;k x;k gSA
ekjokM+ vkesj esokM+ gkM+kSrh
tgk¡xhjdkyhu fp=kdyk
Ldwy (t;iqj L dwy) (Ldwy) (Ldwy)
 blsfp=kdyk dk Lo.kZ dky dgk tkrk gSA bl dky esa eqxy
& fp=kdkjh vius f'k•j ij FkhA eq[; fp=kdkj& mLrkn ealwjA tks/iqj t;iqj mn;iqj dksVk
fo'ks"krk,¡ chdkusj vyoj nsox<+ cwanh
fd'kux<+ 'ks•koVh ukFk}kjk >kykokM+
• t gk¡xhj dkyhu fp=kdyk eqxy
vte sj
dky esa lcls mÙke gSA blesa fp=kdyk
ds lHkh mPp Lrjh; ekudksa tSls  eè;dky esa jktLFkkufofHkUu ds çns'kksa
(ekjokM+] esokM+
Nk;k,oa çdk'k fl¼kUr mHkkj ] vkesj] gM+kSrh) 13oha&18oha
esa lnh ds chp jktiwr 'kkldksa
Hkko,oa laosnuk i{k dk dkiQh ds v/hu vusd fp=kdkfj;k¡ dh x;h] mls jktLFkkuh ;k
csgrj çn'kZu fd;k x;k gSA jktiwr fp=kdyk 'kSyh ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
• fp=kksa esa tgk¡xhj ls lEcf/r ?kVukvksa fo'ks"krk,¡
(njckj esa vnc ds lkFk cSBs gq, • jktLFkkuh@jktiwrkukfp=kdykfofHkUu jktiwr jkT;ksa
ds }kjk
f'kdkj djrs gq,] U;k; djrs gq,) fodflr gqbZA ;g fp=k fHkfÙk fp=k
] iksFkh fp=krFkk,yce
njckfj;ksa
] 'kkgh egy gje vkfn ds fp=kksa ij tksj fn;k x;k
fp=kds :i esa cus gSA
gSA bl dky esa fp=k.k dsL=kh&iq#"kksa
rgr ds lkt&lTtk]
ds'k foU;kl] vyadj.k vkfn ij dkiQh tksj fn;k x;k gSA • jkt iwr fp=kdyk 'kSyh ds fp=kksa dks vusd fo"k;ksa ds lk
xhj dkyhu fp=kksa esa

• tgk¡ p'ek,ddh cgqyrk gSA blds rgr fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
,d gh js•k ds ekè;e ls fp=k.k ds rgr ukd] gksB ] yykV • fgUnw ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡ % blds jkek;.k
rgr ] egkHkkjr,oa
rFkkrh•kiu dks fn•yk;k x;k gSA fofHkUunsoh&nsorkvksa] jk/k&Ñ".k vkfn fo"k;ksa dks fpf=kr
xhj dkyhu fp=kksa
• tgk¡ 'kkyhu
esa,oa dksey jaxksadk ç;ksx gS] fd;k x;k gSaA
HkM+dkÅ jaxksa dk ughaA ek¡xfo"k;
,oa t:jr
dhds vuqlkj • njckjh fp=k.k % blds rgr jktiwr 'kkldksa dks njckjh
jaxksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA 'kku&,&'kkSdr ds lkFk;q¼ ,oa f'kdkj djrs gq, fpf=kr
xhj dkyhufp=kdkfj;ksa
• tgk¡ esalkewfgddh ctk; O;fÙkQxr fd;k x;k gSA
fp=k.krFkkçkÑfrd fp=k.kij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA
• vke tu&thou ls lEcfU/r fp=k % blds rgrjktLFkku
• tgk¡
xhj dkyhu fp=k iQkjlh]Hkkjrh;rFkk ;wjksih; 'kSyh ds
ds L=kh&iq#"kksa
] LFkkuh; os'k&Hkw"kk ijEijk,oa
ds rgr
feJ.k esa cus gSA iQkjlh çHkko dqN vf/d gSA
fpf=krfd;k x;k gSA
'kkgtgk¡dkyhu fp=kdyk
• xzkeh.k tu&thou dh >kadh dks fp=kksa jkx ds ekè;e
ekykls
 'kkgtgk¡ ds dky esa LFkkiR; dyk ij vf/d tksj fn;k x;k gS
gkyk¡fd fp=k Hkh cuk, x,A blds dky ds fp=kksa esa mls (laxhr
njckjhds jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk fp=k.k) ckjgeklk
,oa (lHkh
'kku&'kkSdr] oSHko ] njckfj;ksa ds lkFk ea=k.kk djrs gq,ckjg eghus ds Hkkoksa dk fp=kdyk esa çn'kZu) fp=kdkfj;
fn•yk;k x;k gSA fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
fp=kdyk dk fd'kux<+ Ldwy  mUg sacknkeh,oa dey u;u ds lkFk fn•yk;k x;k gSA
 ;g ekjokM+ çns'k ds fd'kux<+ esa jktiwr oa'k ds }kjk jktLFkkuh pksyh ikjn'khZ
,oa vks<+uh
igus gq, ;g fp=k
fodflr gqvkA ;gk¡ ds 'kkldlkoar flag miQZ ukxjhnkl us vR;Ur •wclwjr gSA
fp=kdyk ds fodkl esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;kA  c.kh& B.kh ds fp=k Nk;k
esa ,oa çdk'k fl¼kUr jl] Hkko
 fd' kux<+ Ldwy Ükàxkfjdds fp=kksa
fy, çfl¼ gS_ ftlds ,oa laosnuk i{kdks dkiQhckjhdh lsmdsjk x;k gSA
rgr c.kh&B.kh ds e'kgwj fp=k fpf=kr fd, x;s gSaAekuk ;ghtkrk
dkj.k gS fdjktLFkku ds i;ZVu foHkkx
c.kh&B.kh
ds
gS fd ;g ukxjhnkl ds dYiuk dh lqUnjhftUgsa
jktk ds :i yksxksa dks viuk;k x;k gSA
esa mUgksaus ladfyr fd;k Fkk bl e'kgwj fugky
fp=kpUndks
fp=kdyk dh jktiwr 'kSyh ,oa eqxy 'kSyh esa rqyuk&
uked fp=kdkj }kjk fpf=kr fd;k x;kA
 fp=kdyk dheqxy 'kSyh rFkk jktiwr 'kSyh yxHkx leku
 c.kh& B.kh dks lEiw.kZ
ukjh&lkSan;Z
ds lkFk fpf=kr fd;k x;k le; esa fodflr gqbZA nksuksa 'kSfy;ksa esa vusd rRo leku
gSA ftlds rgrds'k foU;kl]lkt&lTtk] vkHkw"k.kvkfn dk nsrs gSa tcfd buesa dqN vUrj Hkh gSA
ckjhd fp=k.k fd;k x;kA
c.kh&B.khds ukd uD'krhls cus gSA
lekurk vlekurk
• nks
uksa 'kSfy;ksa esa fp=k.kfd, x, gSaA ftlds rgr • eqxyfp=k eq[;r%
,sfrgkfld /eZfujis{k
fp=k gS A ;g eq[;r%
ykSfddrkls
,sfrgkfld ik=kksa
,oa ijEijkxr fo"k;ksa dks fpf=kr fd;k lEcfU/r gSA tcfd jktiwr fp=kdykikjykSfddrk
esa rFkk
x;k gSA tSls eqxy fp=kdyk dsjkek;.krgr ] egkHkkjr /kfeZd i{kksa ij vf/d tksj fn;k x;k gSA
,oa iapra=k
dh dgkfu;ksa tcfdjktiwr fp=k.kds rgr • eqx y fp=k eq[;r%ckjhd fp=k.k(Miniature painting) ds
Ñ".kyhykrFkkikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksads fp=k.k fd, x, gSA mnkgj.k gSA ftlds rgr gkfl, (Border) dk ç;ksx gSA tcfd
ds rgr f'kdkj];q¼] jktlhBkV&ckV jktiwr fp=kksa
uksa 'kSfy;ksa njckj]
• nks gkfl;k¡
esa cukus ij fo'ks"k tksj ugha fn;k x;kA
vkfn dks çeq• LFkku fn;k x;k gSA • eqxyfp=k eq[;r% 'kkgh fo"k;ksa
] njckjh ?kVukvksa
rFkk'kkldksa
• fp=kdyk dhnksuksa 'kSfy;ksa
ds rgr O;fÙkQ fp=kksa
ij tksj ds nSfud thouls lacaf/r gSA buds rgr yksd fo"k;ksa
dks
fn;k x;k gSA eqxydkyhuvdcj ] tgk¡xhj ] 'kkgtgk¡ fpf=kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA tcfd jktiwr fp=kdyk iQyddk
vkfn 'kkldksa ,oa mudh ds vusd fofo/rkiw.kZ dkiQh foLr`r gSAvke
jkfu;ksa ;gk¡xzkeh.k
] L=kh&iq#"kksa
dks gh egRoiw.kZ
fp=kfpf=kr fd, x, gSA mUgsa,s'o;Z rFkk•wclwjrhds LFkku fn;k x;k gS] ftl çdkj dk ukjh&fp=k.k jktiwrksa esa gS
lkFk fn•yk;k x;k gSA jktiwr fp=kksa ds rgr Hkh eqxyksa esa fo|eku ugha gSaA
jktiwr
'kkldksads ,s'o;Z iw.kZ
fp=k rFkk
jkfu;ksa dk •wclwjr
• jktiwr fp=kdyk ij eq[;r%ns'khçHkkofn•kbZ nsrk gSA tcfd
fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA eqxy fp=kdyk ijbZjkuh
,oa ;wjksih; çHkko
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
igkM+h fp=kdyk (17 ls 19oha 'krkCnh)  njckjh fo"k;ksa

ds fp=k
 fgeky;h ifjn`'; ds çkÑfrd ifjos'k dk fp=k
t Eew d'ehj %tEew] tljksVk
] eudksV
tuthou ls lEcaf/r fp=k
 vke&
fgekpy çns'k %dkaxM+k
] pEck]dqYyw] eaMh] folkSyh
mrjk•.M %fVgjh
] x<+oky] foykliqj fp=kksa
• igkM+h dh rduhdh dkiQh vPNh gksrh FkhA
• d kxtksa dks fofHkUu çdkjksa lq•kdj ls eksM+dj
gkfl;k¡
fo'ks"krk,¡ (Border) rS;kj djus ds fy, ;gk¡
fp=k.kfd;k tkrk FkkA
• eSnkuh {ks=kksa ls vk, jktiwr 'kkldksatEew&d'ehj
ds laj{k.k] esa
• fp=kdyk esa
Hkkoksa
dk çn'kZuNk;k&çdk'k] fl¼kUr] lkSUn;Z
fgekpy izns'krFkkmÙkjk[k.M vkfn ds fofHkUu igkM+h
vkfn ds fcUnqigkM+h
ij fp=kksa
dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku çkIr gS
'kkldksa ds rgr fodflr gqbZA igkM+hjktiwr
fp=kdyk
'kSyh
fp=kdykfp=kdyk gSA blds• igkM+h fp=kksa ij jktiwr
ls çHkkfor gSA igkM+h ekSfyd eq[;r%'kSyhdk çHkko gS fiQj Hkh
;gk¡ iqujko`fÙk ughaekSfydrk
cfYd gSA jktiwrkukds rgr
rgr vusd fo"k;ksa dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA tSls&
pVdnkj jaxksa
dk ç;ksx vf/d gSA igkM+h dslkSE;rgr jaxksa
 çkph u fganw
ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa
ds fp=k dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
v k/qfud fp=kdyk (18&21oha 'krkCnh)  caxky'kSyhds rgr fo"k; rks eq[; :i ls ijEijkxr Fks
ysfdu bldh rduhd vk/qfud Fkhfp=k.kesaok'k i¼fr
v axzstksa ds vkxeu ls orZeku rd (ckMZj cukdj fp=k.k djuk ,oa ty Mqcksdj tk¡p djuk)
 v axzsth jkt dh LFkkiuk ds ckn Hkkjr fp=kdyk esadk tks VsEijk i¼fr(Nk;k çHkko dks viukuk)tyh;
rFkkrduhdh]
çkjafHkd fodkl gqvk]vkSifuosf'kd
mls 'kSyh
ds rgr tkuk (gYds jaxksa dk ç;ksx djuk) ds ç;ksx ij cy fn;k x;kA
tkrk gSA  caxky'kSyh ds eq[; fp=kdkjksa vfoUæukFk
esa VSxksj
] uanyky
 blds rgr fp=kdykesa u, rduhd 'kSfy;ksa ] lkefxz;ksa
u, cksl]vkuan dqekj LokehrFkkvlhrgynj vkfn çeq• gSaA
fo"k;ksa dks lek;ksftr dj fp=k.k fd;s x;s gSA
lelkef ;d fp=kdyk (Lora=k çxfr'khy lewg)
 fp=k.k ds fy, tyh; jaxksa
] rSyh; jaxksa vkfn dks c<+kok fn;k
x;kA fo'ks"krk,¡
 çkjEHk esa blds rgrdEiuh Ldwy ;k iVuk 'kSyh ds fp=k• blds rgr fp=kdyk esa lelkef;d lkekftd fo"k;ksa tSls
cuk;s x,A ckn esa vxzstksa ds
dykv/hu
dh vdknfe;ksadh fdlku] etnwj] efgyk,¡] 'kgjh thou vkfn jkstejkZds
LFkkiuk gqbZA ftlesa eq[;foDVksfj;kbZ
rkSj ij dyk
ij cy vke fo"k;ksa ij eq[; tksj fn;k x;k gSA
fn;k tkrk Fkk rFkk Hkkjrh; dykvksa
fuEu dksfV
dksdk crk;k • v k/qfud fp=kdyk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk O;fÙkQxr fp=k.k
ij
tkrk FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS blds çfrfØ;k Lo:i caxky esa tksj gSA
iqutkZxj.k 'kSyh
dk fodkl gqvkA • fp=kdykcktkj (ykHk çkfIr) dks è;ku esa j•dj eq[;r%
d Eiuh Ldwy@iVuk 'kSyh fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 dEiuh Ldwy @
iVuk 'kSyh dk fodkl18oha&19oha lnh esa • çeq• vk/qfud fp=kdkjksa lqtk•ku]esa & jtk•ku ] eksgu
bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds çHkko {ks=kksa esa gqvkA lkaHkr] edowyfiQnk gqlSu ] rS;c esgrkvkfn vius csgrj
 bl 'kSyh ds rgr çkphu ikSjkf.kd,oa /kfeZd dFkkvksa
ds fp=kdkfj;ksa ds fy, tkus tkrs gSaA
fp=kvkJ;nkrk 'kkldksa
] njckjh ?kVukvksavke rFkk
Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk esa jktk jfo oekZ
tuthou ls lacaf/r gSA vusd fp=kksa ;wjksih;
esa ncnck
 jkt k jfo oekZ =kko.kdksj(dsjy) ds 'kkld FksA 18oha lnh
fn•ykus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA
ds egku fp=kdkjksa esa mudh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA mUgksa
 v kè;kfRed dh txgeqd n`';ksa dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA ijEijkxr fo"k;ksa ds vusd egRoiw.kZ fp=k cuk, lkFk gh ;wj
 iVuk 'kSyh ds rgr Hkhfp=kdyk 'kSyh ds ekudksa tSls
Nk;k rduhdksa tSls& ;FkkFkZ ijd ?kVukvksa rSyh;dkfp=kdkjh
fp=k.k
,oa çdk'k fl¼kUr] Hkko ,oa laosnuk i{kdk çn'kZu fd;k (Oil painting) vkfn dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;kA if'peh dyk dh os
x;k gSA dkiQh vPNh le> j•rs FksA muds çeq• fp=kksa ikSjkf.kd
esa
 ;wjksih; çHkkods rgr rSyh; fp=k.k(Oil painting) rFkk fo"k;ksa ds fp=k
] gkV cktkj ds fp=k
] ;wjksih; dkyksfu;ksa
ds
tyh; fp=k.k dh rduhdh (Water Techniques) dk ç;ksx fp=k eq[; gSA
fd;k gSA
v ouhUæukFk VSxksj ,oa uO; dyk vkUnksyu
 çkjaHkesa Hkkjrh; çHkko dh vPNh fLFkfr gS ysfdu ckn esa
 vouhUæukFk VSxksj ds caxky
iqutkZxj.k 'kSyh ds çeq•
foDVksfj;kbZ çHkko
ij vf/d cy fn;k x;k gSA fp=kdkj FksA bUgksaus vU; dykdkjksa ds lkFk feydj fp
iqutkZxj.k
,oa caxky 'kSyh esa ik'pkR;~ ncncs dks rksM+us dk dk;Z fd;kA
 caxky'kSyh dk fodkl 19oha lnhds eè; esafoDVksfj;kbZ  mUg ksaus
uO; dyk vkUnksyu dh uhao j•h] ftlds rgr xSj
çHkko ds f•ykiQ çfrfØ;k Lo:i gqvkA blds rgr çkphu if'peh 'kSyh dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA mUgksaus tkikuh fp=
Hkkjrh; fo"k;ksa dk vk/qfudhdj.k
ds }kjk fp=k.k fd;k x;k ds rRoksa dks viuk;k ysfdu ;wjksih; rRoksa
ls •qn dks nwj j•kA
,oa mudk efgek eaMu fd;k x;k gSA
 uO; dyk vkUnksyu ds rgr çkphu Hkkjrh; fp=kdykvksa
 iqutkZxj.k 'kSyh ds rgr fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds {ks=k cuk, tSls&
tSls&vtUrk rFkkeè;dkyhu y?kqfp=kksa ls çsj.kk ysdj
• çkphu/kfeZd,oa ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ds fp=kA çkphu fo"k;ksa vk/qfud
dks rjhdksa ls fpf=kr fd;k x;kA blds
• lkekU;tuthou (vke L=kh iq#"k ds fp=k)A rgr Hkkjr ekrk ds fp=k cuk, x,A;'kksnk ,oaÑ".k ds
• jk" Vªh; fo"k; tSls&
Hkkjr ekrkds fp=kA vkè;kfRed fp=k cuk, x,A
uO;dykvkkUnksyu dk eq[; mís';

jk"Vªokn
dks c<+kok nsuk  fp=kdkjh
Fkkeatw"kk L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa djrs gSaA
vr% blesajk"Vªh;rk
dk vf/d va'k fn•kbZ nsrk gSA  ukx fp=kdykesaukx js•kadut:j gksrk gSA
yksdfp=kdyk,¡(Folk Paintings) oyhZfp=kdyk

 ; g egkjk"Vª ds
 v ke fp=kdyk fcuk fo'ks"k fu;e ds fodflr gqbZA oy hZ t u &
 jaxksyh] (Tatoo) nhokjksas ,oa iQ'kks± dks ltkukAtkfr;kas
xksnuk }kjk dh
e/qcuh fp=kdyk x;h fp=kdkjh gSA
blds rgr oyhZ
 fcgkj ds e/qcuh
tutkfr;ksa }kjk
{ks=k ls mRiUu
dchykbZ tuthou ls lEcaf/r fo'oklksa dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k
dykA orZeku esa
tkrk gSA çkjaHk oyhZ
esatu&tkfr;k¡ çkÑfrd xqiQkvksa
esa fp=k
iwohZ mÙkj] izns'k
cukrh FkhA
caxky ] fgeky;
ds { ks =k ks a es a  orZe ku esa muds thouLFkkf;Ro
esa vkus ds ckn vius vkokl
yksdfç; gSA dk fp=k.kfd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g vke xzkeh.kksa ls lEcaf/r fp=kdyk gSA ijEijkxr :i ls ?kkl&iQwl >ksifM+;ksa
dh dh nhokjksa
dksliQsn feêðh ls ysi
?kkl&iQwl>ksifM+;ksa
dh ij e/qcuh fp=kdkjh dh djus ds cknoyhZ tutkfr;k¡vusd çdkj dh fp=kdkjh djrh gSaA
dh nhokjksa
tkrh FkhA orZeku esa,oa dSuoklij Hkh bls fpf=kr oyhZ
dkxt fp=kdyk ds rgr f'kdkjvk•sV dckbyh mRlo ] u`R;]
fd;k x;kA laxhr vkfn fo"k;ksa dk fp=k.k fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k.k ds fy
 blds çeq• fo"k;fgUnw nsoh&nsork] ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡
(f'ko çÑfr ls çkIr inkFkks± ds jaxksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vorkj] fo".kq vorkj] Jhjke ,oa lhrk dk fookg)A d kyh ?kkV fp=kdyk
 lkekU;tuthou fookg vkfn dsn`';] i'kq&i{kh ] T;kferh;  ;g dydÙkk ,oalehiorhZ xk¡oksa ds
vyadj.k vkfn gSaA LFkkuh; xzkeh.kksa }kjk fodflr gqbZA bu
 e/qcuh fp=kdkjh esaçkÑfrd ,oa ns'kh jaxksadk ç;ksx fd;k xk¡oksa esaLFkkuh;
dqN dykdkj gksrs Fks]
tkrk gS] tSlsihyk jaxgYnh ] liQsn pkoy,oa dyk dks ftUgsa•jkZ;k iVqvk fp=kdkj dgk tkrk
ty ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Fkk] blds fodkl esa budk egRoiw.kZ
 ;g eq[;r% efgyk fp=kdkjksa ls lEcfU/r gSA xzkeh.k ;ksxnku jgk gSA
x`gf.k;ksa
 çkjEHk esaxzkeh.k ?kkl&iQwl
ds VkV ij
}kjk vf/dka'k fp=k cuk, tkrs gSaA
feêðh dk ysiyxkdj fp=kdkjh djrs Fks
 e/qq cuh fp=kdyk dks th-vkbZ- VSx (HkkSxksfyd ladsr) dh
orZeku esadSuokl rFkkisij ij Hkh ;g fp=kdkjh dh tkrh gSA
izfr"Bk Hkh iznku dh xbZ gSA
 blds rgr fganw ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa] jkstejkZ ds lkekftd
eatw"
kk fp=kdyk (cD'kk fp=kdyk) fo"k; rFkki'kq&i{kh R;kSgkj
vkfn ds fo"k;ksa dk fp=k.k fd;k
 ;g eq[;r%fcgkj
tkrk gSA
ds Hkkxyiqjdh
fp=kdyk LFkku
fp=kdkjh gSA ;g
ck¡l ;k ydM+h ds oyhZfp=kdyk egkjk"Vª
cuseatw"kk (cD'kk) Fkkadk flfDde
ij ;g fp=kdkjh dh i V~Vdkjh vksfM'kk
tkrh gSA d yedkjh vka/z çns'k
 eatw"kk fp=kdyk ds rgrliZ] fgUnw nsoh&nsork
] Hkxoku f'ko
i Vqvkdyk caxky
,oa mudh iqf=k;ksa dks eq[; LFkku fn;k x;kA
 eatw"kk fp=kdyk esa Hkh Lons'khrjhds ls rS;kj gjk] yky] d kyh?kkV dksydkrk
ihyk rFkk dkys jaxksa ij vf/d tksj fn;k tkrk gSA iSVdkj >kj•.M


UPSC KHAZANA
Sampoorna Udaan (Prelims Revision Manthan Monthly CA

(Comprehensive Booklets) Booklets) Magazine
Udaan 500+ ( 1.5 Years Prelims and Mains Test Daily Class Notes, DPPs, Weekly
CA Compilation) Series Tests, Faculty Class Slides
SAMPOORNA TOTAL 18 BOOKS
COMPREHENSIVE BOOKLETS FOR UPSC PREPARATION
FEATURES
Holistic Discussion of One Stop Solution For Diagrams, Flowcharts and Timelines For
Syllabus Topics Subject Wise Coverage Quick Understandingnd Revision
Companion For Integrated Preparation of

Prelims and Mains
LIST OF BOOKS
• Ancient History • Indian Society • Indian Economy & Economic

Development
• Medieval History • Geography - India & World
• Science & Technology
• Modern History • Indian Polity & Constitution
• Disaster Management
• Art & Culture • Governance
• Internal Security
• Post Independence • Social Justice
• Environment & Ecology
• World History • International Relations
• Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude
All Books Available in Hindi and English
UDAAN TOTAL 9 BOOKS
QUICK REVISION BOOKLETS FOR PRELIMS EXAM
FEATURES
Discussion of Highly Updated Booklets With Concise and Curated Content For Solving
Probable Topics For Prelims Latest Data and Facts Objective Questions
Inclusion of Tables, Flow Charts and

Mindmaps For Easy Memorisation
LIST OF BOOKS
• Ancient History • Polity
• Medieval History • Economy
• Modern History • Environment and
• Art and Culture Ecology
• Geography • Science & Technology

MANTHAN
MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS MAGAZINE
FEATURES
Wide Coverage of Current Use of Infographics & Diagrams Designed As Per The Requirement
Affairs Topics For Better Presentation of Latest UPSC Exam Pattern
Comprehensive Coverage of Important Newspapers Practice Questions After Each Section For
Like The Hindu, Indian Express, PIB, Live Mint etc. Revision of Topics Covered
All Magazine’s Available in Hindi and English
UDAAN 500+ TOTAL 10 BOOKS
500 DAYS CURRENT AFFAIRS COMPILATION FOR PRELIMS EXAMINATION
FEATURES
Most Comprehensive Current Affairs Special Focus on Pyqs, One Stop Solution For Current
Compilation Data and Facts Affairs Preparation
Comprehensive Coverage of Topics With

Crisp Content
LIST OF BOOKS
• Polity and Governance • Social Issues
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• Government Schemes • Economy
• International Institutions and Organisations • IR and Defence
• Art and Culture • Geography and Disaster Management
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Hkkjrh; laxhr
5 (Indian Music)
thoksa ds daB ls mRiUu gksus okyh y;c¼ èofu dks laxhr laxhrdgrs
(le$xhr)
gSaAls feydj cuk gqqvk 'kCn gS le
tgk¡dk
vFkZlfgr rFkkxhr dk vFkZ xku ,oa u`R;ls gSaa vFkkZr~~
xkus ds lkFk u`R;ls lEcaf/r gSA
blds varxZrrhuksa dykvksa
(xku] u`R; ,oa ukVd) dk leUo; gSaA xk;dksa dk er gS fd i`Foh ij xk;u 'kSyh
czãk] dk
f'ko]
izkjaHk
ljLorh ls gksrs gq,
ukjn eqfuds ekè;e ls igq¡pkA Hkkjrh; laxhr dk foLrkj vkfn dky ls ysdj vk/qfud dky rd igq¡pk] ftlesa
HkkjrrFkkif'peh laxhr dk leUo; gSA
Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl vuk;Z yksxksa dh viuh dyk gksrh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy, H

ds iwohZ {ks=klaFkky
dk laxhr
A
 Hkkjrh; laxhr dh 'kq#vkr osnksa ds xq.kxku djus 
dh jkxkRed
Hkkjr dk ukVÔ'kkL=k
ljxe ] jkxkRedrk
] :iksavkSjok|;a=k
ço`fÙk;ksa ds lkFk gqbZA çkphure~ laxhr esa O;kdj.k fufgr Fkk
dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA
ftl dkj.ko'k bls oSfndds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
laxhr ls lacaf/r iwoZ xzaFk
 ½Xosn dks çkphure dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd ;g yxHkx 5000
jpuk,¡ ys•d
lky iqjkuk FkkA Hkkjrh; laxhr dh mRifÙk lkeosn
dkvkSj
o.kZu
ukVÔ'kkL=k Hkjreqfu (2oha 'krkCnh bZ-iw- ,oa 2oha 'krkCn
mlds miosnxa/oZosn
& ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
c`gís'kh erax (6oha ls 8oha 'krkCnh)
 jkx {kkjfç;kds lHkh7 Lojksa dk mYys•lkeosn esa
laxhr jRukdj 'kkjaxnso (13oha lnh)
feyrk gSA
laxhr lq/kdj gfjiky (14oha 'krkCnh)
 ok| oh.kk ds dqN fgLlksa dk mYys•
,srjs; vj.;d esa fd;k
Lojesyk&dykfuf/ jkeekR;k (16oha 'krkCnh)
x;k gSA
prqnZ.Mh&çdkf'kdk
osadVef•u (17oha 'krkCnh)
 tSfeuh; czkã.k lkewfgd :i u`R;
ls vkSjlaxhr dk o.kZu
djrk gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr
 ½Xosn ds 'yksdksa
½pk,¡
dks dgk tkrk FkkA  laxhr dh n`f"V esa lcls egRoiw.kZ
Hkjreqfu
xzaFk
dk ukV~;'kkL=k
 ½Xosn esa vk;ksZa ds euksjatu dk laxhr
eq[; FkkA
lk/u laxhr gSa] ftlesa xazaFkksa
6 vè;k;ksa
esa laxhr ij ppkZ feyrh
 nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr
djus ds fy, yksxxk;u ds :i esa ea=k gSaA ftlesa
Jqfr] ukn@xzke
] jkx@y;] Lrj] eqPNZuk FkkV
rFkk
xkrs FksA 'kkfey gSaA
 Jqfr dk vFkZ ogèofu tks lquhtk ldsA
dqN izfl¼ xzaFkksa'kriFk
tSls&
czkã.krFkkukjnh; f'k{kk
izHkwfr xzaFkksa esa xk;u dk ifjp; feyrk gSA  og èofu tkse/qj rFkkd.kZfiz;gksA
Hkjreqfu esaxk;u dk lcls egRoiw.kZ ifjp;  jkx] rky vkSjLoj Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr ds cqfu;knh rRo gS
ds ukV~;'kkL=k
feyrk gSA  Loj] bldk vFkZ gS
/qu;k rkjRoA dqy 7 Loj gSa%
lk js xk
ek ik / fu A ftUgsa
lIrkdj ;k ljxe dgk tkrk gSA
 fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk
ls izkIr<+ksy ctkrh ewfrZ;k¡
rFkku`R;&Hkko
dks Li"V djrh ewfrZ;k¡ vkfn izkIr gqbZ gSaA jkx
 Lojksa dks ,d lkFk feydj mPpkfjr djuk jkx dgykrk gS]
 ckalqjh
rFkkjko.kgRFkk
tSls laxhr ok| ;a=k fla/q ?kkVh lH;rkeq[;r%jkx rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa&
ds LFkyksa ls izkIr gq, gSaA
vkS<+ojkx
%5 Loj "kkaM~ojkx %6 Loj laiw.kZjkx
%7 Loj
 eksgutksnM+ks
dk¡lslsdh urZZdh ewfrZ
izkIr gqbZZA
r ky  /qzinlajpuk ds nks Hkkx vfuc¼

gSa] vuqHkkx vkSjlapkjh
 /quksadk y;c¼ lewg gh rky dgykrk gSA ;g y;c¼ pØ /zqin A ;g çFke eqÙkQ vyki gSA /qzin fof'k"Vr%
pkj Hkkxksa
3 ls ysdj 108 /quksa esa
dk gksrk gSaA lokZf/d yksdfç; gksus okys xk;k tkus okyk ,d xhr LFkk;h
gS& ] varjk
] lapkjhvkSj
Vs.Vyesa16 /qusgSaA le; foHkktu dh vk/kjHkwr bdkb;k¡ vHkksxA
y?kq
] xq#vkSjIyqr gSaA okLro esa dkO;kRed
bUgsa Nan ls fy;k /zqindh vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk bldh xaHkhjrk gSA
x;k gSAy?kqesa,d ] xq# esa nks
vkSjIyqr esa
rhu v{kj 'kkfey gSaA
 /qzin vyki ls çkjaHk gksrk gS] ftls fcuk 'kCnksa ds xk;k tkrk
eqPNZuk dqN le; ckn /qzin çkjaHk gksrki•kot
gS vkSj
ctk;k tkrk gSA
 /quksadks,d Loj ls nwljs Loj  èkz
esa LFkkukarfjr djuk gh eqPNZuk qin us13oha 'krkCnhesa'kkL=kh; laxhr
ds :i esa viuh
dgykrk gSA fLFkfr dks etcwr fd;kA
FkkV ckck xksiky nkl] Lokeh gfjnklvkSjrkulsu tSls laxhr xq:
 ;g fofHkUu lewgksa esa jkxksa ds oxhZdj.k dh vdcj ds njckj
,d ç.kkyh gSA esa jgrs FksA
fganqLrkuh 'kkL=kh;10&FkkV
laxhr esa
oxhZdj.k dks viuk;k x;k  jkt k ekuflag us Hkh bls yksdfç; cuk;kA
gSA ftlesa
fcykoy] •ekt ] dkWiQh ] vlkojh ] HkSjoh
] HkSjo] i•kot vkSjrkuiqjkeq[; ok|;a=k gSaA
dY;k.k] ekjok] iwohZ vkSjVksMhgSaA ?kjkuk
 gky ds o"kks± esa dqN dk 'kkL=kh;
>qdko laxhr dh rjiQ rFkk bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ijEijk ;k dqVqac gSA ?kjkuksa ds dkj.k gh
dqN dk oSf'od laxhr dh vksj >qdko gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr dk Lo:i lqjf{kr gSA
rh; laxhr dk oxhZdj.k
Hkkj / zqin ds yksdfiz; ?kjkus
' kkL=kh; laxhr yksd laxhr
' kkL=kh; vkSj yksd csfr;k Mkxjh ryoaMh njHkaxk
laxhr dk lekxe (fcgkj) ( jktLFkku) (iatkc) ( fcgkj)
qLrkuh 'kSyh
fgan lqxe laxhr johanz laxhr
csfr;k ?kjkuk(fcgkj)
dukZVd 'kSyh gosyh laxh
r x.k l axhr
 csf r;k vkSjnjHkaxk 'kSfy;ksa
esa izpfyr /zqin gosyh
dks 'kSyh
h 'kkL=kh; laxhr
fganqLrku ds :i esa tkurs gSaA
 bl ?kjkus dk izn'kZu djus okysbanz
O;fDr
fd'kksj feJk th
gSaA
 blesa laxhr lajpuk vkSj rkRdkfydrk dh laHkkoukvksa ij
vf/d è;ku dsafærdjrk gSA h ?kjkuk
Mkxj (jktLFkku)
 fganqLrkuh 'kkL=kh; laxhr esa
lIrd'kq¼
iSekusdks viuk;k  blesavyki ij è;ku dsafnzr fd;k tkrk gSA
Loj
x;k gSA  ;g ?kjkuk
Mkxj ok.kh
esa xk;k tkrk izeq[k
gSA xk;d& xqaMspk
ca/qA
 fganqLrkuh laxhr dh ,d fo'ks"krk
gS]Bsdk
tksfd
rcys ds Li'kZ
}kjk ,d rky dks Li"V djrk gSA Mkxj eqfLye laiznk;ls lEcaf/r gS rFkk buds xk;ufganw
esa
nsoh&nsorkvksa
ds xhr dk izpyu gSA
fgUnqLrkuh laxhr ds çdkj
r yoaMh ?kjkuk
(iatkc)
• /zqin • / ekj • gksjh • [ ;ky • VIik
 ;g ifjokj ikfdLrkuesa jgrk gSA ftl dkj.ko'k bls Hkkjrh;
• rjkuk • ljxe • Bqejh • prqjax jkxlkxj
laxhr ds Hkhrj ugha j[kk tkrkA
fganqLrkuh 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh mi&'kSyh  blesa[k.Mj ok.khxk;h tkrh gSaA
/zqin njHkaxk ?kjkuk
(fcgkj)
 /zqin ls vk'k; gS fd fuf'pr fu;e okyk gks] vVy gks rFkk
 bl ?kjkus ds izfrfuf/efyd ifjokj ds gSa rFkk buds orZeku
tks fu;e esa ca/k gqvk gksA lnL;ksa esa
jke prqj efyd rFkkizse dqekj efyddk
 jktLFkkuh 'kkL=kh; laxhr ds
iqjkus
lcls
vkSjHkO;
:iksa esa ls mYys[k feyrk gSA
,d gSA ukVÔ'kkL=k esa Hkh bldk ftØ feyrk gSA ;g /zqin ds[k.Mj ok.khvkSjxkSgj ok.kh
esa xk;s tkrs gSaA
r kulsu r jkuk
• og vdcj ds njckj esauojRuksa(ukS jRuksa) esa ls ,d FkkA
 ;g fganq Lrkuh 'kkL=kh; xk;u laxhr dh 'kSyh gS] ftlesa
• v dcj us mls rkulsu 'kh"kZd fn;k] ftldk vFkZ
fo}ku
,d iQkjlhvkSjvjch èofu;ksa
ij vk/kfjr dqN 'kCn vkSj 'kCnka'k ,d
O;fÙkQFkkA eè;e (eè;ky;) ;k rhoz xfr(æqr y;) ls çLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA
• mUg
ksaus u,
dbZjkxksa
dk l`tu fd;kA  bl 'kSyh esa y; cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
[;ky xk;u  13oha&14oha 'krkCnh rjkuk
esa'kSyh dk vkfo"dkj
vehj
 bldk mn~Hko eqDr dh•qljks ds }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bldk mi;ksx
vehj •qljks }kjk fd;k x;kA Lojkssssssa 10osa fl•
mM+ku
ds uke ij bldk uke [;ky iM+kA xq: &xq# xksfcan flag
us Hkh viuh jpukvksa esa fd;k FkkA
 blds nks vuqHkkx gksrs
LFkk;h
gSa&
vkSjvarjkA fganqLrkuh laxhr dh v¼Z 'kkL=kh; 'kSyh
 [ ;ky xk;u us/zqindh dBksjrk
o tdM+ cUnh dks de fd;k  laxhr dh v¼Z 'kkL=kh; 'kSyh LojHkh
ij vk/kfjr gS ysfdu
vFkkZr~ [;ky xkf;dh us Lojksssssssssssa ds ca/uksa dks rksM+
;g xk;u fn;kA
ds jkx dh ekud 'kSyh ls FkksM+k&lk fopyu gSA
 [ ;ky laxhr esa /zqin dh rqyuk
vyki
esadks cgqr de egRo  blesa jkxksa ds lqxe :i jkx
tSlsHkksikyhekydkSal
;k xk,
fn;k x;k gSA tkrs gSa] ftlesa rky ds ljy :i dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 jpuk esa
rkuksa [;ky 'kSyh dh ,d vuwBh buesaeè;e ;k /`r y; ç;qÙkQ gksrh gSa vFkkZr~ budh y;
dk ckj&ckj ç;ksx
fo'ks"krk gSA rhozrk gksrh gSA
 blesa vyki&tksM+&rku&>ky dh rqyuk esa
Hkko
vkSjxhr ij
blds laj{kdlqYrku eksgEen 'kdhZ [;kygSA
cy fn;k tkrk gSA
 [ ;ky xk;u dkscafn'kds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
Bqejh
 blds fo"k; ds :i esaçseh dk vyx gksuk]
Hkxoku Ñ".kdh
 bldh lajpuk vkSj çLrqfrvfr xhrkRed gSA Bqejh
,d çse
ØhM+k,a 'kkfey gSaA xhr ftldh 'kCn jpuk vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA
[;ky ?kjkus ds egRoiw.kZ O;fDr vkSj yksdfç; ?kjkus H kfDr vkanksyu ds çHkko ds dkj.k çÑfr esa jpuk,¡ H
1- Xokfy;j ?kjkuk[;ky xk;u ds iqjkus ?kjkuksa esa 'kkfeyHkfDre;
gS gks x;hA
rFkk blds izfl¼ xk;dksa esa •ku jpukvksa dh Hkk"kk
ukFkw fganh
;k czt cksyhtkrh gSa] lkekU;r% bls
v kSjfo".kq iyqLdj gSaA efgyk dh vkokt esa xk;k tkrk gSA
2- fdjkuk ?kjkuk [;ky xk;u ds ijEijk ls tqM+k fdjkuk ;g çLrqfr ds nkSjku xk;d dks viuh vksj ls dqN u;k djus
?kjkus dk ukedj.k mÙkj izns'k ds dh vuqefr nsrk gS rFkk ;g jkx ds ç;ksx

yphykiu
esa çnku
eqtÝiQjuxjftys dh ,d rglhy fdjkuk djrk gSA
ls gqvk ,oa blds izfl¼ xk;d uk;d  Bqejh dks lkekU;r% •ekt ] dfi] HkSjoh
tSls jkxksa esa çLrqr
xksiky] iafMr Hkhelsu tks'kh
(2008 esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Ru) vkSj
Hkkjrj xaxwckbZ gSaA
gaxy Bqejh esa eq[;r% nks izdkj dh y; fudyrh
rhozogSiziqQfYyr
3- vkxjk ?kjkuk ;s ?kjkuk
Üka`xkj fo'ks"k ds (iatkch Bqejh) rFkk
] izsevkSjHkfDr /hes (iwjc Bqejh)A
fy, tkuk tkrk gSA ftlds izfl¼ xk;d  Bqejh 'kkL=kh; laxhr u`R; dRFkdls tqM+h gqbZ gSA
iQSÕ;kt •ku ] eksgflu •ku fu;kth  blds eq[; ?kjkus okjk.klhvkSjy•uÅ gSaA
v kSj
fot; fdpyw gSaA blds izeq[k xk;dcsxe v[rj rFkkfxfjtk nsohgSaA
4- ifV;kyk ?kjkuk;s ?kjkuk iatkc
ds ifV;kyk fj;klr esa VIik xk;u
fodflr gqvkA blds izfl¼ xk;diQrsg  ;g Bqejh xk;u dk gh ,d :i gSA
vyh •ku ] vyh cD'k •ku vkSjxqyke  çkjaHk esa bls HkkjrmÙkj
ds if'pehHkkxksajktLFkku
esa tSls
vyh •ku lkgc gSaA {ks=kksa
Å¡Vdspkydksa
}kjk xk;k tkrk FkkA
 cknesalezkV eqgEen 'kkg

ds eqxy njckj esa bldh 'kq#vkr
 i qjanj nkl (1484&1564 bZ-) os%dukZVd laxhr ds
ds lkFk ,d v/Z&'kkL=kh; fo'ks"k xk;u 'kSyh ds :i esa ekU;rk
laLFkkid,oa çLrkodksaesa ls ,d FksA mUgsa
firkeg ;k
çkIr gqbZA
izeq[k xk;d&
y{e.k jko iafMrA dukZVd laxhr dk tud dgk tkrk gSA buds }kjk jfpr
d ukZVd 'kkL=kh; laxhr izfl¼ jpuknkl lkfgR; gSA
 {ks=kUtk (1600&1680 bZ-) % rsyqxw vkSjdukZVd
dfo
 ;g laxhr Ñfr vk/kfjr gksrk gS vkSj laxhrkRed •aM ds xhr
laxhrds laxhrdkj rFkk buds }kjkine~ dbZvkSjdhrZudh
dh xq.koÙkk ij vf/d cy fn;k tkrk gSA
jpuk dh xbZA budh izfl¼ jpukvksa HkxokuesaÑ".k
dh Lrqfr gSaA
 Ñfr ,d fuf'pr jkx vkSjfu;r rky ;k rkyc¼ pØ esa
d ukZVd laxhr dh f=kewfrZ
fodflr laxhre; xhr gksrk gSA
' ;kek 'kkL=kh eq[; jpuk,¡nsoh ehuk{kh dh Lrqfr esa
dukZVd 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh jpuk ds izdkj
(1762&1827 bZ-) rsyqxw
esa jfprA
iYyoh jpuk dh igyh ;k nwljh fo"k; xfr iafÙkQ iYyohds
R;kxjkt budh vf/dka'k jpuk,¡
rsyqxw
rFkklaLÑr esa
:i esa lanfHkZr gksrh jkxegS] bls
Fkkue iYyoh ds
(1767&1847 bZ-) gSaA bu jpukvksa
Hkxokuesajke
dh Lrqfr dh
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g dukZVd laxhr dk lcls
tkrhgSA bUgksaus dbZ u;s jkxksa dh jpuk d
v PNk Hkkx ekuk tkrk gSA
eqÙkqLokeh nhf{krkj esa laLÑr
vkSj
fganw nsorkvksa
dh Lrqfr esa
vuqiYyohiYyoh ds ckn vkus okyh nks iafÙkQ;ka vuqiYyoh
(1775&1835 bZ-) vf/dka'k jpuk,¡A
dgykrh gSaA bUgsa çkjaHk esa vkSj dHkh&dHkh xhr ds
var esa Hkh xk;k tkrk gS ysfdu çR;sd Nan ;k o"kZ
pj.k 1904 lqCckjek
esa nhf{krkj }kjk fyf•rlaxhr lEçnk;
dsckn bls nksgjkuk vko';d ugha gksrk gSA çnkfjuh ] fiNyh 'krkfCn;ksa ds laxhr vkSj laxhrdkjksa ds ckjs
lwpuk ds vf/dkj ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSaA
pj.k vafre vkSj lclsyack Nantks xhr dk lekiu djrk gSA
d ukZVd laxhr dh fofHkUu :iksa esa laxhr 'kSfy;k¡
gfjiky }kjklaxhrk lq/kdj (14oha 'krkCnh) fy•h xbZ FkhA
 xhre % ;g laxhr dsukSflf•;ksa dks fl•k;k tkus okyk]
 nf{ k.k Hkkjrh; laxhr] tSlk fd og vkt tkuk tkrk gS] eè; ;qxljyre 'kSyh dh jpuk gSA
esa ;knoksa dh jkt/kuhnsofxjhesaiQyk&iQwyk vkSjeqfLyeksa lqyknh%laxhr lajpuk vkSj O;oLFkk esa xhre ds leku
}kjk 'kgj ij vkØe.k vkSj ywV ds ckn uxj dk lEiw.kZ lkaLÑfrd ysfdu bldk Lrj xhre dh rqyuk esa mPp Lrjdk gksrk gSA
thou fot;uxj ds Ñ".knso jk;ds 'kklu ds v/hu fot;uxj  Lojktkrh%bls xhre~ ikBÔØe ds ckn lh•k tkrk gSA ;g
ds dukZVd lkezkT; ds v/hu laj{k.k çkIr gqvkA xhre~ ls vf/d tfVy ] Lojktkrh ] o.kksZa
ds vè;;u ds fy,
d ukZVd ?kjkuk ekxZ ç'kLr djrk gSA
 nf{k.k Hkkjr dh 'kkL=kh; laxhr 'kSyh gS rFkk bldk  txk;ukfrLoje % laxhr ç.kkyhLojktkrh
esa ds leku gh gS &
HkfDr laxhr ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA tkfrLoje dksbZ lkfgR;;k 'kCnkoyh ugha gaSA
 blds varxZr fganw nsoh&nsorkvksa
dks lefiZr jpuk,¡ gSaA  o.kZe % laxhr :iksa tSls fddhrZu ] Ñfr] Tokyh]frYykuk ]
 bl 'kSyh dks le;≤ ij yksxksa us izJ; fn;k tSls& vkfn esa fganqLrkuh laxhr ds led{k gSa o.kZegkykafd
esa çfr:i
• HkfDr vkanksyugtkjksa
ds jkxksa
esa HkfDr xhr dh jpuk gqbZA ugha feyrk gSA
 dhrZue ~ % ;g lkfgR; dh HkfDr lkexzh ds fy, ewY;oku gSA
• buxhrksa dh Hkk"kk bruh ljy gS fd yksxksa dh le> esa vk
dhrZue HkfDr Hkko ls vksrçksr gksrs gSaA
ldsA tSls& rsyqxw
] rfey vkfnA
 Ñfr %Ñfr] dhrZu ls fodflr gqvk :i gSA fganqLrkuh laxhr
d ukZVd laxhr ds 'kq#vkrh çLrkod
ds èkzqin ds lkFk feyrh&tqyrh dbZ fo'ks"krk,¡ eqÙkqLokeh
gSaA
 rYyi dk vUuekpk;Z (1408&1503 bZ-) % bUgsa yksdfç; nhf{krkj us èkqzin 'kSyh esa cgqr&lh Ñfr;ksa dh jpuk dh g
:i ls vUueÕ;k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA og dukZVd laxhr  in % in rsyqxw vkSjrfey esa fo}kuksa dh jpuk,¡ gSaA ;|fi os
ds 'kq#vkrh laxhrdkj gSaA mUgksaus osadVs'ojHkxoku
dh Lrqfr eq[; :i ls u`R; :iksa ds :i esa jps x, gSa] rFkkfilaxhr
os
esaladhrZudh jpuk dhA lekjksgksa
esa Hkh xk, tkrs gSaA
 to kyh %bls lkewfgdlaxhr dk;ZØeksa  frYykuk% fgUnqLrkuh laxhr

vkSju`R; lekjksgksa rjkukdsls lEcaf/rfrYykuk
nksuksa esa xk;k tkrk gS]vkd"kZd
;g mu y;ksa ds fy, ,d NksVh vkSjladqfpr 'kSyh gSA ;g eq[; :i ls ,d u`R;
yksdfç; gS] ftuesa og jfpr gSaA 'kSyh
gS fdarq
rst ,oa vkd"kZd laxhr
ds dkj.k bls dHkh&dHkh
 i nksa ds foijhr bZ'ojh; çse çnf'kZr djrs gSa tokyh tSlsvafre
xhr Hkkxds :i esa Hkh çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
 rue &;g jkx vYiukdh ,d 'kk•k gSA ;g eè;e dyk ;k
vo/kj.kk vkSjHkkouk dh n`f"V lsbafæ;xrgSaA
eè;e xfr esa jkx vYiuk gSA blesa
cks/xE; y; gSaA
fganqLrkuh vkSj dukZVd laxhr esa varj

fganqLrkuh 'kkL=kh; laxhr (mÙkj Hkkjr) dukZVd 'kkL=kh; laxhr (nf{k.k Hkkjr)
• vjch] iQkjlhvkSjviQxkuh
ls çHkkforA .kZr%
• iw Lons'kh
mRifÙk ds }kjkA
• lq/kjdh xqatkb'kA • lq/kjdh dksbZ xqatkb'k ughaA
• daBlaxhrvkSjok| ;a=kksa nksuksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh
• blesadaBgSAlaxhrij vf/d cy fn;k tkrk gSA
• 6 çeq• jkx gSA
• 72 jkx gSA
• eq[; :i ls jkx ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA
• eq[; :i ls rky ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA
• le ; dk ikyu djrk gSA
• le ; dk ikyu ugha djrk gSA
• r cyk] lkjaxh
] flrkj vkSjlarwj ;a=k
lkekU;r% ç;ksx fd, tkrs
gSaA • oh.kk] e`naxv kSjeaSMksfyu
A
• v usd mi&'kSfy;k¡
vkSj?kjkus
gSaA • blesa xk;u dh dsoy ,d fo'ks"k fu/kZfjr 'kSyh gSA
• ckalqjh
v kSjok;fyu fganqLrkuh
vkSjdukZVdlaxhr 'kSyh nksuksa esa fo|eku gSA
laxhr ok| ;a=kksa dk oxhZdj.k x

e`na
• ; g , d iz dk j dk
lqf"kj ok|
esEczksiQksfud
ok|&;a=k gS]
 •ks•ysdkWye ls gok çokfgrdj èofu mRiUu djuk gh
ftlds ckgjh vksj f>Yyh
lqf"kj ok| dgykrk gSA
gksrh gSA bl ij v?kkr djus
 mnkgj .k&lSDlksiQksu] lhVh] iqaxh] ck¡lqjh] 'kgukbZA
ds dkj.k laxhrkRed èofu
' kgukbZ fudyrh gSaA
• Hkkjrds bfrgkl esa lcls • e`nax dukZVd laxhrizkFkfed
dh rky;a=k gSA e`nax ok| ;a=k
izfl¼ ok|&;a=k 'kgukbZ] ds izfl¼ oknd,-ch- vkuUngSA
ft lds j ktk m Lr k n
fcfLeYykg [kku gSaA • bl e`nax dks
cdjs dh [kkyls nksuksa vksj dlk tkrk gS vkSj
• bldk iz;ksx 'kkL=kh; laxhr buds nksuksaL;kgh
vksjyxkbZ tkrh gSaA
ls ysdj yksd laxhrrd • i gys feV~VhfufeZr
ls ] vc ydM+h }kjk fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA
esa djrs gSaA ?kuok|
• 'kguk bZ jktk dks
Hkkjr jRuls lEekfur fd;k x;kA  euq"; }kjk vkfo"dkj fd, x, lcls çkphu midj.kksa ?kudks
• 'kguk bZ ,d izdkj dh[kks[kyh uyh] gS ftldk ,d fljk ok| dgk tkrk gSA
iryk vkSjnwljk vf/d pkSM+k gksrk gSA  ;s Bksl midj.k gksrs gSa] ftUgsa leLoj.k@VÔwfuax dh vk
v ou¼ ok| ugha gksrh gSA
 èofu dk mRiknu lkekU;r% peM+s o [kky ls cus ok| ;a=k ij
 mnkgj .k&?kqa?k:] MkafM;k] eVdh vkfnA
çgkj djds fd;k tkrk gSA blhfy, bldks vk?kkr ok| ;a=k ds
eVdh
:i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tks ,d
feêðh
;k /krqds crZu;k ydM+h
ds cSjy;k Úseesa iQSykdj yxk;k tkrk gSA rcyk] • ;g Hkkjrh; laxhr dk
mnkgj.k& ok| ;a=kgSA
<ksy] dkaxks] e`nax vkfnA • bls idh gqbZ feV~Vh
ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
• bldk bLrseky
yksd laxhr esa gksrk gSA if. kgkfj yksdxhr
• dukZVd laxhr esavaxqfy;ksa
bls dh enn ls  ;g xhrÜkàxkj jldks lk¡>k djrh gSaA
rFkkgFksfy;ksa
ctk;k tkrk gSA  ;g yksdxhr jktLFkku esa izfl¼ gSa rFkk bldh fo"k;oLrq ikuh
r r~ ok| ls lacaf/r gSA
 èofu ,d rkj ;k ra=kh ds daiu ls mRiUu dh tkrh gSA ; g xhr dq,¡ ls ikuh ysdj] okil ?kj dks tkus okyh
efgykvksa ds fo"k; esa gSaA
 bls nks O;kid Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k rr~
tkrk
ok|gS&
;a=kvkSjforr ok|;a=k yko.kh yksdxhr
 m nkgj.k& ok;fyu] flrkj] fxVkj] oh.kk] gkjeksfu;e] dkfepk] ;g egkjk"Vª
 vkfnA dk lcls izfl¼ yksdxhr gSA
oh.kk  bl yksdxhr esa u`R;vkSjxk;u dk leUo; gSA
• ,d ,slk 'kkL=kh; laxhr dk  bldk izn'kZu <+ksy dh rky ij gksrk gSSA
ok| ;a=k ] ftldk mYys[k ekaM
izkphu xzaFkksa esa feyrk gS] mls  bu xhrksa dks 'kkL=kh; xhrksa
esa fxuk tkrk gSA
ge oh.kkds uke ls tkurs gSaA  ;g yks d xhr jktLFkku ds jktnjckjksa dk gSSA
• rkjksa ds vykok?kqM+p
;g ] rjo  ekaM yksd laxhr dk lcls izfl¼ xkuk dslfj;k ckye gSA
ds rkj rFkklkfjdkvksa ls fufeZr gksrh gSaA
ckÅy
laxhrds izeq[k ok| ;a=k ,oa ok|d  bl yksdxhr ij fganw HkfDr vkanksyu dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
ok|&;a=k ok|d  caxky h /kfeZdlaiznk; Hkh gSaA
' kgukbZ mLrkn fcfLeYykg [kk¡] txUukFk] HkksykukFk ;g laxhr caxkyds xhrksa ds ekè;e ls jgL;okn dk mins'k nsus
oh.kk ,l- ckypanzu] vln vyh] czã Lo:i flag dh yach fojklr dk izfrfuf/Ro djrh gSa] ftldk mnkgj.k
lkgsc
l jksn c`tukjk;.k] vykm|hu [kk¡] vyh vdcj [kk¡ /ksuh;k cksyk gkMh laiznk; gSA
gjeksfu;e egewn /kSyiwjh] jfoUnz rysxkWodj] clarh bl laxhr ds orZeku izfriknd
 ekilsdj lukru nkl Bkdqj ckÅy th
e`na
x ,-ch- vkuan] Vh- ,l- uandqekj gSaA
rcyk mLrkn vYykjD[kk] iafMr lkerk izlkn] mLrkn
laxhr ds lEca/ esa izeq[k O;fDr
tkfdj gqlSu
tyrjax txnh'k eksgu] ?kklh jke fueZyA v ehj [kqljks
 v ehj [kqljks dk tUe 1253 bZ-esa
yksdlaxhr ,Vkftys mÙkj izns'k esa gqvk FkkA
 ns 'k dh fofo/rk ghyksd laxhrdks c<+kok nsrh gSA vFkkZr~ vehj [kqljksdks 6 lqYrkuksa dk
yksxksathouds easfofo/rkvksa ds dkj.k ghyksd laxhrdk laj{k.k izkIr gqvk FkkA
izlkj gqvkA tSls&iQlys dVus]fookg] cPpk iSnk gksus rFkk
 [ kqljks }kjkiQkjlhrFkkfgUnh esa
R;kSgkj
vkfn]nq%[kn o lq[knvoljksa ij xk;s tkus okys xhr dkO; jpuk,¡ dh xbZA
tc {ks=k ls lacaf/r gks tk;s] rks yksd
mUgsa
laxhrdgrs gSaA v ehj [kqljks izfl¼ lwiQh lar
iaMokuh yksdxhr futkeqíhu vkSfy;k ds f'k"; FksA
 ;g NRrh lx<+ dk ,d izfl¼ yksdxhr gSA budh izeq[k dfork dh jpuk,¡& eluoh :ckbZ vkSjxty
 ;g yksd laxhr egkdkO; egkHkkjrvkSjHkhe ij vk/kfjr gSA vkfn gSaA
 blesa xk;u vkSjoknudk lekos'k gS vkSj ;g yksdxhr rEcwjs laxhr esa jkx ;eu fn;kA
dh rky ij vk/kfjr gSA  budk izfl¼ ok| ;a=k rcykA
rhtuckbZdks iaMokuh yksdxhr dsin~eJh fy, o in~eHkw"k.k  budksrksrk&,&fgUn ds uke ls Hkh tkurs gSaA
ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA  [ kqljks dh dcz futkeqíhu(fnYyh) esa fLFkr gSaA
r kulsu cStwckojk
 rku lsu dkslaxhr ds lezkV ds uke  ;s Lokeh gfjnkl ds f'k"; FksA
ls tkuk tkrk gSA  /zqin'kSyh ds xk;dA
 budk tUe Xokfy;j esa csgjuked  jktk ekuflagds njckjh dfoA
xk¡o esa gqvkA  cztHkk"kk /zqinksa
esadk xk;u fd;kA
 rkulsu ds cpiu dk uke jkeruq  buds }kjk jfpr jkx& eaxy xqtjhrFkkeaxy rksM+h gSA
rFkkf=kykspu FkkA
fo".kq fnxEcj iyqLdj
 rku lsu usgtjr eksgEen xkSlo  budk tUe 1872 bZ-cEcbZ esa izslhMsalh
eksgEen vkfny'kkg ls laxhr lh[kkA ds dq:UnokM+ esa gqvkA
 buds cpiu ds xq: Lokeh gfjnkl FksA  buds laxhrK xq:iafMr cky
• Lokehgfjnkl dfo ,oa laxhr ds xq: FksA Ñ".kcqok bpyjathdsj FksA
• og /zqin xk;u ds lcls cMs+ xk;d FksA  /u dh izkfIr rFkk laxhr dks c<+kok
• mudsije f'k";& cStw ckojk] rkulsu vkfn FksA nsus ds fy,lkoZtfud dk;ZØe
• ,d dfo ds :i esa mUgksaus jk/k&Ñ".kdh HkfDr esa vk;ksftr fd;kA
cztHkk"kk
esa /zqinksa dh jpuk dhA  l u~ 1901 esaxa/oZ egkfo|ky;dh
• budh e`R;q 85 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gks xbZA LFkkiuk dh rFkk 1908 bZ-esaeqEcbZesa bldh igyh 'kk[kk [kqyhA
 rku lsu }kjk/zqinxk;k tkrk FkkA  bUgks ausrqylhnkl] dchjnkl vkfn HkfDr dfo;ksa ds jkxksa dks
 mUg ksaus dbZ u, jkxksa dh jpuk,¡ fe;k¡ dh tSls&
dh lkjax
] :ikarfjr dj Ükàxkj jl dhBqejh 'kSyh dks c<+kok fn;kA
njckjh dkUgM+k ,oa fe;k¡ dh rksM+h vkfnA mLrknfcfLeYykg [kk¡
 budk tUe fcgkj ds Mqejk¡o eas
 muds}kjk ok| ;a=kksa dh jckc [kkst&
rFkklqjcgkjA
gqvkA
rkulsu }kjk laxhr ij fy[kh iqLrdsa&
laxhrlkj rFkkJh x.ks'k
 fo' oukFk eafnj (okjk.klh) esa vius
gSaA
 budk edcjk Xokfy;jesa fLFkr gSA
pkpk ds lkFk 'kgukbZ ctkus dk
vH;kl djrs FksA
iafMrHkhelsu tks'kh
 buds }kjk xzafFkr ctjh /qusa&] pSrh
 ;s fdjkus ?kjkus ls lEcaf/r FksA
rFkk>wyk gSA
 budk tUe xMx(dukZVd) esa
 bUgsa dbZ iqjLdkjksa
Hkkjr jRu
] in~eJh]
gqvkA
 budk izfl¼ xhrfeys lqj esjk
in~eHkw"k.k
] jksLVe iqjLdkj rFkkrkulsu iqjLdkjls lEekfur
rqEgkjk gSA fd;k x;kA
 cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; rFkk 'kkafr fudsru}kjk bUgsa
 bUgks aus dbZ fiQYeksssssa esa xkus xk,
tSls&rkulsu] clar cgkj rFkk MkWDVjsV dh mikf/ izkIr gqbZA
vudgh vkfn izeq[k gSaA prqj izgj ,d okf"kZd 'kkL=kh; mRlo gS] tks eqEcbZ (
NPCA,
bUgsa
2009 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
Hkkjr jRuls lEekfur fd;k x;kA jk"Vªh; dsUæ) esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
laxhrls tqM+s leqnk;

• yk?kk(eqfLye tutkrh;) jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr • ckthxj iatkc
u;kj (eqfLye)
• eaxf jktLFkku • t ksxh] Hkksik jktLFkku
• ckby if'pe caxky • eqfj;k NÙkhlx<+
• c?ksy eè; izns'k • Mekj NÙkhlx<+
• i qy;kj rfeyukMq
laxhr
{ks=kh;
laxhr {ks=k fo'ks"krk
jfl;k xhr mÙkj çns'k jfl;k 'kCn jl (Hkkouk) 'kCn ls fy;k x;k gS D;ksafd jfl;k dk vFkZ gS tks jl ;k Hkkouk ls Hkjk
vkYgk mÙkj çns'k@ cqansy•aM dh fof'k"V xkFkk 'kSyh vkYgk esa ns•us dks feyrh gSa] ftlesa vkYgk vkS
eè; izns'k ds lkgfld dkjukeksa dk mYys• fd;k tkrk gS ftUgksaus egksck ds jktk ijeky dh lsok dh
gksjh mÙkj çns'k ;g jk/k Ñ".k ds çse çlaxksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
lksgj mÙkj çns'k@fcgkj mÙkj Hkkjr esa ifjokj esa iq=k tUeksRlo ij lksgj xk;u dh ,d mRlkgh ijaijk gSA
d tjh mÙkj çns'k@fcgkj dtjh o"kkZ ½rq ds nkSjku mÙkj çns'k vkSj fudVorhZ {ks=k esa efgykvksa }kjk xk;k
ik¡•hM+k jktLFkku •srksa esa dke djrs gq, jktLFkku ds fdlkuksa }kjk xk;k x;kA
yksfV;k jktLFkku yksfV;k dks R;kSgkj ds nkSjku pS=k eghus esa xk;k tkrk gSA efgyk,a rkykc vkSj dqv
(ikuh Hkjus ds fy, ,d crZu) vkSj dy'k (iwtk ds nkSjku ikuh Hkjus ds fy, 'kqHk ekuh tku
lkexzh) ykrh gSaA
iaMokuh NÙkhlx<+ iaMokuh esa] egkHkkjr dh dgkfu;ksa dks ,d xhr ds :i esa xk;k tkrk gS vkSj jkr ds çn'kZ
;k nks ?kVukvksa dks pqudj dFkk ds :i esa fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA
'kdquk•kj dqekÅ¡ fgeky; dh rygVh esa 'kqHk voljksa ij vufxur xhr xk, tkrs gSaA 'kdqu•kj dks xksn Hk
eaxy xhr cky&tUe] NBh (cPps ds tUe ls NBs fnu fd;k tkus okyk vuq"Bku)] x.ks'k iwtk vkfn /k
v uq"Bkuksa ds nkSjku xk;k tkrk gSA
ckjgeklk dqekÅ¡ dqekÅ¡ ds bl vkapfyd laxhr esa o"kZ ds 12 eghuksa dk o.kZu çR;sd ekg dh fo'ks"krkvk
tkrk gSA
ekaMks xksok ;g xksokbZ laxhr dh ,d izfl¼ jpuk gS] tks iqrZxkyh 'kklu ds nkSjku çse] nq%• vkSj xks
v U;k; vkSj jktuhfrd fojks/ ls lacaf/r ,d Nan c¼ lajpuk gSA
ye u fgekpy çns'k yeu esa ckfydkvksa dk ,d lewg Nan xkrk gS vkSj yM+dksa dk ,d lewg xhr ds tfj, mÙkj
dOokyh & dOokyh ewyr% bZ'oj dh ç'kalk esa xkbZ tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa dOokyh dk vkxeu rsjgo
vklikl gqvk rFkk lwfiQ;ksa }kjk vius lans'k dk çpkj djus ds fy, bldk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA vehj •q
(1254&1325 bZ-) ,d lwiQh lar Fks ftUgksaus dOokyh ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
iksokM+ egkjk"Vª iksokM+
'kCn dk vFkZ gS 'kkunkj 'kCnksa esa ,d dgkuh dk o`rkar] o`rkar lnSo fdlh ohj vF
v Fkok LFkku dh ç'kalk esa lquk;k tkrk gSA
rhtxhr jktLFkku rht jktLFkku dh efgykvksa dh cM+h Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk eukbZ tkrh gS] ;g Jko.k ekl ds
v ekoL;k ds ckn rhljs fnu eukbZ tkrh gSaA
Nwdjh d'ehj ;g uwr (feêðh ds crZu) jckc] lkjaxh vkSj rqEcdusjh (Å¡ph xnZu okyk feêðh dk crZu) dh l
fy, xk;k tkrk gSA
Hkk
•k tEew vkSj d'ehj bldk xk;u xzke okfl;ksa }kjk iQly dkVus ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkwrxhr dsjy Hkwr xhr dk vk/kj va/fo'okl ls tqM+k gqvk gSA dsjy ds dqN leqnk; Hkwr çsr dks Hkxku
fjokt viukrs FksA
clar xhr x<+oky clar ½rq dk Lokxr x<+oky esa ,d vuwBs <ax ls fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh ds jaxhu iQwyk
gksrh gSA clar iapeh ds volj ij iQ'kZ ij pkoy ds vkVs ls jaxksyh cukbZ tkrh gS vkSj lqa
gsrq xk; ds xkscj ds lkFk gjs tkbZ ds caMyksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
laxhr {ks=k fo'ks"krk

?kfl;kjh xhr x<+oky igkM+ksa esa ;qok efgykvksa dks vius i'kqvksa ds fy, ?kkl ykus ds fy, nwj&nwj
gSos ou lewgksa esa ukprs vkSj xkrs gq, tkrh gSaA
nldfB;k vksfM'kk ;g vksfM'kk esa çpfyr xkFkk xk;u dh ,d 'kSyh gSA n'kdfB;k 'kCn dkBh vFkok jke
,d dk"B ls cus laxhr ok| ls fy;k x;k uke gSA
lukyeksd ef.kiqj luk yeksd] ekbZck }kjk jkT;kfHk"ksd ds nkSjku xk;k tkrk gS] ;g ckn'kkg dk Lokxr
Hkhxk;k tkrk gSA
lSdqVh tkbZ fetksje fetks dks ijaijkxr :i ls xk;u tutkfr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] lSdqVh fetksje dh ,d
(lkbdqVh ds dfork us ;ks¼kvksa dh ç'kalk esa xkuk xkus] cgknqj f'kdkjh] ;qok iq#"kksa dks egk
xhr) f'kdkjh gksus dh bPNk j•us dh bPNqdrk vkfn ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
pkbZfgvk fetksje fetks fjokt ds vuqlkj pipkj dV R;kSgkj ds nkSjku u dsoy xk;u cfYd u`R; Hkh iwjs
(pkbZ u`R; ds ds nkSjku tkjh jguk pkfg,A xk;u vkSj u`R; ds fy, fo'ks"k volj dks pkbZ rFkk xhrksa dk
xhr) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
lqdj ds fc;kg fcgkj xzkeh.k yksdxhrksa esa çÑfr xzgksa vkSj u{k=kksa dh viuh gh O;k[;k gSa] 'kqØ vk
Hkkstiqjh xhr vc Hkh xkbZ tkrh gSA
foYyw iV~Vw rfeyukMq blesa çeq• xk;d eq[; fu"iknudrkZ dh Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA og çeq• ok| ctkrk
(/uq"k xhr ) ds vkdkj dk gksrk gSA xhr lS¼kafrd fo"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa vkSj vPNkbZ dh cq
ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
vEekuhbokjh rfeyukMq vEekuhbokjh pksy jktkvksa dh ç'kalk esa xk, tkus okys xhr gSaA vEekukbZ ,d y
rFkk efgyk,¡ xsan •syrs le; ;g xhr xkrh gSaA
MkafM;k xqtjkr uojkf=k ds nkSjku
xjck ds lkFk xqtjkr esa
MkafM;k jkl
fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkoxhr dukZVd] izse rFkk n'kZu bl laxhr ds eq[; fo"ke
xtygksrs
ds leku
gSaAgSA
egkjk"
Vª
eaxfu;kj mÙkj izns'k LFkkuh; jktkvksa vkSj yM+kb;ksa ds xhrA
cksjxhr vle 'kadjnso dh jpukvksa ij vk/kfjrA
>wej vle pk; tutkfr;ksadk yksdfiz; laxhrA
Hkkjrh; vk/qfud laxhr ' kkL=kh; laxhr vkSj yksd laxhr dk lekxe
• jkW
d laxhr • ikWi
laxhr Hktu mÙkj Hkkjr esa HkfDr xk;u
• laxhr
Cyw • l laxhr
Vªka 'kCn fl[k /eZ ds xq#}kjksa esa xk;k tkrk gSA
• tSt laxhr • lkbdsdsfyd laxhr dCokyh bls ,dy jkx esa xk;k tkrk gSA


6 Hkkjrh; u`R; fo/kk,¡

(Indian Dance)
ekuo }kjk thou dslq[k&nq%[k
dksfofHkUu eqnzkvksa
}kjk O;Dr djuk gh
u`R;dgykrk gSA u`R; dk fodkl
vkfndky ds
lekt ls ysdj vk/qfud lekt rd foLr`r gqvk gS] tSls&
rkaMo ls ysdj fgi&ikWi
vkfnA
 Hkkjrh; u`R; dyk dk fodkl /eZo n'kZuls tqM+k gqvk gSA u`R; ds Lo:i
 ekuk tkrk gS fd lalkj esa c<+rs Øks/] bZ";kZ] nq%[k dks ns[krs gq,
 ukV~;'kkL=k ds vuqlkj
rkaMo
vkSjykL; u`R;ds nks vk/kjHkwr
czãk è;kueXu gq, vkSj ukV~; laxhr dh jpuk muds }kjk dh xbZA
igyw gSa%
 bl rjg u`R; bZ'ojo euq"; ds vkilh izse dks n'kkZrk gSA
1- rkaMo;g%iq#"kksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk u`R; gS] blesa y;
Hkjreqfuds ukV~; 'kkL=k u`R;
esa
] ukVdvkSjlaxhrdk mYys[k
rFkk xfr ij vf/d cy fn;k tkrk gS A
feyrk gS] ftl dkj.k blsik¡poas osn
ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
2- ykL; % fL=k;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa ykfyR;] Hk
 dqN ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa }kjk u`R; n'kZu dks is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls&Hkxoku fo".kq }kjkHkLeklqj dks HkLe djukA vFkkZr~ jl rFkk vfHku; fu:fir gksrs gS ,oa Üka`xkj dh iz/kurk g
f'ko }kjk HkLeklqj dks ojnku fn;k tkuk fd rqEgkjs Nwus uanhds'oj
ls yksx dsvfHku; niZ.k(5oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ) ds
HkLe gks tk;saxsaA yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd bl ojnkuvuqlkj] dks fu"iQy
u`R; ds
3 ewy rRogSa%
djusa ds fy, fo".kq }kjk
eksfguhdk :i /kj.k djds u`R;dyk 1-ukV~; ukVdh; fu:i.k ij vk/kfjrA
dk izn'kZu djdsHkLeklqj dks HkLeAfd;k 2-u`Ùk vfuok;Z :i ls vfHkO;atd] fo'ks"k :i ls ,d fo"k; ;k
 Hkkjrh; u`R;dyk dks nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSafopkj ftlesads vFkZ dks O;ÙkQ djus ds fy, çn'kZu fd;k tkrk gS
egknso dks nks :iksa esa ns[kk [kq'ke;
x;k&
rFkkxqLlSy
A 3-u`R; % bldk vFkZ lkekU;r% y;c¼ Øe esa iSjksa ds lapk
igyk :i& jkSæ] nwljk :i& vkuUn ls tqM+k gqvk vkSj bls djus}kjk fd;s tkus okys u`R; ls gS] u fd fdlh izdkj dh
okys f'ko uVjkt ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA vfHkO;fDr dks O;Dr djus lsA
 bl xzUFk dk fuekZ.k½Xosn ls 'kCn]lkeosnls laxhr];tqoZsn u`R; vkSj ukV~; dks çHkkoh <ax ls çLrqr djus ds fy,] ,d
ls Hkafxek;savFkoZosn
vkSj ls Hkko ysdj fd;k x;k gSA urZd dks9 jlksadks vfHkO;ÙkQ djus ds fy, çf'kf{kr fd;k
 HkjrukV~;e~uVjkt
u`R; ds led{k gSA tkrk gSA
uVjkt dh fo'ks"krk,¡ • çse ( Ükàaxkj)
• fouksn(gkL;) • d#.kk (d#.k)
• egknso}kjk ,d gkFk lslalkj dk • ohjrk (ohj) • Øks/ (jkSæ) • Hk; (Hk;adj)
l`tu rFkk nwljs lagkjls djus dh • ?k`.kk(ohHkRl)
• vk'p;Z (vn~Hkqr)
• 'kkafr('kkar)
'kfDr gSA
• ,d gkFkvHk;eqæk esa] nwljs gkFk esa Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R;
Me:] Åij mBs gkFkvfXu esa rFkk
uhps dh rjiQ gkFk mudsik¡o mBs  Hkjreqfu ds ukV~; 'kkL=k
of.kZreas
vk/kjHkwr fu;eksa
rFkk
dh rjiQ ladsr nsrk gSA fn'kk&funsZ'k
ds vuqlkj lapkfyr gksus okys u`R; dks 'kkL=k
• ,d ik¡o ls jk{kldks nck j[kk gS]eks{k tks dh izkfIr ds u`R; 'kSyh dh dksfV esa j[kk tkrk gSA
fy, f'ko dks gh ekxZ crkrk gSnwljk ,oa iSj u`R;
dh eqnzk 'kkL=kh; u`R;
u`R;
esa,d fuf'pr Øe esa gksrk gS
vkSjfu;e
esa fLFkr gSaA dBksj gksrk gS] u`R; esa iSjksa dh] Hkafxekvksa
'kkjhfjd
• pkjksa rjiQ vfXu Å¡&vkdkj
,d Lo:i fn[kkrk gSA fØ;kvksarFkk muds
Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr
esa ,d y; rFkk
• bl rjg f'ko dks l`tudrkZ] lagkjd ,oa nkgd dk :i feyrk gSA blds fo"k; HkfDr Hkkouk ls ;qDr gksrk gSA
 ' kkL=kh; u`R;

esa ekuk tkrk gS Kku
fd] dk gLrkarj.k
dsoy  blesa laxhr] ok| eaMy esa ,d xk;d] ,d ckalqjh oknd] ,d
xq:&f'k"; ijEijk 'kkL=kh; e`naxe oknd ;k ,d oh.kk oknd] ,d djrky oknd gksrs gSaA
xq: ds ekè;e ls gks ldrk gS] ;g
u`R; 'kSyh dk eq[; rRo gS bl vk/kj8 ij'kkL=kh; u`R; ekus dfork dk ikB djus okyk O;fÙkQ
 u`R; uMUuoukj gksrk gSA
x;s gSA HkjrukV~; ds çfl¼ u`rd
rukV~;e(rfeyukMq)
Hkj • ;kfeuh Ñ".kewfrZ
• y{eh fo'oukFku• lksuy ekuflag
 ;g rfey laLÑfr dk,dy u`R; gSA • e`.kkfyuh lkjkHkkbZ
• efYydk lkjkHkkbZ
 bl u`R; dh mRifÙk
rfeyukMq
esa gqbZ d Fkdyh(dsjy)
rFkk u`R; dks rfey esa ukV~;e ls  dsjy ds eafnjksa'kkL=kh;
esa u`R;
lEcksf/r fd;k tkrk gSA dh dFkdyh 'kSyh fodflr gqbZA
 bl u`R; dks eafnjksa nsonkfl;ksa
esa ds  oLrqr% dsjy ds LFkkuh; yksd ukVd
}kjk fd;s tkus ds dkj.k
20oha lnh dqfM;V~Ve ,oa Ñ".kvV~Ve blds
ls igys dksbZ lEeku ugha izkIr FkkA izsj.kk lzksr gSA
 H kjrukV~;e dks ge vfXu u`R;ds uke ls tkurs gSa D;ksafd blessssssssa ikSjkf.kd
ewyr%dFkkud dks
vf/dka'k'kkjhfjd eqæk,¡ ygjkrh gqbZvkx ds yiVksa ds 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
leku fn[kk;h nsrh gSA  dFkdyhu`R;]xhr vkSj vfHku;
 Hkjr u`R;o vfHku; 'kkfey gksrk gS] bl u`R; esadk feJ.k gS_ u`R; esa jkek;.k
ukV~;e esa egkHkkjr
o ds izlaxksa dks n'kkZ;s
tkus ds dkj.k bls xkFkkxhr Hkh dgrs gSA
eq[;r%'kkjhfjd Hkafxek ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA
dFkdyh izeq[kr% iq#"kkssa
}kjk fd;k tkus okyk u`R; gSA blesa
 bldh çLrqfr esa ,d fu;fer xku dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS]
u`R;kaxuk jkfxuh us iq#"kksa ls dFkdyh u`R; dk vf/dkj NhukA
ftlesa lcls igys vkÞoku xhr ] vkykfjiq
] tkrhLoje]
 bl u`R; esa efgykvksads uk gksus ds dkj.k
efgykvksadk ik=k
vfHku;] 'kCne] o.kZevkSjfrYykuk] çn'kZu ,oa nsorkvksa dk
vk'khokZn çkIr djus okyk eaxye ds lkFk lekIr gksrk gSA iq#"k djrs FksA
 H dks nsohrFkkÑ".k vÕ;j us ;g ,d 'kSyh c¼ dyk gS] blesa vfHku; ds pkj igyw&
kjrukV~;e u`R; :Def.k
vafxdk] vgk;Z ] okfpdk] lkfRod] u`Ùk ,oa u``R;vkSjukV~;
iquthZfor fd;kA
igyqvksa dk mRÑ"V lfEeJ.k gSA
 H kjrukV~;e u`R;dk lEca/ uVjkt dh ewfrZ (vkUkUn iznku
 d Fkdyh u`R; esa us=k o HkkSgksa dk lapkyu lcls egRoiw.k
djus okys f'ko) ls tksM+k tkrk gS] HkjrukV~;e ratkSj
] esa
 v êðkdFkk lksj dh dgkfu;ksa egkdkO;ksa
dks vkSjikSjkf.kd
dkaphiqje,oa ik.Muqywjrhuksa ?kjkukssa dks ekU;rk izkIr gS] bu
dFkkvksals pquk tkrk gS tcfd dFkdyh xhrksa ds fy, iz;ksx
?kjkuksa ds lfEefyr :i ikf.k
dks uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
dh tkus okyh Hkk"kkef.kçkoye gSA
Øe fo'ks"krk  d Fkdyh u`R; esa nks eq[; fdjnkj
ikpkuk;d rFkkdsVh@dÙkh
vkykfjiq u`rd nsork rFkk n'kZdksa dh Lrqfr iq"iksa ls djrk [kyuk;d
gSA gksrs gSaA
tkrhLoje u`rd }kjk eqnzkvkas dk ifjp;  psgjs ij pêðhcukus ds fy,pkoy ds isLVvkSjpwus ds feJ.k
dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls psgjsÜk`àxkj
dk mHkj
dj vkrk gSA
v fHku; u`R; dk Hkko Hkafxek
 u` R;d ds psgjs ij yky o gjk jax yxk gksrk gS tks
' kCne u`rd }kjk ukV~;Hkkoksa dk o.kZu
vyx&vyx Hkko dk lwpd gSA gjk jax] ln~xq.k
] e;kZnkdk
o.kZe u`rd }kjk Hkko] rky vkSj jkx dh izLrqfr lwpd gS] tcfdyky jax iki dk lwpd gSA
i ne u`rd oanuk ds lkFk vfHku; djrk gSA  bl izdkj dFkdyh vPNkbZ o cqjkbZ ds chp pyus okys ,d
frYykuk u`rd ukjh lqanjrk fn[kykrk gSA la?k"kZ dks O;Dr djrk gS rFkk ;g rkMao u`R; dk izfrfuf
djrk gSA
d Fkdyh ds u`R; ds izeq[k dykdkj dksVDdy Ñ".ku d RFkd ?kjkuksa ds laf{kIr fooj.k
dqV~Vhuk;j] jhrk xkaxqyh
] lnkue Ñ".ku dqV~VhrFkkjkeu y[kumQ ?kjkuk • y[ kumQ ?kjkus ls lEcaf/r u`R; ij eqxy
dqV~Vh vkfn gSA
izHkko ds dkj.k gh u`R;Ükàxkfjdrk
esa ds
d RFkd(mÙkj çns'k) lkFk ghvfHku; i{k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA
 jklyhyk ds mn~Hko
• uokc okftn vyh 'kkg ds 'kklu esa
ls bldh mRifÙk dh y[kumQ ?kjkuk vius pjeksRd"kZ ij igq¡pkA
tkudkjh çkIr gksrh
• bl ?kjkus dh eq[; fo'ks"krk
vfHkO;fDr
gS] eq[;r%czt{ks=k
rFkkykfyR;gSA
(if'peh mÙkj
• y[ kumQ ?kjkus dks ykssdfiz; cukus dk Js;
çns'k esa eFkqjk)] tks
dFkk 'kCn ls fy;k yPNw rFkkfcjtw egkjktdks tkrk gS] tks
x;k gS ftldk vFkZdgkuh
gS A ftls dfFkdk ;k dFkkokpd dkyd k izlknds iq=k gSA
dgk tkrk gSA t;iqj ?kjkuk • u`R;djus ds le; ik¡o dh rS;kjh] u`R;
 d RFkd dh [kkl ckr blds in lapkyu ,oa f?kjuh[kkus dh xfr rFkkvax lapkyuij vf/d cy
esa gSA bl u`R; esa ?kqVuksa dks ugha eksM+k tkrk gSA fn;k tkrk gSSSA
 t qxycanh dRFkd dk eq[; vkd"kZ.k urZd
gS tks
vkSj • Hkkuqth
}kjk t;iqj ?kjkus dks vkjEHk fd;k
rcykoknd ds chp ,d çfrLi/hZ •sy fn•krk gSA x;k rFkk blesa
izokg xfrrFkkyEcs y;c¼
 d RFkd u`R; dks
/zqin,oa Bqejh xk;u
ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k rjhds ij fo'ks"k è;ku dsfUær fd;k tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA • t ;iqj ?kjkus ds
xq: u`R;kpk;Z fxj/kjh
 ; g Hkkjr dk ,dek=k
'kkL=kh; u`R;
gS] ftldk eqfLye egkjkt vkSjJhefr 'kf'k eksgu xks;yus
laLÑfr ds lkFk laca/ gSa_ ;g dykfganw
esa
vkSjeqfLye bl u`R; ijEijk dks thfor j[kkA
çfrHkk ds ,d vf}rh; la'ys"k.k dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
jk;x<+ ?kjkuk• jk;x<+ ?kjkus dh LFkkiuk
t;iqj rFkky[kumQ
 d RFkd u`R; dk tUemÙkj Hkkjrds {ks=kksa esa gqvk] ij ?kjkus ds fof'k"V yksxksa
s jktk pØ/j
u flag
bldk izlkj bZjkuh
vkSjeqfLyenjckj rd igq¡p x;kA ds lja{k.k esa fd;kA
• bldks izflf¼ gkfly djkus esa egRoiw.kZ
eqxyksads vkus ds ckn ;gu`R; njckjksa
esa izlkfjr gqvk ,oa
blds i'pkr~dRFkd u`R;esa/eZ dh rqyuk esa
lkSan;Zcks/
ij ;ksxnku iafMr dkfrZd jke ,oa muds iq=k
vf/d è;ku dsfUær fd;kA iafMr jkeyky }kjk fd;k x;kA
• bl ?kjkus dk dFkd ukV~;] jlksa] Hkkoksa
 eqxy dky esa] u`R; dh ;g fo|k ifrr gksdj dkeksÙkstd
'kSyh esa izLrqr dh tkus yxhA ;qDreqækvksa ls fefJr u`R; gSaA
 v o/ ds uokc okftn vyh 'kkg ds 'kklu ds le; cukjl ?kjkuk • cukjl ?kjkus dks vkJ; tkudh izlkn us
BkoqQj izlkn
dRFkd ds ,d izfl¼ urZd Fks] bUgksaus
uokc fn;kA
dks u`R; fl[kk;k rFkk budsfcanknhu
iq=kksa
] dkydk izlkn • ;g ?kjkuk t;iqj ?kjkus ds ledkyhu FkkA
,oa HkSjo
us dRFkd dks f'k[kj ij ys x;ssA • bl ?kjkus ds izfl¼ dFkd u`R;kaxuk flrkjk
 d RFkd fganqLrkuh
;k mÙkj Hkkjrh; laxhr
ds fy, 'kkL=kh; nsoh ds i'pkr~ mudh ekrk t;arh ekyk us
u`R; dk ,dek=k :i gSA bl ?kjkus dks vius f'k[kj ij igq¡pk;kA

ef.kiqjh(ef.kiqj)  ijkar vksfMlh u`R; dk izHkko

rnq oS".kookn ij iM+kA
 ;g i woksZÙkj Hkkjr  oS".kookndsvkxeu ds dkj.k bl u`R; dks egkjh}kjk fd;k
ds ef.kiqjdh u`R; tkrk gS rFkk vksfMlh u`R; dks tSuvkJ;
'kkld [kkjosyus
'kSyh gSA fn;kA
 (nsorkvksa
ykbZgkjksck  blh le; ds vkl&ikl yM+dksa dk ,d oxZ] xksfriqvk
ftls
dk vkeksn&çeksn) dgk tkrk Fkk] tks dykçoh.k
esa Fkk] eafnj esa vkSj yksxksa ds
ds R;kSgkj ls bl lkekU;r%euksjatuds fy, Hkh u`R; djus yxkA bl 'kSyh ds
ds mn~Hko dk irk orZekuxq#vksa
esa vusdxksfriqvk
ijEijk ls lEcfU/r gSaA
pyrk gSA ;g u`R; dk lcls çkjafHkd :i gS
ef.kiqj
tks esa lHkh xfrfof/ dh rduhfd;k¡ nks vk/kjHkwrpkSd
eqækvksa
vkSjf=kHkax
'kSyhxr u`R;ksa
dk vk/kj gSA ds vkl&ikl fufeZr gksrh gSaA
 bl u`R; esa u`R;d
?kq¡?k:
ugha ck¡/rs gS'kkjhfjd
rFkk eqæk dk pkS d ,d oxZ dh fLFkfr gS& ;g 'kjhj ds Hkkj ds leku larqyu
lhfer iz;ksx djrs gSaA ds lkFk ,d iq#"kksfpr eqæk
gSA
 ef.kiqjhjkl esa] eq[;ik=k jk/k
] Ñ".k vkSjxksfi;k¡gSaA
 f=kH
kax,d fL=k;ksfpr eqæk
gS] ftlesa'kjhj] xnZu
] /M+vkSj
ef.kiqjh u`R;rkaMo
esa vkSjykL; nksuksa 'kkfey gSa
ykL;
fdUrq ?kqVuksa
ij eqM+k gksrk gSA
dh iz/kurk gksrh gSA  urZd 'kjhj ds lkFk tfVy T;kferh; vkdkj vkSj vkÑfr cukrs
 ef.kiqjhxk;u dh 'kkL=kh; 'kSyh
uVdks
dgk tkrk gS tks mÙkj gSaA blfy,] bls
pyk;eku f'kYikÑfrds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
vkSj nf{k.k
Hkkjrh; laxhrnksuksa ls cgqr vyx gSA  /M+lapkyugh bl 'kSyh dk ,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ vkSj fo'ks"k
 bl u`R; dh vkRek <ksy gS rFkk bl u`R;ukxkHkaæk
esa eqæk y{k.k gksrk gSA
mYys[kuh; gS] ftlds vUrxZr 'kjhj 8 dh
dks
vkÑfr esa cus v ksfMlh jaxeap ij vfuok;Z :ii•kotls oknd (vkerkSj
oØksa ds ekè;e ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA ij Lo;a xq#)]xk;d ] iQwyokyk
] flrkj ;k ok;fyu oknd
& >kosjh cgusa& jatuk o n'kZuk] vkSj
 ef.kiqjh izeq[k dykdkj xq#eathjkoknd gksrs gSaA
fofiu flag bR;kfnA  v ksfMlh u`R; fganqLrkuh 'kkL=kh; laxhr vkSj t;nso }kjk
ef.kiqjh u`R; ds rhu izdkj xhr xksfoan ds xhrksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
• t xksbZ rkMaou`R;d }kjk mQ¡ps dwn&dwndj pDdj yxkuk eaxykpj.k vkjfEHkd ,dd gS tgk¡ urZdh /hjs&/hjs gkFkksa
eq[; gS] ;g Ñ".k }kjk vius l[kkvksa ds lkFkiQwy ysdj eap ij ços'k djrh gS vkSj /jrh eka dks vfiZr djrh
u`R;djus dh ijEijk ij vk/kfjr gSA gSA
• cksye rkMaoblds vUrxZr [kjuky u`R; (Mªe u`R;) fd;k vksfMlhds izeq[k dykdkjla;qDrk ikf.kxzkgh] 'ksjksu yksou
tkrk gS vkSj u`R;d >qddj u`R; djrk gSA (vesfjdk)] lksuy ekuflag vkfn gSaA
• FkkaxVku`R; blesa ;q¼ lEcaf/r ½f"k;ksadk izn'kZu fd;kd qfpiqM+h
(rky@eVdk u`R;) (vka/zçns'k)
 d qfpiqM+h
vka/zçns'k
ds
tkrk gSA
Ñ".kk ftys ds ,d
v ksMlh% vksfMlh u`R; xk¡odqpsyiqje~ xk¡o
 vksfMlh u`R;dk fodkl egfjl esa O;qRiUu gqvk rFkk
lEiznk;}kjk nwljh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esa blh vk/kj ij bldk
Hkqous'ojds ikl mn;fxjh o uke dqfpiqM+hiM+kA
[kaMfxjhesa gqvkA  17oha 'krkCnh esa ,d
 v ksfMlh u`R;ty ds rRoksads :i çfrHkk'kkyh oS".ko

esa izrhdc¼ gSA dfo rFkkæ"Vke fl¼sUæj ;ksxh us ;{kxkuds #i esa
 egfjl lEiznk; f'ko eafnjksa esa vksfMlh
dqfpiqM+h 'kSyh
dh dYiuk dh] ftuesa viuh dYiukvksa dks
u`R; fd;k djrs FksA ewfrZ ,oa lkdkj:i çnku djus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk FkhA

 dqfpiqM+h xhr ,oa u`R; dk lekos'kh :i gSA bl u`R; dh eq[;  lf =k;k u`R; 'kadjnso
esa ds }kjk xhr ckè; jpukvksa dk iz;ksx
lajpukHkkxor~ iqjk.k gSA fd;k tkrk gS ftlsxksy xhrdgrs gSA
 dqfpiqM+h esalkSan;Z rFkk os'kHkw"kk ds dkj.k gheksf bldk eapu (dsjy)
guhvêðe
efgykvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA  ;s dsjy dk izeq[k u`R; gSA
dqfpiqM+h ls rkyqd j[kus okys eq[;;kfeuh dykdkjÑ".kewfrZ

]  19oha lnh ds =kko.kdksj ds Lokrh
jktk
jk/k jsM~Mh rFkkHkkouk jsM~Mh o psUuklR;e~ gSaA fr#uy ds dky esa bldk i;kZIr
 dqfpiqM+h esa inlapkyu ,oa gLr eqækvksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku fodkl gqvkA
fn;k tkrk gSA  eksfguhvV~Vue efgykvksa }kjk fd;k
 dq fpiqM+h esa u`rd dHkh&dHkh orkZykiksa dkss tkus Hkh okyk u`R; gSA
vfHkO;fDr
djrs gSA  eku k tkrk gS fdfo".kq}kjkHkLeklqj
 bl u`R; esa Üka`xkj jl dh iz/kurk gS] lkFk gh dHkh&dHkh o/ ds fy;s eksfguh :i /kj.k djus
u`R;d xk;udh Hkwfedk Lo;a fuHkkrk gSA dh dFkk ls bldk fodkl gqvk gSA
 H kkxor~ iqjk.k dh dgkuh bldk dsaæh; fo"k; cu xbZ  vkSjguhvV~Ve
eksf esaHkjrukV~;e~
o dFkdyh nksuksa dk :i ik;k
urZfd;ksa Hkkxdks o Fkkyw ds :i esa tkuk tkus yxkA tkrk gS] blesa HkjrukV~;e~ Üka`xkfjdrk
dk o dFkdyh dk
 dqfpiqM+h u`R;dh [kkl ckr ;g gS fd] ihry ds Fkky ij ohjRo dk Hkko 'kkfey gSA
iSj j[kdj u`R;fd;k tkrk gS vkSj flj ij ty ls Hkjs dy'k  blds izeq[k dykdkj oSt;arh ekyk] gsek ekfyuh] lqunk uk;j]
gksrs gSA u`R; ds bl :irjaxe dks dgrs gSaA dykeaMye gseorh] t;kizHkk esuu bR;kfnA
 ty fp=k u`R;e (urZdh u`R; djrs gq, vius iSjksa ds vaxwBs ls
dkYifud vkÑfr cukrk tkrk gS)A u`R; ls lEcaf/r izeq[k O;fDrRo
 blds lkFk dukZVd laxhr
esa] ok;fyu vkSje`naxedk ç;ksx fcjtw egkjkt
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g u`R; fot; uxj lkezkT; esa fodflr gqbZ
 budk tUe y[kuÅ ds dRFkd ?kjkus
ftlesa ;{kxkuijEijk 'kkfey gSA
esa gqvkA
lf=k;ku`R;(vle)
 buds firk vPNu egkjkt,oa pkpk
 15oha 'krkCnh esa
'kaHkw egkjkt dRFkd ds izfl¼
vle ds egku
dykdkj FksA
oS".ko larvkSj
 buds }kjk dbZ Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa
esa
lq/kjd] 'kadjnso
}kjk oS".ko /eZ ds u`R; dk funsZ'ku fd;k x;kA
çp kj d s fy ,  bUgsa dbZ iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k
lf=k;k u`R;dks x;kA tSls&laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj ] yrk eaxs'kdj
,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh ekè;e ds :i esa viuk;k x;kA iqjLdkj (2002)] fo'o:i fiQYe ds fy;scsLV dksfj;ksxzkiQj
(2016) rFkkin~efoHkw"k.k
(1986) vkfn ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
 bldk iks"k.k vkSjlaj{k.k lkÙkjk;kfu oS".ko xf.kr ;k eBksa
}kjk cgqr çfrc¼rk ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA lf=k;k u`R; ;g dFkd urZd vkSj 'kkL=kh; xk;d gS] 17 tuojh] 2022 dks
 ijaijk
gLRkeqæk] ikn] vfjg ] laxhr vkfn ds laca/ esa dM+kbZ ls budh e`R;q gks x;hA
fu/kZfjr fl¼karksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrh gSA yPNw egkjkt
 u`R; iq#"kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk Hkksdksr gS ftlsds :i esa tkuk  ;g Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; dRFkd
tkrk gSA •ksy (<ksy)] >ka>(eathjk) vkSjckalqjh blds ds izfl¼ urZd ,oa u`R; funsZ'ku ds
çeq• ok| ;a=k gSaA fy, izfl¼ gSA
vafd;k ukV~;% ,d çdkj ds lf=k;kesaukVd;k laxhr ukVd  buds }kjk u`R; funsZ'ku eqxys&vkte
'kkfey gksrk gS] ftlesa
ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA esa fd;k x;kA
 Hkksuk Hkh ,d çdkj dk l=k gS vkSjHkxoku ;g dh  budkslaxhr ukVd vdkneh
Ñ".k
dgkfu;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA iqjLdkj ls uoktk x;kA
in ~ek lqczã.;e  blesa fd;s x;s u`R;,oa vfHku; ds }kjk ikaMoksa dh dFkk,¡
 ;g Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh;HkjrukV~;e
u`R; dh dykdkj gSA bdrkjs ds lkFk iznf'kZr dh tkrh gSaA
 ;s urZd ds lkFk&lkFk u`R; funsZf'kdk Hkh gSaAv lqj u`R; (Nke)
 budk tUe enzkl izslhMsalh esa4 iQjojh 1943 esa gqvkA fgekpy izns'k dk izfl¼
yksdu`R; gSA
;kfeuh Ñ".kewfrZ
 blesa <+ksy ] >k¡> tSls
 ;kfeuhdk tUe 20 fnlEcj 1940
ikjaifjd ok|;a=kksa dk
esavka/zds fpRrwjesa gqvkA
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g H kjrukV~;e~rFkkdqfpiqM+hdh
 ckS¼ laLÑfr ls izHkkfor
izfl¼ u`R;kaxuk gSA
ykgkSy & Lihfr tuin esa gksus okysNke u`R;esaykek ;k
 budks lEekfur iqjLdkj tSls &
ckS¼ /eZ ls tqM+s ] eq[kkSVk
yksx ] VksihtSls ifj/ku /kj.k dj
in~eJh] in~efoHkw"k.k
vkfn iznku ikjaifjdyksd ok|ksads rky ij u`R; djrs gSaA
fd;s x;sA bUgsa lcls cM+k lEeku
Ñ".kkV~Ve
efgyk fnol ds volj ij Ldwy vkWiQ Mkal }kjk lEekfur
fd;k x;kA  d sjydk izfl¼ u`R; gSA
p k: fltk ekFkqj  blesa Hkxoku Ñ".k dh
 ;g ef.kiqjh dh urZd (ef.kiqjh u`R;) gSA buds }kjk izkIriwjh dgkuh ij vfHku;
lEekuksafnYyh
esa lkfgR; dyk ifj"kn~lEeku Hkh 'kkfey gSAfd;k tkrk gSA
 i zkphu /kfeZd yksdu`R;ksa
Hkkjrds izeq[k yksdu`R; tSls &fF k;k V~]V e
 lkekU; yksxksa esa izpfyr u`R;ksa dks tkrk gSA eqfM;sV~Vw
yksdu`R;
dgk ,oa FksÕ;edh dbZ fo'ks"krkvksa dks Ñ".kkV~Ve esa
lkekU;r% bldk tUe {ks=k fo'ks"k tk ldrk gSA
esa gksrk gS vkSj ;g ml {ks=k
dh Hkk"kk]  ftlesa u`R;dksa }kjk psgjs
laLÑfrvkSjlaLdkj dks lekosf'kr dj ysrh gSaA jaxuk
]ijjaxhu eq[kkSVksa dk ] mi;ksx
 yks d u`R; 'kkL=kh; ca/uksa ls Lora=k gksrs gSa rFkk bldklaqnj oL=kksa
vk;kstu dk mi;ksx vkfn egRoiw.kZ gSaA
y ko.kh
vn~Hkqr Hkkoukvksa ls izsfjr gksdj fd;k tkrk gSA
xjck  ;g egkjk"Vªdk izfl¼ yksdukV~; 'kSyhrek'kk dk vfHkUu
 xq tjkr dk izfl¼ yksdu`R; vax gSA
gS rFkk bls
uojkf=k
ds volj  yko.kh 'kCnyko.; ls cuk] ftldk eryc lqanjrk
ls gksrk gSA
ij fd;k tkrk gSA  ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS&
 xjck yksdu`R;ek¡ nqxkZ dh 1- fuxqZ.kh& vkè;kfRedrk dh vksj >qdko
vkjk/uk esa fd;k tkrk gSA 2- Ükàxjh& Ükàxkj jl esa MwcukA
 xksy ?ksjs
ds chp esa ,d  ohjrk] izse] HkfDr vkSj nq%[k tSlh Hkkoukvksa dks iznf'k
efgyk ?kM+s ds Åij nhid tykdj [kM+h jgrh gSaA fy, bl 'kSyh dks mi;qDr ekurs gSaA
okuh
iaM jklyhyk
 ; g NRrhlx<+ dk vR;ar  jklyhyk mRrj izns'k vkSjef.kiqj esa izfl¼ ,d yksdfiz;
yksdfiz; yksd u`R; gSA yksdu`R; gS]Hkxoku
tks JhÑ".k dh yhykvksa
ij vk/kfjr gSA
 bldk ewy vk/kj ikaMoksa  bl u`R; ds }kjk euq";ksa ds thou dsjlksa
fofHkUu
vFkokHkkoksa
]
dh dFkk,¡ gSaA blh dkj.k bls ;Fkk&eS=kh
] oSokfgd izse
] lsod Hkko
] foLe; rFkkd:.kk vkfn dks
iaMokuh yksdu`R;
dgrs gSA dq'ky Hkko ds }kjk vfHkO;Dr djuk gh jklyhyk dgykrk gS
 rhtu ckbZ
izeq[k dykdkj gaSA  blesa urZd jk/k&Ñ".k rFkkxksi&xksfi;ksa
dk :i /kj.k djds
u`R;gSA
 gchc ruohj ds ukVdksa esa bldk izHkko Li"Vr% fn[krk djrs gSaA
 jklyhyk esa
'kkL=kh; laxhr
] u`R;,oa ukVdrhuksa rRoksa•dklaxhr ukVd vdknehus vHkh rd8 u`R;ksa dks 'kkL=kh; u`R;
lekos'k gksrk gSA dk ntkZ fn;k gS tcfd
laLÑfr ea=kky;
(Hkkjr ljdkj) }kjk
 ds gksrs gSa] NkmQ
jkly hykds lHkh ik=k eq[; :i ls;qok voLFkk lfgr 9 u`R;ksa
dks'kkL=kh; u`R;
dk ntkZ fn;k gSA
tks efgyk ik=kksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA fM+;k u`R;
• xkS ,d caxkyh 'kkL=kh; gSAu`R;
Hkkjrds vU; yksdu`R;
NÅ caxky] mM+hlk] >kj•aM esa eq•kSVk u`R; dk çn'kZuA
fcjgk fcgkj] ;g mu efgykvksa ds fojg dk çn'kZu gS]
NÅ u`R; dh 'kSfy;k¡& ljk; dsyk NÅ (>kj•aM)] ftuds lkFkh ?kj ls nwj gSaA
e;wj Hkat NÅ (vksfM'kk) vkSj iq#fy;kvydki NÅ >kj•aM dh jktegy igkfM+;k¡ vkSj if'pe caxky
(if'pe caxky)A e;wjHkat NmQ ds dykdkj eq[kkSVk ds eqf'kZnkckn vkSj ekynk {ks=k esa lewg esa
ugha igurs gSaA ;wusLdks us 2010 esa ekuork dh
fd;k tkus okyk u`R;A
vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr dh çfrfuf/ lwph esa
bldks 'kkfey fd;kA xkSjekfj;k eqfj;k tutkfr (NÙkhlx<+ dk cLrj {ks=k) dk
xjck xjck dks 2022 esa ;wusLdkss dh lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA vuq"Bkfud u`R; :iA HkSlksa dh lhax /kj.k djds
u`R;
rjaxesy xksok {ks=k ds ;qok oxZ dk t'u gS];g u`R; n'kgjk
v kSj gksyh ds nkSjku fd;k tkrk gSA Fkkax&Vk ef.kiqj dk ;q¼ u`R;A
?kwej jktLFkku dh Hkhy tutkfr esa efgykvksa }kjk tkV&tkfVu fcgkj
fd;k tkus okyk yksd u`R; gSA >w ej iQly dVkbZ u`R; (>kj•.M vkSj vksfMlk)
dkycsfy;k jktLFkku ds dkycsfy;k leqnk; esa efgykvksa }kjk
MaMk&tk=kk vksfMlk
fd;k tkus okyk u`R;] blesa os'kHkw"kk fcgw vkSj u`R; vle
xfrfof/;ka liZ ds leku gksrh gSa] 2010 esa bls
d qEeh rfeyukMq] dsjy
ekuork dh vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr dh çfrfuf/
lwphesa LFkku fn;k x;kA jaxek ;g ukxkvksa dk ;q¼ u`R; gSA
pkjck ;g n'kgjk ds volj ij fd;k tkus okyk fgekpy fla?khNke flfDde dk eq•kSVk u`R; gSA
çns'k dk yksd u`R; gSA p sjko fetksje
nknjk mÙkj çns'k esa fd;k tkus okyk v¼Z&'kkL=kh; u`R; gSAdukZVd
; {kKku
Hkk¡xM+k iatkc dk yksdu`R;A fxn~nk u`R; HkkaxM+k dk efgykdsjy ds eafnjksa esa çLrqr fd;k tkus okyk ,d ;q¼
ink;uh
çfr:i gSA dyk laca/h u`R; gSA
tokjk iQly dVkbZ u`R;] cqansy•aM vkSj eè; çns'k ds
gqyhos"kk dukZVd
a esaA
{ks=kks
r sjkrkyh jktLFkku
eVdh 'kknh vkSj vU; mRloksa ds volj ij ekyok {ks=k
dh efgykvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blesa eq[; xjkM+h
:i iqMqpsjh
ls ,dy çn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA fVIi.kh xqtjkr
ikbdk mM+hlk ds nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esa fd;k gk stkfxjh
tkus okykf=kiqjk
yksd;q¼ u`R;A nqEgy tEew vkSj d'ehj


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Hkkjrh; jaxeap
7 (Indian Theatre)
jaxeap(Drama) 'kCnjaxvkSjeapls feydj cuk gksrk gS] tgk¡
jax dk vk'k; eafpr n`'; dks vkd"kZd vkSj euksgjh cukus ds fy,
dykdkjksa ds igukos vkSj mudh lqUnjrk dks fu[kkjus ds fy,eapgksrk
dk vFkZ
gSA
iznf'kZr
ogha fd;s tk jgs] ukVd vkSj u`R; dks] n'kZdk
dh lqfo/k ds fy, ,d mQ¡ps LFkku ij izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
 'kriFk czkã.k%
(800&700 bZlk iwoZ)
nks vfHkusrkvksa
ds chp  laLÑr ds rhu egku oS;kdj.kksa
iratfyesaHkh gSaA vU; nks gSa&
,d ukVd ds :i esa fy•k x;k gSA ikf.kfurFkkdkR;k;u(150 bZ-iw-)A egkHkk"; esa f'k{kk] O;kd
 çkjafHkdckS¼ lkfgR; Hkkjrh; jaxeap ds vfLrRo dk lcls vkSj fu#ÙkQ rhuksa dh ppkZ gqbZ gSA
igyk çek.k çnku djrk gSAikyhlqÙk ukV~;'kkL=k
(5oha ls rhljh 'krkCnh
bZlk iwoZ dh rkjh•vfHkusrkvksa
esa) dh eaMyh
(,d eq[;  laLÑr jaxeap ds lk{; dk çeq• lzksr gS] jaxeap ijxzaFk
,d
vfHkusrk ds usr`Ro esa) ds vfLrRo dk mYys• djrs gSa](ukV~;'kkL=k)]
ftUgksaus ,d laxzg ftldh jpuk dh frfFk vfuf'pr gS
,d eap ij ukVd dk çn'kZu fd;kA (vuqeku 200 bZlk iwoZ ls nwljh bZloha rd gS) vkSj ftld
 ;g ladsr fn;k x;k gS fd bu ukVdksa esa u`R; 'kkfey Fkk ys•dRo
ysfdu blds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
u`R;] xk;u vkSj dgkuh ikB ds lkFk&lkFk çn'kZu  dks ,d
;g xzaFk çkphu fo'o esa ukVÔ'kkL=k dk lcls laiw.kZ dk;Z
fof'k"V :i esa lwphc¼ fd;k x;k FkkA fujkdj.k djrh gSvfHku;] u`R; ] laxhr] ukVdh; fuekZ.k
]
Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; ukVd 'kCn çkphu ukVdh;
dky esa
lkfgR;vkSj okLrqdyk ] iks'kkd
] esdvi ] jaxeap dh lkexzh
] daifu;ksa]
ukVdh;esa n'kZdksa
çn'kZu dh ijaijkdks n'kkZrk gS] Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ] çfr;ksfxrkvksa vkSj vkWiQj dk laxBu ikSjkf.kd jaxe
çn'kZudh mRifÙk dk irk 200 bZlk iwoZ
ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA mRifÙk dk ys•k&tks•k gSA
 200 bZlk iwoZ
ls laLÑr ukVddh lcls iqjkuh&thfor va'k xzaFk vfHku;
gSA çkphu dky ds iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa jaxeap
dk •tkuk
dh
ijaijk ds vfLrRo dk dksbZ ladsr ugha nsrk gSA yksd/ehZ (;FkkFkZoknh) ukV~;/ehZ (ikjaifjd)
 osnksa
(1500&600 bZlk iwoZ ds chp ds lcls iqjkus Hkkjrh; Hkkjr esa ukVd dk fodkl
lkfgR;) esa bldk dksbZ ladsr ugha gS_ gkykafd ;g Hktuksa dh
e`PNdfVde~ (n fyfVy Dys dkVZ)
,d NksVh la[;k ds :i esa jph xbZ okrkZ
gS
] njle fjokt dk
 lcls igys Kkr laLÑrukVdksa esa ls ,d] bl ukVd dh jpuk
oSfnd dyk jaxeap ds :i esa fodflr ugha gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA
'kwæd}kjknwljh 'krkCnh bZlkesa iwoZ
dh xbZ FkhA
 iratfy us ikf.kfuds v"Vkè;k;h ds dqN pqus gq, lw=kksa ij
 eq[; dgkuhpk#nÙk uke ds ,d ;qod ds ckjs esa gS olar
vkSj
Hkk"; fy•h] ftls O;kdj.k egkHkk"; dk uke fn;k x;kA (egk$Hkk";
lsukds fy, mldk I;kj] ,d vehj os';k ;k uxjo/wA
(leh{kk] fVIi.kh] foospuk] vkykspuk))A
 pksjksa vkSj xyr igpku dsdFkkuddkj.k vkSj tfVy gks tkrk
 O;kdj.k egkHkk"; dkR;k;u
esa okfrZdHkh lfEefyr gSa tks gS vkSj bl çdkj ;g ,d cgqr ghçiQqfYyr djus okyk
ikf.kfuds v"Vkè;k;h ij dkR;k;u ds Hkk"; gSaA euksjatd ukVd cu tkrk gSA
dkR;k;uds okfrZd dqy yxHkx 1500 gSa tks vU;=k ugha feyrs
lu~ 1924esa tc U;w;kWdZ
esa bldk eapu fd;k x;k rks bls O;kid
cfYd dsoyO;kdj.k egkHkk"; esairatfy }kjk lUnHkZ ds :i esa
ç'kalk feyhA
fgUnh pyfp=k mRlo ] funZs'kd fxjh'k dukZMh
}kjk
gh miyC/ gSaA lu~ 1984esa funsZf'kr fd;k x;kA
Hkkl(Bhas)  eq ækjk{kl dh jpuk 800 bZ-esa dh xbZ] ftlesa

pUæxqIr
 H kkl}kjk fy•s x, ukVd bfrgkldkjksa dks ckn ds ys•dksa}kjk dsuanoa'k
ds 'kkld dks vinLFk djus ds ckn] ikVfyiq=k esa
lanHkks± ds ekè;e ls gh Kkr FksikaMqfyfi;k¡
D;ksafd •ks xbZ FkhaAekS;Z oa'k dh uhao j[kh xbZA
muds }kjk fy•s x,13 ukVdksa
dh ikaMqfyfi;ksa
dks fo}kuksa }kjkuan ds =kh
eajk{kl] vius fnoaxr xq# dk cnyk ysus dk ç;kl
lu~ 1913 esa fr#ouariqje
(f=kosaæe) ds ,d iqjkus iqLrdky;
djrs gSaA
pk.kD;] paæxqIrds ea=kh vius Lokeh ds i{k esa jk{kl
esa •kstk x;k FkkA
ls thrus esa liQyrk izkIRk djrs gSaA
 x.kifr 'kkL=kh}kjk 14osa ukVd dh •kst dh xbZ vkSj bldk Js;
Hkkldks fn;k x;k ysfdu blds ys•dRo ij fookn gSA ,sfrgkfld laLÑr ukVd
ys•d ukVd dk uke
Hkkl ds lcls çfl¼ ukVd gSa&LoIuoklonÙke (LoIuoklnÙk)
(oklonÙk dk liuk)
] iapjk=kk (;qxa/jk;.k v' o?kks"k
vkSjçfrKk ;kSxa/jk;.ke lkfjiq=k izdj.k
dh çfrKk)A ' kwæd e`PNdfVde~
 dqN vU; ukVdçfrekukVd ] vfHk"ksdukVd ] ckypfjr ] dkfynkl ekyfodkfXufe=ke~]
foØeksoZ'kh;e~] vfHkKku
nkrkokD;] d.kZHkj
] nkrk?kVksRdp]
pk#nÙk ] eè; eO; ;ksx% 'kdqarye
rFkkJhHkaxgSaA
HkoHkwfr egkohj pfj=k
 d.kZHkje,d leh{kdksa }kjk ç'kaflr ukVd gS vkSj bls vk/qfud
jaxeap lewgksa }kjk cgqr lkjs ç;ksxksa ds v/hu fd;kfo'kk•nÙk
tk jgk gSA eqækjk{kl

g"kZo/Zu
Hkkldks laLÑr ukVddkj dh Js.kh esa loZJs"B ekuk tkrk gS jRukoyh
tcfd nwljs LFkkudkfynkl
ij gSaA rsjgoha
 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds fy, bl
d kfynkl cnyko dks fpfÉr fd;k] tgk¡
laLÑr ukVdvkSjeap f'kYi
 dkfynkl (pkSFkh&ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZLoh) laLÑr ds lcls igysegku
vfHktkr oxZ}kjk lEekfur fd;k x;k Fkk] vc ;g
dfo vkSjukVddkjgSa vkSj laLÑr lkfgR; esa ogh LFkkuçklafxd
j•rs ugha FkkA
gSa] tks
'ksDlfi;j vaxzsth lkfgR; esa j[krs gSA fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu
esa]vk/qfud Hkkjrh; jaxeap
dh
 fganw fdaonafr;ksa vkSjdkfynkl
fo"k;ksa
dsijrhu çfl¼ ukVd 'kq#vkr rc gqbZ tc ,dfFk,Vjdh 'kq#vkr gqbZA
gSa%
 bl vof/ ds nkSjku ekbdy e/qlwnu nÙk ] caxkyh esa jfpr vkSj
 foØeksoZ'kh;e~ (foØe vkSj moZ'kh)]
eafpr lcls 'kq#vkrh ukVdksa esa ls (1860) FkkA
 ekyfodkfX ufe=ke~(ekyfodk vkSj vfXufe=k)] bl ukVd
 yxHkx mlh le;]uhy niZ.k (1858&59] 1872 bZ- esa igyk
ds fy, og lcls T;knk izfl¼ gq,A
O;kolkf;d mRiknu] fxjh'kpaæ ?kks"k }kjk jk"Vªh; jaxeap d
 vfHkKku 'kkdqarye~ ('kdqaryk dh ekU;rk)A vafre ukfer
esa) ,d caxkyh ukVd] nhuca/q fe=k
}kjk fy[kk x;kA
ukVd dks laLÑr esa lcls cM+k ukVd ekuk tkrk gSA
 xzkeh.k caxky uhy
esadh •srh dh Hk;kogrk vkSj =kklnh dks
HkoHkwfr
fpf=kr djus ds fy, ç'kalk vkSj fookn nksuksa dks cVksj fy;k
 d gk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus fuEufyf•r rhu ukVd fy•s%
blusa ,d çeq• Hkwfedk uhy foæksgesa fuHkkbZA
ekyrh&ek/o ] egkohjpfjr vkSjmÙkj jkepfjr A
 johaæu kFk VSxksj
,d vxz.kh vk/qfud ukVddkj Fks] ftUgksaus
 burhuksa ds eè; vafrejkek;.k
nks ds iwjs egkdkO; dks lekfgr
djrs gSaA jk"Vªokn
] igpku] vkè;kReokn vkSj HkkSfrd ykypdh •kst
vkSj iwNrkN ds fy, çfl¼ ukVd fy•sA muds ukVd esa fy•s
 'kfDr 'kkyh Hkkjrh;lezkV g"kZ (606&648) }kjk rhu ukVd
x, gSacaxkyh vkSj fp=k(fp=kkaxnk] 1892nbZ-)]
fdax vkWiQ
fy•s x;s&jRukoyh ] fç;nf'kZdkvkSj ckS¼ ukVd ukxkuan
A
n MkdZ pSacj (jktk] 1910 bZ-)]
iksLV vkWfiQl
(nD?kj] 1913
fo'kk•nÙk dk eqækjk{kl
bZ-)] vkSj
jsM vksfy;aMj (jÙkQdkjch] 1924 bZ-) 'kkfey gSaA
 laLÑ r ukVdksa esa] ,sfrgkfldeqækjk{kl
ukVd vf}rh; gS D;ksafd
blesajktuhfrd lkft'k 'kkfey gS vkSj ;gthou] fØ;kvkSj dY;k.k j?kqjkeÕ;k dks laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj rFkk
fujarj #fp ls Hkjk gSA in~~eJhls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
 buds }kjkÑ".kk;k nq";ar ] Hkokuh'kadjrFkkukjntSls rsyqxw ekmaV vkcwds ikl vackth eafnjds izkax.kHkobZ esa izn'kZu
ds
fFk,Vjfd;s x;sA bUgksaus60 yxHkx rd bu Hkwfedkvksa dkslkFk uojkf=k mRlo euk;k tkrk
o"kksZ vEck
gSA HkobZZds vf/"Bkrk
fuHkk;kA nsork gSaA
 mH kjrk gqvk vk/qfud Hkkjrh; jaxeap] ewyftls sj% tEew vkSj d'ehj
jaxeap ds :i HkkaMikFk
esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ukVdh;
,d n`f"Vdks.k izLrqr djrk HkkaMikFksj
 gS ds dykdkj eq[; :i ls Ñ"kd leqnk; ls gksrs gSa
ftls if'peh jaxeap çk:iksa ds lkFk Hkkjrh; lkekftd LFkkuvkSj ds bl ukVd esa muds thou thus ds rjhds] vkn'kks± vkSj lao
'khyrk dk çHkko ns•k tk ldrk gSA
pkSjkgs ds :iesa vkSjdUosa'kuksa
esa ns•k x;k gSA
 Lokax& jktLFkku] gfj;k.kk] mÙkjçns'kvkSjeè;çns'kds ekyok
 Hkkjrh ;ksa }kjk vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds fojks/ ds lk/u ds :i esa
{ks=k dk yksdu`R; gSA xhr blesa
vkSjlaoknds lkFk mi;qÙkQ
blds mi;ksx dk fojks/ djus ds fy,] fczfV'k ljdkjukVdh;
us
ukV~Ô 'kkL=k
vkSjfefeØh'kkfey gSA ;g vkanksyu& mUeq• gksu
çn'kZu vf/fu;e 1876 esa ifj.kkeh ukV~Ô LFkku lkexzh
] dks ds LFkku laokn
ij mUeq•gSA
çrhdkRedvkSjfoosdiw.kZ Lrjksaij fo|eku crk;k x;kA
 /kfeZd dgkfu;ksa vkSjyksddFkkvksa dks izk;% ,d lewg ;k
1960 ds n'kd ds var esackny ljdkj us jktuhfrd jaxeap O;fÙkQ;ksa
}kjk ,d •qys {ks=k esa ;kn'kZdksa
ls f?kjs ,dvksiu
dk ,d u;k :i is'k fd;k] ftls rhljk jaxeapdgk tkrk gSA ,;j fFk,Vj esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
ckny ljdkj ds LFkkiuk fojks/hçk;ksfxd jaxeap us lkekftd  fo"k; uSfrdrk ds fo"k;ksa
] yksddFkkvksa] çsjd O;fÙkQRoksa
ds
Kku dh ,d ubZ 'kSyh dk fuekZ.k fd;kA thou] Hkkjrh; ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dh dgkfu;ksa vkSj gky ds
 Hkkjr esabEçksokbts'kuy fFk,Vj dh >yd 1990 ds n'kd ds fnuksa LokLF;
esa vkSjLoPNrk ] lk{kjrkvkfn tSls vf/d
vkxeu ds lkFk feyrh gSaA iQksje fFk;sVj lat; xkaxqyhds orZeku fo"k;ksa ls vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA
usr`Ro esa tulaLÑfr ds lkFk vk;kA  Lokaxdh nks egRoiw.kZ 'kSfy;k¡
jksgrd vkSjgkFkjldh gSaA
jksgrd dh 'kSyhesa ç;qÙkQ gfj;k.koh
Hkk"kk (cax:) rFkk
 Hkkjr esa
lu~ 1999esa] IyscSd fFk,Vjcso gksfLdUlvkSjeSjh
gkFkjlesacztHkk"kk izpfyr gSA
xqMds lkFkvesfjdk dh ,d Vhe us izLrqr fd;kA bl çdkj
IyscSd fFk,Vj vkSjiQksje fFk,Vj adh% mÙkj çns'k] jktLFkku] iatkc vkfnA
ukSV
us Hkkjr ds lqnwj fgLlksa
 iwjs mÙkj Hkkjr
flusek
esads vkxeu ls igys ;g lcls yksdfç;
tSls&psUubZ
] if'pe caxky vkSj lkFk ghcaxyq# esa Hkh viuk
euksjatu dyk FkhA bl ikjaifjd jaxeap ds lcls yksdfç; dsaæ
vkdkj ysuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA
dkuiqj] y•uÅ vkSj gkFkjlgSaA ;g yksdfç; dyk vc de
 vkidk lp ukVd esa jaxeap]caxyq#fLFkr ,d lewg us gks xbZ gS vkSj bldk vfLrRo •rjs esa gSA ledkyhu le; esa
dEIyhV n LVksjh fodflr dh] tks lu~ 2006esaj.kth MsfoM uqDdM+ ukVd ] ukSVadh
ds leku gksrs gSaA
vkSjuafnuh jko ds usr`Ro esa fodflr
bEçksokbts'kuy fFk,Vj  l kekU;r% nks ;k rhu dykdkjksa ds eè;e/qj
,d xgu
vknku&çnku
dk ,d Lons'kh çk:i FkkAlu~ 2009esa] mUgksaus
eq';kjk fFk,Vj gksrk gS_ dHkh&dHkh blesa jl dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk
uked dkepykÅ fFk,Vjdk ,d vkSj :i Hkh fodflr fd;kA ikjaifjd ukSVadh dh dgkuh
ikSjkf.kd
vkSjyksd dFkkvksa ls
ysdj ledkyhu uk;dksadh dgkfu;ksa rd gSA
çfl¼ vk/qfud ukVd vkSj ukVddkj
jklyhyk%mÙkj çns'k
HkobZ&jktLFkku]
xqtjkr  jklyhyk;k Ñ".kyhyk esa;qokvkSjckyd Ñ".k dh xfrfof/;ksa
 HkobZ] mÙkjh xqtjkr dk eapu gksrk gSA Ñ".keueksgd
dh Nfo;ksa ij xksfi;k¡
;kuh
vkSjnf{k.kh jktLFkku c`tckyk,ajh> tkrh FkhaA
ds ,d ikjaifjd  Jh Ñ".k dh ca'kh dh èofu bruh eueksgd gksrh Fkh fd xksfi;k
jaxeap ls lacaf/r gSA vkdf"kZr gksdj ml èofu ds izse esa Mwc tkrh FkhA blds
 HkobZ] vkaf'kd :i ls Ñ".k muds fe=kksa ek•u
}kjk
pqjkuk]eVdh iQksM+uk
] xksfi;ksa
euksjatu rFkk vkaf'kd ds oL=k pqjkuk] tkuojksa dks pjus ds fy, xk¡o ls nwj&nwj
:i ls nsoh vEck dks fn;k tkus okyk ,d vuq"Bku gSA dj çeq• 'kjkjrsa dh tkrh Fkh] ftu ij iwjk
oÙnkou eksfgr
FkkA
 tUek"Veh ds ekSds ij dkUgk

dh bu lkjh vB•sfy;ksa dks ,dmUgksaus
caxky
] fcgkj vkSjmM+hlk esaukVdh; çLrqfrdj.k dh
/kxs esa fijksdj ;kuh mudks ukVdh; :ijklyhyk
nsdj ;k 'kq#vkr esa Hkh ;ksxnku fn;k gS] tks xhrt;nso
xksfoane
ds esa gSA
Ñ".k yhykdk eapu fd;k tkrk gSA blhfy, tUek"VehHkkSu dhk&vle
rS;kfj;ksa esa JhÑ".k dh jklyhyk dkeFkqjk
vkuUn
] oànkou
rd  HkkSuk /kfeZd lans'kksa dslaxhr
lkFk fFk,Vjdk ,d ikjaifjd
lhfer u jg dj iwjs ns'k esa Nk tkrk gSA :i gSA ;g vle esa fd;k tkus okyk ukV~; gS]vle ftlesa
]
 tx g&txg jklyhykvksa dk eapu gksrk gS] ftuesa Jh lts&/tscaxky ] mM+hlk
] eFkqjk
vkSjoànkou
dh laLÑfr dh >yd ns[kh
Ñ".kdks vyx&vyx :i j•dj jk/k ds çfr vius çse dks tk ldrh gSA
O;ÙkQ djrs fn•k;k tkrk gSA bu jkl&yhykvksa dks ns•  n'kZdksa
bl :i esa dks
lw=k/kj uked dFkkdkj
igys laLÑresa vkSj fiQj
,slk yxrk gS ekuks os izR;{k :i esa JhÑ".k ds ;qx esa igq¡pcztcksyh
x, gksaA;k vlfe;k esa dgkuh vkjEHk djrk gSA
ekp] eè; çns'k bl yksdu`R; ukVdesa vfHkusrkvksa
Hksfj;k
dks
dgk tkrk gSA
 ekp] eè; çns'k dk ,d ikjaifjd ukV~; :i gSAekp 'kCn v afd;k ukV & vle
dk ç;ksxeapds fy, vkSjukVdds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g ,dy vafd;k ukVd gS] ftlesa
dbZ ik=k dsoy ,d
bl fFk,Vj :i esalaoknksa
ds chp xhrksa
dks çeq•rk nh tkrh
dykdkj dks lfØ; Hkwfedk nsrs gq, 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ;g u
gSA bl :i esa laokn ds fy, 'kCn
cksyvkSj dfork gS ftls
laxhr vkSj 'kCnksa dk ,d mRÑ"V feJ.k gS] tks gj ckj ,d
okukxdgk tkrk gSA bl ukV~; :i dh
/quksa dks jaxr
ds uke lw=k/kj }kjk
NksVs&NksVs vkSj
laoknksa
o.kZukRed
i|ksa }kjk fu:fir
ls tkuk tkrk gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
jeu] mÙkjk•aM  v afd;k ukV dk lw=k/kj ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS
 jeu mÙkjk•aM yksd
dk jaxeap
gSA ;gjaxeap
] laxhr] ,sfrgkfld og ukjs i<+rk gS]
u`R; djrk gSvkSjx| esa ukVdds izR;sd
iqufuZekZ.kikjaifjd
vkSj ekSf•d vkSjfyf•r dgkfu;ksadks dk;Z dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
feykdj ,d cgq:ih lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe gSA
r ek'kk&egkjk"Vª
jeu dks ekuork dhvewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklrdh ;wusLdks rek'kkegkjk"Vª
dk ,d
çfrfuf/ lwph esa Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ikjaifjd yksd ukV~~;
 ; g izR;sd o"kZ
cS'kk• eghus(vçSy) esamÙkjk•aMds peksyh :i gSA
ftys esa fLFkr
Hkwfe;ky nsork ds eafnj ds çkax.k esa euk;k
 r ek'kk dk fodkl
tkrk gSA
xksa/y] tkxj.k vkSj
eq•kSVk u`R;
fo'ks"k :i lsHkaMkjh
({kf=k; tkfr) }kjk fd;k tkrk dhrZutSls yksd :iksa
gSA }kjk gqvkA vU; ukV~; :iksa foijhr]
ds rek'kk esaefgyk
tk=kk]caxky vfHkus=kh ukVd esa u`R; vkanksyuksa dh eq[; izfriknd gSA ft
 yksd u`R; esa
tk=kk Hkkjr ds iwohZ {ks=k dk yksd dykeapeqdhZ dk ,dds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
yksdfç; :i gSA ;g dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk ,d
 ' kkL=kh; laxhr
] fctyh dh xfr ls iQqVodZvkSjthoar gkoHkko
ukV~Ô vfHku; gS] ftlesa
laxhr] vfHku;]xk;u vkSjukVdh; u`R; ds ekè;e ls lHkh Hkkoukvksa dks fpf=kr djuk laHko cu
okn&fookn gksrk gSA
ejkBh fiQYeksa
esa Hkh
rek'kk dh Fkhedk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
 igys tk=kk ds l'kDr ekè;e ds }kjk tulewg dks /kfeZd
ekU;rkvksa dh tkudkjh nh tkrh FkhA n'kkorkj]xksok vkSj dksad.k

 n' kkorkj ] dksad.kvkSjxksok{ks=kksa dk ,d yksdfiz; jaxeap gSA
 mfM+;k vkSjcaxkyh tk=kk dk tUe cgqr igys gqvk Fkk vkSj
dykdkj Hkxoku fo".kq ds nl vorkjksadk izfrfuf/Ro djrs
bfrgkl ds tkudkjksa rFkk lkfgR; ds vkykspdksa ds eè; blds
gSa] tks laj{k.k vkSj jpukRedrk ds nsork ekus tkrs gSaA
fo"k; esa fofHkUu fopkj gSaA rFkkfi mUgksaus ukV~;'kkL=kksa esa tk=kk ds
ys• ij è;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS] tks u`R; dh dyk vkSj  ' kSyhc¼ Ükàxkj
foKku ds vfrfjDr n'kkorkj dykdkj ydM+h vkSj
dk eq[; xzaFk gSA dkxt lss fufeZr ekps ds eq[kkSVs
igurs gSaA
Ñ".kkV~Ve~ & dsjy  l w=k/kj ;k dFkkokpd vkSj fonq"kd ;k fonw"kd uk;d g

 Ñ".kkV~Ve dsjy dk yksd jaxeap 17oha gSA ;g'krkCnh esa fonq"kd vdsysMk;ykWXl
gh fMyhoj
djrs gSaA gkFk ds b'kkjksa
dkyhdV dsjktk ekuoknds laj{k.k esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA vkSj vk¡[kksa dh xfr ij tksj bl u`R; vkSj jaxeap ds :i dks
Ñ".kkV~Ve yxkrkj vkB fnuksard fd, x, vkB ukVdksa dk vf}rh; cukrk gSA
,d pØ gS] tks Hkxoku Ñ".k dh dgkuh dks izLrqr djrk gSA
ekuork dhekSf[kd vkSj vewrZ fojklrdh mRÑ"V Ñfr ds :i
blesa lfEefyr ukVd vorkje~] dkfy;keaMu ] jl ØhM+k ] esa;wusLdks
}kjk bls lwphc¼ fd;k gSA
dkelo/k ] Lo;aoje~ ] cu;q¼e~] fofo/o/e vkSjLoxZjksg.k
;{kxku& dukZVd
gSaA
 ;{ kxku dukZVd dk ikjaifjd jaxeaptks ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa
n;sV~Vw & dsjy
eqf vkSj iqjk.kksa ij vk/kfjr gSA lcls yksdfiz; Hkkx egkHkkjr v
 eqfn;sV~Vw dsjy dk ,d ikjaifjd vuq"Bku fFk,VjvkSjyksd nzkSinh Lo;aoj]
lqHknzk fookg
] vfHkeU;q o/]d.kZ&vtZqu
u`R; ukVd gS] tksnsoh dkyhvkSjjk{klh rkfM+dk ds eè; ;q¼ vkSjjkek;.k ;kuh jkT;vfHk"ksd ] yo&dq'k ;q¼]
yM+kbZ dh ikSjkf.kd dgkuh dks iznf'kZr djrk Hkxorh
gSA vuq"Bku
ckyh&lqxzho vkSj
;q¼ iapoVhls gSaA
;k Hknzdkyh iaFkdk ,d fgLlk gSA
Fks:dqFkq & rfeyukMq
 ;g dsjy ds Hkxorh dkol ] nsoh ek¡ ds eafnjksa
] iQly
esa
 Fks:dqFkq ] ftldk
dVkbZ ds ekSle dsiQjojh
ckn vkSjebZds eè; fd;k tkrk gSA
'kkfCnd vFkZ gS
2010 esa]
eqfn;sV~Vw
dks ekuork dh vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklrdh uq Dd M+ u kV ] d
;wusLdks
dh izfrfuf/ lwph esa vafdr fd;k x;k Fkk]
dqfM;kV~Ve
tks rfeyukMq ds yksd
ds ckndsjy dk nwljk dyk :i cu x;kA ukVd dk lcls
 eqfn;sV
~Vwlkr
ds ik=k&
f'ko] ukjn] rkfM+dk] nkuosanz] Hknzdkyh]
yksdfiz; :i gSA
dqyh vkSj dksbfEcnkj (uafnds'oj) lHkh izeq[k gSaA
 ; g izk;% le`¼ iQly
Fks
Õ;e&dsjy izkIr djus ds fy,
 FksÕ;e ] dsjy dk ,d ikjaifjd vkSj csgn yksdfiz; yksd ukV~;efjvEeu (o"kkZ nsoh) ds okf"kZd eafnj mRloksa
ds le; fd;k
:i gSA FksÕ;e 'kCn laLÑr nSoe ds'kCn ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ tkrk gSA Fks:dqFkq
ds O;kid izn'kZuksa ds nzkSinh
ewy esa]
ds thou
bZ'ojgksrk gSA blfy, Hkxoku
bls dk u`R;
dgk tkrk gSA ij vk/kfjr vkB ukVdksa dk ,d pØ gSA
 FksÕ;e fofHkUu tkfr;ksa iwoZtksa
}kjk
] yksd uk;dksa dh vkRekvksa  dks
Fks:dqFkq izn'kZu dk dV~fV;kdj.k
lw=k/kj n'kZdksa dks ukVd dk
izlUu djus vkSj mudh iwtk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkj nsrk gS vkSj dkseyh vius HkSals ls n'kZdksa dk euksjatu
 FksÕ;e dh fof'k"V fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d jaxhu iks'kkd vkSj & vka/z izns'k
fof/ ukVde
foLe;dkjh gsMfx;j (eqMh) gS] tks yxHkx 5 ls 6 iQhV Å¡ps rsyqxw fof/ essa]dk vFkZ lM+d
gS ;k [kqyh txgA D;ksafd Hkxoku
lqikjh] ckal] lqikjh ds iÙkksa
ds vkoj.k vkSj ydM+h ds r[rksa ls lEcaf/r ukVd [kqys LFkku ij fd, tkrs Fks blfy, mUgsa fof/
ls cuk gksrk gS rFkk bls fofHkUu iDds jaxksa esa jaxk tkrk gSA
ukVde~ ds uke ls lacksf/r fd;k tkrk FkkA
d wfM;kV~Ve@dqV~fV;kV~Ve & dsjy  ukVd ksa dk izn'kZu HkDrksa }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk] tks Hkxoku
 dwfM ;kV~Ve dsjy Fks] blfy, bUgsa dHkh&dHkh os/h Hkkxore~ Hkh dgk tkrk
ds lcls iqjkus vka/z izns'k
dk lcls yksdfiz; yksdukV~; :i gSA
ikjaifjd fFk,Vj
cqjkZdFkk@gfjdFkk
:iksa esa ls ,d gS]
 gfjdFkk vka/z izns'k
] dukZVd vkSjrfeyukMq ds xkaoksa esa fd;k
tks ;g laLÑr
fFk,Vj ijaijkvksa tkus okyk ,ddgkuhukVd gSA
ij vk/kfjr gSA  cqj kZ'kCn dk iz;ksx racwjk
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tks ,d
bl ukV~; :i ds [kks[kyk <ksy
okyk laxhrok|;a=kgS rFkk dFkk dk vFkZ dgkuh
ik=kpkD;kj;k vfHkusrk]
ukuhfc;kj gSa] gSA ;g ,d dFkkRed euksjatu gS]izkFkZuk
] oknd vkSjukaX;kbZ ftlesa
] ,dy ukVd ]
tks efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA u`R;
] xhr] dfork,¡ vkSjpqVdqys'kkfey gSaA
 cqjfdFk
k VsylZ
dkscqMkxtaxyqdgk tkrk gSA fo"k; ;k rks ,d ukVd h; ikB dh ,d izfr ds lkFk izsjd ges'kk eap ij gksrs gSaA
fganw ikSjkf.kd dgkuh
;k ,d ledkyhu lkekftd leL;k ;g ,d ijaijk gS ftls [;ky eè;izns'kds ekp ds lkFk lk>k
gksrh gSA djrs gSa] tgk¡ mUgsa
iqLrdthds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
ds le; yksxksa dks lans'k nsus[;ky
blusHkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu vkSj ds lkFk Hkzfer ugha gksuk pkfg, &;g ,d izdkj dk
mUgsa tkx#d djus esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA fganqLrkuh 'kkL=kh; xk;u gSA
iaM
okuh Hkxr& mÙkj izns'k
 eq[; :i ls vkxjk vkSj eFkqjk
esa fodflr gqvkA
 NÙ khlx<+] mM+hlkvkSj vka/z izns'k ds iM+kslh vkfnoklh {ks=kksa ls
lacaf/r yksdukVd gSA ukSVadhdk ewy :i ekuk tkrk gS rFkk400 ;g o"kZiqjkuk crk;k
tkrk gSA
 ,d izeq[k dFkkdkj&xk;d ds lkFkegkHkkjr dh dgkfu;ksa
dk laxhre; o.kZu ] ,d ,drkjk ds lkFkvfHku; vkSj xk;u  izkj aHk oS".ko
esa laiznk;
ds HkDrksa }kjk ukVdh;HkfDr xk;u
djrk gSA 'kkfey FkkA ckn jksekal
esa] ohjrkvkSjjktkvksa ds fdLls tksMs+
x;sA
 LVstizkWIl ;k lasfVaXl
dk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha] ;g eq[; :i ls
 izkj EHk vkSj var/kfeZd
esa vuq"Bku izn'kZu ds fy, ,d eap
fefeØhvkSjjkS'ku fFk;sfVªdy xfrfof/ ij fuHkZj djrk gSa
dHkh&dHkh xk;d&dykdkj ,d Hkkx ds iwjk gksus ij ;k iznku dgkuhdjrs gSaA 'kq:vkr x.ks'k
esa
dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus okyk ,d
vfHkusrkeapij u`R;djrk gS] ftls ckn esa vU; vfHkusrkvksa
dks iqu% lquk, tkus dsthr lkFk
dk t'u eukus ds fy,
}kjk iwtk tkrk gSA
vpkud u`R; izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA
 Hkxr dh Hkk"kk
fganh] mnwZ
] czt dk feJ.k gSaA
rhtu ckbZbl 'kSyh dh lcls izfl¼ xkf;dk gSA
ikjaifjd jaxeap&:iksa dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡
[;ky&jktLFkku
 xkusvkSj xk;u dh dyk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
 [ksy (ukVd) ls O;qRiUu [;ky us laHkor% vBkjgoha 'krkCnh
 bujaxeap :iksa esa Hkh ,d 'kkL=kh; rRo {ks=kh;
gS]
] LFkkuh;
tks
dh 'kq:vkr esa ,d laxhr u`R;&ukVd ds :i esa vkdkj fy;kA
vkSjyksd jaxysrk gSA
 ikSjkf.kd] ,sfrgkfld ;k yksdfiz; jksekafVd dgkfu;ksa ij
 eapvkSj vU; miyC/ fLFkfr;ksa ds :i vkSj vkdkj ds vuqlkj
vk/kfjr ohjrk] vkRe&cfynku vkSjcM+Iiu ds xq.kkas ij tksj
izLrqfr;ksa dh dqN ijaijk,¡ gksrh gS] tks gj fLFkfr esa cnyrh jg
fn;k tkrk gSA
 blds fo"k; Hkkxksa esa foHkDr lajpukgksdj
vkSjizLrqfr
esa ges'kk
 [ ;ky ds izdkjksa dh igpku fd, x, eap ds izdkj ;k p;fur
fujarjrk cuh jgrh gSA
laxhr fofo/rkvksa ls gksrh rqjkZ
gSA
esafdykaxh [;ky,d
foLr`r :i ls ltk, x, eap ij fd;k tkrk gSa] tcfd  vfHkusrkvksa vkSjn'kZdksa
ds eè; lh/k vkSjvarjax laokn gksrk
dqpkef.k [;kyizLrqfr esa ljy gksrk gS ysfdu fof'k"V
blesa gSA
laxhrvkSju`R; dne gksrs gSaA  ik=k vf/d izHkko'kkyh gksus vkSj fLFkfr dks vf/d egRo nsus
fy, eapij viuh txg cnyrs jgrs gSaA ;g rduhdnksgjko
 izÑf r esa vR;f/d dkepykÅ] <hys lajfpr Hkw[kaM+ksa vkSj
vkSj'kkafr
ds ekè;e ls Åcus dh laHkkouk dks Hkh de djrh gSA
etkfd;k laokn ds lkFk][;ky dks ,d varjax n'kZd&vfHkusrk
laca/ dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA  laoknforj.k vkerkSj ijmPp fip esa fd;k tkrk gSA blls
vfHkusrkvksa dks cM+s n'kZdkas rd igq¡pus esa enn f

 bldk izkFkfed vkd"kZ.k bldk Hkkoiw.kZ xk;u gS] uDdkjk
ftlesa
dykdkj ges'kk vius ne ijewy laokn esa dqN u dqN tksM+rs
vkSj<ksyd(nksuksa rky)] lkjaxh(>qdk gqvk okn~; ;a=k) vkSj
jgrs gSaA lq/kj ds ekè;e ls yk,ifjorZux, ] n'kZdksa dks
dHkh&dHkh 'kgukbZ(iou okn~;) ds lkFk gksrk gSA
mRlkfgrdjrs gSa vkSj n'kZdksa ds lkFk rkyesy cukus esa
djrs gSaA


Hkkjrh; dBiqryh dyk

8 (Indian Puppet Art)
dBiqryh fo'o ds izkphure~ jaxeap ij [ksys tkus okys euksjatd dk;ZØeksa esa ls ,d gS] dBiqrfy;ksa dks fofHk
xqM~Ms&xqfM+;ksa
] tksdj vkfn ik=kksa ds :i esa cuk;k tkrk
dkBgSA
vFkkZr~
ydM+h,oaiqryh vFkkZr~
xqfM+;k ls gSA
 dBiqrfy;ksadksydfM+;ksa
] dkxt o IykLVj vkWiQ isfjl iqryh ds izdkj
(POP) vkfn vU; phtksa ls cuk;k tkrk gSaA
 iqryh'kCnySfVu
Hkk"kkI;wik
ds ls fy;k x;k gSA /kxk iqryh Nk;k iqryh NM+ iqryh nLrkuk iqryh
 ;g ,d izdkj ds yksdukV~;
dk Hkkx gSA ftlesa dBiqryh ds
• dBiqryh • rksyqcksEekyrk• iqrqyukp • iksokdksFkq
[ksy ds }kjk fofHkUu Hkkoksa
lq[k&nq%[k]
tSls
izse&Øks/
rFkkohj
• mM+hlk jkWM
• oqaQ/sbZ • rksxywxksEcsvV~Vk
xkFkkvksa
dks dgkuh ds :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
• xksEcs;V~Vk
• jko.kNk;k dBiqryh
 Hkkjrh; dBiqryh dykikSjkf.kd
esa dFkk]
yksd dFkk,¡rFkk • ;eiqjh
• cksEekyV~Vk
ohj xkFkkvksa
tSls dFkkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk
gkL; vc
O;aX;
rFkk
Kku laca/hvU; euksjatd dk;ZØeHkh fn[kk;s tkus yxs gSaA /kxk iqryh
 ikf.kuhdh v"Vkè;k;hesauV lw=k
esaiqryk ukVddk  Hkkjr esa
/kxk
mYys[k feyrk gSA
iqrfy;ksa;k
 foØekfnR; dhflagklu cRrhlhesa Hkh flagklucRrhl
dh eSfj;ksusV
dh
iqrfy;ksa
dk mYys[k feyk gSA ijaijk çkphu
 çkphu fganw nk'kZfudksa
iqrydkjksa
}kjk
dk cgqr gh lEeku fd;k ds lkFk le`¼
tkrk FkkA iqrydkjksa
os dks loZ'kfÙkQeku fo/krk
vkSjiwjs Hkh gSA vusd
czãkaMdks,d iqryeap ekurs FksA tksM+ ;qDr vaxksa
 Jhen~ Hkkxor
] Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k ds cky :i dh
ugÕ;ndFkk rFkk/kxksa
}kjk lapkyu dks vR;ar
yphykiu cuk nsrs gSaA ftl
ds vuqlkj Hkxoku
/kxksa
] lr ] jt vkSjre çR;sd lsiwjs fo'o dkj.k ;g iqrfy;ka vR;f/dyphyh gksrh gSa]
jktLFkku
]
dksdBiqryhdh Hkkafr pykrs gSaA mM+hlk] dukZVdvkSj rfeyukMq,sls çkar gS] tgk¡ ;g
dBiqryh dyk dh çkphurk ds laca/igyh esa ,oa nwljh lnh iqryhdyk fodflr gqbZA
bZlk iwoZ
esabyaxks vkfnxy
}kjk jfpr rfey xzaFk
f'kyIikfndkje dBiqryh(jktLFkku)
esa ik;k tkrk gSA  ;g dkB ds ,d VqdM+srjk'k
ls dj cukbZ tkrh gSaA
 nwljh lnh bZlk iwoZ ls f}rh; lnh bZloh rd ds nkSjku
 blesacM+h xqfM+;k& jaxhu igurh
diM+s
gSA
dHkh&dHkh ukV~;'kkL=k
ij çHkkoh <ax ls fy•s x, ys•ksa esa
iqryh dyk dk o.kZu ugha feyrk gS ysfduekuo ukVdds  os'kHkw"kkeqdqVvkSjeè;dkyhu jktLFkkuh 'kSyh esa gksrh gS]
fuekZrk funZs'kd dks lw=k/kj ds :i esa çHkkfor fd;ktks x;kvkt
gSrd çpfyr gSA
ftldk vFkZ /kxksa ls gSA  ;g vR;ar ukVdh;] {ks=kh; laxhr ij vk/kfjr
dBiqryh u`R;
eSfj;ksusV dh rjg gSA
dBiqryh dks rkjksa ({ks=kh; fofo/rkvksa ij vk/kfjr) dk budsvaMkdkj eq•
 mi;ksx ] eNfy;ksa
tSlh cM+h&cM+h
vk¡•] dekuh
djds Åij ls fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA tSlsHkkS vkSj
eksVs&eksVsvkfn
gksaB
dqN buds fof'k"V y{k.k gSaA
 ;g iqrfy;ka yack
jktLFkkuh iks'kkd iSj  ;s dBiqrfy;k¡ lHkh
igurh gSa vkSj buds Hkkjrh; ijaijkxr dBiqrfy;ksa
esa lcls
ugha gksrs gSaA Li"V gksrh gSa vkdkj
rFkkesa cM+h
,oa Hkkjh
gksrh gSaA
 ls ca/snks;k ik¡p /kxksa ls cks
iqryh lapkyd viuh maxfy;ksa EekyêðeukV~;fo/k esa foLr`r çlax gSaA ftUgsa pkj Hkkxk
mudk lapkyu djrk gSA foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&
fouk;d iwtk] dkseyh
] vekuêðe
lkekU;r% dBiqryh dks ydM+h ls fufeZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rFkkiqlsUod uV~Ve
A
ftldh yackbZ 8 bap
dh NksVh xqfM+;k
gksrh gSA
Nk;k iqryh
 bu xqfM+;ksa dh eq[kkÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa dks vkdkj nsus ds fy,
 Nk;k iqrfy;ka
rSyh; jaxdk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
piVh gksrh gSaA
 /kxksa }kjk gkFk
] flj rFkkihBesaa NksVs fNæ ls tqM+k gksrk gS rFkk
blds ckn bls dBiqryh lapkyudÙkkZ }kjk lapkfyr fd;kbl çdkj dh
tkrkA iqrfy;kapeM+sls
cukbZ tkrh gSaA bUgsa
d qa/sbZ (vksfM'kk)
ikjHkklhcukus ds
 gYdhydM+h ls cuk gksrk gSA
fy, la'kksf/rfd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g iqNYyk ygaxkigus gksrh gSaA
 inZs ds ihNs ls bls lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj iqryh dk
 bu iqrfy;ksa esa vusdtksM+ gksrs gSa blh dkj.k budk lapkyulapkyuçdk'k lzksrrFkkinZs ds eè; ls fd;k tkrk gSA
ljy <a+xls gksrk gSA
 n'kZ d inZsdh nwljh vksj Nk;k ls Ñfr;ka ns•rs gSa ;g Nk;k
 iq ryh lapkyd ydM+h ds frdksus VqdM+sdks idM+s jgrk gS Ñfr;ka jaxhu Hkh gks ldrh gSaA
ftl ij lapkyu djus ds fy, /kxs yxas gksrs gSaA
iqryh dh ;g ijaijk mM+hlk ] dsjy] vka/z çns'k ] dukZVd]
 ijaijkx r tk=kk ukVd ds vfHkusrkvksa dh Hkkafr dqa/sbZ dh os'kHkw"kk
egkjk"Vª vkSjrfeyukMq esa çpfyr gSA
gksrh gS] ftlesa {ks=kh; vkSj vksfM'kh u`R; ds laxhr dk Hkh çHkko
Fkksyqc
ksEeyrk (vka/z çns'k)
fn•rk gSA
 ;s iqrfy;ka vkÑfr esa cM+hgksrh gSa vkSj dej mudh
] xnZu]
xksEcs;kêðk (dukZVd) da/kvkSj?kqVuksa esa tksM+ gksrs gSaA
 bldk laca/dukZVd ds yksd u`R; ;{kxkuls gSaA
 ;g nksu ksa
vksj lsjaxhtkrh gSa ftllsinZs ij jaxhu Nk;kiM+rh
 blesa vf/d lkE;rk j•k tkrk gS] bldh vkÑfr;k¡ vR;ar jgsA blesa eq[;rk {ks=k 'kkL=kh;
dk laxhr gksrk gSA
lqlfTtr gksrh gSa iSj vkSj
] da/s] dksguh
] dwYgsvkSj?kqVus
esa  budk eq[; fo"k;jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkSj iqjk.k gSaA
tksM+ gksrs gSaA
r ksxywxksEcsvêðk (dukZVd)
 ,d <kapk ls ca/s ik¡p gq, ls lkr /kxksa}kjk budk lapkyu ;g iqrfy;ka lkekU; vkdkj lsaNksVh gksrh gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA
 ; |fi] lkekftd ifjos'k ds vuqlkj ik=kksa ds vk/kj ij cM+s&Nks
 tf Vy fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu nks&rhu lapkydksads }kjk fd;k gksrs gSaA tSls jktkvksa
fd vkSj/kfeZd ik=kksa
ds vkdkj cM+s gksrs
tkrk gSA 'kkL=kh; laxhr rFkkyksd laxhrdk lqanj leUo; gSa] tcfdvke turk vkSjukSdjksa ds vkdkj NksVs gksrs gSaA
gksrk gSA jko.kNk;k (vksfM'kk)
ekyêðk (rfeyukMq)
cksE  ;g iqrfy;ka bdgjh gksrh gS rFkk buesa laf/dksbZ
ugha gksrhA
 NM+ v kSj/kxk iqryh dh rduhdrfeyukMq dh cksEekyV~Ve  ;g jaxhuHkh ugha gksrh bl inZs dkj.k
ij mudh Nk;k 'osr
iqryh esa ,d lkFk feyrh gSaA ,oa ';ke gksrh gSaA
 ;g ydM+h ls cuh gksrh gS vkSj
lapkyu djus okyksa/kxs
ds  buesa tksM+
u gksus ds dkj.k budk lapkyu n{krk ls djuk iM+rk gS
,d yksgs ds fjax esa ca/s jgrs gSa]iqryh
ftls lapkyd eqdqV ;g iqrfy;kae`x peZdh cuh gksrh gSa rFkk budk :i vR;ar
dh rjg vius flj ij /kj.k fd, jgrs gSaA ukVdhgksrk gSA
 dq N iqrfy;ksadh gFksfy;ksavkSjgkFkksa
esa tksM+ gksrs gSa]  ftudk
ekuo ,oa i'kq pfj=kksa
ds lkFk&lkFko`{k]ioZr rFkk jFk vkfn
lapkyuNM+ksa ls gksrk gSA dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g iqrfy;ka NksVh (nks iQhV) dh gksrh gSaA  mM+ hlk dh dBiqrfy;k¡

if'pe caxky] vka/zçns'k
dh rqyuk
 fiQj Hkh bu dh Nk;k ,dne gksrh gSaA esa vR;ar
y;kRed ,oa laosnu'khy NksVh
gksrh gSA
 vf/d tfVy vkSjx| laokn 'kk;n gh dHkh iz;ksx fd, tkrs
NM +iqryh gSaA
 ; g n L rk u k ;eiqjh (fcgkj)
iqryhdk vxyk  dk"B ydM+h dh cuh gksrh gSA
pj.k gS ysfdu ;s  ;g ,d VqdM+s esa gksrh gSa dksbZ

vkSjtksM+
buesagksrk
ughagSA
mlls dkiQh cM+h  bUgs a pykus esa
T;knk fuiq.krk
dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA
gksrh gS rFkk
uhps
fLFkr{k.kksa ij nLrkukiqryh
vk/kfjr jgrh gS
 bls vkLrhu;k
vkSj mlds }kjk lapkfyr gksrh gSaA
gFksyh iqryh
Hkh
 bl dyk dk ;g :i vkt if'pe caxky rFkkvksfM'kk
esa dgk tkrk gSA
ik;k tkrk gSA
 ;g diM+s ls cukbZ
yukp (if'pe caxky)
iqrq tkrh gSaA
 ;g dk"Bls cukbZ tkrh gSA
 blesa xnZuds uhps
 blesa{ks=k fo'ks"k dh fofHkUudyk 'kSfy;ksadk vuqlj.k ls nksuksackgj
gkFk
fd;k tkrk gSA fudys jgrs gSaA
 yksdukV ~; tk=kk
ls ;g vR;f/d lkE;rk j•rk gSA  'ks "k 'kjhj ds uke ij dsoy ,d ygjkrk gqvk ?kk?kjk gksrk gSA
 dBiqrfy;ksa esa vf/drjrhu tksM+
gksrs gSaA
flj ] eq[; NM+ }kjkgkFkksa
ls xfrfof/;ksaij fu;a=k.k j•k tkrk gS
igyh vaxqyh
tqM+k rFkk
xnZuls tqM+k gksrk gS vkSjgkFkksa
nksuksa
dh NM+sa
da/s eLrd esa tkrh gS rFkk eè;ek vkSjvaxwBk iqryh
dh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa
ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA esa jgrh gSA
 lapkyd dh dej ls ckal dh Vksih cuh jgrh gS rFkk ml ij iqryh dh ;g ijaijk mÙkj çns'k] mM+hlk
] if'pe caxky vkSj
iqrfy;ka ls tqM+h NM+s vk/kfjr gksrh gSA dsjy esa yksdfç; gSA
 dBiqrfy;ksa dk lapkyd mQ¡ps inZs ds ihNs •M+kiksokdksFkq
jgdj Lo;a
& dsjy
gypy vkSju`R;djrk gSA  bldk çknqHkkZo
18oha 'krkCnh esa ogk¡ ds çfl¼ 'kkL=kh; u`R
lapkyd xhr xkrkgqvkxR;kRed laoknksa
dks Hkh cksyrk gSA eap
ukVd dFkdyh dsiqryh ukVdksaij iM+us okys çHkko ds
ij cSBs gq, rhu&pkj laxhrdkj
<ksyd] gkjeksfu;erFkk>k¡> dkj.k gqvkA
ctkrs gq, laxhr djrs gSA  blesa iqryh dh yackbZ
,d ls nks iQhVds eè; gksrh gSA
jkWM dBiqryh (vksfM'kk)
mM+hlk  eLrd rFkk nksuksa gkFk ls ydM+h
cuk dj ,d eksVs diM+s ls
 blesa vf/dka'k
rhu tksM+gh gksrs gSa ysfdu muds lkFk NM+ksa
tksM+s tkrs gSa] NksVs
fiQj ,d ls FkSys
ds :i esa bldks flyk tkrk gSaA
ds LFkku /kxs
ij ca/sgksrs gSaA  iqryh ds psgjs ds vyadj.k esa jax]pedhys Vhuds VqdM+s
 bl çdkj ;gk¡ ij NM+ iqrfy;ka /kxk
rFkk NM+ iqrfy;ksa
dk rFkkeksj ia•ksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
lefUor :i gksrh gSaA  ifjpkyd ml FkSyh esa vius gkFk Mkydjiqryh dseLrd
 buesa lapkyu dh fØ;k FkksM+h vyx gksrh gSA iqryhvkSj lapkyd
nksuksa Hkqtkvksa
dk lapkyu djrk gSA
inZs ds ihNs tehuij cSBdj mudklapkyu djrs gSaA  bl çLrqfr ds le; psaMk ] psafxyrFkkbykFkyeok| ;a=kksa
 budk lapkyu vf/drj laoknij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA rFkk'ka• dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 laxhr yksd /quksa
rFkk'kkL=kh;
vksfMlh /quksa nksuksa dk
 lefUor
fo"k;&jkek;.k dFkk rFkk
egkHkkjr
dh dFkkvksa ij vk/kfjr
:i gksrk gSA gksrs gSA
MEET OUR GS FACULTIES
RAJNEESH RAJ AMIT KUMAR SINGH DR.ADARSH KUMAR RAJESH MISHRA

(HISTORY) (ETHICS) (POLITY, GOVERNANCE AND IR) (GEOGRAPHY)
>15 + YEARS OF EXPERIENCE AT RENOWNED > EDUCATIONAL & LEGAL CONSULTANT
>MOST LOVED FACULTY FOR HISTORY OPTIONAL
INSTITUTES > PHD IN ROLE OF BUREAUCRACY, UGC-NET > 10+ YEARS OF UPSC TEACHING EXPERIENCE
> 20+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE AT RENOWNED > MENTOR MORE THAN 1,00,000+ STUDENTS & QUALIFIED WITH MENTORING OF 1 LAKH+ ASPIRANTS
NSTITUTES 1000+ SELECTION > 23+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING, > UGC-NET QUALIFIED
> MENTORED MORE THAN 2,00,000 UPSC CSE > TAUGHT ETHICS & PHILOSOPHY IN DELHI MENTORING 3,00,000+ STUDENTS FOR
UNIVERSITY FOR 3 YEARS CIVIL SERVICE EXAM > EX. FACULTY FOR MULTIPLE RENOWNED
ASPIRANTS
INSTITUTES
> GRADUATE FROM ALLAHABAD UNIVERSITY IN > AUTHORED BOOKS ON INDIAN POLITY,
> MORE THAN 2000 SELECTIONS IN UPSC CONSTITUTION & PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PHILOSOPHY & POST GRADUATE FROM DELHI
> POST GRADUATE FROM DLHI UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY FOR UPSC ASPIRANTS
DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH RITESH R JAISWAL PRATIK GUPTA KAPIL SIKKA

(ETHICS & IR) (SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT) (ECONOMY) (POLITY & GOVERNANCE)
> POST GRADUATE FROM DU & IGNOU > MENTORING, GUIDING AND TEACHING UPSC
> 18 YEARS+ EXPERIENCE IN BOTH ONLINE AND > 15+ YEARS OF UPSC TEACHING EXPERIENCE STUDENTS SINCE 9 YEARS
OFFLINE PLATFORM WITH RENOWNED INSTITUTES ACROSS INDIA
> RENOWNED FACULTY FOR ETHICS, PSIR & > MENTORED MORE THAN 1,00,000 STUDENTS > SPECIALIZED IN TEACHING INDIAN POLITY,
> MOCK INTERVIEW PANELIST & FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAM INDIAN ECONOMY, ESSAY, INTERNAL SECURITY
POLITY.
INTERVIEW EXPERT & POST INDEPENDENCE INDIA WITH AN
> EX-EDUCATOR OF TOP PROMINENT INSTITUTES. EXPERIENCE OF TEACHING IN LEADING
> SPECIALIZED IN TEACHING SCIENCE & > 10+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING INSTITUTES
> MENTORED MORE THAN 100000+ STUDENTS TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT WITH VARIOUS RENOWNED INSTITUTES
IN UPSC
DR. MOHD. ZIA ABHISHEK SRIVASTAV LOKESH TRIPATHI MANJU CHOUDHARY

(ECONOMY & HISTORY) (HISTORY) (ECONOMY) (POLITY, NCERTS, CA)
> EXPERIENCED FACULTY FOR INDIAN HISTORY > MA (ECONOMICS) , UGC NET QUALIFIED
> FACULTY, COACH AND MENTOR- GS-HISTORY, > M.COM (GOLD MEDALIST),
GS-ECONOMY AND HISTORY OPTIONAL & CULTURE AT RENOWNED INSTITUTES MA (PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION) , UGC NET
> APPEARED FOR 3 UPSC INTERVIEWS
QUALIFIED
> TEACHING EXPERIENCE OF 8+ YEARS WHICH > 7+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING AND > 10+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING, > 6+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING,
MENTORING 45000+ STUDENTS FOR MENTORING 60000+ STUDENTS FOR CIVIL
INCLUDES SERVICE AS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MENTORING 50000+ STUDENTS FOR CIVIL
CIVIL SERVICE EXAM SERVICE EXAM
AT RIE, NCERT, BHOPAL SERVICE EXAM
> GRADUATE FROM INDIAN MARITIME > FACULTY, COACH AND MENTOR- GS- > FACULTY, COACH AND MENTOR- GS- INDIAN
> MA IN HISTORY FROM IGNOU, PHD UNIVERSITY, KOLKATA INDIAN ECONOMY AND GOVERNMENT POLITY AND NCERT BASICS, CURRENT
FROM A.M.U. SCHEMES. AFFAIRS.

MEET OUR GS FACULTIES
DR. MOHD SALEEM ANANT TRIPATHI BARUN NANKI BAWEJA
(SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) (HISTORY, CSAT) (ECONOMICS & CURRENT AFFAIRS) (ECONOMY)
> RENOWNED SCIENCE & TECH FACULTY > MBA FROM IIFT, NET QUALIFIED IN HISTORY, > B. TECH FROM WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF
> EX. EDUCATOR AT RENOWNED INSTITUTES
MANAGEMENT & PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
> 12+ YEARS YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING WITH AN EXPERIENCE OF MENTORING
5000+ STUDENTS IN THEIR UPSC
> MENTORED MORE THAN 100000+ STUDENTS > MENTORED MORE THAN 5,00,000 STUDENTS JOURNEY
FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAM > MENTORED MORE THAN 1,00,000 STUDENTS
FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAM
FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAM > QUALIFIED COMPANY SECRETARY AND
> ALUMNI OF JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA HOLDS AN MBA IN FINANCE
RESIDENTIAL COACHING > 5+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING WITH
> 10+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING
VARIOUS RENOWNED INSTITUTES
> EX-EDUCATOR OF PROMINENT INSTITUTES WITH VARIOUS RENOWNED INSTITUTES
DEEPAK SINGH SHASHANK SHEKHAR ROY AKSHAT DWIVEDI SNEHIL TRIPATHI

(HISTORY, ECONOMY & ETHICS) (ETHICS & IR) (POLITY & IR) (POLITY)
> B.TECH IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING & POST
> TRAINED THOUSANDS OF STUDENTS FOR > PUBLISHED AUTHOR WITH MCGRAW HILL
>B.COM ACCOUNTS HONORS GRADUATE GRADUATION IN M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE
UPSC AND OTHER STATE SERVICES EDUCATION AND OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
> 5+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE AT RENOWNED
> MENTORED MORE THAN 1,00,000 STUDENTS > DECADES OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING, INSTITUTE > 7+ YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCE WITH
FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAM TRAINING AND MENTORING VARIOUS INSTITUTES ACROSS THE COUNTRY
> MENTORED MORE THAN 20,000 UPSC CSE
> 8+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING WITH ASPIRANTS.
> CERTIFIED COMMUNICATION COACH, > EX. ACADEMIC HEAD AND TOP FACULTY
VARIOUS RENOWNED INSTITUTES
MOTIVATIONAL SPEAKER AND MENTOR > INVOLVED IN RESEARCH FIELD OF WITH RENOWNED ED-TECH ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
SONIYA AHUJA ADITYA TIWARI
(INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) (HISTORY, ECONOMY AND ETHICS)
> 7+ YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCE IN > BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEER, HBTI, KANPUR

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY
> G.T.E. DESIGN, INDIAN OIL CORPORATION
> MA POLITICS WITH SPECIALIZATION IN
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, JNU DELHI
> UPSC INTERVIEW APPEARED
> SPECIALIZED IN LEARNING PEDAGOGY AND
CURRICULUM DESIGN
> BA IN SOCIAL SCIENCE, TISS MUMBAI

Hkkjr esa ek'kZYk dyk

9 (Marshall Art in India)
Hkkjrfofo/ ] laLÑfr,oa tkfr;ksadk ns'k gS rFkk blfy, Hkkjr izkphu

vius dkyls gh fodflr ek'kZy vkVZ ds fy, izfl¼ gSA
vktdy bu dyk dks dbZ:iksao vuq"Bkuksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]'kkL=kfof/
tSls& lekjksg
] ØhM+krFkk'kkjhfjd ;ksX;rk dh vkRej{kk
ds :i esa Hkhek'kZy vkVZdk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu blls igysdykvksa
bu dk ;q¼ds {ks=kksa esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fk
 ek'kZy vkVZ
dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ;q¼ NsM+us ls lEcaf/r
dyk ls  dyjhik;V~Vw dk izeq[k nkodneksadk mi;ksx gSa] ftlesa
gS rFkk ns'k esa vla[; ek'kZy vkV~Zl ?kfu"B
u`R;
] ;ksx
:i ls fdd (iSj ls izgkj) vkSj
gfFk;kjvk/kfjr vH;kl Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
rFkkizn'kZu dykls lacaf/r gSA flyEce (Silambam)
 ek'kZy vkVZ~l dh mRifRr
izkphu dkyls gqbZ ysfdu1820  flyEce ek'kZy
ls 'kq: gq, fofHkUu fojks/ksa ds en~nsutj buesa ls dbZ ek'kZy
vkVZ ykBhpykus
vkVZ~l dks vaxzstksa }kjk izfrcaf/r dj fn;k x;k rFkkdhckn,d esa
vn~Hkqr
1910esaleh{kkdj mUgsa
Lok/hurkds i'pkr~ izeq[krk feyhA dyk gSA
dyjhik;V~Vw(Kalaripayattu)  flyEce ek'kZy
 Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk vkVZ dks
rfeyukMq
ek 'k Zy vk VZ ds 'kkldks a us
dyjhik;V~Vw gS izksRlkgu fn;kA
rFkk bldh mRifRr  rfey lkfgR; f'kyIikfndkje esaflyEce ykfB;ksadks
pkSFkha 'krkCnhesa fons'kh O;kikfj;ksa
}kjk cspus ds lk{; feyrs gSaA
dsjy esa gqbZ FkhA
 flyEce nf{k.kh Hkkjr dh lulsV
,d ek'kZy vkVZ
gSA
 dyjh ,d ey;kye 'kCn ftldk vk'k; gS fd og Ldwy
 flyEce rfeyukMq ls ,d gfFk;kjvk/kfjr Hkkjrh; ek'kZy
tgk¡ek'kZy vkVZ dk vH;kl djk;k tkrk gSA
vkVZ gSa ysfdu ikjaifjd :iJhyadk
ls vkSj
eysf'k;kds
 mf>fpy rsy ds lkFkekfy'k] O;k;ke ] ryokj yM+kbZ
vkfn rfey leqnk; }kjk Hkh bldk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
dyjhik;V~Vw dh rduhd gSaA
 flyEce dh jpuk dk Js; Hkxoku eq#xu rFkk½f"k vxLR;
 bl dyk dks fugRFks yksxksa
us viuh vkRej{kk dk ,d lk/u dks tkrk gSA
cuk;k rFkk bldk iz;ksx 'kkjhfjd ;ksX;rk izkIr djus esa fd;k
 flyEce ,d 'kq¼ j{kk dyk ls ,d laxzke vH;klesa
tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx
ikjaifjd jLeksa
vkSjlekjksgksa
esa fd;k
ifjf.kr gks x;kA
tkrk gSA
 f[kykfM+;ksa }kjk pkj izdkj
ykfB;ksa
dhdk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
 blesa fn[kkoVh
nksgjkiuvkSj'kkjhfjd O;k;keHkh 'kkfey gS]
gSA tks fuEufyf[kr gS&
bldk egRoiw.kZ igyw
yM+us dh 'kSyh rFkk bldks fdlh Hkh
<+ksy
;k xhr ds lkFk ugha fd;k tkrk gSA VkWpZ flyEce ykfB;ksa ds Nksj ij diM+s dh tyrh xsan
cka/h tkrh gSA
 efgykvksa}kjkdyjhik;V~Vw dk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
e/qj flyEce e/qj èofu mRiUuA
bldh yksdfiz;rk Hkh fiQYe v'kksdk(2001) vkSjfeFl
(2005) vkSjtkikuh Ükà[kyk esa blds 'kkfey gksus ds lkFkyksp&jfgr
bl ykBh[kM+[kM+kgV dh èofuA
dyk dks vkSjyksdfiz; cukusdk iz;kl fd;k x;kA NksVk ykBh izgkj ds fy, mi;ksxA
 fly Ece esa f[kykfM+;ksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dhbUc rduhdksa dk(Inbuan Wrestling)
qvku dq'rh
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlesa
iSjksa dh rst pky] 'kjhj
ds  yksxk
sa dk er gS fd
fofHkUuLrjksa ij cy] osxvkSjlVhdrk rFkkykBh pykus bl dh mR if Rr
ds fy, nksuksa gkFkksa dk mi;ksx vkfn 'kkfey gSA fetksjeds nqaVySaM
FkksMk
'kSyh xk¡o esa 1750 bZ-
Mk]fgekpy izns'kdk HkO; ek'kZy vkVZ
 Fkks gSA ;g fdlh ds esa gqbZ FkhA
rhjankth fuiq.krk ij fuHkZj gS vkSj ;g egkHkkjr ds mu blfnuksa
dyk esa cgqr
dh vksj ys tkrk gS tcik.Moksa
vkSjdkSjoksa
ds eè; egk;q¼ gh l[r fu;e gS
esarhj ,oa /uq"k iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs FksA tSls fd o`Rr ls ckgj iSj u fudkyuk
] ykr vkSj?kqVus
 ;g dqYyw vkSjeukyh ds vkd"kZd?kkfV;ksa
esa [ksyk tkrk gSA>qdkus ij eukgh gksrh gSaA
bl izdkj bl ek'kZy vkVZ dh mRifRr dqYywls gqbZ gSaA blesaigyokuksa us mudhdej esa tks
csYViguh gksrh gSa]
 rhj ds fljs ij tfM+rxksykdkj ydM+h ds VqdM+s
ls FkksMk uke mldksidM+uk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
dh mRifRr gqbZ gS] rhjtksfd
dh ?kkrd {kerkdksdqUndjus
tc yq'kkbZyksxksa }kjk igkfM+;ksa
cekZdh vksj
ls iyk;u fd;k x;k
ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA bl [ksy
rhj ,oa
esa/uq"k dk
rks bl dyk dks ,d [ksy ds :i esa ekuk x;k FkkA
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
"V ;q¼(Musthi Yudh)
eqf
rhj vankt dh vklkuh ds fy, ydM+h/uq"k dk 1-5&2 ehVj
 eqf" V ;q¼ ek'kZy
dk gksrk gS] tcfd /uq"k ds lekuqikr ydM+h
esa ds rhjgksrs gSa]
tksfd dq'kynLrdkj ;k feL=kh }kjk fufeZr fd;s tkrs gSaA vkVZ 1960 bZ-esa
dkiQh yksdfiz; FkkA
 izkp hu le;kof/ esa]fgekpy izns'kesa ;g FkksMk dk [ksy
cgqr gh fnypLi rjhds ls iz;ksftr fd;k tkrk FkkA  ;g Hkkjr ds lcls
,d xk¡o ds dqN yksx nwljs xk¡o esa tkrs Fks vkSj muds xk¡o iqjkus ,sfrgkfld
ds dq,¡
esalw;ksZn;ls igys isM+ dh ifRr;k¡Mky nsrs Fks vkSj xk¡o ds 'kgj okjk.klh esa
lehi ckgj >kfM+;ksa esa Nqi tkrs FksA tSls gh xk¡o ds yksx ikuhmRiUu
ysus ,dfugRFks
vkrs rksukStoku fpYykus yxrs rFkkyM+us ds fy;s pqukSrh nsrs ek'kZy vkVZ dk :i gSA
tks fd fHkM+ar
dh rS;kjh ds fy, 'kq#vkr gksrh FkhA  ek'kZy vkVZ ykr]
esa ?kqals
] ?kqVus
vkSjdksguhls ekjus dh
xrd k (Gatka) rduhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 xrd k ek'kZy vkVZ  eqf"V ;q¼ 'kkjhfjd
esa ] ekufld rFkkvkè;kfRedrhuksa
iatkc ls mRiUu igyqvksa dk lekxe FkkA
gqvkA xrdk ,d  eqf"
V ;q¼ dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
gfFk;kj ij vk/kkfjr ukedj.k fganw nsoh&nsorkvksa
ds uke ij fd;k tkrk gSA
ek 'k Zy vkV Z gS
ftldk iatkc ds tEeqoarhizfr}anh dks my>kdj vkReleiZ.k djus ds fy, foo'k
flD[kksa}kjk izn'kZu djukA
fd;k tkrk gSA gquearhrduhdh Js"Brk ij cy fn;k tkukA
 xrdk dk vFkZLora=krk
] vuqxzg
ds varxZr vkrk gSA vU; yksxksa
Hkhelsuhfo'kq¼ 'kfDr ij dasfnzr gksukA
dk dguk gS fdxrdk ,d laLÑr 'kCn x/k ls vkrk gSAtjklaf/ vaxksa dks rksM+us
ij dsafnzr gksukA
ftldk vFkZxnk gksrk gSA
 bl dyk esaÑik.k] ryokj vkSjdVkj vkfn dh rjg ds p sbch xkM&xk 'kSyh (Cheibi Gad-Ga)
gfFk;kjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA  psb ch xkM&xk 'kSyh ef.kiqj dh cgqr izkphu ;q¼ laca/h
dykvksa esa ls ,d gSAyM+kbZ
blesads fy, ryokj o <+kydk
 ;g fofHkUu voljksa esa iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk
esyksa
gS]
lfgr
tSls
jkT; ds fdlh Hkh lekjksgksa esa vk;kstu gksrk gSA iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] tksfd vc NM+h
,d ] tksfd eqyk;e

ysnj ls f?kjh gksrh bldk rhu vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls vH;kl fd;k tkrk gS&
gS rFkk eqyk;e
tks • lcl s igys] izkÑfrd deZdkaMksarkaf=kd
esaizFkkvksa
ds lkFk
ysnj ls cus <+ky tqM+k gqvkA
ds :i esa ifjofrZr • nw
ljk] ryokj vkSjryokj ls u`R;dk izn'kZu esa lek cka/ukA
gks x;k gSA • rhljk okLrfod yM+kbZdh rduhd ls lEcaf/r gSA
 }U} ;q¼
izfr;ksxh d qê~VqofjlkbZ
yM+rs gSa vkSj vf/dre
tks Ldksj djrk gS] og fot;h gksrk loZçFke laxe lkfgR; esa mYysf•r dqV~VqofjlkbZ dk vF
gSA izkphu le; esa izfr;ksxh
ryokj o Hkkysdk iz;ksx djrs FksA •kyh gkFk ls laxzkeA bldh ijaijk eq[;r%rfeyukMqesa gS
 bl ek'kZy vkVZfot; esa ] dq'kyrkij vk/kfjr gksrh gS u ;|fi ;g Jhyadk vkSjeysf'k;k ds mÙkjh iwohZ Hkkx esa H
fd ek¡lisf'k;ksa dh 'kfDro ?kkrd cy ijA ;g izfr;ksfxrk vR;f/d yksdfç; gSA bls Hkh flyace dk fu% 'kL=k ?kVd eku
lery lrg ij 7 ehVj O;kl ds o`Rr esa vk;ksftr dh tkrk gSA
tkrh gSaA enkZuh•sy
o`Rr esa ,d&nwljs 2 ehVj
ls dh nwjh ij ,d&,d ehVj dh nks  ;g egkjk"V ª dk l'kL=kek'kZy vkVZgS ftldk çpyu O;kid
js[kk,¡gksrh gSaA
psbch NM+h dh yEckbZ 2&2-5 iQhV gksrh gS] :i ls dksYgkiqj ftys esa gSA blesa fo'ks"k #i ls ryokjksa dh
tcfd <+ky dkO;kl 1 ehVj gksrk gSA pkyksa dk çn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA
Fkkax&Vk
vkSj lfjr ljd (Thang-ta and Sarit Sarak) ykBh
d caxkyh ek'kZy vkVZ us Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k esa
 ikjaifj
 bl ek'kZy vkVZ dh
'kq:vkref.kiqjds dh NM+h yM+kbZ dk :i ys fy;kA blds vH;kl djus okys dk

yBSrds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
esbrh yksxksa
}kjk dh
xbZA i jh&•aMk
 jktiwrksa }kjk l`ftr ijh •aMk fcgkj
ek'kZy
ds vkVZ
dk ,d
 ax,d ryokj
Fkk
:i gSA
dks n'kkZrk gS rFkk
 blesa ryokj vkSj <ky dk mi;ksx djds yM+kbZ dh tkrh gS
Vk,d Hkkyk ds
fy, lanfHkZr djrk Fkkax&Vk
gSA ,d l'kL=k ek'kZy dyk gS vkSj  ijh&[kaMk ek'kZy NmQ
vkVZu`R;
dk vk/kj gSA
tcfd lfjr ljd ,d fugRFks dyk dk :i gS] ftlesa Hkkjrds dqN vU; izeq[k ek'kZy vkVZ
eqdkcykgkFk ls gkFkdk mi;ksx djds fd;k tkrk gSA • ikbd v[kkM+k vksfM+'kk
 17oha lnhesa bl dyk dk mi;ksx ds fo#¼ ef.kiqjh • Ldos
vaxzstksa d'ehj
jktkvksa}kjk bLrseky fd;k x;k Fkk] ij ckn esa
vaxzstksa
tc us • dkBhlkew vka/zizns'k
bl {ks=k ijdCtk dj fy;k rks bl rduhd ij izfrca/ • eYy ;q¼ nf{k.k Hkkjr
yxk;k x;k FkkA • ey[kEe egkjk"Vª
 &Vk dks
Fkkax g,yykax Hkh dgk tkrk gS] tks ,d yksdfiz; • eqduk ef.kiqj
izkphuek'kZy vkVZ gS] ftlesa dqYgkM+h
,d vkSj ,d • fiQfji ] lkYMq
<+ky fudksckj
lfgr vU; gfFk;kjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA • oeZdybZ rfeyukMq


Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; izrhd

10 (National Symbol of India)
jk"Vªh; èot(National Flag) jk"Vªxku

(National Anthem)
 jk"Vªh; èotfrjaxs  ewy :i ls johaæukFk VSxksj
}kjkcaxkyh
esa jfpr xhrtu&x.k&eu
esa leku vuqikr esa dks24 tuojh] 1950 dks Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; xku ds :i esa
rhu {kSfrt ifêð;ka viuk;k x;k FkkA
gSa& dslfj;k jax  bls igyh ckj27 fnlacj] 1911dksHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl
lcls Åij] liQsn ds dksydkrk vf/os'kuesa xk;k x;k FkkA
chp esa vkSj
gjk jax
jk"Vªh; xhr
(National Song)
lcls uhps gSA
 Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh;oansekrje~
xhr gSA bldh jpuk çfl¼ dfo]
 èot dh yackbZ& cafdepaæ pVthZ us o"kZ
1875esa dh FkhA
pkSM+kbZ vuqikr
dk 3%2 gSAliQsn iêðhds chp esa uhys jaxdk
 oans ekrje~ xhr dh ewy Hkk"kk laLÑrFkhA ;g Lora=krk dh
pØ gSA bldk çk:ilkjukFkesav'kksd ds flag LraHk ij cus
yM+kbZ esa yksxksa ds fy, izsj.kk dk lzksr FkkA
pØ ls fy;k x;k gSA bldk O;kl liQsn iêðh dh pkSM+kbZ ds
 24 tuojh] 1950 dks jk"Vªifr MkW- jktsUæusizlknlafo/ku
yxHkx cjkcj gS vkSj 24 blesa
rhfy;k¡ gSaA
lHkk esa dgk]
oans ekrje~ftlus Hkkjrh; Lora=krk la?k"kZ esa ,d
jk"Vªh; èotds fMtkbu dks 22 tqykbZ] 1947 dksHkkjr dh
,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] dk tu&x.k&eu ds lkFk
lafo/ku lHkk }kjk viuk;k x;kA
cjkcj dk ntkZ gksxkA
jk"Vªh; fpUg (National Symbol)
 bls igyh ckjo"kZ 1896 esaHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl
ds l=k esa
 Hkkjr dk jktfpÉ lkjukFkfLFkrv'kksd
xk;k x;k FkkA
ds flag LraHk dh vuqÑfr gSA ikfy'k fd,
gq, ,d gh iRFkj dks dkV dj cuk, x,] jk"Vªh; iq"i(National Flower)
bl flag LraHk ds Åij èkeZpØ j•k gqvk  dey Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh;
gSA iq"i (dey) gSA bl

 eq[;r% belsa pkj flag gS] tks pkjksa fn'kkvksa ifo=k iq"i dk izkphu
dh vksj eq[k fd;s [kM+s gSaA blds uhps Hkkjr dhdyk vkSj
,d xksy vk/kjgS] ftl ij gkFkh ] ?kksM+k
] xkFkkvksa
esa fo'ks"k LFkku
,d cSy vkSj,d flag cus gSa] tks nkSM+rh gS vkSj ;g vfr izkphu
gqbZeqækesa gSaA ;s xksykdkj vk/kj f[kys dky ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk ekaxfyd izrhd jgk gSA
gq, mYVs&yVds dey ds :i esa gSA
 Hkkjr isM+&ikS/ksa ls le``¼ gSA orZeku esa miyC/ MkV
v'kksd LraHk dks jk"Vªh; izrhd 26 ds :ituojh]
esa 1950 esa ouLifr fofo/rk esa bldk fo'o esanlok¡vkSj ,f'k;k esa
pkSFkk
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk viuk;k x;k rFkk blesa dsoy rhu flag gh LFkku gSA
iznf'kZr gksrspkSFkk
gS] fNik gqvk gksrk gSA
vc rd 70» HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gS mlesa ls
 iQyd ds uhps eq.Mdksifu"kn dk lw=k lR;eso t;rs nsoukxjh
Hkkjr ds ouLifr losZ{k.k 47]000
}kjk ouLifr dh iztkfr;ksa dk
fyfi esa vafdr gS] ftldk vFkZlR; gS&dh gh fot; gksrh
o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
gS
A
; i'kq (National Animal)

jk"Vªh  uj dk njckjh ukp vfrikou gksrk gSA
 jktlh ck?k (iSaFkjk ; dSysaMj
jk"Vªh (National Calender)
Vkbfxzl)]/kjhnkj  jk" Vªh; dSysaMj
'kd laor ij vk/kfjr gS]pS=k
bldk çFke ekg
tkuoj gSA bldh eksVh gksrk gSA
ihyh yksepeZ dk dksV  jk"Vªh; dSysaMjo"kZ
dks 1954
esa dSysaMj lfefr }kjk vkSfpR;
gksrk gS] ftl ij xgjh iznku fd;k x;kA
/kjhnkj ifV~V;k¡ gksrh gSaA
jk"Vªh; iq"i dey
 y ko.;rk] rkdr ] iqQrhZ;kiu
vkSjvikj 'kfDr ds dkj.k ck?k
dks Hkkjr jk"Vªh;
ds ds :i esa xkSjokfUor fd;k x;k gSAjk"Vªh; iQy
i'kq vke
jk"Vªh
; i{kh (National Bird) jk"Vªh; unh xaxk
 Hkkjrh; eksj
Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; o`{k cjxn
jk"Vªh; i{kh ,d jaxhu jk"Vªh; i'kq jkW;y caxky Vkbxj
gal ds vkdkj dk i{kh] jk"Vªh; tyh; tho MkWfYiQu
ia[ks vkÑfr dhia[kksa
jk"Vªh; i{kh eksj
dh dyxh] vk¡[kds
uhpslisQn /CckvkSj jk"Vªh; lCth dn~nw
yEch iryh xnZugSaA jk"Vªh; fojklr i'kq gkFkh
 bl iztkfr dk uj] eknkls vf/d jaxhugksrk gS] ftldk jk"Vªh; fyfi nsoukxjh fganh
pedhyk uhyk lhuk vkSj xnZu gksrh gS vkSj vfr eueksgd
jk"Vªh; eqæk :i;k
dkaL; gjk200 yacs ia[kksa
dk xqPNk gksrk gSA loksZPp jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj Hkkjr jRu
eknk Hkwjsdhjax
gksrh gS]
uj ls FkksM+kvkSj
NksVk
blesa
ia[kksa dk
xqPNk ugha
gksrkA


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(10 Tests)
13 PW ONLY IAS www.pw.live

11 'kkL=h; Hkk"kk
(Classical Languages)
 Hkkjr ,d fofHkUu
Hkk"kkvksa
rFkk lkaLÑfrd
fofo/rkvksaokyk • bu Hkk"kkvksalkfgfR;d
dh ijEijk ekSfydgksus ds lkFk&lkFk
ns'k gSA bu lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dk izR;sd o"kZ lkfgfR;d lEesyu
dksbZ Hkk"kkHkk"kk
vU; leqnk;
ls m/kjugha fy;k x;k gksA
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ejkBh lkfgR; lEesyu
dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA
• ml Hkk"kkizkphu
dk lkfgR;ksa
dk ,d lewg gksus ds lkFk mls
 vf[ky Hkkjrh; ejkBh lkfgR; lEesyu
] ejkBh ys[kdksa }kjkoDrkvksa ihf<+;ksa
dh }kjk ,d ewY;oku fojklrekuh tkuh
vk;ksftr fd;k tkus okyk ,d izeq[k
okf"kZdh lEesyu
gSA pkfg,A
 vf[ky Hkkjrh; ejkBh lkfgR;
lEesyu dh LFkkiuk
1878 bZ- 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk dh lwph
eas dh x;h FkhA  Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh 8oha vuqlwph ds varxZr 22 Hkk"k
 egku lkfgR;dkj rFkk iknjh

izQkafll n fozVks
bl lEesyu dh vleh ] caxkyh] cksMks
] Mksxjh
] xqtjkrh
] fganh
] dUuM ] d'ehjh]
vè;{krk djus okys izFke
bZlkbZFksA dksad.kh
] eSfFkyh
] ey;kye ] ef.kiqjh
] ejkBh
] usikyh
] vksfM;k
]
 Hkk"kk;h fofo/rk dh igpku djrs gq, lafo/ku dh iatkch] laLÑr] laFkkyh
Hkkjr dh ] fla/h] rfey ] rsyqxq rFkkmnwZ
8oha vuqlwph dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kkvksa ds :i esa lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSA
esa22 Hkk"kkvksa
 dqN Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa
izkphudhlkfgfR;dijaijk dk laj{k.k  Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk6 Hkk"kkvksa dks 'kkL=kh; ds :iHkk"kk
esa
vkSjlao¼Zu djus ds fy, dsanz ljdkj ds }kjk mUgsa
'kkL=kh; lwphc¼ fd;k x;k gSA
Hkk"kk dk ntkZ iznku fd;k x;kA rfey
 vktknh ds i'pkr~ gh Hkk"kkvksa'kkL=kh;
dksHkk"kk dk ntkZ nzfoM+ Hkk"kk
 nsus izkphure
dks Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkurs gSA fo'o
laca/h izko/ku fd;s x;sA ds fo}kuksalaLÑr
}kjk] xzhd rFkk
ySfVu vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk
rfey dksizkphu Hkk"kk
ds :i esa ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA
vuqPNsn 351 dks cukus dh vko';drk rc iM+h] tc lafo/ku
lHkk }kjk
laLÑfrvkSjoksVksa
ds vk/kj ij vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk ugha Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk rfey dks2004 esa 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk ds :i
fuf'pr dh tk ldhA esa ntkZ fn;k x;kA
 lafo/ku lHkk us
vuqPNsn 351 ds izko/ku ds rgr dqNlaLÑr
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa
dks fo'ks"k Hkk"kk dk ntkZ nsus  ;g fgUnw&vk;Z Hkk"kk
dk izko/ku ds lkFk&lkFk
fgUnw ;wjksih;
Hkk"kk
fd;kA ifjokj dh ,d 'kk[kk gSA
'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk dks ntkZ izkIr djus ds ekunaM  laLÑrdk eq[; lEca/ nsoukxjh fyfils gSA
 Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds v/hu laLÑfr ea=kky;
us fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk
 Hkkjrh; ljdkj }kjk
2005 bZ-esa laLÑr dks
'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk
dh lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
dks'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk nsus ds fy, dqN egRoiw.kZ
ekunaMksa dks fu/kZfjr fd;k gSA rsyqxq
egRoiw.kZ ekunaM  æfoM+ Hkk"kk ifjokj ds varxZr 'kkfey gSA
• bfrgkl esa
1500 ls 2000 o"kks±dh vof/ esaizkjafHkd xzaFkksa
 nzfoM+ Hkk"kk
vka/z izns'k
] rfeyukMq
] dukZVd ] vksfM'kk
rFkk
vkSjikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa
esa bu Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gksuk pkfg,A
NÙkhlx<+esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk gSA
• 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk
] lkfgR; vk/qfud Hkk"kk
rFkklkfgR;ls vyx gksus  rsyqxq nks
vU; ukeksa
rsuqxq
rFkkvka/zls tkuh tkrh gSA
ds dkj.k]'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk
vkSj mlds chp ,d vlarqyu gks bls Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk2008 bZ- esa 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk esa 'kkfe
ldrk gSA fd;k x;kA
d UuM+ h; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa

• 'kkL=k fo[;kr fo}kuksa
esa ds fy, izR;sd o"kZ
 dUuM+ ,d ,slh Hkk"kk]
dukZVd
tks dh jktHkk"kk gSA nkseq[; varjkZ"Vªh; iqjLdkj
iznku fd;s tkrs gSA
 ;g nzfoM+ Hkk"kk&ifjokj esa vkrh laLÑr
gS ij ds Hkh • 'kkL=
blesa kh; Hkk"kkvksa ds vè;;u ds fy,mRÑ"Vrk
dbZ dsaæ
cgqr ls 'kCn gSA LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSaA
 bls flfjxUuM+
ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA • d sanzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ds f
 dUuM+ Hkk"kk
2008 esa 'kkfey fd;k fuf'pr la[;k esaO;kolkf;d vè;{kksa
dksbZ-eas'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;h gSA
x;kA • fo' ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx(UGC) Hkh bu Hkk"kkvksa dks
ey;kye izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, dbZvuqla/ku ifj;kstukvksa

dks
iqjLÑr djrk gSA
 ;g æfoM+ Hkk"kk ifjokj
ds varxZr vkrh gSA
• ftlesa laLÑfr ea=kky; us oDrO; fn;k ;wthlh
fd }kjk
 ey;kye dks 2013 bZ- esa 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa lwphc¼
2016&17esa56-74 yk[k :i;s rFkk2017&18esa95-67
fd;k x;kA
yk[k :i;s dh /ujkf'k bu 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dks c<+kok n
v ksfM;k fy, tkjh dh xbZA
 vksfM;k vk/qfud
Hkkjr vk;Z Hkk"kk ifjokj
ds varxZr vkrh gSA
'kkL=kh;Hkk"kk ds dqN vU; rF;
 v ksfM;k fyfi dk fodkl nso ukxjh fyfi ds leku
czkãh
gh  Hkkjrds laLÑfr ea=kky;
us 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa
dks c<+kok nsus
fyfi ls gqvk gSA ds fy, ns'k ds dbZ laLFkkuksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k tks 'kkL
 Hkkj
r ljdkj us o"kZ 2014
esa bl Hkk"kk dks dh 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dks lefiZr laLFkku gSA
Hkkjr
Hkk"kk ds :i esa lwphc¼ fd;kA • laLÑr ds fy, % jk"Vªh; laLÑr laLFkku]
ubZ fnYyh
_ egf"kZ
93osa vf[ky Hkkjrh; ejkBh lEesyu esaejkBh Hkk"kk dks lkanhifu jk"Vªh; osn fo|k izfr"Bku] mTtSu_ jk"Vªh; laL
'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhfo|kihB]
xbZ] bldsfr#ifr_ vkSj Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh jk"Vªh; laLÑ
ejkBh Hkk"kk fo|kihB] ubZ fnYyhA
vuqlkj ,d izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;k ;|fi vHkh Hkh
dks'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk ugha feyh gSA • rsyqxq vkSj dUuM+ ds fy, ekuo
% lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;
'kkL=kh;
Hkk"kkvksa dks lg;ksx }kjk o"kZ 2011 esa LFkkfir dsUæh; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk laLF
(CIIL)
 ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;ds vUrxZr] fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks

esalEcaf/r Hkk"kkvksa esa vè;;u ds fy, mRÑ"Vrk dsUæA
'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk ds vk/kj
vf/lwfpr
ij djus ls izkIr gksus• rfey ds fy;s % lsUVªy baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ Dykfldy rf
okys ykHk fuEu izdkj ds gSaA (CICT)] psUubZA


izkphu vkSj eè;;qxhu dky esa Hkkjr

12 vkus okys izeq[k fons'kh ;k=h
 lkekU;r% ekuoksarkfdZdrk
esa ] jgu&lgu dk <a+x] cksypky]  gsjksMksVl dks bfrgkl dk tud dgk tkrk gS rFkk bUgksaus
[kku&iku rFkk mudh laLÑfrdk vknku&iznku gh ;k=kk dk fgLVksfjdkuked iqLrd fy[khA
eq[; mís'; gksrk gSA
 fgLVksfjdkesaHkkjrrFkkiQkjlds lEca/ksa dk fooj.k fd;k
 izkphu Hkkjr ls vk/qfud Hkkjr rd dbZ ;kf=k;ksa }kjk x;k Hkkjr
gSAdk
fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA lkekU;r% ;kf=k;ksa }kjk gh Hkkjr dks dbZ
vU; ukeksa ls lEcksf/r fd;k tkrk gS] tEcw}hitSls&]  Vsfl;l bZjkuh jktoS| Fks rFkk bUgksaus Hkkjr ds fo"k; esa
vk;kZorZ
] vk;Zns'k
] Hkkjr] bafM;kvkfnA lwpuk,¡bZjkuh vf/dkfj;ksa
ls izkIr dhA
 izkphu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk iqufuZekZ.k djus ds fy,gekjs fu;kZdl
ikl ] vkusflfØV~lrFkkvfjLVkscqyl fldanjds
vusd izdkj ds lzksr gSA ge eq[; :i ls izkphu Hkkjr ds ledkyhu FksA
bfrgkl ds lzksrksa dks nks lzksrksa esa oxhZÑr ,d dj ldrs gSa&us fy[kk fd Hkkjrh; yksx vPNh rjg dwVs x;s dikl
fu;kZdl
lkfgfR;d vkSjnwljk iqjkrkfRod A lzksr
ds i=k ij fy[krs FksA diM+s ds fNæksa dks cUn djus ds
 tgk¡ lkfgfR;d lzksrksa
oSfndesa
] laLÑr] ikfy] izkÑrvkfn vkVk] pkoy ;k ekaM ;kysbZ
vFkokekseyxkdj 'ka[kvkfn
lkfgR;ksa ds vfrfjDr fonsf'k;ksssssa ds }kjk fy[ks x;slsfooj.k dks
?kksVdj mls fpduk cukrs FksA
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ogha iqjkrkfRod lzksrksaeqækvksa
] ls gesa
 gkFkh nk¡rds dke esa Hkkjrh; cgqr igys ls gh dq'ky FksA
Lekjdksa
rFkkvfHkys[kksa
vkfn ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSaA
 fons'kh ys[kdksa o ;kf=k;ksa }kjk /eks±Ùkj ?kVukvksa esa esa
• Hkkjr fo'ks"k
vkus:fpokys rhu
phuh
cMs+
;kf=k;ksa
(iQkfg;ku] àsu
j[kus ds dkj.k gh mUgksauso`rkUrksa
vius
esa
lkekftd n'kkvksa Rlkax vkSj bfRlax) bfRlax
esa ls(bZp&fpÄ) lcls ckn esa
ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA
vk;kA bldktUe 635 bZ-esalu&;ax esarkbZ&Rlqax ds
 mYys[kuh; gS fd bu fons'kh ys[kdksa dk le; Hkh 'kkludkyizk;% esa gqvkA
fuf'pr gS] vr% buds fooj.k Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa ds fooj.k dh
• rkbZ ioZr
ij fLFkr eafnj esa
'ku&;wvkSj mldh eqykdkr gqbZ
vis{kk vf/d egRoiw.kZ o mi;ksxh ekus x;s gksaxsA
mlh ls bluslkr o"kZdh voLFkk ls gh f'k{kk izkIr dhA
 vusdksa;wukuh
] jkseu
] vjch vkSjphuh;k=kh i;ZVd cudj
'ku&;wdh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ lkalkfjd fo"k;ksa dks NksM+dj b
vFkok Hkkjrh; /eZ viukdj Hkkjr vk;s vkSj mUgksaus rRdkyhu
Hkkjr ds Lo;a ds vuqHko ij vk/kfjr fooj.k fy[ksA ckS¼ 'kkL=kksa dk vè;;u vkjaHk 14 o"kZ
fd;kA
dh vk;q esa bls
izoT;kfey xbZ vkSj 17 o"kZdh vk;q esa blus Hkkjr ;k=kk dk
 fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa esa ;wukfu;ksa dsrhu
vkxeu
oxks±
esa
dksj[krs
ge gSaA
ladYi fd;k tks yxHkx 20 o"kZ ckn gh iwjk gks ldkA
;wukfu;ksa dk vkxeu
• fudksyks euqph
brkyoh
& ;k=kh 1653 bZ- esa Hkkjr vk;k rFkk
iwjk thou Hkkjr esa fcrk;kA
fldanj ds iwoZ fldanj ds ledkyhu fldanj ds ckn
ds ;wukuh ys[kd ;wukuh ys[kd ;wukuh ys[kd • lj FkkWel jkso"kZ
& 1615 tgk¡xhj
esa ds njckj esa jgkA
gsjksMksV~l fu;kdZl esxkLFkuht • iszaQdksbl cfuZ;j
izaQklhlh
& ;k=kh o"kZ 1656 esa Hkkjr esa e
Vsfl;l vfjLVkscqyl Mkbesdl 'kklu ds le; vk;k rFkk Hkkjr dh ;wjksi ds lekt ds fo"k;
vkusflfØVl Mk;uksfl;l esa rqyukRed fooj.k izLrqr fd;kA
uke ns'k le;kof/ ledkyhu jktk fooj.k

esxkLFkuht ;wuku 302&298
BC paæxqIr
ekS;Z lhfj;k ds lsY;wdl fudsVj
ds jktnwr ds :i esa paæxqIr ekS;Z ds
njckj dk Hkze.k fd;kA mUgksaus bafMdk
,d iqLrd
fy•h] tks paæxqIr
;Z ds 'kklu dky dh O;k[;k djrh gSA og igys fons'kh nwr FksA
ekS
Mkbesdl ;wuku 300&273
BC fcanqlkj Hkkjr ij cM+s iSekus ij fy•k vkSj ftls HkkSxksfyd ekeyksa e
lanH
kZ ds :i esa m¼`r fd;k x;k gSA
iQkfg;ku phu 405&411
AD paæxqIrII Hkkjrvkus okys igys
phuhrhFkZ;k=khA muds }kjk ,d ;k=kk o`Ùk
ckS¼lkezkT;dk vfHkys• ladfyr fd;k x;kA
àsulkax phu 630&645
AD g"kZo/Zu mUgksaus vius vuqHkoksa dks viuh iqLrd lh&;w&dh ;k if'peh
dk vuqHko o`rkar esa fy•kA
bfRlax phu 671&695
AD g"kZo/Zu mUgksaus cM+h la[;k esa ckS¼ xzaFkksa dk laLÑr ls phuh esa
mUgksaus 10 lky rd ukyank esa i<+kbZ
HkkjrdhA
rFkkblus
eky}ho
esaizpfyr ckS¼ /eZuked iqLrd esa viuk fooj.k fy[kkA
vy elwnh vj c 957 AD efgiky viuh iqLrd eq#t&vy&ngkc
esa Hkkjr ds ckjs esa mYys• fd;kA
vyc:uh iQkjl AD egewn xtuoh dsrgdhd&,&fgan
1024&1030 tks Hkkjr ij ,d fo'o dks'kh; dk;Z gS vkSj
lkFk Hkkjr vk;k Hkkjrh; thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ls lacaf/r gS] ftlesa
bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] Hkw&foKku] foKku vkSj xf.kr 'kkf
fdrkc&my&fgan
iqLrd buds }kjk vjch Hkk"kk esa fy•h xbZA
ekdkZsiksyksbVyh 1254&1324
AD #æeknsoh #æeknsoh ds v/hu
dkdrh; lkezkT;dk Hkze.k fd;kA
n cqd
(dkdrh; oa'k) vkWiQ lj ekdkZs iqLrd
iksyksesa vius vuqHko fy•s] tks Hkkjr ds
v kfFkZd bfrgkl dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
bCucrwrk AD eksg
eksjDdks 1333&1347 Een fcu mUgksaus
jsgykuked iqLrd fy•hA
rqxyd jktoa'kh eqgEen&fcu&rqxyd vkSj vius le; dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd
v kSj HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa o.kZu fd;kA
fudksyksdksaVh
bVyh 1420&1421
AD nsojk;I (fot; mUgksaus rsyqxq iwoZ
Hkk"kk
dk dks
brkyoh
dgkA
uxj lkezkT;)
vCnqjZTtkd iQkjl 1443&1444
AD nsojk;II (fot; freqfjM jktoa'kh 'kkg#• us vCnqy jTtkd dks rhu o"kZ ds fe'ku ij
uxj lkezkT;) jktnwr cukdj HkstkA og dkyhdV esa teksfju ds njckj esa jgsA
v iuh iqLrd esa fot;uxj lkezkT; dk Li"V fooj.k fy•k gSA
fofy;e gkfdal fczVsu AD tg k¡xhj
1608&1611 fczfV'k jktk tsEl&
I dk jktnwr] ftls tgk¡xhj ds njckj esa Hkstk x;kA
lj FkkWeljksfczVsu AD tg k¡xhj
1615&1619 I d k jktnwr] ftls tgk¡xhj ds njckj esa Hkstk x;kA
fczfV'k jktk tsEl&
ihVjeqaMh bVyh AD ' kkgtgk¡
1630&1634 mUgksaus eqxy lkezkT; esa yksxksa ds jgu&lgu dk o.kZu fd;
thu cSfIVLVizaQkl AD ' kkgtgk¡
1638&1683 bUgksaus Hkkjr ds ghjksa ,ao ghjksa dh [kkuksa ij foLrkj ij p
VSofuZ;


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Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi
13 (Indian Handicraft)
gLrf'kYi lkekU;r% gkFkksa ds }kjk dh x;h dkjhxjh ;k f'kYidkjh dks dgk tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr miHkksDrk oLrqvk
feV~Vh] iRFkj] /krq] oL=k vkfn ltkoVh oLrq,sa 'kkfey gksrh gSA Hkkjr fo'o ds lkaLÑfrd vk/kj ij le`¼ ns'kksa
vR;f/d dq'ky dkjhxj o f'kYidkj gS ftUgksaus lEiw.kZ fo'o esa Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi dks izfl¼ fd;k gSA
Hkkjr esa jaxkbZ ;k NikbZ@cqukbZ@lkM+h@d<+kbZ dh 'kSyh
NikbZ@cqukbZ@lkM+h@d<+kbZ NikbZ@cqukbZ@lkM+h@d<+kbZ
'kgj @ {ks=k 'kgj @ {ks=k
iQqydkjh iatkc tjnksth cukjl] y•uÅ] lwjr] vtesj]
cywpkjh eqf'kZnkckn (if'pe caxky) Hkksiky vkSj gSnjkckn
daFkk,EcqjksbMsjh caxky vkSj fcgkj fpdudkjh y•uÅ (mÙkj çns'k)
CykWd fçafVax jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr tkenuh raMk (mÙkj çns'k)
bdr
çfrjks/ jaxkbZ@NikbZjktLFkku] eè; çns'k vkSj rfeyukMq vka/z çns'k vkSj mM+hlk
cka/uh xqtjkr dlwrh dukZVd
ca/st] dksVk Mksfj;k jktLFkku d'ehjh vkSj dlhnk tEew vkSj d'ehj
ikspEkiYyh vka/z çns'k 'kehyeh ef.kiqj
Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd {ks=kh; lkM+h

uke {ks=k fooj.k
ikspeiYyh vka/z çns'k js'ke vkSj dikl dh lkM+h tfVy :ikaduksa vkSj jaxkbZ dh T;kferh; bdr 'kSyh ds lkFkA
,;j ykbal ds pkyd ny bl lkM+h dks igurs gSaA
iVksyk ikVu] xqtjkr gSaMywe lkM+h
ckywpjh eqf'kZnkckn] blds fdukjksa vkSj iYyw ij çkphu dgkfu;ksa dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA blesa js'ke ds
if'pe caxky ij mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
tkenuh if'pe caxky ikjn'khZ i`"BHkwfe ij cquk gqvk vikjn'khZ iSVuZ okyk lcls mPp xq.koÙkk dk eyey
rUpks dh okjk.klh ,d çdkj dh cukjlh lkM+h ftlesa cqukbZ dh rduhd esa flYd ds diM+s ij ,d ;k nks rkuk
czksdsM~l nks ls ik¡p jax gksrs gSaA
pansjh eè; çns'k js'ke] tjh vkSj dikl dks ,d diM+s esa cquk tkrk gS] tksfd ,d ia• ls Hkh gYdk gksrk g
lkM+h ikjn'khZ gksrh gSA
bYdy dukZVd blesa vkerkSj ij jFk vkSj gkFkh dk fp=kkadu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dlwrh dh d<+kbZ dk
tkrk gSA
rkar if'pe caxky fØLi dkWVu] fçaVsM lkM+hA
ukSokjh egkjk"Vª ,dy ukS xt dh lkM+h ftls dLrk lkM+h ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
cksedbZ vksfMlk js'ke vkSj lwrh dh lkM+h esa bÙkQ d<+kbZ vkSj tfVy /kxs dh cqukbZA
d ksujkM rfeyukMq bl diM+s esa vkerkSj ij /kfj;ka ;k psd ds lkFk ,d pkSM+h iêðh gksrh gS] ftl ij tku
çkÑfrd rRoksa ds fp=k cus gq, gksrs gSaA bls eafnj dh lkM+h Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
d kslk NÙkhlx<+ js'ke dh lkM+h
iSB.kh egkjk"Vª flYd lkM+h] lksus ds jax ds /kxs ds lkFk d'khnkdkjh vkSj rksrs dk fp=k cuk gqv
d yedkjh vka/z çns'k blesa fp=kdkjh ds fy, dye dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
d lkoq dsjy blesa lkM+h dks eksVs lqugjs fdukjksa ls fMtkbu fd;k tkrk gSA
Mkcw lkM+hfpÙkkSMx<+] MCcw ,d çkphu e`nk çfrjks/d gS] ftls lwrh diM+s ij bLrseky dh tkus okyh gS
jktLFkku rduhd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
gLrf'kYi ls lEcaf/r HkkSxksfyd ladsr
v ka/zizns'k peM+k dBiqryh] ckWfcy oh.kk] /ekZoje ef.kiqj eksbjax iQh] 'kkiQh ykadh] okax[ksbZ iQh
gFkdj/k iV~Vw] dksaMkiYyh cksEeyq]
fetksje gekjke] fetks iqapsbZ] uksrs[ksjg] ikaMe] ro
eNyhiV~Vue dydkjh] eaxyfxjh lkM+h]
mIink tkenkuh lkM+h] osadVfxjh lkM+hA
kuA
yksg
v:.kkpy izns'k btq fejxh oL=k ukxkyS.M pkjos lkax 'kkWy
v le eawxk js'ke vksfM'kk cjgkeiqj iÙkk lkM+h vkSj tksM+k] ckse
fcgkj fiiyh dk;Z] Hkkxyiqj js'ke] e/qcuh isafVax] lkM+h] xksikyiqj rlj diM+s] dks.kkdZ iRF
flDdh ?kkl dk;Z] lqftuh d<+kbZA dh uDdk'khA
NÙkhlx<+ iqnqpsjh
cLrj <+ksdjk] cLrj ykSg f'kYi] cLrj ydM+h fr:duwj ikfi;j ekps f'kYi[ fofy;uwj
dsf'kYi] pEik js'ke dh lkM+h vkSj diM+sA jkdksVk dk dkeA
Vs
xqtjkr [kaHkkr ds lqysekuh iRFkj] tkeuxj ca/uh]jktLFkku cx: gkFk CykWd fizaV] t;iqj ds uhyh
dPN 'kkWYkA feV~Vh ds crZu] jktLFkku dh dBiqryh]
fgekpy izns'k pEck :eky] dkaxM+k isafVax] fdUukSj 'kkWy] dks
Vk Mksfj;kA
dqYyw 'kkWyA
rfeyukMq vj.kh js'ke] v:acoqj ydM+h dh uDdk'kh]
tEew vkSj d'ehjduh 'kkWy] gkFk ls cqus gq, d'ehjh dkyhu]
Hkokuh tekDdye] dkaphiqje js'ke] daMksxh lkM
d'ehjh isij ekps] d'ehjh i'ehuk] d'ehjh
h f'kYi] [kkrcanA
lkstku egkcyhiqjeiRFkj dh ewfrZ] VksM+k d<+kb
>kj[k.M lksglbZ& [kksoj isafVax rsyaxkuk vkfnykckn Mksdjk] psfj;ky isafVax] xM+o
dukZVd fcVjhos;j] bYdy lkM+h] dukZVd dkaL; ds lkM+h] fueZy iQuhZpj] fueZy isafVax] ok
crZu] dlwVh d<+kbZ] eksyk dyeq: lkM+h] njh] rsfy;k :eky] isEc/hZ /krq f'kYi]
eSlwj jkstoqM buys] eSlwj js'ke] eSlwj ikjEifjd fueZy f[kykSus vkSj f'kYiA
isafVax] uoyxqaM njh] lanwj yEckuh mÙkjd<+kbZ]
izns'k vkxjk njh] cukjl czksdsM lkM+h] cukjl
MMqih lkM+hA xqykch ehukdkjh f'kYi] pqukj cyqvk iRFkj]
dsjy ,ysIih dkW;j] vjueqyk dUukM+h] cyjkeiqj iQ:Z[kkckn fizaV] xkthiqj okWy gSfxax] okj
lkM+h vkSj cf<+;k lwrh diM+s] ihry dh dkap ds eksrh] okjk.klh ydM+h ds yksgs ds
d<+kbZ okys ukfj;y ds [kksy f'kYiA
crZ
u vkSj f[kykSusA
eè; izns'k ckx fizaV] nfr;k vkSj Vhdex<+ ds csy /krq
ds lkeku] pansjh diM+s] bankSj ds peM+s if'pe caxky
ds vYykaM~Mk iRFkj ij uDdk'kh] cywpjh lkM
f[kykSus] egs'oj lkM+hA ckadqyk iapeqjk VsjkdksVk f'kYi] /fu;k[ky
egkjk"Vª iqusjh ixM+h] lksykiqj pknj] lksykiqj Vsjh lkM+h] eVwj dkBh] u{khdkaFkk] 'kkafrf
rkSfy;kA peM+s ds lkeku] 'kkafriqj lkM+h] iq:fy;kA

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Hkkjr ds fo'o fojklr LFky

14 (World Heritage Sites of India)
 fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkllaLÑfr
esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk  fo'o fojklr dks lajf{kr djus ds eq[; mís'; ;wusLdks
ls dh
fuHkkrh gSAlk>s
;g n`f"Vdks.k]
ewY;ksa
] y{;ksavkSjizFkkvksa
dk egklHkk us isfjl esa fo'olkaLÑfrd
dh ,oa izkÑfrd/jksgjksa
lewg izLrqr djrh gSA laLÑfr yxHkx vkfFkZd
lHkh
] lkekftd ls lEcaf/r vfHkle; dks1972 esa LohÑr fd;kA
vkSjvU; dk;Zdykiksa esa Lo;a dks izdV djrh gSA igyk fo'o fojklr fnol 18 vizSy 1982dksV~;wuhf'k;k esa
 Hkkjr tSlk fofo/rk okyk ns'k laLÑfr
viuh dh cgqyrk}kjk baVjus'kuy dkmafly vkWiQ eksuqesaV~l(ICOMOS)
,.M lkbV~l
vius izrhdkRed Lo:i dks izLrqr djrk gSA vFkkZr~ }kjk
Hkkjrh;
euk;k x;kA
izns'k vFkok blds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa fuokl djus okys yksx us gekjs iwoZtksa
;wusLdks fojklr
dh nh
dks
gqbZ
vueksy ekurs
viuh i`Fkd Hkk"kk]
fyfi vFkoklaLÑfrokys ukxfjdksa dk gq, vkSj yksxksalqjf{kr
esa bUgsa
vkSjlaHkkydjj[kus ds mn~ns';
dksbZ Hkh oxZ blds laj{k.k dk vf/dkj j[ksxkA ls gh fo'o fojklr ekuus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
 Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh cgqyrkvkSjvusdrk laiw.kZ fo'o ds fo'o fojklr ds LFky fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lH;rkvkSj mldh
fy, lk{; gSA izkphu laLÑfr ds egRoiw.kZ ifjpk;d ekus tkrs gSaA
 Hkkjrekuork dh vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr (Intangible
fo'o fojklr (/jksgj)
Cultural Heritage of Humanity) ds :i esa ekus tkus okys
 ;wusLdks }kjk fo'o fojklr LFky ,sls fo'ks"k izkÑfrd
LFkkuksa
]
xhr] laxhr] u`R; ] jaxeap ] yksd ijaijkvksa
] eap dykvksa ]
lkaLÑfrdrFkkfefJr (ou {ks=k] ioZr] Lekjd) dks dgk
jhfr&fjoktksa
] Hkk"kkvksa
] cksfy;ksa
rFkkfp=kksa
vkfn dk fo'o esa
tkrk gS] tks
fo'o fojklr LFky lfefr }kjk p;fur gksrs gSaA
lcls cM+k laxzg okyk ns'k gSA ;|fi bl vk/kj n'kZu
ij 'kkL=k
vkSjjk"Vªh; egRo dh vdknfe;ksa dh vo/kj.kk dh mRifRr  dqN [kkl ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas ,sls LFkyksa LFky lfefrdks}kjk
gqbZA vkfFkZd lgk;rk Hkh nh tkrh gSA
 izR;sd fojklr LFkyml ns'k fo'ks"k dh laifÙk gksrh gS] ftl
;wusLdks (UNESCO)
ns'k esa og fLFkr gks]varjkZ"Vªh;
ijarq leqnk;
dk fgr Hkh blh
• bldk iwjk uke la;qDr jk"Vª
esa gksrk gS fd os vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, rFkk ekuor
'kS{kf.kd] oSKkfud ,oa fgr ds fy, budk laj{k.k djsaA
lkaLÑfrd laxBugS] tks
ukekadu izfØ;k (Nomination Process)
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk ,d
 fdlh Hkh ns'k dks igys pj.k esa fdlh LFky vLFkkbZ
dh lwph
vuq"kaxh fudk; (Subsidiary
Body) gSA
rS;kj djuh rFkk dksbZ Hkh ns'k ,slh fdlhukekafdr
laink dks
ugha dj ldrk] ftldk uke ml lwph esa igys ls gh lfEefyr
• bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1945 (uoacj) yanu esa gqbZA
gksA
• Hkkjr4 uoacj] 1946 ls ;wusLdks dk iw.kZdkfyd lnL; gSA
 fo'o /jksgj dsanz /jksgj lwphcukus esalykg rFkklgk;rk
• ;wusLdksa dk mn~ns';f'k{kk,oa laLÑfr ds {ks=k esa fofHkUu
iznku djrk gSA
jk"Vªksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds eè; lg;ksx LFkkfir 'kkafr
dj] fo'o esa
 ukfeus'ku iQkby dks Lora=k
nks laxBuksa
}kjk vkadfyr fd;k
rFkklqj{kk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
tkrk gS& varjkZ"Vªh; Lekjd;k LFky ifj"kn vkSj fo'o
• ;wusLdksa 193dsns'klnL; gSa]11 lg;ksxhlnL; ns'k rFkk
laj{k.kla?kA ;g nksuksa laLFkk,¡
fo'o /jksgj lfefr ls
nks i;Zos{kd lnL; ns'k gSaaA fliQkfj'k djrh gSA
 rRi'pkr~ fo'o /jksgj lfefr dkfu.kZ;vkrk gSA ;g lfefr  mRÑ"V lkoZHkkSfedrk dykRed
ds vkSjlkfgfR;d dk;ksZa ds
esackj cSBd djrh gS vkSj mlh cSBd esa r; gksrklkFk]fopkjksa
o"kZ ,d ;k fo'oklksads lkFk]?kVukvksa ;k thfor
gS fd ukekafdr lainkdks fo'o fojklr lwph esa 'kkfey ijaijkvksa ds lkFklh/s ;k ewrZ :i ls tqM+k gksA
djuk gS ;k ughaA  loks ZRÑ"V (Superlative) izkÑfrd ?kVukvksa ;k vlk/kj.k
 v afre pj.k esa ;wusLdks nl ekunaMksa
ds dh dlkSVh ij LFkyksa izkÑfrd lqanjrk vkSj
lkSan;Z egRo
ds {ks=kksa dks lekfgr djus
dh tk¡p dh tkrh gSaA okyk gksA
 i`Foh ds bfrgkl ds izeq[k pj.kksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djus okyk
fo'o fojklr lwph esa 'kkfey gksus ds nl ekunaM
ftlesathou dk fjdkWMZ ] Hkw&vkÑfr;ksa ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ
 ekuo jpukRed izfrHkk dh mRÑ"V Ñfr dk izfrfuf/Ro
Hkw&oSKkfud izfØ;kvksa ;k egRoiw.kZ Hkw&vkÑfr ;k HkkSfrd
djus okyk gksA
fo'ks"krkvksadk mRÑ"V uewuk gksA
 eku o ewY;ksa ds egRoiw.kZ vknku&iznku dks iznf'kZr djus okyk
 egRoiw.kZ vkWu&xksbax ifjfLFkfrd (On-going-ecological) vkSj
gks] fo'o ds ,d lkaLÑfrd {ks=k okLrqdyk
esa ;kizkS|ksfxdh
tSfod izfØ;kvksaØe&fodkl
dk (Evolution) vkSjLFkyh;
(Architecture or Technology) ] ds Lekjdh; dyk
rkts ikuh] rVh; vkSjleqnzh ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k rFkkikS/ksa
(Nomumental Arts)] Vkmu Iykfuax ;k Hkw&n`'; jpuk vkSj tkuojksa ds leqnk;ksa ds fodkl dk izfrfuf/Ro djus
(Landscape design) ds fodkl dks iznf'kZr djus okyk gksA okyk mRÑ"V mnkgj.k gksA
 ,d vf}rh; (Unique) ;k de ls de ,d vlk/kj.k lk{;  tSfod fofo/rk dksbu&lhVw (In-Situ) laj{k.k ds fy, lcls
okyh ,d lkaLÑfrd ijaijk ;k ,d lH;rk ] tks thfor gks ;k vko';d vkSj egRoiw.kZ izkÑfrd vkokl] ftuesa foKku ;k
foyqIr gks x;h gks] dks iznf'kZr djrk gksA laj{k.k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls mRÑ"V lkoZHkkSfed ewY; dh [k
 bekjr dk dksbZ izdkj]
okLrqf'kYi (Architectural) ;k rd uhdh iztkfr;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA
LFkkiR; dk ,d mRÑ"V uewuk gksuk pkfg,] tks ekuo bfrgkl
o"kZ 2004 ls igys 6 lkaLÑfrdvkSj4 izkÑfrdekunaMksa dks
ds egRoiw.kZ pj.kksa dks n'kkZrk gksA iwjk djuk vko';d Fkk ysfdu 2005 ls 10 ekunaMksa dk ,d lsV
 ,d ikjEifjd ekuo cLrh(Traditional Human Settlement) r; fd;k x;k rFkk 10 ekunaMksa ,d esa
dlkSVh
ls ij [kjk mrjuk
Hkwfe mi;ksx(Land Use) ;k leqnz mi;ksx dk ,d mRÑ"V gksrk gSA
uewuk gksuk pkfg,] tks ,d ;k i;kZoj.kvifjorZuh;  Hkkjresa40 fo'o /jksgj LFky gSaA buesa
laLÑfr 32 lkaLÑfrd
ifjorZu ds izHkko ls lqjf{kr gks x;k gS] dk izfrfuf/RoLFky djrk] 7 çkÑfrd LFkyvkSj1 fefJr&ekinaM LFky 'kkfey
gksA gSaAHkkjrfo'o fojklr LFky dh lwph esa NBsa LFkku
ij gSA
'od /jksgj
oSf
frd /jksgj
izkÑ lkaLÑfrd /jksgj fefJr /jksgj
• Hk
kSfrd ;k izkÑfrd :i ls cusA • Lekj
d] LFkkiR; dh bekjrsa] ewfrZdkjh]• izkÑfr
d rFkk lkaLÑfrd
• ;g /jksgj fdlh foyqIr tho ;k fp=kdkjh dh xqiQk vkfn 'kkfeyA nksuksa gh rkSj ij vge gksA
ouLifr dk izkÑfrd vkokl gksA • Hkkjr&
30 fo'o & 845 • Hkkjr&1 fo'o &38
• Hkkjr&7 fo'o &209 orZekuesa dqy 1092 oSf'od /jksgj LFky gSaA
çkÑfrd LFky (7)

LFky o"kZ LFky o"kZ
egku fgeky;h jk"Vªh; m|ku laj{k.k {ks=k2014 uank nsoh vkSj iQwyksa dh ?kkVh jk"Vªh;
1988]
m|ku
dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku 1985 2005
dsoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku 1985 lqanjouus'kuy ikdZ 1987
ekul oU;tho vHk;kj.; 1985 if'peh ?kkV 2012

lkaLÑfrd (32) fefJrLFky (1)

LFky o"kZ LFky o"kZ
vkxjk fdyk 1983 daput axk jk"Vªh; m|ku 2016
vt ark dh xqiQk,¡ 1983 Hkkjrdh vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr
fcgkj ds ukyank esa ukyank iqjkrkfRod LFky 2016
 v ewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr
lkaphLrwi 1989
esaizFkk,¡
] vfHkO;fDr;k¡ ]
paikusj&ikokx<+ iqjkrRo m|ku 2004
KkuvkSjdkS'kygSa] ftUgsa
N=kifr f'kokth VfeZul (iwoZ esa foDVksfj;k VfeZul) 2004
leqnk; lewg rFkk dHkh&dHkh
xksokds ppZ vkSj eB 1986 O;fDr viuh lkaLÑfrd
,yhiQsaVk dh xqiQk,¡ 1987 fojklr ds fgLls ds :i esa
,yksjkdh xqiQk,¡ 1983 iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
iQrsgiqjlhdjh 1986  bls thfor lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds uke ls tkurs gSaA
xzsV fyfoax pksy eafnj 1987]  bls vkerkSj ij ekSf[kd ijaijkvksa

] ikjaifjd f'kYi dkS'ky]
2004 izÑfr vkSjczãkaM ls lacaf/r Kku vkSjvH;kl] lkekftd
gEih esa Lekjd dk lewg 1986 izFkk,¡ rFkk dyk izn'kZu vkfn ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
egkcyhiqje esa Lekjd lewg 1984
Hkkjr us2006&10vkSj2014&18rd nks ckjvewrZ lkaLÑfrd
iêðndy esa Lekjdksa dk lewg 1987 /jksgjds lnL; ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k gSA
jkt LFkku ds igkM+h fdys 2013  ;wu sLdks
us lalkj esa egRoiw.kZ
vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds
vge nkckn ,sfrgkfld 'kgj 2017 csgrj laj{k.k vkSj muds egRo ds ckjs esa tkx:drk lqfuf'pr
gqek;w¡ dk edcjk] fnYyh 1993 djus ds mís'; ls viuh vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr dh lwph
•t qjkgks lewg ds Lekjd 1986 LFkkfir dhA
cks/x;k esa eg kcksf/ eafnj ifjlj 2002  vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr dh lqj{kk ds vfHkle; dks ;wusLdks
Hkkjr dk ioZrh; jsyos 1999] }kjko"kZ 2003 ls izHkko esa yk;k x;k rFkk bldk fØ;kUo;u
2005] 2006 esa fd;k x;kA
2008  v ewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr dh lwph dks Hkkjr 2008 esa
esa
dqrqcehu kj vkSj mlds Lekjd] fnYyh 1993 LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
oko] ikVu 2014  bl lfefr esa 24 lnL; gS rFkk bUgsa pkj lkyksadh vof/
ykyfdyk çkphj 2007 ds fy, pquk tkrk gSA
HkhecsVdk ds 'kSy vkokl] eè; çns'k 2003
vewrZlkaLÑfrd fojklr ds ik¡p {ks=k
] dks.kkdZ
lw;Zeafnj 1984
1- vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds :i esa Hkk"kk lfgr ekSf•d
rkte gy 1983
ijaijk,a vkSj vfHkO;fÙkQA
yh dkcZwft ;j dk okLrqdyk dk;Z] paMhx<+ 2016
2- dyk dk çn'kZuA
t arjearj] t;iqj 2010
3- lkekftd çFkkvksa] vuq"Bkuksa vkSj mRlo dh ?kVukA
foDVksfj;u xksfFkd ,oa vkVZ Msdks balscYl] 2018eqacbZ
4- çÑfr vkSj czãkaM ds fo"k; esa Kku vkSj tkx:drkA
t ;iqj 'kgj] jktLFkku 2019
5- ikjaifjd f'kYi dkS'kyA
#æs'oj (jkeIik) eafnj (rsyaxkuk) /kSykohjk (xqtjkr)
2021
Hkkjrdh vewrZ lkaLÑfrd fojklr  bfrgkldkjksa ds erkuqlkj]

mTtSuds jktk foØekfnR;us 'kd
fo"k;oLrq o"kZ 'kkldksa ij viuh thr ds miy{; esa bl ;qx dh LFkkiuk dh
FkkA
oSf
nd ti dh ijaijk 2008
jkeyhyk] jkek;.k dk ikjaifjd çn'kZu 2008  paædSysaMj
ij vk/kfjr gSA
dqfV;kêðe] laLÑr fFk;sVj 2008 blesapS=k
] oS'kk[k
] T;s"B
] vk"kk<
+]Jko.k] Hkkæin] vf'ou ]
dkfrZd] ekxZ'kh"kZ
] ikS"k]
ek?krFkkiQkYxquckjg eghus gksrs gSaA
jkeeu] x<+oky fgeky; ds /kfeZd R;kSgkj vkSj
2009
/kfeZd vuq"Bku  ;g nks pj.kksa
'kqDyi{k rFkk
Ñ".ki{kesa foHkkftr gksrk gSA
uojkst] uw#t] uo:t] uso:t 2009 'kd laor~
w] vuq"Bku fFk;sVj vkSj dsjy dk u`R;2010
eqfn;sêð ukVd  78 bZLoh esa jktk
'kkfyokgu}kjk bl dSysaMj dh LFkkiuk dh
dkycsfy;k yksdxhr vkSj jktLFkku ds u`R; 2010 xbZA
NÅu`R; 2010  'kd dSysaMjlkSj
esavkSjpanznksuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
yík• dk ckS¼ ti% fgeky; ds yík• {ks=k] tEew
2012  pS=k
'kd dSysaMj dk igyk eghuk rFkkiQkYxqu
vafre gSA
v kSj d'ehj] Hkkjr esa ifo=k ckS¼ xzaFkksa dk ikB  ,d 'kd o"kZ365 fnuksa
dk gksrk gSA
ef.kiqj dk ladhrZu] ikjaifjd xk;u] uxkM+s vkSj
2013u`R; 'kd laor dksfganw dSysaMj ds uke ls tkurs gSa
Hkkjrh;
rFkk bls
iatkc ds BBsjksa }kjk cuk, tkus okys ihry vkSj
2014rkacs jk"Vªh; dSysaMj
ds :i esa 1957esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
ds crZu fgtjh dSysaMj
;ksx 2016
 fgtjh dSysaMj
vjch esa cuk;k x;k FkkA
d qaHkesyk 2017
 fgtjh laor iSxacj eksgEen
dh e`R;q ds ckn muds eDdk ls
dks
ydkrk dh nqxkZ iwtk 2021 enhuk dh ;k=kk ds fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk] tks muds52osa
thou ds
xjck 2022 o"kZesa622 bZLoh esa gqvk FkkA iSxEcj eksgEen ds thou ds
o"kZ dksfgtjh ;qx ds 'kwU; o"kZ
ds :i esa ukfer fd;k x;k
d SysaMj
(Calender)
FkkA
 dSys.Mjjkseu 'kCndSysaM~l
;k dysaM~lls fy;k x;k gS] tks
;g panz dSysaMj ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS]
354ftlesa
fnu (1 o"kZ]
ukxfjd thou dh [kkfrj le; dks fof'k"V vof/;ksaesa
12 eghusa) gksrs gSa rFkk bl dSysaMj esa fnu lw;kZLr
dh 'qk:vkr
foHkkftr djus dh ,d fof/ dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
ls gksrh gSaA
 fdlh ns'k dsjk"Vªh; dSysaMj
dk mlds ,sfrgkfld dky ls
 blds igys eghus dks eqgjZe
] lkrok¡ jtc ] ukSok¡ jetku
]
xgjk laca/ gksrk gS vkSj mlds Hkhrj
Lof.kZe
,d dky (Golden
ckjgok¡
/w&vy&fgTtkds uke ls lacksf/r djrs gSaA
rk gSA
Era) gks
xzsxksfj;u dSys.Mj
Hkkjrh;dSys.Mj  xzsxksfj;u dSysaMj
bZlkbZ /eZ
ds laLFkkid
bZlk elhg ds
foØe laor 'kd laor fgtjh dSysaMjxzs tUefnu ij vk/kfjr gSA
xksfj;u dSysaMj
( fgUnw) ( fgUnw) (bLyke) ( oSKkfud dSysaMj) xzsxksfj;u dSysaMj
365 fnu 5 ?kaVs 48 feuV
rFkk46 lsdsaM
foØe laor~ 'kkfey gSA
 foØe ;qx bZlkbZ ;qx ls yxHkx igys  xzsxksfj;u dSysaMjbLrseky
57 lky bZlk iwoZ dk igyh ckj 1582 esa fd;k x;kA
vkjEHk gqvk Fkk rFkk caxky
vHkh Hkh
{ks=k
dks NksM+dj yxHkx
 ;g ,d lkSj o"kZ
gS] tks
1 tuojh ls 'kq: gksdj31 fnlEcj
iwjs Hkkjr esa izHkkoh gSA esa [kRe gksrk gSA


HEARTIEST CONGRATULATIONS TO OUR
ONLY IAS TOPPERS
UPSC CSE 2021

UTKARSH DWIVEDI YAKSH CHAUDHARY HARKEERAT SINGH YASHARTH SHEKHAR C.Y. KUMAR REDDY VISHAL
AIR-05 AIR-06 AIR-10 AIR-12 AIR-15 AIR-39
UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021
SHUBHAM SHUKLA AYUSHI SHREYA SHREE SURBHI GOYAL MINI SHUKLA ATULESH JHA
UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021 UPSC CSE 2021
S CHITHARANJAN SIMRAN SHIVANGI GOEL WAKHARE AKSHAY ANIL AKSHAY MAHADIK RISHABH TRIVEDI
ABHIJEET TANMAY KALE GEETIKA UTSAV PANDEY MRIDUL ANURADHA

NIDHI GOYAL GARIMA NAGPAL SAKSHI KUMARI AKASH JOSHI PRATIBHA SHWETA BHARTI

Hkkjr ds esys ,oa R;kSgkj

15 (Fairs and Festival of India)
 Hkkjrh; esysvkSjR;kSgkj lkaLÑfrd Jko.kh esyk
vk;kstu gksrs gSaA lekt
esa budk vR;f/d egRo gksrk gSA ekuo bfrgkl esa R;kSgkjksa
 fgUnw dk iapkax
ds vuqlkj Jko.k ekl (tqykbZ&vxLr) cgqr
eq[; lEca/ iQly dVkbZ voljksssa ifo=k eghuk gksrk gSA
ls ysdj {ks=kh; /kfeZd
ls gSA  Jko.k ekl eghus ls]
Hkkjr Hkj ds izkarksa
] usikyvkSj nqfu;k
 esys leqnk;ksa ds dY;k.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs Hkj essssssssa iSQys
gSaA leqnk; f'ko
nwljs
HkDrns'kkssa
lqYrkuxat
ds
ls] >kj[k.M
ds yksxksa dks vkil esa feyus&tqyus dk volj nsdj] izkards nso?kjfLFkr Hkxoku 'kadj ds izfl¼
R;kSgkj oS|ukFk eafnj
esa lalk/uksa ds fodkl vkSj mu rd igq¡p cukusrddkdh rhFkZ;k=kk ij vkrs gSaA
leqnk;kssa
volj iznku djrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k ijLij lkekftd le>nkjh eghus Hkj pyus okyk ;g esykJko.kh esykdgykrk gSA
c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk
laLÑfr dh j{kk Hkh gksrh gSaA  HkDrx.k lqYrkuiqj esaxaxk unhls vius dkaojesa ty Hkjrs
esys vkSj R;kSgkj dgha u dgha gekjs
vFkZO;oLFkk
ns'k dh ij Hkh gSa vkSj da/s ij ysdj
cksy ce] cksy ce dk tki djrs gq,
izHkko Mkyrs gSA esys&R;kSgkj
tSls fd vkt&dy i;ZVu mRikn ckck oS|ukFk eafnj rd dh ;k=kk djrs gSaA
esa fxus tkrs gSa] blfy,i;ZVu
bUgsam|ksx
dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ;g rhFkZ;k=kk
iwjs Jko.k (tqykbZ&vxLr)rhlesa fnu rd
fgLlk ekuk tkrk gSA pyrh gSA nqfu;k dk ;g lcls cM+k esyk gksrk gSsA
 cM+s vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk er gS fd vFkZO;oLFkkdqEHk dks etcwr
esykdjus
ds fy, LFkkuh; yksxksa
dk thou lq/kjusvkSjxarO; LFkyksa
ds  dqEHk esyk,d egRoiw.kZ fgUnw&/kfeZd esyk gSA ;g ns'k ds
Nfo fuekZ.k esa esys vkSj R;kSgkj cM+s lgk;d gksrsifo=k
gSaA/kfeZd LFkyksa&
iz;kx] gfj}kj] ukfld vkSjmTtSuesa
ckjh&ckjh ls yxrk gSA
Hkkjr ds izeq[k esys
o"kZ 2017
esssssa
;wusLdks us bls euq"; thou ds bfrgkl esa lcls
 esyk ,d izdkj dk ,slk vk;kstu gksrk gS] ftlesa ckgjh rFkk
egkulkaLÑfrd fojklr ds :i eaas vfHkfyf[kr fd;k gSA
LFkkuh; yksx
,df=kr gksrs gSa rFkk vkil
xi'kiesa
] ekSt&eLrh
 dqEHk esykvU; esyksa ls vyx esyk bl ek;us esssssa ekuk tkr
djrs gSA
gS D;ksafdfnu ;g vkSjjkr (24 ?k.Vs) iwjh thoarrk ds lkFk
 esys ges'kk yksxkssa dh lkeqnkf;d t:jrs] LFkkuh; yksxksa dk
pyrk jgrk gSA dqEHk esysa esa nqfu;k /eks±
Hkj
] tkfr;ksa
ds lHkh
]
fodkl] muesa usr`Ro vkSj usVofd±x ds fodkl esa lgk;d fl¼
lEiznk;ksa
vkSj/kfeZd fØ;kdyki djus okysJ¼kyqvksssa dh
gksrs gSaA
Hkkjh HkhM+ yx tkrh gSA
 esyksa ds vk;kstu ds ihNs lkekU;r% dksbZ LFkkuh;
u dksbZ
1915esa gfj}kj dqEHk fgUnw
esys esaegklHkk
dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZ FkhA
,sfrgkfld dkj.k gksrk gS vkSj
LFkkuh; yksxksa
ds jgu&lgu
 jkr essa esys dk :i cny tkrk gSA rjg rjg ds vk;kstu] cPpksa
vkSjlaLÑfrdk izfrfuf/Rodjrs gSaA
ds euksjatu ls Hkjiwj vusd dk;ZØe 'kq: gks tkrs gSA
 esys lkewfgd iz;klksa ls vk;kssftr fd, tkrs fofHkUu
gS] tSls&
 xaxk ds rV ij tkdj dksbZ Hkh bl euksje vfoLej.kh;
n`'; dk
ljdkjh fudk;ksa] esyk vk;kstu lfefr;ksa ] izk;kstd
vkuUnmBk ldrk gSA
laLFkkvksa
vkSjLFkkuh; xfrfof/;ksaesa :fp ysus okyh
laLFkkvksa ls lEidZ djkus okys LFkkuh; yksxksa dqEHk esyk
ns'k ds/kfeZd i;ZVdksa
dh lfEefyr ds vkd"kZ.k dk dsUæ rks gksrk gh
lgHkkfxrk lsA gS rFkk fons'k ls vkus okys i;ZVdksa esa Hkh ;g cgqr yksdf
iq"dj esyk ;g esyk lwjt dq.M esyk izkf/dj.k vkSj gfj;k.kk i;ZVu rFkk
 iq"dj esyk jktLFkku dsUæh; i;ZVu ea=kky;] laLÑfr vkSj fons'k ea=kky; ds la;
ds iq"dj uked 'kgj essa izR;sd o"kZ
vk;ksftr gksrk gSA iq"djmQ¡V ds uke ls Hkh izfl¼rRok/ku esa izR;sd
esyk esyk 1 iQjojh ls 16 iQjojhrd vk;ksftr gksrk gSA
gS] ysfdu ;gka
dsoy mQ¡Vgh ugha cfYd vkSj nwljs vU; Hkkjrh; ikjEifjdxzkeh.k gkV
?kksM+k dk ,glkl djkus okysn`';&iVy
rjg ds i'kqvksa dh Hkh [kjhn fcØh gksrh gSA ij vk;ksftr gksus okys bl esys esa ns'k Hkj ds f'kYidkj viuh
 fgUnw dSys.Mj (vDVwcj&uoEcj) f'kYidkjh ds uewus izLrqr djrs gSaA
ds vuqlkj] ;gesyk dkfrZd
;gk¡rjg&rjg
eghus esa yxrk gSA i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,Hkkjr esa bl ds lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe
tSls]yksd u`R;
] tknw
]
esys dk cM+k egRo gSA nSfgd dykckthvkSj nsgkrh O;atu Hkh bl esys dk iz/ku
mQ¡V vkd"kZ.k gksrs gSaA
 dh [kjhn iQjks[r]
tkuojksa dh uhykeh
vkSjmQ¡Vksa
dh
nkSM+ ds vfrfjDr yksd u`R;&laxhr
] jaxfojaxh nsgkrh
nqdkuksa ns 'k Hkj ls] rjg rjg dh dykvksa ls tqM+s izfrHkk'kkyh
f'kYidkj]
dykdkj] fp=kdkj
ij ijksls tkus okys ikjEifjd idokuksa ds fy, bls lEiw.kZ fo'o ] cqudj vkSjewfrZdkj
bl esys esa vkrs gSA
esa tkuk tkrk gSA  ;g esyk mUgsa nwljs
,d ls feyus vkSj
laoknLFkkfir djus dk
 udyh xguksa] csgrjhu dykdkjh okys tjhnkj diM+ksa vkSj voljiqjkus
iznku djkrk gSA
xgukssa ls lts /ts] xkaoksa ds yksx esys esa vkd"kZ.k v kS|ksfxd
dk dsUæO;kikj
gksrs esyk
gSaA  v kS|ksfxd O;kikj esyk ,d ,slk vk;kstu gksrk gS] tks fdlh
 rjg&rjg dh euksjatd lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/;ka vkSj izfr;ksfxrk;safo'ks"k izdkj m|ksx

ds lnL; ds yksxksa dksvkS|ksfxd
vius
vk;ksftr gksus ds dkj.k ;g esyk vc ns'k&fons'k ls vkus mRiknksa
okys dks iznf'kZr
] mldh
djus dfe;k¡ crkus] vius
i;ZVdkssa ds fy, vkd"kZ.k dk dsUæ cu pqdk gSA uohure mRiknksa dh tkudkjh nsus vkSj cktkj ds Vsª.M rFkk
voljksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa vkfn ij ppkZ djus ds fy, ,d
xaxklkxj esyk
IysViQkeZ
dk dk;Z djrk gSA
 xaxklkxj esyk caxkyesa]xaxk ds eqgkus
ij izR;sd o"kZ vk;ksftr
 foi.ku c<+kus ds fy,vkS|ksfxd O;kikj esyk
cgqr mi;ksxh
gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ns'k Hkj ls yk[kksa rhFkZ;k=kh ifo=k Luku ds fy,
ekè;e fl¼ gksrk gSA FkksM+h&lh vof/ ds fy, ;gk¡ gtkj
vkrs gSaA
foØsrk vkSjxzkgdtqVrs gSaA
 fgUnw /eZ esa xaxk dks ,d ifo=k unh ekuk tkrk gSA
 esyklEcaf/r m|ksx ls tqM+s dkjksckjh yksxksa dks esy&eqy
 fgeky; dh xaxks=kh ls fudy dj ;g 2500 fdyksehVj dh dk volj gh ugha nsrk] cfYd mUgsa rjg&rjg ds mRiknkss
;k=kk djrs gq,
caxky dh [kkM+h esa [kwclwjr ls lkxj }hi esackjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djus] mRiknksa dh xq.koÙkk dk rq
fxjrh gSA ;g esykedj laØkafr ds volj ij yxrk gSA vè;;u djus vkSj izn'kZfu;ksa esa 'kkfey gksdj loky djus dk
f'kYi esyk volj Hkh nsrk gSA
 f' kYi esyk ml esyk dks dgrs gSaf'kfYi;ksa
tgk¡ }kjk
gkFk ls  O;kikj esykvkxarqdksa m|ksx
dks vkSjcktkj dh lEiw.kZ
cuk;s x;slkekuksa dks foØ; ds fy, izLrqrvkSjiznf'kZr tkudkjh miyC/ djokrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA  H kkjr esa yxus okys O;kikj esyksa bafM;kesabaVjus'kuy
 v kerkSj ij ;sf'kYi LFkkuh; f'kYidkjksa}kjk izkÑfrd VsªMisQ;j
(vkbZvkbZVh,iQ) lcls cM+k O;kikj esyk ekuk tk
oLrqvksa tSlsydM+h
] feV~Vh;k /krqds cus gksrs gSaA HkkjrgSA vkbZvkbZVh,iQ
esa izR;sd o"kZ
uoEcj ekg esafnYyhesa
vk;ksftr gksrk gSA
gLRkf'kYi dk bfrgkl lfn;ksa ls iqjkuk gSA Hkkjr ds f'kYidkj
rjg&rjg dh dkjhxfj;ksa ls fo'o dks 'krkfCn;kssa ls vk'p;Z
Hkkjrdk ;g lcls izfl¼ O;kikj esyk gSA ns'k Hkj ds O;kikjh
pfdr djrs vk;s gSaA ;gk¡ viuh izn'kZfu;k¡ yxkrs gSaA O;kikfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr
 ns'k ds vusd fgLlksssssa
f'kYiesa yksx Hkh bls ns[kus tkrs gSaA
esysvk;ksftr gksrs jgrs gSaA
lwjtdq.Mdk f'kYi esykns'k dk lcls cM+k f'kYi esykgSA esysesa vkus okykssa vkVkseksckby
dks] ] VsDlVkbYl ] oL=k
]
 ;g f'kYi esyk gekjs ns'kgfj;k.kk
esa izkar iQjhnkckn
ds 'kgj ?kjsywmidj.k] izlaLÑr [kk| inkFkZ
] is; inkFkZ
] fe"Bku
]
esalwjt dq.M i;ZVuladqyesa vk;ksftr gksrk gSA nokbZ]jklk;fud mRikn ] lkSan;Zizlk/u
] LokLF;&midj.k]
lapkj mQtkZ
] fctyh ] ?kjsyw iQuhZpj
] [ksy ds lkekuvkSj dk dke djrs gSaA
f[kykSuk
vkfn m|ksxksa ls lEcaf/r uohur~ mRiknkssavkSj pyu esa
Hkkjrh; i;ZVuds fy, lkmFk ,f'k;k Vªsoy ,.M VwfjTe
vk jgs cnykoksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh feyrh gSA ,Dlpsat ,d vko';d izn'kZuh&LFky
gSA
dh izksiQkby
vkxarqdksa  Hkkjresa nwljs
Vªsoy LFkyksa
esabafM;k Vªsoy ekVZ]
bafM;k
• le qæikjh; O;olk;h vkxarqdA baVjus'kuy Vªsoy ekVZ
vkfn 'kkfey gSA
vkbZVhch bafM;k
Hkh
• fu;kZr O;olk;h@fuekZrkA ,d egRoiw.kZ i;ZZVu esykvkbZVhch
gSA ;g dk
xzqi
,d foHkkx
• Fkksd
vkiwfrZdrkZ vkSj iqQVdj dkjksckjhA gSA bl xzqi ÝySxf'ki
dk esyk
vkbZVhch cfyZu gSA tks lu~
• u;s vkSj iqjkus m|ehA 1966 ls yxkrkj izR;sd o"kZ cfyZu esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS
• is'ksoj Øsrk vkSj dalyVsVlA  bls fo'o ds i;ZVu m|ksxds vxz.kh esyksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA
• lk/ kj.k turkA i;ZVu O;kikj esyksa esa Hkkx ysus okyksa esa gksVy]
 fo'ks"kdj i;ZVu m|ksxds lanHkZ esa cgqr lkjs O;kikj esysi;ZVu
Hkh] ,tsalht flLVe izksokbMlZ] ,;j ykbUl vkSj HkkM+
ftUgsai;ZVu cktkj@
i;ZVu 'kksvkfn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dkj nsus okyh ,tsalh ds yksx 'kkfey gksrs gSA dqN o"kks±
 ;k=kk O;kikj m|ksx rhublu;s 'kks Hkh vkjEHk dj fn;s gSA buds uke gS& vkb
dbZ LFkkuksa ij vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA
,f'k;k (;g
rjg ds esys i;ZVu O;kikj ls tqM+s yksxksa ds feyus&tqyus esyk flaxkiqj esa vk;ksftr gksrk gSA)] Vsªoy V
vkSj
mPpLrjh; xzkgdksa ,f'k;k rFkk Vsªoy ehV ,f'k;kA
ls O;kikj lEca/ c<+kus ds fy, IysViQkeZ
k esys
izeq[
esyk LFkku fo'ks"krk
xksok dkfuZoky xksok }kjk vkjEHk fd;k x;k] blesaeq[kkSVk
• iqrZxkfy;kssssssa yksxyxkdj xfy;ksa esa ikVhZ djus ds
fy, ,d=k gksrs gSA
• xksok >kfd;ksa
dh xfy;ksadksjaxkjax ] ijsM rFkkizR;{k cSaM ls ltk;k tkrk gSA
lwjtdq.M f'kYi esyk iQjhnkckn • 1 iQjojh ls vkjEHk gksusokf"kZd
okyk varjkZ"Vªh; f'kYi gSAesyk
Hkkjr ds lHkh Hkkxksa ls
i kjEifjd f'kYidkj bl mRlo esa Hkkx ysrs gS rFkk dk;Z'kkykvksa dk Hkh vk;kstu
e:LFky ioZ tSlyesj • rhu fnolh; esyk izR;sd o"kZ
tuojh&iQjojhesa gksrk gS rFkk
jktLFkku
;g dh thoar
r iznf'kZr djrk gSA
laLÑf
fpÙk&fofpr esyk xqtjkr • lcl s cM+k
tutkrh; esyk] tks xkjfLk;krFkkHkhy tutkfr;ksa
}kjk euk;k tkrk gSA
xaxklkxj esyk if'pe caxky • edj laØkfrds fnu xaxkifo=k
esa Mwcdks fgUnqvksa ds }kjk cgqr 'kqHk ekuk tkrk gS]
fo'ks"krk
izeq[k ukxk lk/qvksa
dk mifLFkr gksuk gSA
dksyk;r esyk chdkusj • dkfrZdiwf.kZek
ds fnu yksx vius dks ifo=k j[kus dsdksyk;r
fy, >hyesa Luku djrs
gSa rFkk bl esys dkdfiy
uke eqfu ds uke ij j[kk x;kA
Hkkjrds fofHkUu R;kSgkj Hkkjrh;R;kSgkj
 Hkkjr esa le;≤ ij dbZ R;kSgkj euk, tkrs gSA blesa gj
jk"Vªh; /kfeZd fo"k;xr iQly vk/kfjr
/eZ ls tqM+s yksxksalkaLÑfrd
ds vius vkSjikjaifjd R;kSgkj R;kS
gkj R;kS
gkj R;kSgkj R;kS
gkj
gSaA ; ioZ
jk"Vªh
 buesa ls vusd R;kSgkj
ekSleesa vkus okyk ifjorZuksa vkSj
jk"Vªh; ioZ
ukxfjdksa
dks vius ns'k ds bfrgkl dh egRoiw.kZ
muds lkFk
xw¡Fks iQly&pØ
ls vfHkUu :i ls tqM+s gSaA blls
?kVukvksa ls tksM+rsR;kSgkj
gSaAlekt
;sesajk"Vªh; ,drkrFkk
;gk¡ dhlkaLÑfrd fofo/rkvkSjle`¼ ijaijk dk irk ca/qRo dh Hkkouk iSnk djrs gSa blfy, bu R;kSgkjksa dk
pyrk gSA tkrk gSA
 lkekU;r% Hkkjr ds rhu ,sls jk"Vªh; R;kSgkj gSa tks gksfydk

Hkkjro"kZ
uked jk{klh
esa dks bl fnuHkxoku fo".kq}kjk vius
euk;s tkrs gSaA HkDrizgykn dh j{kkds fy, tyk;k x;kA
x.kra=k fnol 26 tuojh] 1950dks Hkkjr dk lafo/ku  gks yh dkseFkqjk
esayB~Bekj gksyh
rFkkegkjk"Vª
esa
jaxiapeh
(26 tuojh) ykxw gqvk rFkkdsanzvkSjjkT; ljdkjksads ds uke ls tkurs gSaA
eq[;ky;ksa ij >aMk iQgjk;k x;kA
guqeku t;arh
Lora=krk fnol 15 vxLr] 1947 ns'kLora=k gqvk vkSj guqeku thds tUe dh [kq'kh esa bl mRlo dks euk;k tkrk gSA
(15 vxLr) Hkkjr laizHkqcukAjk"Vª bl R;kSgkj dks
pS=k ekl ds eghus esa euk;k tkrk gSA
xka/h t;arh Hkkjr dsjk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/h
dk tUe 2 j{kk ca/u
(2 vDVwcj) vDVwcj] 1869 esa iksjcanj (xqtjkr) esa gqvkA
 j{kkca/uHkkbZ&cguds ijLij LusgvkSjizsedk ioZ gS] tks
/kfeZd R;kSgkj izR;sd o"kZ
Jko.k ekl dh iwf.kZek dks euk;k tkrk gSA
 j{kkca/u okys fnu lHkh
cgusavius Hkkb;ksa ds ekFks ij Vhdk
 /kfeZd R;kSgkj]
/kfeZd leqnk;ksa
}kjk vius/kfeZd vuq"Bkuksa
ds rkSj ij euk;s tkrs gSaA yxkdj mudks jk[kh ck¡/rh gSa vkSj lHkh HkkbZ viuh cgu
j{kk dk opu nsrs gSaA
 /kfeZd R;kSgkj iapkaxksa ds vuqlkj izR;sd o"kZ ,d gh frfFk ij
euk;s tkrs gSA t Uek"Veh
 lHkhrjg ds /kfeZd R;kSgkj
'kkafr
] lfg".kqrk vkSj dk  Hkxoku Ñ".kdh o"kZxk¡B
lkSgknzZ ij laiw.kZ fganw leqnk; }kjk
izcks/u djrs gSaA tUek"Veh dks euk;k tkrk gSA
 tUek"Veh Jko.k ekl (tqykbZ@vxLr) esa euk;k tkrk gSA
bu lHkh voljksa ij ge bZ'oj ds izfr viuh ÑrKrk iznf'kZr
 bldks
djrs gSa rFkk mu R;kSgkjksa ls tqM+h /kfeZd ?kVukvksa R;kSgkj dks
egkjk"Vª
;kn djrs gSaAesangh&gkaMh
ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
fganw R;kSgkj n' kgjk
nhikoyh  n' kgjkdks fot;n'keh ds uke ls Hkh tkurs gSaA
 bls izdk'k ds mRlo ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA  n'kgjs okys fnujko.kij Hkxoku jke dh fot;] cqjkbZ ij
 nhikoy h dksdkfrZd ekl easuo pUnz ;kvekoL;kds 'kqHk vPNkbZ dh fot; dks n'kkZrh gSA
fnu (vDVwcj ;k uoacj) euk;k tkrk gSA fgUnw /kfeZd ekU;rk
 jke uoeh ds vxys fnu n'kgjk gksrk gSA
ds vuqlkj Hkxoku jke bl yadk fnu ij fot; izkIr dj 14
o"kks± ckn viuh lhrk iRuho HkkbZ y{e.k ds lkFk okil fgekpy izns'kds ioZrh; jkT; esa xk¡o ds yksx ijaijkxr fof/
v;ksè;k ykSVs FksA ls igys fnu Hkxoku jke ds iwtu ds i'pkr~~
9 fnu ds fy,
uVh u`R; dk izn'kZu djrs gSaA
 nhikoy h dks va/sjs izdk'k
ij dh fot; ds izrhd ls lacksf/r
fd;k tkrk gSA NB
 nhikoy h esa
nsoh y{ehrFkkx.ks'kdh vkjk/uk dh tkrh gSA  ,d yksdfiz;fgUnw mRlo gS] ftlsoSfnd dkyls euk;k tk
jgk gSA
egkf'kojkf=k
 Hk xoku f'ko rFkknsoh ikoZrh ds fookg dh [kq'kh  esa ;g iwtk Hkxoku lw;Zdks lefiZr gS] tks i`Foh ij lHkh izdkj
f'kojkf=k ioZ iQkYxqu esaekg
euk;k tkrk gSA ds thou dk iks"k.k djrs gSA
 NB dks fnokyh ds 6 fnu ckn euk;k tkrk gSA
ls f'ko dh vkjk/uk dh tkrh gSA
 csyi=kksa
 blesa ifo=k Luku ds mxrslkFkvkSjvLr gksrs gq, lw;Z dks
gksyh
vè;Z vfiZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 gksyh dksjaxksa dk R;kSgkj
dgk tkrk gS] bl R;kSgkj dks lEiw.kZ
ns'k esa g"kks±&mYykl ds lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA bZlkbZ
/eZ dk R;kSgkj
 gksyhiQkYxqu eklesa euk;k tkus okyk R;kSgkj gSA fØlel
 lkekU;r% gksyh nks fnu dk R;kSgkj gS gksfydk
igyk fnu] .kZ fo'o esa
ngu  laiw bZlk elhgds tUe ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
ds :i esa rFkk nwljk fnu
jaxksa dk R;kSgkj
gSA  fØl el dks 25 fnlEcj dks euk;k tkrk gSA

 fØlel esa nks vkSj ijaijk,¡ bl R;kSgkj ls tqM+h gqbZ  l gSa] igysv#.kkpyçns'k%
ksyqax] ;g v#.kkpy çns'k dsvkfn leqnk;ksa
fØlel o`{k rFkk nwljk feFkd lkark DykWt gSA dk lkekftd&/kfeZdR;kSgkj gSA
 yksxksa ds }kjk bl fnubZlkbZ Hktuksa xk;kdkstkrk gS rFkk ek;ksdks R;kSgkj] v#.kkpyçns'k% vkerkSj ijekpZds eghus
feBkbZ;k¡forfjr dh tkrh gSaA esa euk;k tkrk gS] tksfd virkuh leqnk;ds çeq• R;kSgkjksa esa
ls ,d gSA
j vkSj xqMizQkbZ&Ms
bZLV
 cq¼egksRlo] v#.kkpy çns'k% ckS¼laLÑfr fojklr dks
 bZLVjdks e`R;q ij thou dh thr ds egRo dks n'kkZusa ds :i
lajf{kr djus vkSj ckS¼ i;ZVu dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy
esa Hkh ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd bZlk
;g fnu
elhg ds e`rksRFkkurokaxesa euk;k tkrk gSA
ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
 fcgw egksRlo] vle% ;g ,d o"kZesarhu ckj euk;k tkus
 xq M izQkbZ&Ms
dk R;kSgkj bZlk elhg dks lwyh ij p<+k, tkus okyklkaLÑfrd R;kSgkj gSa] ftUgsa
fcgwds :i esa tkuk tkrk
ds fnu dh ;kn esa euk;k tkrk gSA gS] tksÑf"k dSysaMj ij ,d fo'ks"k vof/ dks fpfÉr djrk gSA
 xq M izQkbZ&Msds fnu ns'k ds lHkh ppksZa /kfeZdesa lHkk,¡ rhuksa fcgw R;kSgkjksa esa lcls cM+k vkSjcksgkax lcls çfl¼ R;kS
fcgw gSA
vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSaA
 cksg kax fcgw% ftls jksaxkyh w fcgds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
eqf
Lye R;kSgkj
 /ku jksikbZ ds iwjk gksus dkVh
ij fcgwA
bZn&my&fiQrj
 iQ ly ds ekSle dk varek?k fcgw (ftls Hkksxyh fcgw ds :i
 bL ykeh dSysaMj dk uoka eghuk jetku dk ifo=k eghuk ekuk esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS) ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
tkrk gS vkSj bl eghus ds vkf[kjh fnu bZn&my&fiQrj
dks ds
 nsfgax ikVdkbZ egksRlo] vle% vle dk okf"kZd mRloA
:i esa euk;k tkrk gSA iwohZ vleesansfgax unh vkSjiVdkbZJs.kh ds uke ij j[kk
 je tku ds eghus esa yksx lw;ksZn;ls ysdj lw;kZLr rd iwjk x;kA
fnu ozr j[krs gSaA  rks;kZ eB egksRlo] v#.kkpy çns'k% okf"kZd mRlotks
 bZn&my&fiQrj dh frfFk dh x.kuk ,d tfVy izfØ;k }kjk dh fo'ks"k :i lsrokax eB ] v#.kkpy çns'kesa vk;ksftr fd;k
tkrh gSA tkrk gSA
 uksaxØse Mkal iQsfLVoy] es?kky;% uksaxØse
okf"kZd Mkal
 bldk fu/kZj.k 'kRoky eghus ds igys fnu vkSj jetku eghus
iQsfLVoy ] •klh tutkfr dk ik¡p fnolh; iQly /U;okn
dh lekfIr ij u;k panzek fn[kkbZ nsus ij gh fd;k tkrk gSA
lekjksg gSA
 jetku ds eghus esaiSxEcjgh lkfgc us cæ dk ;q¼ thrk
 ;g ,d Hkjiwj iQly iSnkokjvkSjyksxksa dh le`f¼ ds fy,
rFkk blds ifj.kkeLo:ieDdk 'kgj ij fot;h gq,A nsoh dScyh fla?kkj dks çlUu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
iwokZsÙkj
Hkkjr ds R;kSgkj  okaxsyk egksRlo] es?kky;% xkjks tutkfr }kjk euk;k tkus
 gkWu Zfcy R;kSgkj] ukxkySaM%
jkT; ds lcls ç'kaflr i{khds okykiQly dVkbZR;kSgkj gSA lfnZ;ksa
;g dh 'kq#vkr
dk
uke ij] ;g R;kSgkj ogk¡16dstutkfr;ksadh ijaijk dks ladsr nsrk gSA
n'kkZrk gSA  pipkjdqV] fetksje% ck¡l ds uke ij ftls dkVk x;k gS vkSj
 ,vkseksvklw iQsfLVoy] lkse] ukxkySaM% dksU;kd ukxkySaMlw• jgk gS] jksi.k 'kq: gksus ls igys euk;k tkus okyk ,d
dh çeq• tutkfr;ksaesa ls ,d gSa] tks ewy :ieksu ls ftys Ñf"k R;kSgkj gSA
ds gSaA dksU;kd
;g dk eq[; R;kSgkj gSA  ck¡l dk u`R;] ftlspsjo dgk tkrk gS] R;kSgkj dk ,d cM+k
fgLlk gSA
 lsdsjuhR;kSgkj] ukxkySaM% ukxkySaM dh vaxkeh tutkfr
 dkaxfpaxck] ef.kiqj% ;g10 fnuksa dk yack R;kSgkj gS tks gj
}kjk euk;k tkrk gSA vaxkeh iQqlSuh
dks
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
lky tqykbZ ds eghus esa euk;k tkrk gS vkSj txUukFkiqjh
;g
 dkiksEcyaxuksaxdeZ ] es?kky;% ;g es?kky;ds •klh leqnk; jFk;k=kk ds leku gSA
ds lcls egRoiw.kZ R;kSgkjksa esa ls ,d gSA  •p hZiwtk] f=kiqjk% f=kiqjk ds 'kkgh ifjokj ds R;kSgkj ds :i
 eksf iu] v#.kkpy çns'k%v#.kkpy çns'kds vkfnokfl;ksa esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] orZeku vke esa
ifjokj Hkh bl R;kSgkj
ds xSyksax leqnk; dk lcls egRoiw.kZ R;kSgkj gSA dks eukrs gSaA
 csf/u•ye] es?kky;%t;afr;k tutkfr;ksa dk lcls egRoiw.kZ

r kt egksRlo] mÙkj izns'k
u`R; egksRlo gSA  rkt egksRlo lu~ 1992ls liQyrkiwoZd
vkxjkesa euk;k tk
 kph esyk] xqokgkVh] vle%
vacqc ;g dkek[;k eafnj esa jgk gSA ;g
iQjojheghus esssssas
18 iQjojh ls 27 iQjojhrd
vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj iwoZ
bls dk egkdqaHk
Hkh dgk euk;k tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA ;gnsoh dkek[;k
ds okf"kZd ekfld/eZ ikB~;Øe  Hkkjr ljdkj ds i;ZVu ea=kky;}kjk vk;ksftr ;g egksRlo
dk mRlo gSA eq[;r%Hkkjr dhdyk vkSjf'kYi] laLÑfr] u`R;
] laxhrvkSj
 ykWlksax
iQsfLVoy%
ykWlksUx flfDde dk u;k lky gSA [kku&iku dh le`¼ fojklr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vk;ksftr
 lkxknko%flfDde jkT; esa jgus okys
ckS¼ leqnk;ksa
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
euk;k tkrk gSA  ;g ,d izdkj ls vius ns'k dsdykdkjksa
] f'kYidkjksa
] u`R;
]
 ;kegs egksRlo% esaikspqjh tutkfr }kjk euk;k tkus laxhrvkSj[kkuikuds {ks=k esa dke djus okys yksxksa dk egR
ukxkySaM
okyk R;kSgkjA Lohdkjus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 phjksc ef.kiqjh tutkfr;ksadk uoo"kZ mRloA vkxjk vkus okys ;k=kh ;g cgqvk;keh R;kSgkj ns[kus vkr
k egksRlo%
 y qb&uxkbZ&uhegksRlo%
ukxkySaMesaukxk tutkfr;ksadk rkt isQfLVoy rktegyls fcYdqy djhc fLFkr
f'kYixzke
R;kSgkjA esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
fo"k;xr R;kSgkj  isQfLVoy dh 'kq:vkr vkHkw"k.kksa
ls lfTtr gkfFk;ksa
vkSj
mQ¡Vksa dsvkSj
tqywl
cSaM cktkssss
a vkSj
yksd dykdkjksa
ds lkFk
dsjy dk ukSdk nkSM+
fd;k tkrk gSA
 ijEijk esa pys vk jgsmRlokssa
esaukSdk nkSM+
,d ,slk mRlo
cM+s ls euk;k tkrk gSA ef.kiqj la?kkbZ isQfLVoy] ef.kiqj
gS ftls dsjy esa vkt Hkh /we&/ke
 ef.kiqj ljdkj }kjk gj lky 21 ls 30 uoEcj rd ef.kiqj
 m¡ Qph vkokt esa ctrs
lkaxhfrd /quksa
ds lkFk ,d ds ihNs ,d
la?kkbZ isQfLVoy
dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA isQfLVoy dk uke
py jgh lkai dh vkÑfr okyhiqjkuh ukokasdk lkSan;Z fugkjus
jktdh; i'kq laxkbZ ds uke ij j[kk x;k gSA bl iztkfr dk
yksx vkt Hkh cM+h la[;k esa tkrs gSaA
fgj.k dsoy ef.kiqj esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 ;s lfiZy uko ;k pUnyoYye lkS iQhV yEch gksrh gS vkSj
esa Mkynsrh gSaA bl mRlo dh vof/ esabl isQfLVoy dh 'kq:vkr
Bgjs gq, ikuh tku 2010esa gqbZ FkhA ef.kiqj
vc ;g
dbZ ukSdk nkSM+ vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSA dh le`¼ ijEijk vkSj laLÑfr dk nqfu;k Hkj esa izpkj djus dk
ekè;e cu pqdk gSA vc ;g ef.kiqj fo'o i;ZVuds uD'ks
 ukSdk nkSM+ ds dqN izeq[k vk;kstu bl usg: izdkjVªkiQh
gS&
ij e'kgwj gks x;k gSA
oksV jsl]pEiDdqye oksV ]jslisM+IiM oksV ] vjkUeqyk
jsl
 izR;sdo"kZ ;g R;kSgkj dyk laLÑfr gS.Mywe] gLrf'kYi]
oksV jsl
] fijkoe oksV jsl vkfnA
LFkkuh; [ksy] [kkuiku] laxhr vkSj lkgfld LiksVZl esa
mM+hlkk ddks.kkdZ u`R; mRlo
ef.kiqj dh i;ZVu lEHkkouk dks u;k foLrkj nsus esa lkF
 izR;sdo"kZ fnlEcj esssssa
vkSj
1 5 fnlEcj ds chp] lcls
Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA
'kkunkj vkSj cM+s u`R; mRlo dks ns[kus dks.kkdZ
ds esa
fy,
i;ZVdksavkSjdykdkjkssadh vken c<+ tkrh gSA ,y hisaQVk dso isQfLVoy] egkjk"Vª
 , fyiQsaVk dso isQfLVoy ] egkjk"Vªk VwfjTe MsoyiesaV
 izfl¼ dks.kkdZ eafnjds le>eqDrkdk'kh eap ij gksus okyk
dkWjiksjs'ku
}kjk eqEcbZ ds i;ZVu vkSj laLÑfr ds fodkl ds
u`R;
] nwj nwj ls vk;s n'kZdksa dks jksekafpr djus okyk R;kSgkj
Dykfldy urZdksa dks Hkkjrh; u`R; dh xgjkbZ dk izn'kZufy, djusvk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
ds fy, eap Hkh iznku djrk gSA  cbZesa vk;ksftr gksusisQfLVoyksa
eqE okys esa ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ
 ik¡p fnuksard pyus okys bl esys esa
vksfMlh
] HkjrukV~;e~
] R;kSgkj gSA
ef.kiqjh
] dFkdyh]dFkd] dqfpiqM+hvkSjl=kh; vkfn izeq[k ;g isQfLVoyfo'o izfl¼ /jksgjksa
esa ls,d ,yhisaQVk dso
u`R;ksa ds vykok ns'k ds yxHkx lHkh u`R;
izdkj
fo/kvksa
ds ds fcYdqy ikl esa fLFkr
,yhisaQVk }hiij vk;ksftr fd;k
ds urZdviuh dyk dk izn'kZu djrs gSaA tkrk gSA
 u`R;vkSjlaxhrds dk;ZØeksa ls Hkjiwj ;g isQfLVoyxksok

lky dkfuZoy
ds
iQjojh ekgesa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA  [ kwclwjrh ls isaV dh
Mksafx;ksa
x;h vkSj
laxhr
u`R;ls lqlfTtr
 bl isQfLVoy ds vk;kstu ds le;
,yhisaQVk }hi
iwjh rjg pkj fnu dk ,d [kwclwjresyk xksok
esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk
,d fo'kky vkMhVksfj;e
esa cny tkrk gSA gSA
 eafnj ds uDdklhnkj [kEHkksa
vkSjnhokjksadh i`"BHkwfeesaysfV uksa dkfuZoy
dh rjg xksok ds dkfuZoy esa Hkh
ekseks
vk;ksftr ;g isQfLVoy Hkkjr Dykfld
ds laxhrvkSju`R;dks uked jktk dks rkt iguk;k tkrk gSA
xksokesafdax ekseks dk
lefiZr gksrk gSA
dksVZvkx fuxyus okys] ukpus xkus okys] fnYyxhckt vkS
gkuZfcy isQfLVoy] ukxkyS.M euekSth yksxksa ls Hkjk gksrk gSA
 ;g isQfLVoy ukxkyS.M ds LVsV VwfjTevkSj dyk laLÑfr
 tu rk tc mlds fy, jkLrk lkiQ dj jgh gksrh gS] og [kkus
foHkkx }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
ihus vkSj ekSt djus ds fy, turk dks mdlk jgk gksrk gSA
 gkWuZfcy isQfLVoy ukxkyS.M dh jkt/kuh dksfgekls 12
fdeh-nwj fLFkr ,d fdlkek  xksok ds xkaoksa ls ysdj 'kgjksa rd esa isQfLVoy dk vk;kst
if'peh vaxkehbykds esa fLFkr
uked uxj esa cuk, x, ,d ekWMy xk¡o esa vk;ksftr fd;k gSA ukpus xkus okys vkSj fonw"kd cM+s&cM+s 'kgjksa
tkrk gSA euksjatu djrs gSA ;g lekjksg jkr esa
jsM
e'kgwj
vkSj
CySd cky
 gku Zfcy isQfLVoyesa ,d Nr ds uhpsukxkyS.M dh laLÑfr dk;ZØe ds lkFk lekIr gks tkrk gSA
dk izn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ dk gj uqDdM+ vius bfrgkl dh iQly R;kSgkj
xokgh nsrk tku iM+rk gSA  iksaxy%rfeyukMq dk eq[; iQly R;kSgkjA
 fdlkek] nhekiqj dksef.kiqj ls tksM+us okyh bfrgkl izfl¼
 edj laØkafr% fganw R;kSgkj] iwjs Hkkjr esa euk;k tkr
dksfgek&bEiQkyij jksM
fLFkr gSA vc ;g ,d O;Lr jktekxZ
fdlku viuh iQly ?kj ykrs gSaA
esa cny x;k gSA
 clar iapeh% if'pe caxky esa]ljLorh nsoh dh iwtk dh
 ;g f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds le; tkiku vkSjvaxzstksa ds chp
tkrh gSA
;q¼dk jaxeap cuk FkkA
gkuZfcy isQfLVoyizR;sd o"kZ
1 ls
7 fnlEcj rd vk;ksftr gksrk gSA  oS'kk•h%oS'kk•h] ftls oS'kk•h Hkh dgk tkrk gS] lkSj o"kZ
v kfnoklh isQfLVoy 'kq#vkr gksrh gSA oS'kk•h] oS'kk• eghus ds igys fnu dks
 jk" Vªh; Vªkbcy isQfLVoy fefuLVªh vkWiQ Vªkbcy visQ;Zl tkrh gS vkSj vkerkSj ij gj lky
13 ;k 14 vçSy dks eukbZ
dh vksj lso"kZ 2015 ls vk;ksftr fd;k tk jgk gSA bl tkrh gSA
isQfLVoy yksd
esa u`R; laxhr] [kkuiku
] fpfdRlk dh  xq#ioZ % xq# ioZ] ftls xq#ukud ds çdk'k mRlo vkSj xq#
izn'kZfu;ksa vkSj >kafd;ksa ds
vkfnoklh
ekè;e lslaLÑfrvkSj ukudnso dh t;arh ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] igys fl• xq#]
fojklr dh >kadhfn[kkbZ tkrh gSA xq# ukudds tUe ds mRlo ij euk;k tkrk gSA
 fefuLVªh vkWiQ Vªkbcy visQ;lZ
vkSjVªkbcy dksvkijsfVo ukSjkst% uojkst ,d 3]000 lky iqjkuh
tksjksfLVª;u
ijaijk gS]
ekdsZfVax MsoyiesaV isQMjslu vkWiQds vkilhbafM;k
lg;ksx
,d vuq"Bku mRlo tks olar vkSj iQkjlh u, lky dh 'kq#vkr
ls] us'kuy Vªkbcy isQfLVoy
o"kZ2017 ls ,d u;s uke
dk ladsr nsrk gSA
vkfnoklh egksRlo
ls vk;ksftr fd;k tkus yxk gSA


iqjLdkj vkSj lEeku

16 (Awards and Honours)
Hkkjr jRu  Jherh bafnjk xka/h igyh efgyk Fkh ftUgsa Hkkjr jRu l
1971 essa lEekfur fd;k x;kA
 Hkkjr jRu dk 'kkfCnd vFkZHkkjr
gS]dk jRu
vkSj ;g Hkkjr
ns'k }kjk fn;k tkus okyk
lokZsPp ukxfjd iqjLdkj gSA iÁ iqjLdkj
 Hkkjr jRu mu vlk/kj.k O;fÙkQ;ksa dks çnku fd;k tkrk;s gSiqjLdkj
1954 esa 'kq: fd, x, Fks vkSj rc ls vius pqus gq,
ftUgksaus lokZsPp çn'kZu fd;k gSA igyhHkkjr
ckj 1954
jRu {ks=kksa•sytSls
] dyk] lkekftd dk;Z] flfoy lsok] lkfgR;
esa fn;k x;k FkkA vkSjf'k{kk
] lkoZtfud ekeyksa] foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh]
 fnlacj 2011 esa]ekuo ç;kl ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k dks 'kkfeyO;kikj vkSj m|ksx ] vkfn esa vlk/kj.k lsokvksa ds fy, ;ksX;
djus ds fy, ekinaM dk foLrkj fd;k x;k FkkA O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fn, tkrs gSaA
 fnlEcj 2011 ls iwoZ ewy :i ls bl iqjLdkj dks dyk]  iqjLdkj nsus okyksa ds ukeksa dh ?kks"k.kkx.kra=kizR;sd
fnol o"kZ
foKku ij dh tkrh gS rFkk budh
] lkfgR;vkSjtulsok ds {ks=k esa loZJs"Brk ds vk/kj la[;k izR;sd o"kZ esa ls120
ij fn;k tkrk FkkA vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A
 Hkkjr ds ç/kuea=kh ls fliQkfj'k djds  iÁ iqjLdkjksa
}kjkHkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ds p;u ds fy, iz/kuea=kh
}kjk izR;sdo"kZ iÁ
,d o"kZ esa (rhu ls vf/d ugha) dk pquko fd;k iqjLdkj lfefr dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
rhu yksxksa
tkrk gSA gkykafd iqjLdkj fotsrkvksa dks dksbZ iSlkblugha lfefr ds
fn;kfu.kZ; ds rgr~ vafre lwphiz/kuea=kh
dks lkSaih
tkrk gS] ftUgsa pquk tkrk gSihiymUgsads iÙks
,d ds vkdkj tkrh gS rFkk iz/kuea=kh
] jk"Vªifrdh lgefr ds fy, bl lwph
dk ind vkSj,d çek.k i=k (lun) fn;k tkrk gSA dks jk"Vªifrdks lkSairk gSA
 Hkkjrh; vkns'k ds vuqlkj]Hkkjr jRufn, tkus okyksa dks Øe  iÁ iqjLdkj rhulky 1977] 1980 rFkk1993&1997 esa
ij j•k x;k gSA bl iqjLdkj dks lafo/ku ds NksM+dj izR;sd o"kZ çnku fd, x, gSaA
ls 7osa LFkku
vuqPNsn 18 (1)ds lanHkZ esa çkIrdrkZvksa ds uke  ds fy, vkSjoSKkfudksa
MkWDVj dks NksM+dj lkoZtfud miØeksa esa dk
milxZ ;k çR;; ds :i esa bLrseky ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSAdjus okyksa lfgr ljdkjh deZpkjh bu iqjLdkjksa ds fy, ik=
çFke iqjLdkj çkIr djus okys (1954) ugha gSaA
 lh- jktxksikykpkjh% Lora=krk lsukuh vkSj Hkkjr ds vafre Hkkjr ljdkj ds vuqlkj] iqjLdkj rhu Jsf.k;ksads gSa%&
xouZj tujyA
iÁ iqjLdkj
 MkWDVj lh-oh- HkkSfrdfonA
jeu%
 MkWDVj loZiYyh jk/kÑ".ku% nk'kZfud lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjr
iÁ foHkw"k.k iÁ Hkw"k.k iÁ Jh
ds nwljs mijk"VªifrA
iÁfoHkw"k.k
 vkf[kjh ckj 2019 esaHkkjr jRu fn;k x;kAukukth ns'keq[k
 vlk/kj.k vkSjfof'k"V lsok ds fy,A
(ej.kksijkar)]
iz.kc eq[kthZ
rFkkHkwisu gtkfjdk(ej.kksijkar)
 ;g Hkkjr x.kjkT; esa fn;k tkus okyk lokZsPp
nwljk ukxfjd
dks izkIr gqvkA
iqjLdkjgSA
vc rd nks fons'kh yksxksa dks Hkkjr jRu fn;k x;kA
 ;g iqjLdkj ikus ds fy, fo'ks"kkf/dkj çkIr yksxksa dks ,d
 [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kk¡ (ykydqrhZ vkanksyu)] 1987 bZ-
ç'kfLr i=kvkSj,d ind fn;k tkrk gS] ftlesa chp,d esa
 usYlu eaMsyk (u`tkrh;)] 1990
dey dk iQwy gksrk gS vkSj
ns'k lsok'kCn] tks vkxs dh vksj
 o"kZ 2001 esssa
yrk eaxs'kdj dks Hkkjr jRu fn;k x;kA mHkjk gksrk gSA
iÁ Hkw"k.k  ;g Hkkjrh; KkuihB }kjk 1961

o"kZ
esa çkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk]
 ,d mPp çfrf"Br lsokds fy, çnku fd;k tkrk gS A tksfd v•ckj n VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;kdh LFkkiuk ds fy,
 ;g H kkjr ljdkj }kjkoSf'od ifjn`'; esa Hkkjr dh çfr"Bk çfl¼ tSu ifjokj }kjk lapkfyr ,d VªLV FkkA
esa ;ksxnku nsus okyksa ds fy, fn;krhljk
tkus lokZsPp
okyk  ;g mu Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksadks fn;k tkrk gS] tks
Hkkjrh;
ukxfjd iqjLdkj gSA lafo/ku dh vuqlwph 8ohaesalwphc¼ 22Hkk"kkvksa
esa ls
 Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr
ekpZ ;k vçSyesajk"Vªifr Hkou
esa vk;ksftr ,d esa lkfgR; jpuk djrs gSaA
,d foLr`r lekjksg esa
iqjLdkj çnkudjrs gSaA  blesa ,d ifêðdkvkSj11 yk• #i;s ds udn iqjLdkj ds
iÁ Jh vfrfjDr nsoh ljLorhdh dkaL; çfrekHkh nh tkrh gSA
 ;g çfrf"Br lsok ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA  ;g iqjLdkj ej.kksijkar ugha fn;k tkrk gSA
 ;g Hkkjr dk pkSFkk lcls cM+k ukxfjd iqjLdkj
gS vkSj Hkkjr
 orZeku le; esa 56osao 57osaØe dk KkuihB iqjLdkj
ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu fo"k;ksadyk] tSls&lkfgR;] •sy ]
vlfe;k¡ ys[kd uhyef.k iQdu twfu;j vkSj dkasd.kh ys[kd
jktuhfr] m|ksx] fpfdRlk] lektlsok vkfn esa fof'k"V
nkeksnj ekStks
dks fn;k x;kA
;ksxnku ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA
 o"kZ1965 esa ey;kye ds ys[kd'kadj dq: dks fn;k x;k]
 iqjLdkjnsus okys dksudn ugha fn;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ,d
tcfd fgUnh Hkk"kk esa igyk KkuihB lqfe=kk
iqjLdkj
uanu iar
çek.k i=k(lun) fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d rjiQrhu iÙkh okys
iQwyds lkFk ,d ind gksrk gS vkSj ihNsiÁ (dey) vkSj (1968) dks fn;k x;kA
Jh (Jh ;k lqJh) dksnsoukxjh fyfiesa fy•k jgrk gSA Hkk"kk
lEeku
lkfgR;vdkneh iqjLdkj  ;s iqjLdkj Hkh
lkfgR; vdkneh}kjk fn, tkrs gSaA
 ;g mu yksxksa ds fy, lEeku
,d gS] tkslkfgR;esa viuh  gj lky vdkneh mu ys•dksa dks pqurh gS] ftUgksaus lkfg
çfrHkkçnf'kZr djrs gSaA vdkneh iqjLdkj }kjk doj dh xbZ 24 çeq• Hkk"kkvksa
ds
 ; g iqjLdkjo"kZ 1954
esa çkjaHk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj
lkfgR;
bls vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k
vdkneh}kjk fn;k x;k Fkk tksfd gekjs ns'k
jk"Vªh;
dh vdknehgSA 'kkL=kh; vkSj eè;dkyhu lkfgR; esa ;ksxnku ds fy, Hkh fn
 ;g okf"kZd :i ls mu yksxksa dks fn;k tkrk gS] ftUgksaus tkrk gSA
lkfgfR;d ;ksX;rk gkfly dh gS vkSj vdkneh }kjk ekU;rk çkIrlEeku esa ,difêðdkvkSj,d yk• chl gtkj #i;s
 Hkk"kk
24 çeq• Hkk"kkvksa
esa ls fdlh esa Hkh dk;ks±
vius] x| ;k dk udn iqjLdkj 'kkfey gSA
dfork dks çdkf'kr djds u, #>ku cuk, gSaA
nknklkgc iQkYds iqjLdkj
 Hkkjr ds lafo/kuesa 'kkfey22 Hkk"kkvksa ds vfrfjDr]
lkfgR; vdknehusvaxzsth vkSjjktLFkkuh
dks mu Hkk"kkvksa ds 1969 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k]nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj
 o"kZ
:i esa ekU;rk nh gS] ftuesa dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw fd;k tk ldrklkgsc iQkYds (1870&1944 bZ-) dh ;kn esa fn;k tk
nknk
gS vkSj blfy, mUgsa iqjLdkj ds fy, ekuk tk ldrk gSAokykHkkjrh; flusek dk lokZsPp iqjLdkj gS] tks çfl¼
 bl iqjLdkj esa 1 yk• #i;s dk udn iqjLdkj]rkeziQyd fiQYe fuekZrk Fks] ftlus Hkkjr dh igyh iw.kZ iQhpj fiQ
ftl ij nsoukxjh fyfi esalkfgR;fy•k jgrk gS rFkk'kkWy jktk gfj'paæ (1913 bZ-) cukbZ FkhA
ls lEEkkfur fd;k tkrk gSA  ;g fiQYe lekjksg funs'kky;
] lwpuk vkSj çlkj.k ea=kky;
lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj] 2021 dk vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds miU;kl}kjk LFkkfir ,d laxBu }kjk lEekfur fd;k tkrk gSA
(fFkaXl Vq yho fcgkbaM) uferk ds fy,xks[kys
] tcfd n;k  ;g Hkkjrh; flusek ds fodkl vkSj fodkl esa mRÑ"V ;ksxnk
izdk'k flagkdks fgUnh ukVd (lezkV v'kksd) ds fy, fn;k x;kAds fy, fn;k tkrk gS vkSj bldk p;u
Hkkjrh; fiQYe m|ksx
dh çfrf"Br gfLr;ksa dh ,d lfefr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
Kkuih
B iqjLdkj
;g iqjLdkj66osa
o 67osa
Øe dk Øe'k%vfHkrkHk cPpu vkSj
 bls KkuihB iqjLdkj
(Kku dk vk/kj) ds :i esa Hkh tkukjtuhdkardks fn;k x;kA
98osaØe dk vk'kk ikjs[kdks fn;k
tkrk gS vkSj
mRÑ"V lkfgfR;d
miyfC/ ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSAx;k gSA
Hkkjr ds lkaLÑfrd laLFkku

17 (Cultural Institute of India)
Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo loZs{k.k

(ASI)  bl MsVkcsl
esa yxHkx
nl yk• ikaMqfyfi;k¡gSa] tks bls fo'o
esaHkkjrh; ikaMqfyfi;ksa
dk lcls cM+k MsVkcsl
cukrh gSA
 ,-,l-vkbZ-n ,f'k;kfVd
lkslk;Vh vkWiQ bafM;k
dk lkfgR; vdkneh
uohure :i gSA bldh
 Hkkjr ljdkj us 1954
orZeku :i esa LFkkiuk
o"kZ
esaus'kuy ,dsMeh
1861 esalj vysDtsaMj
vkWiQ ysVlZ
;k lkfgR;
dfua?keus rRdkyhu
vdkneh dh LFkkiuk dhA
ok;ljk; dSfuaxdh enn
ls dh FkhA  bl laxBu dk çkFkfed
dk;Z Hkkjr esa
 ,-,l-vkbZ-çR;{k :i ls laLÑfr ea=kky; (Hkkjr ljdkj) ds
lkfgfR;d laLÑfrdks
varxZr vkrk gS vkSj ;g iwjs HkkjriqjkrkfRod
esa vuqla/ku
c<+kok nsus ds fy,
djus ds fy, ,d vxz.kh laLFkku gSA bldk eq[;ky; (tuiFk)
ubZ fnYyh esa gSA jk"Vªh; laxBu ds :i
esa dke djuk FkkA rkfdHkkjrh;
lHkh Hkk"kkvksa lkfgR;
vkSj
 bls gekjs jk"VªlkaLÑfrd
dh fojklr ds laj{k.k dk Hkkj lkSik
dks lexz :i ls c<+kok fn;k tk lds rFkk ftlls ns'k dh
x;k gSA bldk è;ku HkkSfrdvkSjewrZ fojklrds laj{k.k ij
jk"Vªh; ,drkdks izksRlkgu djus ds fy,jk"Vªh;
,d laxBu
dsafær gS tks çkphu
Lekjdksa
vkSjiqjkrkfRod LFkyksa esa lafpr gSA
ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k tk ldsA
 ;g çkphu Lekjdksa vkSjiqjkrkfRod LFky vkSjvo'ks"k
vf/fu;e] 1958 ds çko/ku vkSj iqjko'ks"kcgqewY; vkSj  ;g ,d Lok;Ùk laxBu gS] tks24 ls vf/d Hkkjrh;
dykÑfr vf/fu;e] 1972 ds çko/kuksa ds vuqlkj ns'k esa Hkk"kkvksa
esa lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ djrk gSA
lHkh iqjkrkfRod xfrfof/;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA  Hkkjrds lafo/ku esa mfYyf•r 22 Hkk"kkvksa
ds vfrfjDr
lkfgR; vdkneh}kjknksvU; Hkk"kkvksa
vaxzsth
rFkkjktLFkkuh
jk"Vªh; ik.Mqfyfi fe'ku dks ekU;rk nh tkrh gSaA
 Hkkjrds iqjkrkfRod
loZs{k.k
vkSjHkkjr ds laxhr ukVd ,dsMeh
jk"Vªh; iqjkrkfRod  laxhr ukVd vdkneh1952 esa Hkkjr
vfHkys•kxkjds ljdkj }kjk dyk ds fy, LFkkfir igyh
le{k cM+h la[;k esa jk"Vªh; vdkneh FkhA
,slh ikaMqfyfi;k¡
for Manuscripts  Hkkjr ds igys jk"Vªifr] MkW jktsaæ çlkn
çLrqr gqbZ] tks Hkkjr
us bldk mn~?kkVu fd;kA vdkneh dk
dh çkphu vkSjeè;;qxhu fojklr dh vk/kj gSA
eq[; dk;Zlaxhr] ukVdvkSjHkkjrds
 mudh fliQkfj'k ij gh Hkkjr ljdkj
ikaMqfyfi;ksa
us (,u,e,e)
u`R;ksa ds fy, ,dy
,d eap cukuk FkkA
ds fy, jk"Vªh; fe'ku dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vkns'k fn;k gSA
 tks ns'k esaçn'kZu dykvksadks çnf'kZr
,u,e,e dk lcls çeq• dk;Z jk"Vªh; bysDVªkWfud MsVkcsl
cukuk FkkA djus ds fy, çkFkfed vax
ekuk tkrk FkkA
 p-bZ-esalaxhr] u`R;vkSjukVdds :iksa ds ekè;e  bldk eq[; dsUæfnYyheas gS tcfdHkqous'oj

vkbZ-Vh-, ] psUubZ
] f'keyk]
ls çnf'kZr Hkkjrfo'kky
dh vewrZ fojklr dks c<+kok nsus dkf'kyksax
] dksydkrkrFkk y[kumQ {ks=kh; ,oa fojklr dsUæ gSaA
mRlkgtud dk;Z Hkh FkkA
bafn
jk xka/h jk"Vªh; dyk dsUæ
 ;g HkhHkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd fojklrdks cpkus ds fy,
;wusLdks ds lkFk lg;ksx djrk gSA ba
tSlsvarjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa fnjk xka/h jk"Vªh; dyk
dsUæ(IGNAC) Hkkjr ljdkj
yfy r dyk vdkneh }kjk dsUæh; laLÑfr ea=kky;
ds rgr LFkkfir ,d Lok;Ùk
 jk"Vªh; dyk vdkneh ;k
laxBu gSA
yfyr dyk vdkneh Hkkjr
 ftldh LFkkiukjktho xka/h
ljdkj }kjk o"kZ 1954esa
Hkkjr esa
yfyr dyk dks }kjk14 uoEcj] 1985dks
c<+kok nsus ds ,dek=k mís'; iwoZ iz/kuea=kh
bafnjk xka/h
dh Le`fr esa dh x;hA
ds lkFk LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA
 24 ekpZ 1987 dksubZ fnYyh
esssssa
bafnjk xka/h jk"Vªh; dyk
 v dkneh ,d Lok;Ùk fudk;
dsUædk xBu vkSj iathdj.k fd;k x;kA
gS] tks
laLÑfr ea=kky;
}kjk
 bafnjkxka/h jk"Vªh; dyk
dh LFkkiuk dk izeq[k mís'; dyk
foÙk&iksf"kr
dh tkrh gSA
ds izeq[k lalk/u dsUæ ds :idk;Z
esa djuk] dyk] ekufodh
 ;g vdkneh yfyr dykvksa vkSj laLÑfrls lEcaf/r vuqla/ku dk lapkyu djuk rFkk
dks çksRlkgu nsus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA jk"Vªh;
gkyk¡fd]vkSj
;g dyk ,oa n'kZu ] foKku o izkS|ksfxdh
ds ledkyhu fopkjksa
varjkZ"Vªh; nksuksa dykvksa ls lacaf/r gS] ysfdu bldk è;ku
ds chp laokn LFkkfir djukblesa
FkkAN% dk;kZRed bdkb;k¡
Hkkjrh; dykds çpkj vkSjlaj{k.kij vf/d gksrk gSA tksM+h x;hA
d k;kZRed bdkb;k¡
dyk fuf/ dyk d ks"k t uin laink lkaLÑfrd lwpuk lw=

k/kj dyk n' kZu
eYVh
&iQkWeZeq[; :i ls Hkkjrh; thou 'kSyh ds lka
LÑfrd laj{k.k iz'kklf ud vuqHkkx I.G.N.C.A vuqla/ku
vè;;u esa O;Lr vkSj izlkj ds fy, tks lHkh xfrfof/;ksa vkSj vè;;u dk
ykbczsjh Hkk"kk ds ekSfyd xzaFkksa
ds vè;;u vkSj izdk'ku izkS|ksfxdh vk/kfjr esa jh<+ dh gM~Mh izn'kZuksa ds ekè;e
ds fy, lefiZrA midj.k ykxw djukAds :i esa dk;Z djrk ls n`'; :iksa esa
gS] mudk leFkZu cnyus ds izHkkjh
dk;Zdkjh vuqHkkxA
vkSj vk;kstu djrk gSA
jk"V
ªh; laxzgky;  18 fnlEcj] 1960 dks Hkkjr ds mijk"Vªifr
MkW- loZiYyh
jk/kÑ".ku}kjkjk"Vªh; laxzgky; Hkou
ds igys pj.k dk
 jk"Vªh; laxzgky;
dk mn~?kkVu vkSipkfjd mn~?kkVu fd;k x;kA
15 vxLr] 1949 dks Hkkjr
 bldh LFkkiuk dk eq[; mn~ns';
izn'kZu]
laj{k.kvkSj'kks/ds
ds rRdkyhu xouZj tujy
jktxksikykpkjh
}kjkjk"Vªifr fy, ,sfrgkfld] lkaLÑfrd rFkk
dykRed egRo dh dyk
Hkouesa fd;k x;k FkkA dks ,d=k djuk FkkA
 jk"Vªh; laxzgky;
ds orZeku  bu oLrqvksa ds egRo ds ckjs Kkuesa
dk izlkj djuk ,oa
Hkou dh uhao Hkkjrh;
iz/kuea=kh jk"Vªh; igpku
ds izrhd ds :i esa viuh lsok iznku djuk FkkA
iafMr tokgj yky usg: }kjk  ku esa
orZe jk"Vªh; laxzgky;
dk lapkyu Hkkjr ljdkj ds
12 ebZ] 1955dks j[kh xbZA jk"Vªh; laxzk
gy; dsanzh; laLÑfr ea=kky;
ds iz'kklfud fu;a=k.k esa gSaA
lkaLÑfrdlzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k dsUæ  ukVdksadks rS;kj djturk ds lkeus izLrqr djuk ;g Nk=kksa
ds izf'k{k.k dk ,d fgLlk gSA
 l kaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k dsUnz
dk eq[; y{; ns'k Hkj
ds lsokjr
 laLÑr ukVd] vk/qfud Hkkjrh; ukVd ] ikjaifjd Hkkjrh;
f'k{kdksa
] f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa] fFk;sVj :iksa]
,f'k;kbZ ukVd
vkSjif'peh ukVdh; izys[kksa
'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa
] Nk=kksa
ds fy, dk O;ofLFkr vè;;u vkSj O;kogkfjd izn'kZu dk vuqHko Nk
fofo/ izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dk dks jaxep dh dyk esa ,d Bksl vk/kj vkSj O;kid ifjizs{;
vk;kstu djuk gSA iznku djrk gSA
 æ'kkjhfjd o ekufld :i ls detksj cPpksa ds fy, Hkh bl fo|ky; dh nks ewyHkwr fudk;
das jaxeaMy
rFkkfFk;sVj bu
fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa
dk vk;kstu djrk gSA ,tqds'ku daiuhgSA
f' k{kdksa
rFkkNk=kksa
ds fy, Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
ij lS}kafrd ,oa

Hkkjrh;lkaLÑfrd laca/ ifj"kn(ICCR)
fo"k;oLrq vk/kfjr 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djrk gSA
 ik.Mqfyfi;ksa
] dyj LykbMksa
] fMftVy Nk;kfp=kksa] JO;  v kbZ-lh-lh-vkj- dh
vkSjn`'; fjdkWfMZax ds :i esa lzksrksa dks ,df=krLFkkiuk
vkSjfiQYeksa fons'k ea=kky;
djuk rFkk iqLrdky;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk ,oa izysf[krds v/hu esa oSf'od Lrj
djuk
rkfd 'kSf{kd lkaLÑfrd lkWÝVos;j dks rS;kj djxzkeh.k ij Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdks
Hkkjr dhdyk vkSj f'kYi :iksa dks izksRlkfgr ,oa iquthZforizksRlkgu nsus okys dk;ZØeksa
fd;k tk ldsA dks u;s vk;ke nsus ds
 varxZr izfrHkkokufy;s dh xbZ FkhA
lkaLÑfrd izfrHkk [kkst Nk=ko`fRrds;kstuk
ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks] ftudh10&14vk;q o"kZ
ds chp gS  bldh LFkkiuk 1950 bZ-
fofHkUudykRed {ks=kksa
esa viuh izfrHkk fodflr djus ds esaekSykuk vcqy dyke
fy, lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh tkrh gSA vktkn }kjk dh xbZ] tks fofHkUu ns'kksa rFkk lH;rkvksa d
 Jherh deyknsoh pV~Vksikè;k; rFkk dfiyk okRL;k;u
o"kZ us lkaLÑfrd laidZ fodflr djrk gSA
1979 esa lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k dsanz dh LFkkiuk dhA kj-}kjk mu dk;ZØeksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ds fodkl vk
 vkbZ-lh-lh-v
 lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k z]

dsan
dsanz ljdkj ds laLÑfr fu"iknu ij è;ku dsafnzr fd;k tkrk gS] tks Hkkjr
varjkZ"Vªh;
ds
ea=kky;ds iz'kklfud fu;a=k.k ds varxZrLok;Rr
,d fudk; lkaLÑfrd laca/ksa
esa iwjh rjg ls fufgr gSaA
ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA  v kbZ-lh-lh-vkj-
dbZ izdkj dsn`'; vkSj izn'kZu dyk
 bldk dsUnz eq[;ky; fnYyhrFkk {ks=kh; mn;iqj
dsanz] dk;ZØeksa dk leFkZu djrh gS] ftudh
oSf'od
igq¡p
Lrj rd gksA
gSnjkckn] xqokgkVhesa fLFkr gSaA  v kbZ-lh-lh-vkj-ubZ
}kjkfnYyh
E;qftd iQsfLVoy dks iQafMax
jk"V
ªh; ukV~; fo|ky; nh tkrh gSA
 v kbZ-lh-lh-vkj- dk eq[; mn~ns';
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fe=krk
]
 jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;nqfu;k ds
jk"Vªksa
ds chp lkaLÑfrd laidZrFkk LoLFk izfrLi/kZ dks
igys fFk,Vj laLFkkuksa
esa ls ,d gS]
tks Hkkjr esa viuh rjg dk ,dek=k c<+kok nsuk gSA
f'k{k.k laLFkkugSA  fu"d"kZr%
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
ds vk/qfud vkSj izkphu igyqvksa
 jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;dh LFkkiuk dks ,dhÑr djuk gSA
o"kZ 1959esalaxhr ukV~; vdkneh  jk"Vªh; egRo dsizkphu fojklrksa] iqjkrRoh; LFkyksa
,oa
ds ,d ?kVd ds :i eas gqbZA jk"V ªh; ukV~; fo|ky; vo'ks"kksa ds laj{k.k
ds fy, Hkkjr dks
24 eaMyksa
esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
 o"kZ 1975 esa ;g ,d Lok;Rr  Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k
ds varxZrlaxzgky;] mR[kuu
fudk; ds :i esa LFkkfir gqvk vkSj1860bls ds lkslk;Vh 'kk[kk,¡
] f'kykys[k 'kk[kk,¡
] ckxokuh 'kk[kk
] izkxSfrgkfld
iathdj.k vf/fu;e laxBu ds :i esa iathÑr gqbZA 'kk[kk
] iqjkys[k 'kk[kk
] Hkou losZ{k.k ifj;kstuk
rFkk
 ;g iw.kZr%dsanz ljdkj dslaLÑfr ea=kky;ds v/hu gSA varjtyh; 'kk[kk vkfn vkrs gSaA
Hkkjrh;,sfrgkfld vuqla/ku ifj"kn(ICHR) v kWy bafM;k jsfM;ks

(AIR)
 Hkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld vuqla/ku  vf [ky Hkkjrh; jsfM;ksa
]
ifj"kn (ICHR) Hkkjr ljdkj vkSipkfjd :i ls o"kZ
ds f'k{kk ea=kky; ds rgr 1957ls vkdk'kok.kh ds
,d Lok;Ùk laxBu gSA :i esa tkuk tkrk gS]
Hkkjr
 bldh LFkkiuk27 ekpZ 1972 dk jk"Vªh; lkoZtfud
dksf'k{kk vkSj
lekt dY;k.k jsfM;ksa izlkjd
vkSjizlkj
ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj Hkkjrh dh ,d 'kk[kk gSA
(orZeku f'k{kk ea=kky;) }kjk  bldh LFkkiuklu~ 1936
esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj
fnlEcj 1971 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir ,d dk;Zdkjh lewg izlkj;g
dh fliQkfj'k ij dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjrhds LokfeRo okys ,d Hkkjrh; Vsyhfotu izlkjd
 ICHR dh LFkkiuklkslk;Vh iathdj.k vf/fu;e (1860 dk nwjn'kZu dh lgk;d lsok
gSA
vf/fu;e XXI) ds rgr dh xbZ Fkh] tks Hkkjr esa ]  vkWy
lkfgfR;d bafM;k jsfM;ks
ns'k dk lcls izfl¼lkoZtfud lsok
oSKkfud dks iathÑr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSAjsfM;ks LVs'ku
vkSj/ekZFkZ lfefr;ksa gSA ;gHkkjr ljdkj ds lwpuk vkSj
eseksjsaMe vkWiQ ,lksfl,'ku ds vuqlkj]
ICHR d h LFkkiuk ds
izlkj.k ea=kky;
}kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA
izeq[k y{; gSa&  bldk ukjk gScgqtu fgrk;] cgqtu lq[kk;A ftldk vFkZ gS
turkdjus
 bfrgkldkjksa dks oLrqfu"B vkSj oSKkfud bfrgkl izdkf'kr dh lsok djuk] f'kf{kr djuk vkSj euksjatu djukA
dh vkSjrdZlaxr O;k[;kdjus  tu lkaf[;dh dh n`f"V lsvkdk'kok.kh yxHkx 99-19
ds lkFk&lkFk bfrgklfu"i{k
ds fy, ,d eap iznku djukA izfr'kr vkcknh rd igq¡prh gSA
 mu{ks=kksavuqla/ku  vkdk'kok.kh
esa dks c<+kok nsuk] ftudh vc rd vuns[kh us viuh LFkkiuk ds le; ls gh
tufgr ds lHkh
dh xbZ gS os xkjaVh nsrsvuqla/kudks c<+kok fn;k tkrk fo"k;ksa dh tkudkjh ukxfjdksa
gSa fd nsdj ds vf/dkjksa dh j{kk ds
gS] ftlesa
lhekvksa
] mÙkj&iwoZ ] efgykvksa
{ks=kksa fy, dk;Z fd;k gSA
vkfn tSls {ks=kksa
ij è;ku dsafnzr fd;k tkrk gSA  mUgsa fu"i{kvkSjlarqfyrtkudkjh iznku djds gh bls iwjk
 ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd dksbZ {ks=kh; vlekurk ugha gS fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkSjvuqla/ku iz;kliwjs ns'k esa leku :i ls forfjr fd, tkrs gSaA
 osyxHkx23 Hkk"kkvksa
esa dk;ZØe rS;kj djrs gSaA
 ,sfrgkfld vuqla/ku ds fy, /u tqVkuk] leFkZu izkIr izlkj Hkkjrh vf/fu;e] ftls lu~ 1990esa la'kksf/r fd;k
djuk vkSj lHkhbPNqd ikfVZ;ksa
ls ekU;rk izkIr djukA x;k Fkk]vkdk'kok.kh dh lkexzh] y{;ksavkSjmn~ns';ksa
dks
 os;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djrs gSa] fd muds }kjk ,d=k dh tkus
fu;af=kr djrk gSA
okyh lHkh tkudkjh mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk lk>k dh tk,]
ftUgsa
dksfpaxls ykHk gks ldrk gSA Hkkjrds jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj
 ICHR ,d cgqr lfØ; laxBu gS] tks,sfrgkfld Kkudks  ;g 'kq:vkrhfczfV'k laxBuksa
esa ls ,d gS] ftls Hkkjrh; jkT;
c<+kok nsus ds
lsfeukj
fy, ] lEesyuvkSj vU;dk;ZØevk;ksftr ds iz'kklfud fjdkWMZ
dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, LFkkfir fd;k
djrk gSA x;k FkkA
 ,oa f'k{kkfonksa
bfrgkldkjksa dks mudh i<+kbZ ds dfu"B
fy, vkSj  izks- thMCY;w izQkWjsLV
us lu~ 1891esa iwoZ fczfV'k jkt/kuh
ofj"B Nk=ko`fÙk
ds lkFk&lkFk foÙkh; lgk;rkHkh iznku djrs gSAdydÙkk(vc dksydkrk) esa laxzg cuk;k] ftls dHkh&dHkh
 osvaxzsth
esaHkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld leh{kk vkSj fganh bfrgkl
esa baihfj;y fjdkWMZ~l fMikVZesaV
(IRD) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
tSlsif=kdkvksa esa bfrgkl
ij fo}kuksa ds 'kks/ i=k izdkf'kr djrs
 gSaA
lu~ 1911 esa tc vaxzstksa us jk"Vªh; jkt/kuh
dydÙkkdksls
 Hkh gS tgk¡ yksx fnYyhLFkkukarfjr fd;k] rks vkbZvkjMh
muds ikl,d iqLrdky; vkSjizys[ku dsanz ubZ fnYyh
dksesa
fdrkcsa i<+
ldrs gSa vkSj mudk
vknku&iznku
dj ldrs gSaA LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;kA
 Hkkjr dks Lora=krk feyus ij IRD us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; usg: eseksfj;y laxzgky; vkSj iqLrdky; (NMML)
vfHkys[kkxkj(NAI) dk uke cny fn;k gSA
 usg: eseksfj;y laxzgky;vkSj
 ukecnyus ds rqjar ckn] NAI ds iz'kklfud <kaps dks cny iqLrdky; (,u-,e-,e-,y-) dh
NAI dk us
fn;k x;k] vkSj r`Ro vfHkys[kkxkj ds ,d funs'kd usLFkkiuk tokgjyky usg: (1889&
fd;kA 1964) dh ;kn esa ,dLok;Ùk laLFkk
 lu~ 1939esa]vfHkys[kkxkj dks 'kks/ ds fy,turk ds fy, ds :i esa gqbZA
 ;g laLFkk Hkkjr ljdkj ds laLÑfr
miyC/ djk;k x;k FkkA
ea=kky;ds v/hu vkrh gSA
 lu~ 1940esa]vfHkys[kkxkj us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ckjs esa bu
 ; g Hkkjr ds igys iz/kuea=kh ds
ewY;oku dkxtkrdks j[kus vkSj lajf{kr djus ds fof'k"Vvkf/dkfjd vkokl] vkyh'kku rhu ewfrZ Hkou esa fLFkr gSA
mn~ns'; ds lkFklaj{k.k
,d vuqla/ku iz;ksx'kkyk
(lhvkj,y) pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr ,d Lekjd
gS] laxzgky;] ,d
cukbZA vk/qfud Hkkjrh; iqLrdky;
] ledkyhu vè;;uksals lEcaf/r
 i qLrdky; ds fy, lkoZtfud nLrkostksavkSjfuth dkxtkr@ ,d dsanz vkSj usg: rkjkeaMyA
laxzgksa vfHkys[kkxkj usg: eseksfj;y laxzgky; vkSj iqLrdky;
ds vf/xzg.k dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, esa ,d fo'ks"k
dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds nk;js dk foLrkj gqvk gSA iqLrdky; gS] ftlsvkSifuosf'kdvkSjmÙkj&vkSifuosf'kd
Hkkjr ij ,d fof'k"V vuqla/kuvkSjlanHkZ&dsUnz
ds :i esa
 mUgksaus
vuqla/kuvkSjlanHkZ dk;ZØeksa
ds lkFk&lkFk vkf/dkfjd fufeZr vkSj fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
laj{k.kizf'k{k.k
Hkh 'kq: fd;kA
 ftlesa ekbØksfiQYe vkSjekbØksfi+Q'k ds ekè;e ls vusd
 t ;iqj] Hkqous'ojvkSjiqMqpsjhesa{ks=kh; dk;kZy;
Hkh iqLrdksa
] if=kdkvksa
] rLohjksa
vkSjvU; lalk/u ds cgqr le`¼
[kqy x, gSaA vkSj fofo/ laxzgksa dks lajf{kr fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrds jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj ij laLÑfr ea=kky; ds Kkiu ,u -,e-,e-,y- esa ,d le`¼ ikaMqfyfi vuqHkkx
 ds Hkh gS]
vuqlkj ,u,vkbZ ds izeq[k y{; bl izdkj gSa %& ftlesa jktuhfrd vkSjvU; xSj&vkf/dkfjd laxBuksa
] la?kksa
vkSjlektksads ,sls izfrf"Br O;fDr;ksa vkSj vfHkys[kksa ds f
 H kkjrh; nLrkosth lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds laj{k.k esa lgk;rk
i=kksa dks lajf{kr fd;k x;k gSA
djuk vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd ;gHkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa
dks
 ftUgksaus vk/qfud Hkkjr ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfe
gLrkaarfjr gks] laxzg rd igq¡p esa o`f¼ ds lkFkA
gSA ;s vfHkys[kh; lkefxz;ka] tks vuqla/ku ds fy, lwpuk
 cM+h la[;k esadkxtkr bdV~Bkdjuk vkSj mUgsa
oSKkfud:i izkFkfed lzksr gSa] 'kks/drkZvksa dks miyC/ djkbZ tkrh
ls izcaf/rdjukA
d yk vkSj lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds fy, Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
 fo'ks"k :i ls jk"Vªh;vkSjvarjkZ"Vªh;
Lrj ij iqjkys[k
laLFkkuksa
vkSjiqjkys[kikyksa
ds chp csgrj laca/ksa dks c<+kok U;kl (INTACH)
nsdj Hkkjr ds le`¼ izys[ku bfrgkl ls lacaf/r
vfHkys[kksa
]  INTACH ,d xSj&ykHkdkjh
/ekZFkZ
vfHkHkkodksa
vkSjvfHkys[kksa
ds miHkksDrkvksa ds chp oSKkfud
laxButks lu~ 1860ds dkuwu
n`f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok nsukA iathÑr gSA
 Hk  INTACH dh LFkkiuk
kjrh; jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj Hkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld fjdkWMZ o"kZ 1984
vk;ksx (IHRC) ds lfpoky; ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS esaubZ fnYyh esa gqbZA
(2011 esa Hkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld fjdkWMZ lfefr ds :i esa  o"kZ
fiQj1984 ls INTACH us Hkkjr
ls ukfer) vkSjvfHkys[kksa ds izca/u
] iz'kklu] laj{k.kvkSj dh izkÑfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
laj{k.kfd;k vkSj vkt bl laj{k.k
mi;ksxdk ekxZn'kZu djus ds fy, vfHkys[kkxkj dh jk"Vªh;
ds fy, ns'k dk lnL; laxBu gSA
INTACH
lfefr (NCA)A


18 izkphu dky ds fo'ofo|ky;

(University of Ancient Period)
ukaynk fo'ofo|ky;  pk.kD; ds izfl¼ xzaFk
vFkZ'kkL=k
dks r{kf'kyk esa fy[ks tkus ds
 ukyank 'kCn laLÑrds rhu 'kCnksa
uk$vkye$nkds laf/ lk{; feyrs gSaA
foPNsn }kjk cuk gSA ftldkKku
vFkZ
:ih migkj ij dksbZ laLÑr ds izfl¼ O;kdj.kfon~
ikf.kuhus Hkh r{kf'kyk esa i<+k;k
izfrca/ j[kukls gSA rFkk bUgksaus viuhÑfr&v"Vkè;k;h
izfl¼ fy[khA
 ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk xqIr dky ds nkSjku 5oha thod%jktx`g ds njckjh fpfdRld vkSjcq¼ds futh fpfdRld Fks
lnh esadqekjxqIr}kjk dh x;hA
pjd% Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ds tud] bUgksaus r{kf'kyk esa i<+k;k
 bfrgkldkjksa ds erkuqlkj 1193 dqrqcqíhu
bZ- esa ,scd ds vH;kl fd;kA
lsukifr cf[r;kj f[kyth us ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dks
vksnariqjh fo'ofo|ky;
uLrs&ukcwr dj fn;kA
 ;g fo'ofo|ky; fcgkj esa fLFkr gSA
 ukyank fo'ofo|ky; LFkkiR; dyk dk ,d vn~Hkqr uewuk gSA
 vksnariqjh fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk fcgkj vkSjcaxky{ks=kksa
 ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dks r{kf'kykds ckn nqfu;k dk nwljk esa iky oa'k ds laLFkkid xksiky}kjk8oha 'krkCnhesa dh
lcls izkphu fo'ofo|ky; ekuk tkrk gSA ogha] vkoklh; x;hA
ifjlj ds rkSj ij ;g igyk fo'ofo|ky; gS] tks 800 lkyksa
 vksnariqjh iwohZ Hkkjr esa iSQys ik¡p egkfogkjksa
rd vfLrRo esa jgkA
Fkk&ukyank
] foØef'kyk] lkseiqjkvkSjtxnyk vkfn FksA
 ukyank esa fliZQ Hkkjr gh ugha] dksfj;k
cfYd
] tkiku] phu]
 eqgEen fcu cf[r;kj f[kyth uked ,d rqdZ&eqfLye us
frCcr] baMksusf'k;k
rFkkeaxksfy;kvkfn nwljs ns'kksa ds Nk=k
12oha 'krkCnhesa fcgkj rFkk mldh iM+kslh Hkwfe ij ckj&c
vè;;u xzg.k djus vk;s FksA
vkØe.k fd;k] ftl dkj.k fogkju"V gks x;kA
bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj ukyank
/eZ xw¡t
esauked ,d ykbcszsjh
 frCcrh ckS¼ vksnariqjh dks vkn'kZ
,d vkSjizsj.kk lzksr ds
FkhA ykbczsjh ds 9 eaftyksa esa jRujatd]
rhu Hkkx
jRuksnf/rFkk
:i esa ekurs FksA
jRuklkxjFksA
foØef'kyk
 bl fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dk izeq[k mís'; è;ku vkSj
 orZeku esa fcgkj;g ds Hkkxyiqj ftys esa fLFkr gSA
vkè;kRe ds fy, ,d&LFkku cukus ls FkkA ,slk Hkh dgk tkrk
gS fdxkSre cq¼us dbZ ckj ;gk¡ dh ;k=kk dh vkSj ;gk¡  ijfoØef'kykdh LFkkiuk ikyoa'k ds 'kkld/eZikyus dhA
#d dj è;ku yxk;kA  eqgEen fcu cf[r;kj f[kythdh lsuk }kjk bl fo'ofo|ky;
r{kf'kyk dks uLrs&ukcwr dj fn;k x;kA
 r{kf'kyk,d izkphu fo'ofo|ky;] tksr{kf'kyk(vk/qfud  foØef'kyk dks T;knkrj frCcrh lzksrksa ls tkuk tkrk gS] fo
:i lsij rkjkukFk
ikfdLrku) uked 'kgj esa iatkc esa fla/q unh ds iwohZ rV dh jpuk,¡ gS] tks
16oha&17oha 'krkCnh
ds
fLFkr FkkA frCcrh fHk{kqbfrgkldkj gSA
 vius izkjafHkd le; esa r{kf'kykckS¼ FkkA ;g otz;ku ckS¼ /eZ dk dsanz Fkk vkSj bl fo'ofo|ky; esa
,d vè;;u dsanz
rkaf=kd
,sfrgkfld lk{;ksa ds vk/kj ij bldh LFkkiuk 5oha 'krkCnh bZ- mins'kd
dk;Zjr FksA
iw- esa ekuk tkrk gSA oYyHkh
 ckS¼ dhtkrd dFkkvksals r{kf'kyk fo'ofo|ky; dk  iYyoksa ds v/hu] dkaphiqje
fgUnw
] ckS¼vkSjtSuf'k{kk ds
mYys[k 5oha 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esa feyrk gSA dsanz ds :i eas fodflr gqvkA
t xn~ny ukxktqZud
ksaMk fo|kihB
 tx n~ny ,d otz;ku ckS¼ dsanz Fkk] caxky
tksesa fLFkr gSA
 ukxktqZudksaMk nks 'kCnksa ukxktqZu
ls cuk
,d izfl¼
gSA ckS¼
 bldh LFkkiuk
iky oa'k ds 'kkld jktkjkeiky }kjk djok;h fHk{kq
vkSj dksaMk ftldk dUuM+
vFkZesaigkfM+;ksals gSaA
x;hA  ;g fo|kihB lcls le`¼ ckS¼ vè;;u dsaæksa
ds :i esa tkuk
txn~ny dks1999esa ,d vLFkk;h LFky ds :i;wusLdks
esa dh tkrk gS] ftlesa
ckS¼ uDdk'khiznf'kZr dbZ xqiQk,¡ gSA
fo'o fojklr lwph esa 'kkfey djus dk izLrko fn;k x;k FkkA
 orZeku esa ;gvejkorh (vka/z izns'k) esa fLFkr gSA
 frCcr ds dqN fo[;kr ckS¼ fo}ku tSls& foHkwfr ]paæ  ;g nf{k.k Hkkjr dk rhljk lcls egRoiw.kZ lkaLÑfrd dsan
nkuf'kyk] eks{kdkj xqIr
vkSj'kqHkdj xqIrbl eB ds FksA
ukxktqZu lkxj >hy ls f?kjk gqvk gSA
ekU;[ksr
 izeq[k ckS¼ dsanzksa esa ,d gS rFkkJhyadk
;gk¡
] phu
ij bR;kfn
 ekU;[ksr dks ge orZeku ey[ksM+
esa ds uke ls tkurs gSA
ns'kksa ls f'k{kk xzg.k djus vkrs FksA
 ekU;[ksr 814 ls 968 bZ- rd izeq[krk ls mHkjk]veks?ko"kZ
tc
 blesa Lrwiksa
] fogkjksa
] pSR;ksa
vkSjeaMiksa
dk fuekZ.k Hkh djok;k
ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku jk"VªdwVksa dhchgj jkt/kuh
ftys dks
x;k FkkA
ds e;wj[kaMh
ls ekU;[ksr esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;kA
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 ;gk¡ij tSu]ckS¼ rFkkfganqvksas
}kjk f'k{kk xzg.k dh tkrh FkhA
• oS fnd iz.kkyh esa f'k{kk dh rhu i¼fr;k¡ % Jo.k] euu
'kkjnk ihB
vkSj fufnè;kluA
 orZe ku esa
ihvksdsesa fLFkr gSA
• miu;u laLdkj % xq# }kjk f'k"; dks Lohdkj djukA
 laLÑr'kkjnk ihB] r{kf'kykvkSjukyank fo'ofo|ky; ls
Hkh igys]273 bZlk iwoZ
esauhye ?kkVh esa LFkkfir f'k{kk •dkiCct k lekjksg % ckS¼ eBkssa esa Nk=kksa ds izos'k ds
,d izkphu dsanz ekuk tkrk gSA ifjokj ls lEcU/ rksM+uk iM+rk gSA
• milaink %ckS¼ /eZ esa uonhf{kr fHk{kq Nk=kA
 bldk uke Kku dh nsoh ljLorhij j[kk x;k gSA
• fuR; lqexyh % nsooklh efgyk
 bldh LFkkiuk273 bZlk iwoZ
esav'kksdds 'kkludky esa gqbZA
 laLÑri<+us okyksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ LFkku rFkk• ;gk¡ vxzgj] ?kfVdk] czãiqjh % nf{k.k Hkkjr esa lkaLÑfrd ,oa
ls dbZ
lkjh jpuk,¡ fy[kh xbZA 'kSf{kd dsUæA


19 ckSèn vkSj tSu

(Buddhism and Jainism)
 6oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZBC)
(600-300  chekj] e`r] o`¼,o laU;klhdks ns[kdj cq¼ dk eu
esa egktuin dky esa
yksgs ds vkfFkZd fopfyr gks x;k ,oa mUgkasus
Kku izkfIr
ds fy, jktoa'k o
{ks=kesa mi;ksx gksus dsdbZ lkFk ifjokj dk iw.kZ :i ls R;kx dj fn;k FkkA
ØkfUrdkjh fopkjdkas dkgqvkA
tUe
egkfHkfu"Øe.kx`gR;kx dh voLFkkA
 yksgs
ds mi;ksx ls ouksa dks dkVdj
Ñf"k {ks=k dk O;kid foLrkj
gqvk] fuokZ.k Kku izkfIr djus dh fLFkfr vFkok r`".kk dks
,oa Hkwfe tqrkbZ
dh xgjkbZ rd tyk nsuk (bPNkvksa dk vUr dj nsuk)A
lEHkogks x;h] ftllsHkwfe moZjrk /eZpØ izorZu izFke mins'k dks dgk x;k (lkjukFk)A
c<+ho Ñf"k vf/'ks"kesao`f¼gqbZA egkifjfuokZ.k e`R;q dh voLFkk (dq'khuxj)A
 yksxksa/kudksjksikbZ
i¼fr ds ckjs esa Kku gksus
pkoylsdk
mRiknu c<+k vFkkZr~
ekr`Ro xzg.k djus dh {kerk esa o`f¼ cq¼ dh f'k{kk,¡
gqbZ
] ftlls tula[;k o`f¼ gqbZJe o cy dh vf/drk gqbZA cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa
X;kjg
dksHkkxksa
esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&
 Je dh vf/drk o Ñf"k vf/'ks"k gksus xSjlsÑf"k deZ dks
ckS¼ /eZ ds f=kjRu
c<+kokfeyk] ftlls u;s m|ksx o f'kYifuekZ.kesafofo/rk
• cq¼
& izcq¼ • /Ee& cq¼ dh f'k{kk,¡
• la?k& lewg
o fo'ks"krk
c<+hA
 ftlls f'kYih Jsf.k;ksa
dk mn; gksus yxkO;kikj
o o`f¼gqbZ] pkj vk;Z lR;
iQyr%]eqæk vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl gksus yxk ,oa dj dks1- nq%[k gSA2- nq%[k dk dkj.k (bPNk,¡% tks vKku ls iSnk
Hkw&jktLoo vU; ekè;e ls izkIr fd;k tkus yxkA gksrh gS vFkkZr~ Kku ij cy nsuk)
 bu lcds ifj.kkeLo:i jktdks"k le`¼ gqvk ,oa jktk ,d 3- nq%[k fujks/ 4- nq%[k fujks/xkfeuh izfrink (nq%[k nwj dju
cM+h o LFkk;h lsuk j[kus yxkA
ds mik; Hkh gS vFkkZr~ v"Vkafxd ekxZ d
 vr% blls {kf=k; dh 'kfDr o jktk dk lEeku c<+k o oS'oksa
ckr dghA)
dh vkfFkZd n'kk lEiUu gks x;hA ftlls buesa rRdkyhu
o.kZ&O;oLFkk ds izfr vlarqf"V dh fLFkfr iSnk
gks x;h vkSj v"Vkafxd ekxZ
ifj.kker%uohu /eks± ds mn; dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvk] bUgha (The Noble Eightfold Path)
uohu /eh± esa ckS¼ o /eZ tSu izeq[k gSA 2-lE;d~ ladYi
egkRek cq¼ 1-lE;d~ n`f"V 3-lE;d~ okd~
cpiu dk uke fl¼kFkZ
8-lE;d~ lekf/ 4-lE;d~ dekd
tUe LFkku 563 bZlk iwoZ(yqfEcuh)usiky
ekrk egkek;k nsoh 7-lE;d~ O;k;ke 5- lE;d~ vkf.ko
firk 'kq¼ks/u ('kkD;oa'k) 6-lE;d~ Le`fr
iRuh ;'kks/jk 1] 2 iwtk ,oa 3] 4] 5 'khy ,oa 6] 7] 8 lekf/ ,oa
iq=k jkgqy Kku ds }kjk nq%[k
vkpj.k ds }kjk nq%[k ,dkxzrk ds }kjk
nwj djus ds mik;nwj djus ds mik;nq%[k nwj djus ds mik;
ekSlh iztkifr xkSreh
• i zrhR;leqRikn
;g dkj.k dk;Z lEcU/ksa dks crykrk gSA
 ufUr%] izLrko
dks dgk tkrk FkkA
• iz;kstuoknh iz;kstuoknh
dk vFkZ]
ySfdd thou ij  vu qlkou@dEeokpk%
izLrko izLrqr djus okys O;fDrA
cy nsus lsgSA  ' ykdk (eri=k)%okn&fookn dks izLrqr djus ds i{k esa
• vu h'ojoknh vuh'ojoknhdk vFkZ]
bZ'oj ugha
gSA fy;k tkus okyk erA
• l`f"V l`f"V
ls eryc gS]l`f"V u'oj ;k {k.kHkaxqj dksje%la?k dhlHkkdh dk;Zokgh djus okys
30 lnL;ksa
dh
gSA mifLFkfr (bldh vuqifLFkfr esa lHkk dh dk;Zokgh voS/ ek
• vu kReokn vukReokn@uSjkReokn
dk vFkZ gS] vkRek tkrh FkhA bl izdkj ;g la?k
x.kra=kkRed i¼fr
ls dk;Z djrk
ughagSA FkkA)
• iqutZUe ckS¼/eZ dk iqutZUe esagSAfo'okl  ikfreks[k%
vFkkZr~ izR;sd15osa fnu iwf.kZek@vekoLFkkmikslFk
dks lk;a
q.k dk iqutZUe gksrk gSA
psruk@x uked ,d lHkk gksrh Fkh] ftleas ikfreks[k dk ikB fd;k tkrk
• eè;e ekxhZ eè;e ekxZ ij cyA Fkk tks
fou;fiVd dh ,d la?k laca/h lwph gSA ftlesa
226
izdkj ds ikideZ ,oa mudsizk;f'pr djus ds rjhdksa dk
• osn osnksa
dh izekf.kdrk ovkRekds vfLrRo
o.kZu gSA
dks vLohdkjrk gSA
 okl&oLl%fHkq{kvksa o"kkZ
dksÍrq
dh 4 eghusdh vof/ rd
la?kdh dk;Ziz.kkyh ,d gh LFkku esa #dus dh voLFkk dks dgrs gSaA
 gks x;h  i okjuk% o"kkZds½rq
cq¼ ds izFke /eksZins'k ds le; gh la?k dh LFkkiuk i'pkr~ fHk{kqvksa dh gksus okyh lHkk g
Fkh] cq¼ us viusf'k"; vkuUnds vuqjks/ ijoS'kkyhesa gSA
fL=k;ksa
dks la?k esa izos'k djus dh vuqefr nhA ;|fi vkjEHk esaÍ.kh O;fDr] cPps] pksjo nklksa
 la?kesa dk izos'k oftZr Fkk]
blds i{k esa
cq¼ugha Fks]fL=k;ksa
dk la?kiq#"k la?k ls vyx la?k esa izos'k dsfirk
fy, dh vkKk] muds u gksusekrk
ij
gksrk FkkA
dh vkKk vfuok;Z Fkh ,oa iq=kh fookfgrifrgS dhrks
 ckS¼la?k dk Lo:i%x.krU=kkRed vuqefrvkSj vxj vfookfgr gS rks firkvkKk
dh ikdj la?k
 vklu izTtkid%la?k dh lHkk esa lnL;ksa dh cSBd dh esa izos'k dj ldrh FkhA
O;oLFkk djus okys O;fDr dks dgk tkrk FkkA
oS'kk[k iwf.kZek
(cq¼ iwf.kZek) ds fnu cq¼ dk tUe] Kku dh
 KkfIr%la?k dh cSBd izLrko
esa j[kus okys O;fDr dks igys
izkfIr ,oa egkifjfuokZ.k (e`R;q) gqvk FkkA
ls nh tkuh okyh lwpukA
ckS¼laxhfr;k@cSBd
Øe LFkku 'kkld vè;{k dk;Z
izFke jktx`g vtkr'k=kq egkd';i lqÙkifVd dk ladyu vkuan}kjk fd;k x;k ,oa
fou;fiVd dk ladyu mikfy }kjk fd;k x;kA
f}rh; oS'kkyh dkyk'kksd lkcdehj LFkkfoj;'k ckS¼
nks Hkkxksa
leqnk;
esa c¡V x;kA
izFke&LFkk;h]
nwljk&?kwe&?kwedj izpkj djus okyk
r`rh; ikVfyiq=k v'kksd eksXxfyiqÙkfrLl vfHk/Ee~fiVd (rhljk fiVd) dh jpuk ,oa ble
s okyksa ds fo#¼ dk;Zokgh dh x;hA
Mkyu
prqFkZ d'ehj (dq.Myou) dfu"d olqfe=k mikè;{k v'ofe=k blesa ckS¼
nkslEink;
Hkkxksa
esa foHkDr gks x;kA
• ghu;ku • egk;ku
prqFkZ laxhfr  ghu;ku %ghu;kuesa cq¼ dks ,d egkiq#"k ekuk x;k ,oa
mudks izrhdksa ds ekè;e ls n'kkZ;kghu;ku
x;k rFkk
esa Lo;a
ghu;ku egk;ku ds iz;Ruksa ij cy nsus dh ckr ij cy fn;k x;k gSA
 (tulk/kj.k dh Hkk"kk)]v'kksd fou;ifVd

t ulaokn% ikfy Hkk"kk }kjk
laj{k.k fn;k x;kA  ckS¼ /eZ@la?kfu;e
ds gSA
 egk;ku % milEiznk; (ekè;fed@'kwU;okn] foKkuokn ladyu& mikfy }kjk fd;k x;kA
 ;ksxkpkj)
egk;ku esa cq¼ nsork

dks ekudj mudh ewfrZiwtkij cy v fHk/EefiVd
fn;k x;k] lkFk gh
xq.kksa ds LFkkukUrj.k
ds lkFkcksf/lRo  ckS¼ /eZ dk nk'kZfud i{kgSA
dh vo/kj.kk lkeus vk;h] ftlesa
cq¼ ds vorkj dh ppkZ ckS¼/eZ dh yksdfiz;rk ds dkj.k
gS] tks bl izdkj gSa& • t fVy nk'kZfud
okn&fookn dk u gksukA
• voyksfdrs'oj% bls in~eikf.kHkh dgk x;k gSA bldk
• ikfyHkk"kk esa cq¼ }kjk mins'k nsuk tks tulk/kj.k dks vkdf"
fo'ks"k xq.k
n;k gSA ;g mu 'kSrkuh {ks=kksa esa tk ldrkdjrk
gS tgk¡
FkkA
nsork ugha tk ldrs gSA • eè;e ekxZdk izfriknuA
bldk eq[; dk;Zcqf¼dks iz[kj djuk gS] buds• t kfrHksn&Hkko
• eatwJh% ls Åij lcdks leku :i ls fuokZ.k dk
,d gkFk esaryokj tcfd nwljs gkFk
esaiqLrd (bl vf/dkjh ekukA
cksf/lRo ds lkFk y{eh dk uke tqM+ x;k)A • ckS¼/eZjktdh; laj{k.k ls ;qDr FkkA
;% vkus okyk cq¼A
• otzif.k%f{kfrxHkZ]
eS=ks • x.krU=kkRed iz.kkyh
}kjk la?k lapkyuA
 ot z;ku%7oha lnh esa otz;ku lEiznk; dk fodklA gqvk iru ds dkj.k
d'ehj ds loZtfeÙk}kjk bldk izfriknu fd;k x;kA blesa
 czkã .k /eZ ds fØ;k&dykiksackS¼
dk /eZesa izos'k gksukA
rU=k&ea=k ij cy fn;k x;k vkSj nsfo;k¡
dbZHkh ckS¼ /eZ esa
tqM+ xbZ gSaA rkjk,oa tEHky uked nsorkdh  la?k ,oaeBksa
nsohtSls esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru gksukA
ifjdYiuk tksdqcsj ds lekugSA  ' kSo /eZ ls ckS¼ksa dh VdjkgV gqbZ caxky
iQyr%
ds 'kkld
 lgt ;ku lEiznk;%caxky esa izpfyrA 'ka'kkd}kjk blh Øe esacksf/o`{k dks dVok Mkyk x;kA
Hkkjr ljdkj dslaLÑfr ea=kky; }kjkLons'k n'kZu ;kstukds
ckS¼lkfgR; rgr~ckS¼ lfdZV dks fodflr fd;k x;k tks fd ckS¼ ds thou
 H ikfy& f=kfiVd (lkfgR; ds lfEefyr :i dks)A ds fofHkUu igyw vFkok voLFkkvksa ds n'kZu ls lEcaf/r
kk"kk%
ftldk mís'; lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa ds }kjk nwljs ns'kksa ls vius
f=kfiVd lEcU/ksa dks izok.k djus
i;ZVu,oads ekè;e ls mPp fons'kh eqnzk
dk lap;u djuk gSA
lqÙkfiVd fou;fiVd vfHk/EefiVd
l ÙkqfiVd
tSu/eZ
 ckS¼ds fl¼kar vFkok mins'k ladyu%  tSu 'kCn dk vFkZfotsrk
izFke laxhfr esa gS ftldh mRifÙk ftu ls gqbZ gSA tSu
vkaun }kjk fd;k x;kA /eZ esa
24 rhFk±dj
gq, gS] ftUgksasus tSu /eZ dh LFkkiuk esa
 nh?k Zfudk;% lqÙkfiVd ls lEcfU/r] ftlesa ckS¼ /eZds fopkjksa dks izLrqr fd;kA egkohj Lokeh 24osa
tSu /eZ
o ds
iqutZUeds fl¼kar dh ppkZ feyrh gSA vfUre egRoiw.kZ rhFk±djtSu gq;s/eZ
gSA
ds ewy n'kZu esa
vkRekgS vFkkZr~ ;g vkRek ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj djrk g
 lqÙkfiVd ls tqM+k xzaFk
egkifjfuokZ.k lw=k
gS] ftlesa cq¼ dh
egkohj Lokeh
e`R;q dk mYys[k gSA
• cpiu dk uke o/Zeku
 [ kqnnd fudk;% lqÙkfiVd ls lEcfU/r] ftlesa
fHk{kq@fHk{kqf.k;ksa
• firk fl¼kFkZ
}kjkjfpr dfork,¡ gS] ftlsFksjxkFk@FksjhxkFkk
dgrs gSaA
• ekrk f=k'kyk
• oSiqY;lq=k% egk;ku ls lEcfU/r lkfgR; ftlesa yfyr • iRuh ;'kksnk
foLrkj uked xzUFk izeq[k gS] ftlesa dqN thouh dk foLrkj
• iq=khgSA vxksTtk@fiz; n'kZuk
• fefyUniUgks%egk;ku ls tqM+k lkfgR;
ikfyHkk"kk
tks esa fy[kk gSA• nkekn tekfy
tSu/eZ ds eq[; rhFk±dj tSu/eZ ds f=kjRu

• izFke rhFk±dj Í"kHknso@vkfnukFk
(budk o.kZu
ÍXosnesa gSA (i) lE;d n'kZu
FksA)lE;d vkpj.k
(bUgsa 'osrkEcj vuq;k;h L=kh ekurs(ii)
• 19osa rhFk±dj efYyukFk
(budk mYys[k ÍXosn esa feyrk gS)(iii) lE;d Kku (Kku ds 5 izdkj)
• 22osa rhFk±dj vfj"Vusfe
• efr • J qfr • v of/ • eu%i;kZ;• d SoY;
• 23osa rhFk±dj ik'oZukFk
(budk izrhd liZ@lk¡i gS)
(tSu /eZ ds okLrfod laLFkkid)tSu la?k
• 24osa rhFk±dj egkohj Lokeh
 egkohjls igys la?k dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk FkkA
 23osa rhFk±dj ik'oZukFk dh f'k{kk,¡%
;s osnksa dks izekf.kd
 ik'oZukFk ds le;la?k dh vè;{krk ,d L=kh iq"idyk
us
ugha ekurs ,oa
Fks;K] fgalk] o.kZ O;oLFkk
ds fojks/h FksA
dh FkhA
ik'oZukFk }kjk nh x;h f'k{kk,¡
 clfn% tSu la?k dks dgk tkrk gSA
• l R; • v fgalk • vLrs; • v ifjxzg
 vkpjkaxlw=k% egkohj Lokeh ds dBksj ri dk o.kZu gSA
24osa rhFk±dj egkohj Lokeh
tSu/eZ esa foHkktu
 v ius cM+s HkkbZ ls vuqefr ysdj x`gR;kx fd;kA
'o srkEcj
 t fEHkdk xzke
ds lehi Ítqikfydk unh ds rV ij 42 o"kZ
esa mUgsa vkSj dgyk,¡A  tSu vkpk;ZLFkwyHkæ
dSoY;(Kku) dh izkfIr gqbZdSofyu ds usr`Ro ex/
esa esa jgsA
 ' osr (lisQn) oL=kksa
dks /kj.k djrs FksA
 riL;k esa lkgl fn[kkus ds dkj.k
egkohjdgyk,A
 lkalkf
jd cU/uksa ls eqDr gksus dsfuxzZUFk
dkj.kdgyk,A fnxEcj
 tSu vkpk;Z
Hkæckgq
ds lkFk dqN fHk{kq
nf{k.k Hkkjr esa pys
 ckS¼xzUFkksa
esa bUgsa
fux.MukFkiq=k
dgk x;kA
x;sA
egkohj dh f'k{kk,¡ ,oa tSu n'kZu
 fnxEcjoL=kksa dks /kj.kdjrs
ughagSaA
 egkohj }kjkik¡p ozrftlesa lR;@vfgalk@vLrs;@vifjxzg
dk fl¼karik'oZukFk
}kjk] tcfdczãp;Z dh f'k{kk egkohj tSu lHkk,¡
esa feydjlHkk Fkku
}kjk nh x;hA bu lHkh f'k{kkvksa dks vkilik¡pozr L vè;{k dk;Z
dh ifjdYiuk egkohj }kjk izLrqr dh x;hA i zFkeikVfyiq=k LFkwyHknz tSu xzUFkksa ds 12 vaxk
 lalkj%LFkk;h gS ftldk fuekZ.k 6 nzO;ksa ls gksrk f}rh;gS& oYyfHk nsokf/{kekJo.k
(i) t ho (igyk nzO;) tSu lkfgR;
(ii) vt ho (5 nzO;) /eZ] v/eZ] vkdk'k] dky vkSj deZ
 tSu lkfgR; dks vxe lkfgR; dgk tkrk gSA
 iw
vu h'ojokn%l`f"V ds fuekZ.k ds fy, bZ'oj mÙkjnk;hughaoZ% tSu /eZ ds izkphure lkfgR; ftudh la[;k
gSA 14 gSA
 vu sdkReoknh% vkRek dh LohÑfr gSA  vpkjkaxl w=k%
fHk{kqvksa }kjk ikyu fd;s dBksj
tkus okys
fu;eksa
 iqutZUe dh ekU;rkgSA dk o.kZu fd;k x;kA
 H kxorhlw=k% egkohj Lokeh dh thouh dk o.kZu gSA
 lIrHkaxhuk;@vusdkarokn@L;knokn Kku ds% lkis{krk ds
fl¼kar dks n'kkZ;k gSA  fu;qfDr% tSu xzUFkksa esa fy[kh x;h Vhdkvksa dks of.kZr fd;k
• 'kk;n gSA  gsepanz %tSu ys[kd tks pkyqD; 'kkld ds njckj esa jgrk Fkk
• 'kk;n ugha gSA blus ifjf'k"V ioZ,oa f=k"k"Vh'kykdkpfjr
dh jpuk dhA
 pkeq.M jk;%xaxoa'k ds ea=khJo.kcsyxksyk
}kjk esa tSu eqfu
• 'kk;n gS] ugha gSA
xksers'ojdh izfrek cuk;h x;hA
• 'kk;n gS] dgk ugha tk ldrkA
• 'kk;n ugha gS] dgk ugha tk ldrkA • mM+hlk
ds mnjfxjh
] [k.MfxjhigkM+htSu
esaxqiQk,¡
feyrh gSA
• 'kk;n gS] ugha gS] dgk ugha tk ldrkA • fnyokM+k
ds tSu efUnj izfl¼ gSaA
n'kZu'kkL= ds fo|ky;
20 (School and Philosophy)
 lHkhnk'kZfud fo|ky;ksa
ds }kjkekuo vius pkj y{;ksadh izkfIr ds fy, iz;kl djrk gSA
thou ds y{; vFkZ fu/kZfjr y{;
• vFkZ /u vFkZ'kkL=k
ls lEcaf/r ekey.s dh O;k[;k vFkZO;oLFkk esa dh xbZ gSA
• /eZ lkekftd O;oLFkk dks fu;af=kr /eZ'kkL=k
djukA ls lEcaf/r ekeyksa dh O;k[;k jkT; djsxkA
• dke dkeokluk ,d mikluk gSA dkeoklukls lEcaf/r lHkh fØ;kvksa dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
• eks{k eqfDr lalkj ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, dbZ izdkj ds n'kZuksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k g
 bl izdkj ds LowQyosnksa dks loksZPp
] bZ'oj esa vkLFkk
rFkk  izÑfr ,d vuqHkotU; ] vHkwriw.kZ
okLrfodrk gS] ftlesa
inkFkZ
iqutZUe
essa fo'okl j[krs gSA eq[;r%
vkfLrd
;g LowQy gksrs gSaA vkSjefLr"d] laosnh vax
vkSjigpku dh Hkkouk Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
 :f<+oknh LowQy eq[;r%
6 izdkj ds gksrs gSaA eks{k izkIr djus ds izeq[k pj.k
• ;e Lo;a dks fu;af=kr djuk
:f<+oknh fo|ky; • fu;e thou ds fu;e
• izR;kgkj inkFkZ pquuk
lka[; ;ksx U;k; oS'ksf"kd ehekalk osnkar
• /juk eu dh ,dkxzrk
n'kZu n'kZu n'kZu n'kZu n'kZu n'kZu
• è;ku inkFkZ ij eu dh ,dkxzrk
lka[; n'kZu lekf/
• eks{k
 lka[; n'kZuHkkjr dk vR;ar izkphu n'kZu gSA U;k; n'kZu
 lka[; n'kZu ds iz.ksrk
egf"kZ dfiygSaA  oseks{k izkIr djus ds fy,rkfdZd rdZdh izfØ;k esa fo'okl
 lka[; n'kZu ds Kku dk izkekf.kd lzksr
egf"kZ dfiy]fufeZr djrs gSa] tSlk fd Ldwy ds uke ls gh Li"V gSA
lka[; lw=kvkSjbZ'ojÑ".k}kjk jfprlka[; dkfjdk gSA  xkSredksU;k; lw=k ds ys[kd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
 lka[; 'kCndk vFkZ lE;d~ KkurFkkla[;k crk;k x;k gS  U;k; lw=k ds vuqlkj] oS/ Kku izkIr djuspkjdsrjhds gSa&
rFkk ;gvkfLrd n'kZuij vk/kfjr gSA /kj.kk] vuqeku] rqyukvkSjekSf[kd xokgh A
 lka[; n'kZu ,d}Sroknh n'kZu  ekuo rkfdZd rduhdksavuqeku
gSA ;gizÑfr vkSjiq#"knksuksa tSls ] lquukvkSjlkn`'; dk
dh lÙkk Lohdkj djrk gSA mi;ksx djds fdlhizLrko;k dFku dh oS/rk dh tk¡p dj
ldrk gSA
lka[; n'kZu
fodklokn dk leFkZd gSAiq#"k ;g vkSjizÑfr ds
 bZ'oj }kjk l`f"V jpukds lkFk gh mudk ikyu&iks"k.k
rFkk
lg;ksx ls fo'o dks mRiUu crkrk gSA
fouk'kHkh fd;k x;k gS rFkkU;k; ;g n'kZu ges'kk
O;ofLFkr
;ksx n'kZu rdZ vkSjlksp ij vk/kfjr FkkA
 iartfy dk ;ksx lw=k
fganw /eZ
ds ;ksx fo|ky; dk izeq[k xzaFkoS'ksf"kd
gSA n'kZu
 ;ksxrFkklka[; fo|ky; nksuksa esa] ewyHkwr vo/kj.kkvksa esa nks
 oS'ksf"kd Ldwy;FkkFkZoknh
,d vkSjoLrqfu"B n'kZugS] tks
okLrfodrk,¡ 'kkfey gSa&
iq#"kvkSjizÑfrA czãk.Mij 'kklu djrk gS rFkk bl Ldwy ds laLFkkid
d.kkn FksA
 iq#"k dks ml okLrfodrk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tks ds vuqlkjvfXu] ok;q
d.kkn ] ty ] i`FohvkSjvkdk'k ds
'kq¼psruk rFkk fopkjksa
ls jfgr gSA ik¡p izkFkfed rRoksa }kjk czãk.M dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA
kd n'kZu esa nkok fd;k tkrk gS fd okLrfodrk dks

oS'ksf" xkSre cq¼ }kjk izfrikfnr n'kZu ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr fl¼k
 dbZ
Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS]fØ;k] tSls fd

fo'ks"krk
] dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
thul ] oa'kkuqØe] inkFkZrFkkfof'k"V pfj=k A  xkS re cq¼ us oSfnd deZdk.M,oa mldh izekf.kdrk dk
 Hkxoku
[k.Mu fd;k gS RkFkkdeZokn n'kZudk i{k/j FkkA
gekjs vkpj.k ds xq.kvkSjnks"kksa
dks fu/kZfjr djrs gS
vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i ekuo dks LoxZ ;k ujd esa Hkst cq¼ }kjkvkRek laca/h fo"k;eè;e
 fn;k ij ekxZdks viuk;kA
tkrk gSA  cq ¼ us tgk¡ ,d vksj vkRek dh vfLrRo ij ekSu /kj.k dj
 os;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd deZ ds fl¼kar czãk.M
bl dks fy;k gS] ogha mUgksaus
iqutZUe
dh ckr dks LohÑfr iznku dh gSA
fu;af=krdjrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS fd lc dqN ds deks± l alkj dh n`f"VfuokZ.k
euq";ksa ls dk vFkZ cq>tkuk vFkok lekIr gks tkukA
ls fu/kZfjrgksrk gSA  izrhR;leqRikn ckS¼ n'kZu dsUæ
dk fl¼kar gS] tksdk;Z
'kadjkpk;Z dk n`f"Vdks.k jkekuqte dk n`f"Vdks.klaca/hmuds er dks O;Dr djrk gSA
• czã lHkh xq.kksa ls jfgr• gSA czã esa dqN xq.k gSA  cq¼ }kjkvkReoyacudks vf/d egRo fn;k x;k rFkk cq¼
lalkj dh izR;sdoLrqvkSj?kVuk ds ihNs fdlh u fdlh
• Kku }kjk gh eks{k izkIr •Hdjus
kfDr rFkk /eZ esa vkLFkk j[kus ls
dkj.k dk gksuk Lohdkj djrs gSA
dk lcls mfpr lk/u gSA eks{k dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA
tSu n'kZu
ehekalk n'kZu
 tSu /eZ i`Foh ds fouk'k esa fo'okl ugha djrkA
 ehekalk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZrRo fdlhdk fopkj] fu.kZ; ;k
 bZ 'oj ds vfLrRodks udkjk ugha x;k vkSj ysfdu bZ'oj dks
foospu gSA ehekalk dk izeq[k tSfeuh
xzaFk
lw=k
gSA
ftu ds uhps j[kk x;kA muds fopkj esa l`f"V
bZ'oj
ds fuekZ.k
]
 nkseq[; leFkZd% 'kcj Lokeh rFkk dqekfjy HkV~V FksA
mldh j{kkvkSjfoèoal ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA
 ;g fo|ky; lafgrk vkSjczkã.k tSls oSfnd ys[kudh
 v r% l`f"V dqN 'kk'or dkuwuksa
ds }kjk ifjpkfyr gksrh gSA bl
O;k[;k ij dsafnzr gSA
'kk'or fo'o esa vusdpØ gksrs gSaA mRFkku dky dks
 bl Ldwy dh ekU;rk gS fd vuq"Bku djus ls eks{k dh izkfIr mRlfiZ.kh vkSj iru ds dky dksvolfiZ.khdgrs gSaA
gks ldrh gS ysfdu oSfnd laLdkjksa dsO;k[;k ihNs vkSj
dh mRlfiZ.khds pØ esa63 'kykdk iq#"k gksrs gSa]24 buesa
rhFk±dj
rdZ dks le>uk Hkh vko';d gSA rFkk12 pØorhZ 'kkld'kkfey gksrs gSaA
osnkar n'kZu  ckS¼ ksa dh rqyuk esa ;gvkfLrd
/eZ gS] oSls ukfLrdgSA ;g
 os nkar 'kCn
osnvkSjvar bu nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gqvk gS] /eZ lka[; n'kZuds lcls djhc iM+rk gSA
vr% bldk okD;kFkZ osn vFkokosnksa dk vafre Hkkx gSA de Z ds dkj.k gh iqutZUedh izfØ;k pyrh jgrh gS tc
 os nkar fo|ky; dk izkphu xzaFk
czãlw=k (egf"kZ cknjk;.k) gS deZ&inkFkZ vkRek esa mrj tkrk gS rc deZ og dh vkB
rFkk ;g n'kZu czã ds gh vfLrRo lR; ij vk/kfjr gSA izÑfr;ksa esa :ikarfjr gks tkrk gSA
 vkRe k ;k vkRe&psruk czã ds leku gSA p kok±d Ldwy ;k yksdk;r n'kZu
 ;g rdZvkRek dh rqyuk czã ls djrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd pkok±d Ldwy ds laLFkkid c`gLifrFksA
;fn dksbZ O;fDrvkRe&Kku izkIr djrk gS rks og rqjar
czã dks
 n'kZu osnksa vkSjc`gnkj.;d mifu"kn~ls feyrk gSA
le> tk;sxk vkSj eks{kdh izkfIr dj ysxkA
 pkok±d fopkj/kjkeks{kds fy, HkkSfrdoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk
fo/ feZd n'kZu ,d izeq[k leFkZd FkkA
 ;g izR;{k /kj.kk dks fdlh Hkh pht dh lPpkbZ dks lkfcr
ckS¼ tSu dk;r
yks djus dh lcls fo'oluh; rduhd ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk
 fo/fe Zd n'kZu tks bZ'oj esa vkLFkk ugha j[krs ewfrZiwtk
gks] Fkk rFkk lq[kh thouthus ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA
ds fojks/h rFkkukfLrdijorhZ ds gksrs gSaA  mUg kasus rdZ fn;keks{k
fd vuko';dFkkA czãkvkSjHkxoku
ckS¼ n'kZu ds vfLrRo dks [kkfjt dj fn;kA
 ckS¼ n'kZuHkkjr dkvR;ar izkphu n'kZu gS] bldh fxurh  ;g ,slh fdlh Hkh oLrqesa fo'okl j[krs Fks] ekuoh;
ftls
Hkkjrh; n'kZuvoSfnd
ds ;k ukfLrd n'kZu esa gksrh gSA bafæ;ksa ls Nqvk vkSj eglwl fd;k tk ldsA
Hkkjrh; lkfgR;
21 (Indian Literature)
 lkfgR; ls vfHkzik;
ys[ku dk dksbZ Hkh ftlesa
:i dqN  Íf"k;ksa us ftu xzaFkksa nk'kZfud
esa osnksarRoksa
ds
dh foLrkj ls
lkfgfR;d ;ksX;rkgksA ,oa 'kadklek/kuiwoZd foospuk dh gS] mudk mikax uke ;k
 eq[;r% lkfgR; dk oxhZdj.k
nks Hkkxksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA n'kZu 'kkL=k
gSA ;s la[;k 6esa
gSa] tks bl izdkj ls gSa&
ehekalk]
osnkar
] U;k;] oS'ksf"kd
] lka[; rFkk;ksxA
lkfgR; dk oxhZdj.k
egRoiw.kZ rF;
dkYifud vkSj vdkYifud dfork vkSj x| • Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh vkjafHkd ekSf[kd
Ñfr;k¡ :i ls izlkfjr
dh xbZA
 fo'o ds iqLrdky;ksa esa lcls izkphu
osnxzaFk
gSA oSfnd iajijk
ds vuqlkj yxHkx2 vjc gtkj o"kZ iwoZ tc bl i`Foh ij• laLÑr lkfgR;dh 'kq:vkr ÍXosn dsekSf[kd lkfgR; ls
ekuo dh loZizFke mRifÙk gqbZ rc bZ'oj usvfXu] gksrh gS] 1500&1200
pkj Íf"k;ksa tks bZlk iwoZ
dh vof/ ds ifo=k
ok;q] vkfnR;vkSjvafxjk dks Øe'k% ÍXosn] ;tqosZn] Hktuksa dk laxzg gSA
lkeosn rFkkvFkoZosndk Kku iznku fd;kA • laLÑr egkdkO; jkek;.k vkSjegkHkkjr
igyh 'krkCnh bZlk
 bUgha Íf"k;ksa usekuoksa
vU;dksosnksa dk Kku fn;k vkSj rc iwoZ ds var esa fn[kkbZ fn;sA
eè;;qxhu dky esa
ls vkt rd xq: iajijk ls bu osnksa dk vknku&iznku• gksrk dUuM +vkSjrsyqxqesas lkfgR; Øe'k%
9oha
jgk gSA vkSj11oha 'krkCnh
esa lkeus vk;kA
 • 20oha 'krkCnh dh 'kq:vkr esa caxkyh
cgqr yEcs dky rd osn lqus tkrs jgs] bl dkj.k budk uke johUnzukFk
dfo VSxksj
Jqfr Hkh gS] ckn esa bUgsa iqLrd ds :i esa fy[kk x;kAHkkjr ds igys
ukscsy iqjLdkj
fotsrk cusA
 ÍXosn dk eq[; fo"k; gSA vFkkZr~ blesa eq[; :i• lsledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa nks izeq[k lkfgfR;d iqjLdkj gS
inkFkZKku
dk Lo:i crk;k x;k gSA ;tqosZn esalkfgR; vdkneh iSQyksf'ki
lalkj esafo|eku inkFkks± vkSjKkuihB iqjLdkjA
deks±ds vuq"Bku dks] lkeosn essa
bZ'oj dh HkfDr mikluk
oSfnd dky esa lkfgR;
ds Lo:i dks rFkk vFkoZosn esa fofHkUu foKku
izdkj
dksds
eq[; :i ls crk;k x;k gSA osn
 ÍXosn esaea=kksa dh la[;k 10552 ] ;tqosZndh 1975]  osnHkkjr dk izkphure lkfgR;] laLÑr
tks esa jpk x;kA ;s ,d
lkeosn dh 1875 rFkkvFkoZosn dh 5477 gS] pkjksa osnksaih<+h
esa ls nwljh ih<+h
ekSf[kd
dks :i esa lkisf{kr gksrs jgsA
dqy 20379 ea=k gSA  lalkj ds bfrgkl esa bl vueksy oSfnd laink dks laHkkyus dk
 Íf"k;ksa us osnksa
Hkk"; dkedhcstksM+ gS] tcfd fyfi dk rFkk ys[ku lkexzh dk i;kZIr
dsO;k[;k :i esa loZizFke ftu xzaFkksa
jpuk dh mu xzaFkksa czkã.k
dksxzaFk
dgrs gSaA tSls
ÍXosn dk vHkko FkkA
dk 'kriFk]lkeosndk rk.M; rFkkvFkoZosn osn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ
,srjs;] ;tqosZn Kkugksrk gSA fgUnw laLÑfr esa osnks
dk xksiFk uke ls izfl¼ gSA 'kk'or vkSjbZ'oj iznÙk Kku ekuk x;k gSA
 ftu xzaFkksa esa Íf"k;ksa
osnksa
esa us cã fo|k ls lacaf/r  osnpkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa]osn=k;h
of.kZr ftUgsadgrs gSaA
vkè;kfRed rRoksaczã];Fkktho] eu laLdkj] ti ] LokLF;
] osn
riL;k] è;ku lekf/ rFkkfo"k;ksadk vkyadkfjd dFkkvksa ds
lkFk ljy :i ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] mudk ukemifu"kn~
gSA ½Xosn ;tqosZn lkeosn vFkoZosn
ÍXosn  osnksadks tkuus ds fy,osnkax

vFkkZr~ osnksa ds vaxksa
dks tkuuk
 izkp hure osn] ftlesa
10 e.My] 10462 Ípk;sarFkk1028 vko';d gSA osnksa ds ;s lgk;dxzaFk]
f'k{kk
] O;kdj.k dYi
lwDrksa
dk laxzg gSA (deZdk.M)]O;qRifÙk(fu:Dr)] Nanfo/ku (Nan) rFkk
T;ksfr"k
dk Kku nsrsvgSaA
f/dka'k lkfgR; bUgha fo"k;ksa ij jps x;s gSa
 v f/dka'kÍpkvksaeas fo'o ds le`f¼ dh izkfIr ds fy,
bZ'oj
 laf{kIr 'kSyh esa fucqZ¼
funsZ'k lw=kdgykrk gSA bldk mfpr
ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA
mnkgj.kikf.kuh dh O;kdj.k] ftls v"Vkè;k;hdgk tkrk gSA
 , slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ;s Ípk,¡ Íf"k;ksa
LoPNUn
dh vfHkO;fDr
gSa]
tks mUgksaus
bfUnz;rhr ekufldvuqHkwfr dh voLFkk esa dh FkhA egkdkO;
 bu lqfo[;kr Íf"k;ksa of'k"B
esa ] xkSre ] x`rlen] okenso]
jkek;.k
fo'okfe=k]vf=k vkfn gSaA
 egf"kZ okYehfd}kjk fy[kh x;hjkek;.k] ftls lkr dkaMksa
]
ÍXosn ds izeq[k bUæ
nso] vfXu] o#. k] :æ ] vkfnR;] ok;q
] 500 lxks±
rFkk24000 'yksdksa
ls feykdj fy[kk x;kA
m"kk
] vfnfr vkSjvf'ouh ca/qgSaA  okYehf
d dks Hkkjr dk
igyk dfo Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 nsfo;ksam"kk&
izeq[k esa izHkko dky dh nsoh]
okd~& ok.kh dh  dkfey cqYds us1576esarqylhnkl}kjkrqylhÑr jkek;.k
nsoh vkSj
i`Foh
& Hkwfe dh nsoh gSaA (jkepfjr ekul) dks izsfjr fd;kA
;t qosZn  jkedFkk ds ys[kd iQknj
dkfey cqYdsusjkek;.kds 300
 ;tq dk vFkZ gS ;K ;k iwtk djukA ;g osn vf/dka'kr% ls vf/d :iksa dh igpku dh gSaA
fofHkUu ;Kvuq"Bku
ds vkSjea=kksa
ls lacaf/r gSA ;g ;K djus jkek;.k dksvkfndkO;dgk tkrk gSA
ds fy, i¼fr;k¡ crkrk gSA / eZ /kfeZdrk
 budh O;k[;k,¡x|&i| nksuksa :iksa esa gSaA vFkZ lkalkfjd {ks=k esa ekSfnzd miyfC/;k¡
 ;g deZdk.Mls lacaf/r ifo=k iqLrd gksus dkj.k
ds pkjkas osnksa
d ke lkalkfjd bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ
esa lokZf/d yksdfiz; gSA eks{k bPNkvksa ls eqfDr
 ;tqos Zn dh nks izeq[k 'kk[kk,¡
oktlusgh lafgrkrFkkfujh; egkHkkjr
lafgrkgSA
 O;kl }kjk jfpr xzaFk ewyr%laLÑresa gSA
 ; g xzaFk ml dky dh lkekftd vkSjvkfFkZd
fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA
 izkjaHk esa blesa
8800 'yksd Fks] blst; dgk tkrk FkkA ckn
l keosn esa ;g la[;k c<+dj24000 gks xbZ vkSj izkphure oSfnd
 lke dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ jkx ;k xhr ls gSA bldsdqy 1875 tutkfr ds uke ij bls Hkkjr ds uke ls izflf¼ feyhA
ea=kksa
esa ls dsoy75 ewyls fy;s x;s gSaA  ;g dkS jo&ik.Mo ;q¼ls lacaf/r dFkkRed ] o.kZukRed
 lkeosn esa ÍXosn dh Ípkvksa laxhre;
dh ikB djus dh vkSjmins'kijd xzaFk gSA
fof/ dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA  lqfo[;kr Hkxor~xhrk] egkHkkjrdk gh ,d Hkkx gS] ftlesa
 bl iqLrd dkslke y; xku dgk x;k gS] ;g Hkkjrh; laxhr
nsoh izKk
dk o.kZu gS vkSj okLro esa og lkoZHkkSfed /eZxz
ds fodkl dk ewy Øe gSA  ;g vR;ar izkphu /kfeZd xzaFk ekSfydgS bldhf'k{kk vkt Hkh
iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
v FkoZosn
 Hkxor~xhrk esaJhÑ".kus vtqZudks ,d ;ks¼kvkSjjktk ds
 v FkoZosnczãosndks ds :i esa tkuk x;k] blesa
88 jksxksa
ds
drZO;ksa dks le>k;k vkSj fofHkUu;kSfxdrFkkosnkfUrd
mipkj dk mYys[k gSA
n'kZuksa
dks mnkgj.kksa rFkk lekukarj dFkkudksa ls Li"V f
 bl osn ds lzksr ds :i esa nks Íf"k;ksa
vaxhjl rFkkvFkoZ dks
vk/qfud ;qx esa
Lokeh foosdkuan] cky xaxk/j fryd ] egkRek
ekuk x;k gSA
xka/hrFkk cgqr ls vU; yksxkas us Hkkjrh; Lora=krk xhrkvkanksyu
 v FkoZosn cgqr ewY;oku gS D;ksafd ;g lH;rk ds izkjafHkd dky izkIr dhA
ls gh izsj.kk
dh /kfeZd o`fÙk dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA  ;g bZ 'oj vkSj euq";nksuksa ds gh izfr vius drZO; dk ikyu]
 bldh nks 'kk[kk,¡
fiIiykn rFkk'kkSudgSA fcuk iQy dh fpark fd, djus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA
dyk ,oa laLÑfr 99
miosn r fey ;k laxe lkfgR;

 mios n dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ O;kogkfjd KkuvkSjikjaifjd  fyf[kr Hkk"kk ds :i esa rfey dh tkudkjh bZlk dky ds vkjaHk
lkfgR;gSa] ftuesa rduhdh
dqN dk;ks± ds fo"k; 'kkfey gSa tks ls gh feyrh FkhA vr% blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha gS fd vR;f/
bl izdkj gSa& laxe lkfgR; dh jpuk bZlk dky ds vkjafHkd pkj 'krkfCn;ksa
• vk;qosZn fpfdRlk ls vkSjÍXosnls tqM+s gSaA gqbZA ;|fi mldk vafre :i esa ladyu 600 bZLoha rd gqvkA
• /uqos Znrhjankth ls lacaf/r gS ;tqosZn
rFkk ls tqM+k gSA  jktkvksa] lkearksa ds vkJ;k/hu lHkkvksa esa ldÙk gks df
3&4 'krkfCn;ksa dh vof/ esa laxe lkfgR; dh jpuk dhA
• xa /oZosnlaxhr vkSj u`R; ls lacaf/r gSlkeosn vkSj ls
tqM+k gSA  dfo] pkj.k] ys[kd rFkk jpukdkj nf{k.k Hkkjr ds fofHkU
• ' kL=k'kkL=k lSU; rduhd ls lacaf/r gS vkSjvFkoZosn ls Hkkxksa ls enqjS vk;sA budh lHkkvksa dks laxe rFkk bu l
tqM+k gSA fpr lkfgR; dks laxe lkfgR; dgk x;kA
 blesa fr#oYyqjtSls rfey larkas dh Ñfr;k¡&dqjy mYys[kuh;
i qjk.k
gS] ftudk ckn esa vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn fd;k x;kA
 ;s izkphu fdaonafr;ksads fooj.k gS vkSjczãk.Mds bfrgkl
vkSjnsorkvksa laxe lkfgR; vusd ohjksa rFkk ohjkaxukvksa dh iz'kalk esa
ls ysdj fouk'krd] jktkvksa] uk;dksa] Íf"k;ksa
dh oa'kkoyh vkSj fganw&czãkaM foKku] rFkk
n'kZu
Hkwxksy
ds jpukvksa dk laxzg gSA
fooj.k 'kkfey gSaA • budk Lo:i /eZfujis{k gS rFkk
mPp dksfV dh jpuk,¡ gSaA
 osva/fo'okl ls jaxs gq, vkSj fganw n'kZuds Hkz"V:i dk Hkh • ,slh rhu laxe lHkk vk;ksftr gqbZA izFke laxe esa ladfyr
izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA
18 izeq[k iqjk.k gSaA dfork,¡ [kks xbZA tcfd nwljs Hkkx dh 2000 ls vf/d
• dgkfu ;ksa ds :i esa fy[kk x;k]feFkdksa]
tks fdaonafr;ksadfork,¡ ladfyr dh xbZ gSA
vkSj/eks±ins'kksa
dks tksM+rh gSA • laxe lkfgR; esa 30]000 iafDr;ksa dh dfork,¡ 'kkfey gSa bUg
• tksyksx tfVyosnksa dks ugha le>rs Fks] muds fy, iqjk.kksa vkB laxzgksa esa ladfyr fd;k x;k gS],V~VqrksdksbZ
ftUgsadgk
dk vuqokn fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa
esa x;k gSA
forfjr fd;k x;kA • buds nks izeq[k lewg ikfVusufdy
gS % dukMw(18 fupys
 iq jk.kksan`"VkUrksa
esa rFkknardFkkvksa k iz;ksx
d fd;k x;k gSA laxzg) vkSj iV~VIiVw(10 xhr)A
• n`"V kUr% ,d vkè;kfRed] uSfrd ikBdks n'kkZus okyh • igys lewg dks lkekU;r% nwljs ls vf/d iqjkuk vkSj vis{kkÑ
y?kq dFkk,¡]ftuesa vkerkSj ij ,dekuoh; pfj=kgksrk gSA vf/d ,sfrgkfld ekuk tkrk gSA
• nardFkk,¡%
,d xw<+ dgkor ;k prqj dgkuhds ekè;e • fr#oYyqo j dh Ñfr dqjkydks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS
djus okyhy?kq dFkk,¡] tkuojksa igyk Hkkx egkdkO;
ls uSfrdrk dk fp=k.k ] nwljkjktuhfr vkSj'kklu rFkk rhljk
vkSjfuthZo oLrqvksa
dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA Hkkxizse fo"k;dgSA
mi&iqjk.k  NBh a ls 12oha lnh bZloha rd u;ukjksa ('kSo HkfDr dh iz'k
 iq dkj.k] ;k y?kq iqjk.k esa xkus okys lar) us rfey esa HkfDr iw.kZ dfork,¡ fy[kh
jk.kksa dh igq¡p dh lhek ds mi&iqjk.k
uked ,d ubZ 'kSyh vfLrRo esa vkbZA vyokjksa us HkfDr vkanksyu pyk;k] ftldk laiw.kZ Hk
 yxHkx 19 y?kq iqjk.k vejflag (xqIrdky ds laLÑr egk}hi esa izpkj fd;kA
gS vkSj
dks'kdj) }kjk 5 izeq[k fo"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr gSA  blh le; esa dEcu jkek;.ke~vkSjisfj;k iqjk.ke~
rfey
vej flag ds 5 izeq[k fo"k; lkfgR; ds egku xzaFk jps x;sA
 laxe dk vFkZ ca/qRorFkk ;g lkfgR; turk ds chp cgqr
l xZ czãk.M dh jpuk
yksdfiz; gqvkA
i zfrlxZ l`tu vkSj fouk'k dk vkof/d pØ
v yokj lar
Hkkouarj Hkuq ds thoudky ds dky
 ckjg vyokj rfey dfo lar Fks] tks NBhas ls ukSoha 'krkCnh
oa'k lkSj vkSj panz jktoa'kksa dh oa'kkoyh eè; jgrs Fks vkSj vius xhrksa esa fo".kq&Ñ".k
HkkoukReddh
oa'kkuqpfjr jktkvksa ds jktoa'kh; bfrgkl HkfDrdk leFkZu djrs FksA
100 dyk ,oa laLÑfr
 v yokj ds HkfDr xhr rfey bfrgkl ds izkjafHkd eè;;qxhu

d kfynkl
dky ds nkSjku cuk;s x;s Fks vkSj mUgksaus HkfDrHkkjr esa
 d kfynkl Hkkjr ds izfl¼ dfo] ukVddkj vkSj ,d
vkanksyu ds vxznwr
ds :i esa dke fd;kA vf}rh; izfrHkk Fks] ftudh jpuk,¡ vk/qfud nqfu;kHkj e
 mudsHktuksa ds laxzg
fnO;
dksizca/ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA izfl¼ gqbZA
vaMky uke dh ,d lar dks NksM+dj lHkh iq:"klarFksA  johanzukFk VSxksj us u dsoy dkfynkl ds dk;ks± dk izpkj
d Ecu cfYd muds vFkZ vkSj n'kZu dks Hkh mtkxj fd;k] ftlus m
 dackj ;k dacu 12oha 'krkCnh ds rfey dfo Fks] ftuds }kjk
,d vej dfo ukVddkj cuk fn;kA
jkeo/kjke fy[kk x;k] ftlsjkek;.k dk rfey laLdj.k  dkfynkl ds izfl¼ laLÑr ukVdekyfodkfXufe=k
(ftlesa
dackjkek;.ke~
ds uke ls tkuk x;kA vfXufe=k (uk;d) rFkk ekyfodk (ukSdjkuh) ds izse laca/
dEcu dk dEck jkek;.ke~ okYehfd ds 24000 nksgksa
ds dks n'kkZ;k x;k)]
vfHkKku 'kkadqyre~
(jktk nq";ar rFkk
foijhr yxHkx11]000 Nanksa
dk ,d egkdkO; gS vkSj ckn ds 'kadqyrk foØeksoZ'kh;e~)]
j?kqoa'ke~
(laLÑr egkdkO;)]
es?krnwre~
vuqokn ds ctk; egkdkO; dgkuh dk iquysZ[ku gSA rFkkdqekjlaHko
vkfn gSA
'kkL=kh;
laLÑr lkfgR; fo'kk[knÙk
 fo' kk[knÙk ds dsoy nks ukVdksa ds ckjs esa gesa tkudkjh
 laLÑr lkfgR; dk 'kkL=kh; dky xqIr dky vkSj Hkkjr ds
gSa&eqnzkjk{kl
rFkknsohpnazxqIre~A
Øfed iwoZ bLykeh eè; lkezkT;ksa dk gSA ;g eksVs rkSj ij pkSFkh
 dkeqnz
'krkCnh bZLoha ls ysdj eqlyekuksa ds vkxeu rd ds le; kjk{kl,d ek=k thfor ukVd gS] tcfd nsoh panzxqIre~
gSA
 ;g dky lHkh fo/kvksa esa laLÑr lkfgR; ds fodkl ds fy, VqdM+ksa esa gh cps gSaA nkuoftldk vFkZ
dh vxw¡Bh
gSA
tkuk tkrk gSA ;g panzxqIr ekS;Z ds flagklu ij cSBus dk o.kZu djrk gSA j
 ] fo}kuksa ds xzaFk] dgkfu;k¡] egkdkO;] dfork,¡]
ukVd uanfoKku
ds vafre ea=kh] ftUgsa pk.kD; }kjk panzxqIr ds i{
iqQlyk;k
vkSj izkS|ksfxdh lacaf/r lkfgR; vkSj iqjk.k vkfn izeq[k gSaA tkrk gSA
v 'o?kks"k Hkr`Zgfj
 v 'o?kks"k dks fo'o dk igyk laLÑr ukV~;dkj ekuk  tkrkHkr`Zgfj 5oha 'krkCnh ds laLÑr ds ys[kd] ftUgksaus laL
gSA
;s tUetkr czkã.k Fks] ysfdu ckn esa ckS¼&fHk{kq cuO;kdj.k x;sA og
vkSj 'kkrd=k; ij ,d xzaFk
okD;kikfM+;k fy[kk Fkk]
dq"kk.k jktk
dfu"d ds njckjh dfo FksA ftls furh'k rd ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS vkSj blesa n'kZu
 buds }kjk fy[kh xbZ Ñfr&cq¼pfjr~ (laLÑr egkdkO;] ij 100
tks Nan gSA
cq¼ ds thou ij vk/kfjr gS)] lkfjiq=k izlkj (laLÑr ukVd]
bZ'ojÑ".k
tks cq¼ ds f'k"; ij vk/kfjr gS) rFkk lkSnajkuUn (laLÑr
 m udh eq[; Ñfr lka[;dkfjdk gSA ;g lka[; n'kZu ij ,d Hkk"; FkkA
dkO;)A
okRL;ku
' kwæd
 okRL;k;u U;k; lw=k Hkk"; ds ys[kd FksA ftuds }kjk xkSre
 ' kwnzd dk vlyh uke banzk.khxqIr Fkk vkSj 1&2 'krkCnh bZLoha
dk ,d vfHk'k jktk FkkA vfHkjl ledkyhu rFkk lkrokgu U;k; lw=kksa ij igyh fVIi.kh dh xbZA
ds tkxhjnkj FksA 'kwnzd }kjk rhu laLÑr
e`PNdfVde
ukVdksa]
~  dkelw=k ekuo ;kSu O;ogkj ij ,d xzaFk gS vkSj d.kZ'kkL=
(n fyfVy Dys dkVZ)] fouoklonÙk] in~eijke`rd dh jpukfgLlk cukrk gSA
dh x;hA
 dkelw =kdk igyk izlkj.k ijaijkvksa ds vuqlkj] f'ko ds cSy
Hkkl uanh dks ekuk tkrk gSA uanh cSy dSyk'k dk }kjiky gS
 Hkkldkfynkl ls ofj"B Fks vkSj lcls 'kq:vkrh vkSj lcls
mUgksaus ekuo tkfr ds ykHk ds fy, nsorkvksa ds izse&iz
izfl¼ ukVddkjksa esa ls ,d gSaA lquk vkSj muds dFkuksa dks ntZ fd;kA
 Hkkldh lcls egRoiw.kZ jpuk,¡LoIuoklonÙk] ipa&jk=kk]
 gkykafd] dkelw=k] dkeqdrk ds fl¼karksa ij igyk xzaFk izr
eè;e&O;k;ksx] dp] }Sr&okD;] m#Hkax] d.kZ&Hkkj rFkk cky
gksrk gSA
pfjr gSaA
dyk ,oa laLÑfr 101
xkso/Zukpk;Z
foKkuvkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa laLÑr lkfgR; dk ;ksxnku
 xkso/Zukpk;Z dh vk;ZlIr'kkyh gy dh xkFkklIr'krh dh ijEijk
v k;ZHkV~V
ds ckn ,d dkeqd dfork gSA
 buds }kjk jfpr jpuk vk;ZHkfV~V;egS] tks muds xf.krh;] xzg
rFkk czãkaMh; fl¼karksa dk fp=k.k djrs gSaA izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu caxkyh lkfgR;
 ;g iqLrd pkj vè;k;ksa esa foHkkftr gSa&
izkjafHkd lkfgR;% p;kZin
• [kxksyh; fLFkjkad vkSj lkbu VscyA
 p;kZ in dks caxkyh] vlfe;k] mfM+;k ds lkFk&lkFk eSfFk
• x.kuk ds fy, vko';d xf.krA Hkk"kk ds {ks=k esa lcls iqjkuk dke ekuk tkrk gSA ;g 8oh
• pØksa dk mi;ksx djds lewgksa ds ns'kkarj dh x.kuk'krkCnh ds fy, ls lacaf/r ckS¼ jgL;e; dforkvksa ;k xhrksa dk laxzg
le; vkSj fu;eksa dk foHkktuA
 bu xhrksa esa ,d rkaf=kd iz;klksa ds vuq"Bku lHkk dk rR
• f=kdks.kfefr dh leL;kvksa ls lacaf/r fu;e vkSj xzgksa dh
 p;kZ in egkfl¼ksa ;k fl¼ pSÕ;kvksa }kjk fy[ks x;s Fks] tks v
x.kukA
caxky] vksfM'kk vkSj fcgkj ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa ls lac
ojkgfefgj }kjk iapfl¼kard
 p;kZ in iwoZ&vk/qfud caxkyh esa fy[ks x;s lcls iqjkus Nank
 ojkgfefgj mTtSu esa jgrs Fks vkSj
panzxqIr f}rh;ds njckj
laxzg Hkh gSA
ds ukS jRuksa esa ,d FksA
iapfl¼kard
mUgksasus
] [kxksy foKkuij
ik¡p xzaFk fy[ksA 14oha&15oha 'krkCnh esa caxkyh lkfgR; dk fodkl&eaxy&dk
 15oha 'krkCnh esa] jkek;.k dh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ds v
 ;g igys ds ik¡p [kxksyh; xzaFkksa dk lkjka'k izLrqr djrk gS]
vFkkZr~ lw;Z fl¼kar] jksed fl¼kar] iksfy'k fl¼kar] caxkyh
of'k"BlkfgR; esa yksdfiz; gks x;sA blls eaxy&dkO; ija
fl¼kar rFkk firkeg fl¼karA dk fodkl gqvkA
fl¼karf'kjksef.k&HkkLdjkpk;Z  eaxy& dkO; lkfgR; eulk vkSj paMh tSlh nsorkvksa dh iwtk d
 HkkLdj kpk;Z ,d izeq[k Hkkjrh; xf.krK vkSj [kxksy'kkL=kh yksdfiz; cukus ds fy, fy[kk x;k FkkA
Fks]
 ca
ftUgkasus fl¼kar f'kjksef.k uked iqLrd fy[kh FkhA xkyh lkfgR; dh bl 'kSyh esa eè;dkyhu caxkyh lkfgR; ds
 vf/dka'k dk;Z 'kkfey gSaA
v iuh iqLrd esa mUgkassus cgqewY; izkphu lkfgR; dk nLrkosthdj.k
fd;k gS vkSj [kxksyfonksa }kjk muds lkeus mi;ksx
 fd;s tkus esa rhu mi'kSfy;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA eulk eaxy] paMh
bl 'kSyh
okys dbZ midj.kksa dk lanHkZ fn;k gSA rFkk /eZ eaxy] tks Øe'k% ekulh] panz rFkk /eZBkdqj ds fp
dk mYys[k djrs gSaA
eè;d kyhu lkfgR;
p SrU; HkkXkor
eè;d kyhu Hkkjr esa laLÑr lkfgR; dk fodkl  16oha&17oha 'krkCnh esa] pSrU; ds thou ds bnZ&fxnZ ?k
 izkjafHkd eè;;qxhu dky ds nkSjku] lkfgR; esa dkiQh lkfgR;
fodkl dk fodkl gqvk] tks caxkyh esa lcls izkjafHkd thou
gqvk FkkA gkykafd] muesa lkexzh dh xq.koÙkk mPp lkfgR;
dksfV dh ugha
FkkA
FkhA og ewy :i ls lkekU; udy vkSj iztuu pfj=k dk FkkA
 blesa mYys[kuh; dke oa`nkou nkl Bkdqj }kjk fyf[kr
Jhg"kZ pSrU; Hkkxor FkkA
 dUu kSt ds xgM+oky t;panz
jktk ds laj{k.k esa fy[kk x;k]
 ;g caxkyh Hkk"kk esa pSrU;
fy[ks x;s
egkizHkq
ds laca/ esa igyh
Jhg"kZdk uS"kkf<+;kpfjre
bls dky dk lcls mRÑ"V
iw.kZ yackbZ okyh jpuk FkhAjk/k&Ñ".k
blesa
nksuksa ds la;qDr
egkdkO; gSA
vorkj ds :i esa pSrU; dh /kfeZd fLFkfr dk fooj.k fn;k
dYg.k x;k gSA
 dYg.k dh jktrjafx.khiwjs thfor laLÑr lkfgR; esa lPps
p SrU; pfjrke`r
bfrgkl ds ,dek=k Kkr iz;kl ds :i esa vf}rh; gSA blh
 pS rU; pfjrke`r caxkyh lar ys[kd& Ñ".k nkl dfojkt dh
vof/ ds nkSjku dqN NksVh dfork,¡ Hkh fy[kh xbZA
egku jpuk gSA ;g ,d fefJrcaxkyhvkSjlaLÑrthouh gS]
t;nso tkspSrU; egkizHkq
ds thou vkSj mins'kksa dk nLrkosthdj.k
 t;nso ds xhr&xksfoan dks laLÑr esa fy[kk x;kA
djrh gSA
102 dyk ,oa laLÑfr
 ;g xkSM+h; dk eq[; /kfeZd lzksr cu x;kA Ñ".k vuq;kf;;ksa essa lwjnkl lcls egku FksA mudh lwjlkxj
oS".ko laiznk;
ljLorh HkfDr fganh dfork dh mRÑ"V Ñfr;k¡ gSa rFkk bl J
fganhlkfgR; dk bfrgkl ds vU; dfo;ksa eas ijekuUn vkSj ehjkckbZ 'kkfey gSaA
 fgUnh dkO; dk bfrgkl yxHkx ,d gtkj o"kZ iqjkuk gSA fgUnh dfo;ksa dk ,d vU; lewg lwiQh dfo;ksa dk Fkk]
 fuxqZ.k
dfork lkfgR; dks lexz :i ls pkj ;qxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k ekurs
tk Fks fd izse bZ'oj dks izkIr djus dk ekxZ gSA blesa tk
ldrk gSA Hka>u] dqrqcu vkSj mLeku 'kkfey FksA
v kfndky (10oha&14oha 'krkCnh) jkekuan(1299&1410 bZ-)
 bl dky dh dfork ;k rks dqN /kfeZd fopkj/kjkvksa dks mtkxj
Lokehjkekuan cukjl ds
oS".ko larFks vkSj HkfDr vkanksyu ds
djrh gS ;k jktiwr 'kkldksa vkSj ;ks¼kvksa ds ohjrkiw.kZ dk;ks±
iz.ksrk dh mUgsa
FksA fgUnh
LFkkuh;
esa laokn djus ds fy, tkuk tkrk
dfork&dFkkvksa (jklksa&dkO;) ds :i esa iz'kalk djrh gSaA
FkkA muds 12 f'k";ksa esa dchj] ih;k] jfonkl] Hkxr lSe t
ml ;qx ds izfl¼ fnXxt 'kkfey FksA
 bl izdkj ;qx Lrqfr dh ohj dforkvksa ds fy, izfl¼ gS] ftlesa
pancjnkbZ ds i`Foh jktjklks] nyifrfot; ds [kqeku jklksa]

efyd eqgEen tk;lh (1744&1542 bZ-)
ujifr ukYgk ds chlynsojklksa vkSj txfud dk ijekyjklksaefyd eqgEen tk;lh us viuh dfork,¡ fgUnh dh vo/h
'kkfey gSA cksyh esa fy[khAin~ekor
mUgsads fy;s tkuk tkrk gSA
 bl dky dh lcls izkjafHkd dfork viHkza'k dfork }kjkr qylhnkl
izLrqr (1532&1623 bZ-)
dh xbZ gS] ftlesa fl¼ lkfgR;] ukFk lkfgR; vkSj tSu lkfgR;
 rqylh nkl vdcj ds ledkyhu jkekuands f'k"; FksA vo/h
'kkfey gSaA
rFkk czt cksfy;ksa esa fy[khjkepfjrekul
x;hA ds fy, tkus
 fl¼&lkfgR; yksdfiz; Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k Fkk vkSj blus HkfDr
tkrs gSaA
fo"k;ksa dks ,d etcwr dkeqd Hkkouk ds lkFk tksM+kA
 mu dh vof/ Ñfr;ksa esa 27 Hkyyk ugpw] c[kbZ jkek;.k
 ukF k lkfgR; jgL;oknh HkfDr dkO; dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk ikoZrh]
gSA eaxy 'kkfey gSaA
ftls dfo xksj[kukFk vkSj mlds vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk 7oha&14oha
 t kudh eaxy] jkekKk iz'u rFkk cztHkk"kk dk;ks± esa Ñ".k x
'krkCnh ds chp nksgk vkSj pkSikbZ 'kSfy;ksa dk mi;ksx djds fy[kk
xhr oSy] dforkoyh] nksgkoyh] oSjkX; lkanhiuh vkfn 'kkfey
x;k FkkA
 budh vafre jpukfou; if=kdkgSA
pancjnkbZ
&i`Fohjkt r`rh; ds dfo
l wjnkl
pancjnkbZ us i`Fohjkt ds thou ds ckjs esa fgUnh esa ,d
 16&16oha 'krkCnh ds izfl¼ dfo lwjnkl dks mudh egku Ñfr
egkdkO;i`Fohjktjklksadh jpuk dhA
lwjlkxj ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd
HkfDr dky (14oh&17oha 'krkCnh)
blesa ,d yk[k xhr 'kkfey gS] ftuesa ls dsoy 8000 gh
 H kfDr dky dkO; dks Hkxoku ds izfr dfo;ksa ds HkfDriw.kZ joS;s ds
fo|eku gSA
vk/kj ij fuxqZ.k
rFkklxq.k Ldwyksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
d chj
fuxqZ.k ,d fujkdj bZ'oj esa fo'okl djrs Fks] tcfd lxq.k bZ'oj
 dchj 14oha&15oha 'krkCnh ds ,d jgL;oknh dfo vkSj lUr
ds ekuo vorkj esa fo'okl djrs FksA fuxqZ.kksa dks muds }kjk
Fks] ftudh dfork HkfDr
us vkanksyu
dks cgqr izHkkfor fd;kA
vuqlj.k dh tkus okyh fofHkUu lk/ukvksa ds vk/kj ij nks lewgksa
esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA  dchj dh jpukvksa chtd esa ] l[kh xazFk
] dchj xzaFkkoyh
vkSjvuqjkxlkxj 'kkfey gSA
 , d lewg esadchj] xq: ukud] /eZnkl] eywd nkl] nknwn;ky
rFkklqanjnklvkfn 'kkfey gaS] ftUgksaus viuh lf[k;ksa  dchj dsdk;ks± dh igpku mudsiafDr
(nksgs) nks nksgkls gksrh tks
vkSj in (xhr) ds ekè;e ls,ds'ojokn ij tksj fn;kA mudh xgjh nk'kZfud lksp dks n'kkZrh gSA
 lx q.k dfo ;k rks
jke ds vuq;k;h gS Ñ".k
;k dsArqylhnkl  d chj }kjkvo/h ] czt vkSjHkkstiqjh
lfgr fofHkUu cksfy;ksa ls
us vius 'kkL=kh; dk;ks±
jkepfjrekul rFkkfou;if=kdkesa m/kj ysrs gq,] viuh dforkvksa
ns'kh
dksfgUnh
esa O;Dr fd;kA
jke dks vkn'kZ O;fDr ds :i esa fpf=kr fd;kA  dchj dh dforkvksa esa lf[k;k¡ vkSj 'yksd Hkh 'kkfey gSA
dyk ,oa laLÑfr 103
jghe HkkjrsUnq(vk/qfud
;qx fgUnh lkfgR; ds tud)
 v Cnqy jghe [kku&,&[kkuk vdcj uojRuksa
ds esa ls ,d FksA H kkjrsUnq gfj'paæ (1849&1882 bZ-) dks fgUnh lkfgR
muds }kjk T;ksfr"k ij fgUnh nksgs vkSj viuh iqLrdsavk/qfud fy[khAn`f"Vdks.k ykus ds fy, tkuk tkrkvk/qfud
gSA mUgsa
fgUnh lkfgR; dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
 jgh e Hkxoku Ñ".k ds HkDr Fks vkSj mUgsa lefiZr dbZ dfork,¡
fy[khA  bl dky ds vU; ys[kdksa esa jk/kÑ".k nkl] izrki ukjk;.k feJ]
ckyÑ".k HkV~V] cæhukjk;.k pkS/jh vkSj lq/kdj f}osnh 'kkf
 T;ksfr" k esa muds }kjk fy[kh xbZZ izfl¼ Ñfr [ksr dkSrqye vkSj
}kfn'k ;ksxkoyh 'kkfey gSA f}osnh ;qx(vk/qfud fgUnh x| dk f'kYidkj)
 egkohj izlkn f}osnh (1868&1918 bZ-) dks vk/qfud fgUnh
lar rqdkjke
x| dk fuekZrk ekuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus ifj"Ñr x| ys[ku yk
 16oha&17oha 'krkCnh esa lar rqdkjke okjdjh vkSj HkfDr ds
f}osnh ;qx fgUnh lkfgR; esa fofHkUu lkekftd] jktuhfrd v
vkè;kfRed dfo FksA mUgsa O;kid ejkBh
:i ls dk igyk vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds fp=k.k ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
vk/qfud dfo ekuk tkrk gSA
 bl dky ds vU; egRoiw.kZ ys[kd ukFkwjke 'kekZ] 'akd
 mudhdfork dks ejkBh Hkk"kk esaokjdjh lEiznk;}kjk v;ksè;k flUgk mikè;k;] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] jke ujs'k f=ki
lkfgfR;d fodkl dk f'k[kj ekuk tkrk gSA vkfn gSaA
leFkZ jkenkl  eS fFkyh'kj.k xqIr dks viuh yEch dFkkRed dforkvksa tS
 le FkZ jkenkl Hkkjr ds lcls egRoiw.kZ vkè;kfRed dfo;ksa t;nzFkesa
o/] iapoVh] lkdsr] ;'kks/jk vkfn ds lkFk egkdkO;
ls ,d Fks] tks Hkxoku x.ks'k dh ejkBh
lq[kdkfrZ
vkjrh nq[krh ijEijk dks iquthZfor djus dss fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
o`fr foguhds fy, tkus tkrs gSA v k/qfud dky (1937 ls vkxs)
 budh izfl¼ iqLrdnklcks/gS] tks
v}Sr osnkar
ij ,d xzaFk gSA
 Nk;kokn vkanksyu
ds iru us fgUnh dfork esa dbZ vyx&vyx
'kSfy;ksa dk mn; ns[kk tSls izxfrokn (izxfr'khy dfork)]
v k/qfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ân;okn (tquwu dh dfork) vkSj iz;ksxokn (iz;ksxksa dh dfork
fgUnh lkfgR;  izxfrokfn;ksa ds egRoiw.kZ dfo;ksa esa Hkxorh pj.k oekZ]
 fgUnh dkO; dk bfrgkl yxHkx ,d gtkj o"kZ iqjkuk gSAflag fgUnh
fnudj vkSj ujsUæ 'kekZ FksA
dfork lkfgR; dks lexz :i ls pkj ;qxksa (dky) ;k pj.kksa
 esa
ân;okn ds egRoiw.kZ gfjoa'k
dfo jk; cPpu Fks] ftUgksaus
foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS% e/q'kkyk
] e/qckykvkSje/qdyk dh jpuk dhA
• v kfndky (IkzkjafHkd dky)  izk;ksfx
d vkanksyu ;k iz;ksxokn dks ckn essssssa ubZ dfork dg
• HkfDr
dky (HkfDr dky) bl 'kSyh ds egRoiw.kZ dfo;ksa esa okRL;k;u (vKs;)] f'koe
• jhfrdky ('kSf{kd dky) flag (lqeu)] fxfjtk dqekj e/qj] /eZohj Hkkjrh vkfn 'kkfey gSa
• v k/qfud dky (vk/qfud dky)  fgUnh x| ds fodkl dks rhu dkyksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS&
v k/qfud dky (19oha lnh)  i zkjafHkd pj.k (1868&1918 bZ-)% blesa HkkjrsUnq vkSj
f}osnh ds x| lkfgR; 'kkfey gSA ;g pj.k ukVd] miU;kl]
 fgUnh lkfgR; esa vk/qfud dky 19oha 'krkCnh ds eè; esa 'kq:
gksrk gSA fuca/] y?kqdFkk vkfn ds fodkl ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
 fodkl pj.k (1918&1937 bZ-)% fodkl dh vof/
 bl dky esa fgUnh x| dk fodkl gqvkA cztHkk"kk ds LFkku ij
izsepan]
dkO; esa [kM+hcksyh ds iz;ksx dk izlkj gqvkA bl vof/ dks t;'kadj izlkn vkSj egknsoh oekZ }kjk n'kkZ;h tkr
pkj pj.kksaesa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& fodkl dh vof/ dk izfrfuf/Ro t;'kadj izlkn (Nk;k]
vkdk'k nhi)] jk; Ñ".k nkl vkSj egknsoh oekZ }kjk fd;k tkrk
• HkkjrsUnq
;qx ;k iqutkZxj.k (1868&1893 bZ-)
gSA eaaq'kh izsepUn miU;kldkjksa esa lcls egku FksA
• f}osnh ;qx (1893&1918 bZ-)
 orZeku pj.k (1938 ls vkxs)%ledkyhu dky ds egRoiw.kZ
• Nk;kokn ;qx (1918&1937 bZ-) dFkk ys[kdksa esa ,l, vKs;] /eZohj Hkkjrh] jkgh eklwe j
• le lkef;d dky (1937 ds ckn)A vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
104 dyk ,oa laLÑfr
izsepUn (1880&1936 bZ-)  l u~ 1910 esa] mudk igyk izeq[k dk;Z] jax esa Hkax izdkf'k
 eqa'kh izsepUn (1880&1936 bZ-) dk cpiu /uirdkjk;uke FkkA mudh egku Ñfr Hkkjr Hkkjrh gSA mudh vf/dka'k df
JhokLroFkkA og fgUnh miU;klksa ds brus foiqy ys[kdjkek;.k]
Fks fd egkHkkjr] ckS¼ dgkfu;ksa ds dFkkudksa ds bnZ&fx
mUgsa miU;kl lezkV (miU;kl dk jktk) ds :i esa tkuktkrkmudh
gSAizfl¼ jpuk lkdsr y{e.k dh iRuh mfeZyk ds bnZ&fxnZ
 mUgksaus igys uokc jk; uke ls fy[kk] ysfdu ckn esa izsepUn
?kwerh gS] tcfd mudh ,d vU; jpuk ;'kks/jk xkSre cq¼ dh
esa cny x,A iRuh ;'kks/jk ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSA Lora=krk laxzk
 mudhjpukvksa esa ,d ntZu ls vf/d miU;kl yxHkx 250fnuksa esa mudh jk"Vªoknh dfork,¡ yksdfiz; gqbZA
y?kq dFkk,¡] dbZ fuca/ vkSj dbZ fons'kh lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa dk
ek[kuyky prqosZnh (1889&1968 bZ-)
fgUnh esa vuqokn 'kkfey gSA
 ek[kuyky prqosZnh dks Nk;kokn;k fgUnh lkfgR; ds
 mudh igyh Ñfr vljkj&,&ekfcn (mnwZ) ;k nsoLFkku uo&jksekafVdokn vkanksyu esa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; la?k"k
jgL; (fgUnh)1903 bZ- esa izdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA
mudh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
izsepUn dh ys[ku 'kSyh
 mUg sa 1955 esa mud dke fge rkfjfxuh ds fy, fgUnh esa igys
 izsepUn igys fgUnh ys[kd Fks] ftuds ys[ku esa rdZlaxr
lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkjls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
n`f"Vdks.k dk fp=k.k djrs gq, ;FkkFkZokn dks izeq[krk ls fpf=kr
fd;k x;k FkkA mudk dke fofHkUu lkekftd eqn~nksa dskar
lw;Zd f=kikBh
ckjs esa fujkyk
turk esa tkx:drk iSnk djrk gSA  lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkykvk/qfud fgUnh ds lcls egRoiw.kZ
 mudsdk;ks± esa vDlj Hkz"Vkpkj] cky fo/okiu] os';ko`fÙk]dfo;ksa esa ls ,d Fks vkSjt;'kadj
mUgssa
izlkn ] lqfe=kkuanu
lkearh O;oLFkk] xjhch] mifuos'kokn vkSj Lora=krkiar vkSjegknsoh
laxzke ds oekZ
ds lkFkNk;kokn vkanksyuesa muds
;ksxnku
[krjs dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA muds miU;kl xjhcksa vkSj 'kgjh eè;eds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
oxZ dh leL;kvksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA  fujkyk dsifjey vkSjvukfedk dks ewy Nk;koknh fgUnh
 xksnku(1936) eqa'kh izsepUn

dk vafre iw.kZ dk;Z Fkk vkSj lkfgR; ekuk tkrk gSA
vkerkSj ij bls muds loZJs"B miU;kl ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;knkuan okRL;k;u
lfPp
tkrk gSA
 lfPpnkuan ghjkuan okRL;k;uvKs; fgUnh dfork esa vk/qfud
 uk;d] gksjh ,d xjhc fdlku] ,d xk; ds fy, csrkc gS] tks
izo`fÙk;ksa (ubZ dfork) vkSj iz;ksx (iz;ksx) ds vxznwr F
xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa /u vkSj izfr"Bk dk izrhd gSA vU; egRoiw.kZ Ñfr
 mUg ksaus lIrd] ,d lkfgfR;d Üka`[kyk dk laiknu fd;k vkS
gS lsok lnu] jaxHkwfe] izfrKk] dk;kdYi] xcu] deZHkwfe vkfn
fgUnh lekpkj lkIrkfgd fnueku dh 'kq:vkr dhA mUgksa
egkohj izlkn f}osnh (1893&1918 bZ-)
VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k ds xzqi
fgUnh nSfuduoHkkjr VkbEl
 egkohj izlkn f}osnh dk lfØ; dky vk/qfud fgUnh
(1977&80 bZ-) ds iz/ku laiknd ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA
lkfgR;(f}osnh ;qx) ds nwljs pj.k dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS]
tks HkkjrsUnq ;qx (1868&1893 bZ-) ls igys Fkk] mudhckn
 mlds iRuhdfiyk okRL;k;u'kkL=kh; Hkkjrh; u`R;] Hkkjrh;
Nk;kokn ;qx (1918&1937 bZ-) FkkA dyk vkSj Hkkjrh; okLrqdyk vkSj dyk bfrgkldkj dh ,d
 mUgsa eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
vkSj egku jk"Vªoknh] x.ks'k 'kadj izeq[k Hkkjrh; fo}ku gSA
bafnjk
og xka/h jk"Vªh; dyk dsUæ]
fo|kFkhZ ds xq: ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fnYyhdh laLFkkid funs'kd vkSj
vè;{k jg pqdh gSaA
 mUg if=kdkdk laiknu egknsoh oekZ
ksaus 1903 ls 1920 rd fgUnh ljLorh
 egknsoh
fd;k vkSj bl nkSjku ljLorh lcls yksdfiz; fgUnh if=kdk cu oekZ
(1907&1987 bZ-) dks vk/qfud ehjk ds uke ls
xbZA tkuk tkrk FkkA mUgksaus fgUnh dfork dh Nk;kokn 'k
Fkyh 'kj.k xqIr (1886&1964 bZ-)
eSf ;ksxnku fn;kA
 eS
fFkyh'kj.k xqIr ml le; dfork esa [kM+h cksyh dkmi;ksx
mUgsa1979 esalkfgR; vdkneh iSQyksf'ki
ls lEekfur fd;k
djus okys igys dfo;ksa esa ls ,d Fks]
cztHkk"kk
tc izpfyr x;k] mlds ckn1982esaKkuihB iqjLdkj
ls lEekfur fd;k
FkhA mUgksaus
ljLorh lfgr fofHkUu if=kdkvksa esssa fy[kkA x;kA og 1988 esa i| foHkw"k.k izkIrdrkZ FkhaA
dyk ,oa laLÑfr 105
cafde pUæ pV~Vksikè;k;& vkuaneB  og yksdfgroknh uke ls lkIrkfgdejkBh v[kckjesa tkfr

 caf de pUæ pV~Vksikè;k; (1838&1894 bZ-) 19oha 'krkCnhO;oLFkk] efgykvksa dh f'k{kk] O;ofLFkr cky fookg] ngst
cgqfookg vkfn tSls dbZ lkekftd eqn~nksa ij fy[krs FksA
esa caxky vkanksyu ds lcls egku fo}kuksa esa ls ,d FksA
 mudkigyk miU;kl nqxsZ'kuafnuh Fkk] tks 1865  esamUgksaus ckWEcs esa ,d lkoZtfud iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dh
izdkf'kr
gqvk FkkA mUgsa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; xhr oans ekrje~ dsKku
ys[kdizdk'k]
ds :i banq izdk'k vkSj egkjk"Vª esa yksdfgroknh t
esa tkuk tkrk gS] tks muds miU;kl vkuaneB (1882) esaif=kdkvksa
fn[kkbZ dh uhao esa vge Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkkbZA
nsrk gSA egknso xksfoUn jkukMs (1842&1901 bZ-)
dikydqaMyk vkSjnsoh pkS/jkuhmudh vU; jpuk,W gSaA U;k;e wfrZ
egknso xksfoan jkukMs
Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl ds laLFkkid
ukFk VSxksj
johaæ lnL;ksa esa ls ,d FksA og 19oha lnh ds fczfV'k Hkkjr esa
 ca xkyh esa lcls foiqy ys[kd gSa] tks n'kdksaizHkko'kkyh O;fDr FksA
johaæukFk VSxksj
rd caxkyh vkSj Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud vkSj lkfgfR;d nksuksa ifjn`';ksajk; dk ;ksxnku& laokn dkSeqnh
jkt k jkeeksgu
ij gkoh jgsA  lu ~ 1814 esa jktk jke eksgu jk; dydÙkk igq¡ps vkSj lkfgfR
 xfrfof/;ksa
muds2]000 johaælaxhr if'pe caxky vkSj ckaXykns'k nksuksa esaesa yxs jgsA
caxkyh laLÑfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
 laLÑr fuHkkrs
ls caxkyhgSaA
esa vuqokn djuk] /kfeZd fo"k;ksa ij fuca
 og HkkjrvkSjckaXykns'k fy[kuk
nksuksa ds jk"Vªxku ds ys[kd gSa] vkSj if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku dqN ,sls {ks=k Fks f
nksuksa
dh jpuk caxkyhesa gqbZ gSA mudh vU; mYys[kuh; caxkyh
mUgksaus è;ku dsfUær fd;kA
jpuk,¡xhrkatyh
] dforkvksa dh ,d iqLrd gSA mUgksaus
1815 esavkReh; lHkk
(ifjtuksa dk Dyc) ds uke ls
 ftlds fy, mUgsa
lu~ 1913esa lkfgR; ds ukscsy iqjLdkj,dls dVqjy lewgdh LFkkiuk dhA
lEekfur fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj dbZ y?kq dFkk,¡ vkSj dqN
 jkt k jkeeksgu jk; us Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; izsl dh 'kq#vkr dhA
miU;klA laxhr] isafVax] jaxeap] miU;kl] dgkfu;ksa dsmUgksaus
lkFk&lkFk1821 bZ- esa laokn dkSeqnh izdkf'kr fd;kA ;g iwo
dfork esa Hkh mudk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZ gSA izdk'kuksa esa ls ,d Fkk] ftlus lrh ds mUewyu ds fy, lfØ;
ck iqQys (1827&1890 bZ-)
T;ksfr :i ls vfHk;ku pyk;k FkkA
 egkRek T;ksfrjko xksfoanjko iqQys ,d lekt lq/kjd] ys[kd]
nhuca/q fe=k&uhy niZ.k
nk'kZfud] /eZ'kkL=kh fo}ku] laiknd vkSj Økafrdkjh Fks] ftUgsa
 1857 bZ- ds fonzksg ds rqjaruhyckn]
foæksg
iwjss caxky {ks=k
Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ds vxz.kh ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
esa iSQy x;kA ;g fonzksg ,d o"kZ ls vf/d (1859&1860 bZ
 mUg ksaus
cgqtuksa]
'kwækas
vkSjvfr&'kwæksa
dks eqDr djus vkSj mUgsaesa) pykA bl fonzksg ds vkyksd esauhy<kdkniZ.k
ls (n
'kks"k.k vkSj vR;kpkjksa ls cpkus ds eq[; mn~ns'; ls lu~ 1873
bafMxks fejj) ds uke ls ,d egku ukVd izdkf'kr gqvkA bl
esa lR; 'kks/d lekt dk xBu fd;kA ukVd ds ys[kd nhuca/q fe=k
FksA
 mudh lcls izfl¼ jpukvksa esa ls ,d xqqykefxjh gS] tks
bZ'ojpUæ fo|klkxj (cjuk iksfjpkW;)
vesfjdh x`g;q¼ ls izsfjr FkhA mUgksaus fupyh tkfr;ksa dks
 bZ 'oj pUæ fo|klkxj (1820&1891 bZ-) ,d egku laLÑr vkSj
vesfjdk ls izsj.kk ysus dk lans'k fn;kA
caxkyh fo}ku Fks] ftUgksaus caxkyh x| dks ljy vkSj vk/q
 ,d vU; izfl¼ Ñfr 'ksrdk;kZdk vlwn (n fOgidkWMZ vkWiQ cukus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA
n dYVhosVlZ) gSSSSSS] tks ukSdj'kkgh esa vaxzstksa vkSj czkã.kksa }kjk
 mUg ksaus caxkyh o.kZekyk dk iqufuZekZ.k Hkh fd;k vk
fdlkuksa ds la;qDr 'kks"k.k dh vkykspuk gSA
VkbiksxzkiQh dks ckjg Lojksa vkSj pkyhl O;atuksa dh o
xksikygfj ns'keq[k (yksdfgroknh) (1823&1892 bZ-) lq/kj fn;kA
 xksiky gfj ns'keq[k
ckWEcs izslhMsalh
ls ,d lekt lq/kjd ds
:i esa FksA og fczfV'k ljdkj U;k;k/h'kds in ls  fo|klkxj uscaxkyhvkSjlaLÑr lkfgR;esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
l=kesa
lsokfuo`Ùk gq,A fn;kA mudk cjuk iksjhpks; caxkyh lkfgR; esa mRÑ"V ekuk t

106 dyk ,oa laLÑfr

Hkkjrh; flusek
22 (Indian Cinema)
 20oha lnh dh 'kq:vkr flusek
ls lwpuk ] lekpkj  ftls 1914 bZ-
] euksjatu esayanuesa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k FkkA gkykafd]
f'k{kkvkSj,sfrgkfld Le`frds ,d izHkko'kkyh ekè;e ds Hkkjrh; flusek ds lcls igys izHkko'kkyhnknklkgsc
O;fDrRo
:i esa mHkjk gSA iQkYdsus1913 ls 1918 rd 23 fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj
 flusek u dsoy lapkj dk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lk/u gS cfYd lapkyu fd;k] Hkkjrh; fiQYe m|ksx dh izkjafHkd
gkWyhoqM
o`f¼
lekt dk niZ.k] ifjorZu vkSj fo"k;&oLrq
lkaLÑfrd
dk ,tsaV dh rqyuk esa rst ugha FkhA
vkSjbfrgkl dk lzksr Hkh gSA  1920 ds n'kd dh 'kq:vkr esa dbZ ubZ fiQYe fuekZ.k dju
 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds nkSjku dbZ fiQYe fuekZrk vaxzstksa okyh daifu;k¡
dh mHkjdj lkeus vkbZA
vfiz; vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls izsfjrlsaljf'ki uhfr ds dkj.k  1920 ds n'kd esa egkHkkjrvkSjjkek;.k] ikSjkf.kdvkSj
viuh jktuhfrd fparkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks Li"V ,sfrgkfld
:i ls rF;ksavkSj ,filksM ds vk/kj ij fiQYeksa dk
O;Dr djus esa l{ke ugha FksaA cksyckyk jgk] ysfdu Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa us gkWyhoqM dh
fo'ks"k :i ls,D'ku fiQYeksa dk Lokxr
fd;kA
 flusek dh Hkk"kk dsoy laoknksa rd gh lhfer ugha gS ;g fØ;k]
b'kkjksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj izrhdokn ds ckjs esa Hkh gSA Hkkjrh; flusek ls tqM+s rF;
 Hkkjrh; flusek dk bfrgkl mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds igys Hkkjr
• dk gSAdh igyh flusekLdksi fiQYe dkxt dk1959 iwQy
1896 bZ- }kjk 'kwV dh xbZ igyh fiQYEkxq#
esa]Y;qesjs cznlZ dk nÙk }kjk cukbZ xbZ gSA
izn'kZu eqacbZ
(cacbZ) esa fd;k x;k FkkA • Hkkjr dh igyh 70 feeh- dh fiQYe diwjvjkmaM
dh n
 flusek dk bfrgkl rc cuk] tc yksdfiz;
gfj'pUæ l[kkjke oYMZ(fgUnh)1967 gSA
HkkVoMsdj Fkk] • Lo.kZ dey(xksYMUk dey) Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o"kZ dh
dks lkos nknk ds :i esa tkuk tkrkY;wesjs
cznlZdh fiQYe ds izn'kZu ls cgqr vf/d izHkkfor gksdj loZJs"B fiQYe dks fn, tkus okys iqjLdkj dk uke gSA
mUgksaus baXyS.M ls ,d dSejk eaxok;k FkkA • thoh vÕ;j }kjk funsZf'kr
vkfn 'kadj Hkkjr dhigyh
 eaqcbZ
esa mudh igyh fiQYe
gSafxax xkMZu laLÑr fiQYe
esa 'kwV dh xbZ FkhA gSA
ftls n jslyj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA • f'kokth x.ks'ku izaQklhlh ljdkj }kjk
'ksosfy;j
LFkkfiriqjLdkj
 ;g ,d dq'rh eSp dh ljy fjdkWfM±x Fkh]lu~
ftls1899 thrus okys igys Hkkjrh; FksA
esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k FkkHkkjrh;
vkSj fiQYe m|ksx
esa ;g • Hkkjr dk igyk
varjkZ"Vªh; fiQYe egksRlo
esa
1952
vk;ksftr
igyk pyfp=k ekuk tkrk gSA fd;k x;k FkkA
ckWyhoqM dh 'kq#vkr • igyh Hkkjrh;3MhfiDPkjey;kye flusek ekbZ fM;j
 Hkkjrh; flusek ds firk nknklkgsc iQkYds us Hkkjr dh dqV~VhpFk
igyh gSA
yEch fiQYe jktk gfj'pUæcukbZ Fkh] tks 1913
lu~ esa • vkWLdj thrus okys Hkkjrh;&
Hkkuq vFkS;k
] lR;thr js ] jslqy
iznf'kZr gqbZA
ewd fiQYe (èofujfgr) gksus ds ckotwn] bls iqdqV~Vh
] ,-vkj- jgeku vkSjxqytkjgSaA
O;kolkf;d liQyrk feyhA VkWdht dh 'kq:vkr
 nknk lkgc dsoy fuekZrk ugha Fks] cfYd funsZ'kd] ys[kd] bZjkuh }kjk fufeZr èofu lfgr igyh
 vnsZf'kj vkye
fiQYe
dSejkeSu] laiknd] esdvi dykdkj vkSj dyk funsZ'kd Hkh FksA
vkjk Fkh] tks fd
lu~ 1931esackEcsesa iznf'kZr gqbZA ;g Hkkjr
Hkkjrh; flusek dh igyh fiQYe jktk gfj'pUæ FkhA dh igyh èofu fiQYe FkhA
 u, ;qx dk tUe
vkye vkjkds izn'kZu us Hkkjrh; flusek ds bfrgkl esa,d,d u,
;qx dh 'kq:vkr dhA fiQjkst'kkg
vkyevkjk ds igys laxhr  f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ ds nkSjku cukbZ tkus okyh fiQYeksa dh la
funsZ'kd FksA esa ,d laf{kIr fxjkoV ns[kh xbZA ewy :i ls vk/qfud Hkkjrh
 vkyevkjkds fy, fjdkWMZ fd;k x;k igyk xhr ns nsfiQYe m|ksx dk tUe 1947 ds vklikl gqvk FkkA
l u~ 1931 esa
[kqnk ds uke ij FkkA
okftj
;g eksgEen [kku
}kjk xk;k x;k FkkA
 bl vof/ esa fiQYe m|ksx esa mYys[kuh; vkSj mRÑ"V ifjo
 blds ckn] dbZ fuekZ.k dEifu;ksa us dbZ fiQYeksa gq,A Js"B fiQYe fuekZrkvksa
dks fjyht lR;thr js
tSlsvkSjfcey jkW;us
fd;k] ftldh otg ls Hkkjrh; flusekesa dkiQh o`f¼ gqbZA fiQYesa cukbZ] fiQYesa fupys oxZ ds vfLrRo vkSj nSfu
ij dsfUær FkhA
 1927 esa] 108 fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k Fkk] tcfd 1931
esa 328 fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA blh le;]  ,sfrgkf
,d cM+k ld vkSj ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ;k dgkfu;ksa us fiQj ls viu
fiQYegkWy txg ys yh vkSj lkekftd lans'kksa ds lkFk cuus okyh fiQY
Hkh fufeZr fd;k x;k ftlls n'kZdksa dh la[;k esa
,d egRoiw.kZ o`f¼ gqbZA Js"B ekuh tkus yxhA
 ;s fIkQYesa
 1930 vkSj 1940ds nkSjku dbZ iz[;kr fiQYe gfLr;kas tSls os';ko`fÙk] ngst] cgqfookgvkSj vU; Hkz"Vkpkj tSls
nsodh cksl] psru vkuan] ,l-,l- oklu] fufru cksl vkSj dbZfo"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr Fkh tks gekjs lekt esa izpfyr FksA
vU; izfl¼ yksxksa dks fiQYeh ijns ij mrkjk x;kA 1960 ds n'kd esa] u, funsZ'kdksa tSls fd ½fRod ?kVd]
{ks=kh;
fiQYeksa dk fodkl e`.kky lsu vkSj vU; yksxksa us vke vkneh dh okLrfod
leL;kvksa ij tksj fn;kA
 bruk gh ugha] dsoy fgUnh flusek dk fodkl gh ugha gqvk]
cfYd ns'k esa {ks=kh; fiQYe m|ksx us Hkh viuh  NkimUgksaus dqN csgrjhu fiQYeksa dk funsZ'ku fd;k] ftlus H
NksM+hA
fiQYe m|ksx dks varjkZ"Vªh; fiQYe ifjn`'; esa txg cukus
 1917 esa igyh caxkyh iQhpj fiQYe uy ne;arhizeq[k
l{ke cuk;kA
Hkwfedkvksa esa brkyoh vfHkusrkvksa
ts-,iQ- enku
ds lkFk
}kjk
T;ksfr"k ljdkjFksA 1950 vkSj1960esa Hkkjrh; flusek ds bfrgkl
cukbZ xbZ FkhA bl fiQYe ds iQksVksxzkiQj Lo.kZ
dks ;qx
ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd xq# nÙk] jktdiwj] fnyhi dqekj] e
 1919 esa] igyh nf{k.k Hkkjrh; iQhpjdhpd fiQYeo/e
dqekjh] e/qckyk] ufxZl] uwru] nso vkuan vkSj okfgnk jg
uked ewd fiQYe LØhfuax ds ekè;e ls fn[kkbZ xbZA
tSls dqN ;knxkj dykdkjksa dk tc mn; gqvkA
 ;g fiQYe eækl (psUubZ) esa vkj- uVjkt eqnfy;kj }kjk cukbZ
 ;g ys[k v/wjk jgsxk] vxj Hkkjrh; flusek esa laxhr ds ;ksxnk
xbZ FkhA
nknk lkgc iQkYdsdh csVh eankfduh igyh cky dk mYys[k ugha fd;k tk,A Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dk xhr ,d
dykdkj Fkh] ftUgksaus 1919 esa iQkYdsdkfy;k enZu
dh vfHkUu vax gSaA
fiQYe esa cky Ñ".k dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA
 xhrksa dh mifLFkfr us varjkZ"Vªh; fiQYeksa dh rqyuk e
 t ekbZ "k"Bh
caxkyh esa igyh èofu fiQYe Fkh] 1931
ftlsesa fiQYeksa dks ,d fof'k"V :i fn;k gSA Hkkjrh; fiQYe m|ksx
iznf'kZr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g enu fFk;sVj fyfeVsMdbZ }kjkizfrHkk'kkyh xhrdkj] laxhr funsZ'kd vkSj dykdkjk
fufeZr dh xbZ FkhA tUe fn;k gSA
 dkfynkl rfey dh igyh èofu fiQYe Fkh] ,p,e jsM~Mh }kjk
ckWy
hoqM&elkyk fiQYeksa dk [kkstdrkZ
funsZf'kr 31 vDVwcj] 1931 dks eækl esa iznf'kZrdhckWyhoqM
xbZ FkhAesa elkyk fiQYeksa dk 1970
vkxeuds n'kd esa
 caxkyh vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds vfrfjDr] vleh]
gqvkAjkts'k [kUuk]
/es±æ
] latho dqekj] gsek ekfyuh
tSls
mfM+;k] iatkch] ejkBh vkSj dbZ vU; Hkk"kkvksa
{ks=kh; esa
vkSjHkh
dbZ vU; vfHkusrkvksa dh vkHkk us n'kZdksa dks ea
fiQYesa
cukbZ xbZ FkhA eksfgr fd;kA
 v ;ksè;spk jktk igyh ejkBh fiQYe Fkh]1932ftls
esaoh-  lcl s izeq[k vkSj liQy funsZ'kd]
eueksgu nslkbZdks dbZ yksxksa
'kkarkjke us elkyk fiQYeksa
}kjk funsZf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fiQYe nks Hkk"kkvksa esa ds tud (firk) ds :i esa ekuk FkkA
cukbZ xbZ FkhA  eueksgu nslkbZ ds vuqlkj eS pkgrk gw¡ fd yksx vius nq%[
 1932 esav;ksè;k dk jktk fgUnh Hkk"kkvksa esa cukbZHkwy tk,¡A eS mUgsa ml dh nqfu;k esa ys tkuk pkgrk gw¡
xbZ FkhA
1932esa v;ksè;k dk jktk fgUnh esa vkSj v;ksè;spk jktkxjhch
ejkBhugha gS] tgkW dksbZ fHk[kkjh ugha gS] tgk¡ Hkk
esa izHkkr dEiuh }kjk fufeZr igyh Hkkjrh; èofu fiQYe vkSjFkhA
Hkxoku vius leqnk; dh ns[kHkky djus esa O;Lr gSa
108 dyk ,oa laLÑfr
 1980 ds n'kd esa] dbZ efgyk funsZ'kdksa

ehjk tSls
uk;j]  v arjkZ"Vªh; fLFkfr ds tokc esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh; f
vi.kkZ lsuvkSj vU; yksxksa us viuh izfrHkk dk izn'kZu fd;kA dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ Fkh] vkSj mn~?kkVu iqjL
iqjLdkjksa
1981 esa fiQYe mejko tku esa js[kk ds vlk/kj.k vkSj 'kkunkj
fiQYe';keph vkbZdks fn;k x;k FkkA
izn'kZu dks ge dSls Hkwy ldrs gSA  t xr eqjkjh}kjk funsZf'kr
egkcyhiqjeus loZJs"B y?kq fiQYe
 1990 ds n'kd esa 'kkg#[k [kku] lyeku [kku] ek/qjh nhf{kr]
dk iqjLdkj thrkA
vkfej [kku] twgh pkoyk] fpjathoh vkSj dbZ vU;  dykdkjksa
lksgjkceksnhdh fiQYefetkZ xkfyc 1954esa jk"Vªifr dk
dk ,d u;k ny fiQYeh nqfu;k esa fn[kkbZ fn;kA Lo.kZ ind vftZr djus okyh igyh fiQYe FkhA
 v fHkusrkvksa dh bl ubZ 'kSyh us vius izn'kZu dksc<+kus
bl le; ds
dsfy,
vU; mYys[kuh; dk;ks± esa 'kkfey gS&
ubZ rduhdksa dk bLrseky fd;k] ftlus vkxs c<+dj Hkkjrh;
o"kZ ewoh ck; pyfp=k fooj.k
fiQYe m|ksx dks mUufr ds f'k[kj ij igq¡pk fn;kA
o"kZ 2008esa] Hkkjrh; fiQYe
LyeMkWx fefy;us;jesa loZJs"B1954 Ldks>k ukth ;g igyh fiQYe Fkh] ftls
laxhr ds fy, ,-vkj- jgeku dks nks
vdkneh iqjLdkjfeysA fdlh fons'kh yksds'ku ij
V fd;k x;k FkkA
'kw
 ; flusek vc Hkkjr rd lhfer ugha gS vkSj vc bldh
Hkkjrh
1957 ds-,- vCcklh
ljkguk varjkZ"Vªh; n'kZdksa }kjk dh tk jgh gSA ckWyhoqM ckWDlijnslh ;g igyk Hkkjr&lksfo;r
vkWfiQl laxzg fons'kh
esa cktkjdk ;ksxnku dkiQh mYys[kuh; lg;ksxFkk
gSA 1958 xq#nÙk dkxt ds iwQy ;g flusekLdksi esa igyh
2013 esa] Hkkjr us'kuy
ds LVkWd ,Dlpsat
esa 30 fiQYe Hkkjrh; fiQYe FkhA
izksMD'ku dEifu;ksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k eYVhIysDl Hkh 1960 ds n'kd esa Hkkjrh; flusek& Lo.kZ ;qx
x;k FkkA
dj izksRlkguksa dslsalsDl
dkj.kHkkjr esa rsth ls vkxs c<+ jgs 1960 ds n'kd esa] laxhr m|ksx flusek m|ksx dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
 gSaA
1950 ds n'kd esa Hkkjrh; flusek (u;s ;qx dk vkxeu) igyw cu x;kA
 cksMZ vkWiQ fiQYe lfVZfiQds'ku
lsaVªy dh LFkkiuk 1950 ds  dbZ fiQYeksa us laxhr dks ,d vf}rh; foØ; fcUnq ds :i esa
n'kd esa mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr nksuksa esa cM+h la[;k esadjuk
mi;ksx cu jgh
'kq: dj fn;k gSA
fiQYeksa dh lkexzh dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA
 ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS] jkt diwj vfHkuhr] nso vkuan dh
 bl le; ds nkSjku fiQYeh flrkjs izeq[krk ds vf}rh; Lrj rdxkbM] ;'k pksiM+k dh oDr] vkSj vU; izeq[k FksA
ig¡qps vkSj ?kjsyw uke cu x,A  bl nkSjku nks ;q¼ gq,] ,d 1962 esa vkSj nwljk 1965 esa tks
 bl nkSjku fgUnh flusek
f=kewfrZ
dh fnyhi dqekj
] nso vkuan jk"Vªoknh fiQYeksa dk fo"k; FkkA
vkSjjkt diwj dk mn; gqvkA
 fiQYe O;olk; ds mn; ds lkFk] tfVy fiQYe fuekZ.k izfØ;k
 lksgjkceksnh dh >k¡lh dh jkuh 1953 esa fjyht gqbZ esa
igyh'kkfey fofHkUu dfeZ;ksa dks f'kf{kr djus ds fy, ,
VsDuhdyj rLohj FkhA izf'k{k.k LowQy dh vko';drk FkhA
 ;g og le; Hkh Fkk tc Hkkjr varjkZ"Vªh; fiQYe lekjksgksa ds
 lj dkj us bl izsj.kk dk mi;ksx 1960 esaHkkjrh;
iq.ks esa
fiQYe
fy, ,d yksdfiz; xarO; cu x;k FkkA vkSjVsyhfotu laLFkku ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fd;kA
1952 esa]ckWEcs
us Hkkjr ds igys varjkZ"Vªh; fiQYe egksRlo dh
 bl laLFkku us ys[kdksa] funsZ'kdksa vkSj vfHkusrkvksa
estckuh dhA
lEeku fd;kA
 blds ifj.kkeLo:i vf/d Hkkjrh; fiQYesa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij
 Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj jaxeap ds iz[;kr nknklkgsc iQkYds dk
è;ku vkdf"kZr djussss esa l{ke
fcey gqbZA
jkW;}kjk funsZf'kr nks
1969 esa fu/u gks x;k vkSj muds lEeku esa vkthou miyfC/
ch?kk tehu]dku fiQYelekjksg esa iqjLdkj ikus okyh igyh
ds fy, nknk lkgc iQkYds iqjLdkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
Hkkjrh; fiQYe FkhA
Hkkjrh;flusek esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk
 lR;thr js dh ikFksj ikapkyh dku iqjLdkj thrus okyh ,d
vkSj izfl¼ fiQYe FkhA  le ; ds lkFk flusek esa efgykvksa dh Nfo fodflr gqbZ gSA
 1957 esssssa
enj bafM;k
dks loZJs"B fons'kh Hkk"kk fiQYe
 ds fy,fiQYe ;qx ds nkSjku] fiQYe fuekZrkvksa us ,d efgyk
ewd
vkWLdj iqjLdkjds fy, ukekafdr fd;k x;k FkkA vfLrRo ij j[kh lhekvksa ij è;ku dsfUær fd;kA
dyk ,oa laLÑfr 109
 Hkkjr
1920 vkSj 1940 ds n'kd ds nkSjku] oh- 'kkarkjke] /hjsu esa fiQYeksa dks pkj dSVsxjh esa ck¡Vk x;k&
xkaxqyh
vkSj ckcwjko isaVj tSls vf/dka'k funsZ'kdksa us cky• fookg
;w ;gizfrca/]
lkoZHkkSfed izn'kZuh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSA
lrh mUewyu vkfn tSls efgyk eqfDr fo"k;ksa ds ckjs• ,esa fiQYesa
dsoy o;Ld n'kZdksa ds fy, izfrcaf/rA
cukbZA • ;w, vizfrcaf/r lkoZtfud izn'kZuh] ysfdu ckjg lky ls de mez
 /hjs&/hjs] fo/ok iqufoZokg] efgykvksa dh f'k{kk vkSj dk;ZLFky
d s cPpksa ds fy, ekrk&firk ds foosd dh psrkouh ds lkFkA
,l fo'ks"kK n'kZdksa ds fy,A
esa efgykvksa ds fy, leku osru ds vf/dkj dks 'kkfey •djus
ds fy, flusekbZ n`f"Vdks.k dks LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k  x;kA
lhch,iQlh ljdkj ds lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=kky; }kjk ukfer
 1960 vkSj 1980 ds n'kd ds nkSjku] gkWyhoqM esa efgykvksa,d vè;{k vkSj
dk 'kklh lnL;ksa ds lkFk ,d lqO;ofLFkr laxBu gSA
fp=k.k vR;f/d :f<+c¼ FkkA  lj dkjh fofu;e ds vuqlkj] mUgsa rhu lky ;k mlls vf/d
 ukf;dk ds foijhr] fiQYe fuekZrkvksa }kjk mUgsa foysu dh ;kvof/
oSaids fy, fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lnL; vkerkSj
ij izfl¼ vkSj 'kkunkj fiQYe O;kolk;h ;k vU; f'k{kkfon~ gksrs
cuk;k x;k FkkA mls 'kjkc ihrs] fookfgr iq#"kksa ds lkFk lEca/
vkSj mlds O;ogkj esa ozwQj ;k csbZeku fn[kk;k  FkkA{ks=kh; dk;kZy; esa] muds ikl {ks=kh; vf/dkfj;ksa
x;k muds
usr`Ro esa ,d lykgdkj lewg Hkh gSA
 dsoy oSdfYid flusek esa gh fiQYe fuekZrkvksa us efgyk eqfDr
 nks Lrjh; lfefr;k¡ gS ftuesa fiQYe fuekZrkvksa vkSj lsalj c
dks c<+kok nsus dh rhoz bPNk ds lkFk gesa ,d Hkkjrh; ds efgyk
chp vlgefr dh fLFkfr esa ijke'kZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dk thou fn[kk;k gSA lR;thr js] ½fRod ?kVd] xq#nÙk] ';ke
 t k¡p lfefr vkSjiqujh{k.k lfefrnks lfefr;k¡ gSaA
caxkyh vkSj vU; bl 'kSyh ds mYys[kuh; funsZ'kd gSaA
 lHkh fiQYeksa ds fy, lsalj cksMZ dk lfVZfiQdsV t:jh gksr
1952 dk Hkkjrh; Nk;kadu vf/fu;e ;gk¡ rd fd Hkkjr esa vk;kr gksus okyh varjkZ"Vªh; fiQYe
 H kkjrh; fluseSVksxzkiQ vf/fu;e] 1952dks Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh lhch,iQlh }kjk izekf.kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
}kjk fiQYe izek.ku dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, vf/fu;fer ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa Mc dh xbZ lHkh fiQYe
fd;k x;k FkkA lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ,d u;k izek.ki=k izkIr djuk gksxk fd
 v f/fu;e dk eq[; mn~ns'; dsUæh; fiQYe izek.ku dh cksMZ Hkk"kk eas ifjorZu fdlh Hkh rjg ls vuqfpr ugha gSA
LFkkiuk vkSj lapkyu dks vkSipkfjd :i nsuk Fkk] ftls lhch,iQlh izek.ki=k dk ,dek=k viokn nwjn'kZu ds fy,
 Hkkjrh;
lsalj cksMZHkh dgk tkrk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls cukbZ xbZ fiQYesa gSa] tks Hkkjr ljdkj dh v
dkfjd izlkjd gS vkSj ,slh fiQYeksa dh tk¡p ds fy, vius Lo;a
 ;g vf/fu;e dsUæ ljdkj dkslaslj cksMZ ds vè;{k ds ds fu;e gSaA
lkFk&lkFk yksxksa dh ,d Vhe (ckjg ls de vkSj iPphl ls otu 'kks vkSj/kjkokfgdksa
 Vsyhf dks Hkhlhch,iQlh izek.ku
vf/d ugha) dks vius drZO;ksa esa vè;{k dh lgk;rk djuslsdsNwV izkIr gSA
fy, dgrk gSA  Hkkjr ljdkj us fiQYe izek.ku ekudksa dks LFkkfir djus ds fy,
 cksMZ dks ,d fiQYe dh leh{kk djuh pkfg, vkSj ;g fu/kZfjr 2016 esa ';ke csusxy lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh] tks nqfu;k Hkj
ls lokZsÙke izFkkvksa dks è;ku esa j[krh gS vkSj dykR
djuk pkfg, fd bls iznf'kZr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ;k ugha D;ksafd
;g ,d fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd {ks=k] vk;q lhek] /kfeZd lac¼rk jpukRed ;k vfHkO;fDr ds fy, i;kZIr vkSj Lohdk;Z xqatkb
jktuhfrd lewg dks izHkkfor djrk gSA iznku djrh gSA
gky ds fookn
 ;g fiQYe ds vkosnd dks izek.k i=k tkjh djus ls igys fiQYe
 ' ks[kj diwj dh lcls foHkktudkjh fiQYeksa esa ls ,d cSafM
esa cnyko vkSj gVkus dk funsZ'k Hkh ns ldrk gSA
Dohu 1994 esa fjyht gqbZ FkhA bl fiQYe dks laslj cksM
 ;fn ;s ifjorZu ugha fd, tkrs gSa] rks laslj cksMZ fiQYe bldhdksuXurk vkSj v'yhy lkexzh ds dkj.k izfrcaf/r dj fn;k FkkA
lkoZtfud :i ls fn[kkus dh vuqefr nsus ls euk dj ldrk gSA
 Hkkjrjdkj l us /kfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks Bsl igq¡pkus ds fy,
 gkyka
fd dsUæ ljdkj fiQYe izek.ku ds fy, ftEesnkj gS] jkT;
fiQYeksa ij izfrca/ yxk fn;k
ckckgSA
jke jghe}kjk funsZf'kr
fiQYe
ljdkjsa vius O;fDrxr vf/dkj {ks=k esa lsaljf'ki ykxw djus dseSlsatj vkWiQ usxkWM
2014 esa mÙkj Hkkjr ds dqN fgLlks
fy, ftEesnkj gSA esa dgj cjik;k FkkA
110 dyk ,oa laLÑfr
 blh rjg] rfeyukMq esa eqfLye laxBuksa us dey gklu cnyrs

ds lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ifjn`'; dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,
lasljf'ki ds eqn~nksa ds fy, u, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dh vko';drk
fo'o:ie ds f[kykiQ fojks/ izn'kZu vk;ksftr fd;k gS] ftlesa
nkok fd;k x;k gS fd ;g mudh /kfeZd laosnukvksadkspw¡ BslbaVjusV ikbjslh m|ksx dh lcls xaHkhj fpark gS] blfy
fd
ig¡qpkrk gSA ikbjslh dks izfrcaf/r djus ds fy, la'kks/uksa dh vko';drk gSA
 cgjgky]Hkkjrh; lsalj cksMZ us bls gjh >aMh ns nh vkSj fgalk
 v ijkf/;ksa ds f[kykiQ naMkRed vkSj ekSfæd izfrca/ iz
dh [kcjksa ds ckotwn fiQYe dks fjyht dj fn;k x;kA djus gksaxsA
 fiQYe ijtkfu;k (2005) xqtjkr naxksa ls izsfjr FkhA jk"Vªh;
iqjLdkj thrus ds ckotwn] bls dsoy
xqtjkr vkSjHkkjresa Hkkjresa fiQYe m|ksx ls tqM+s Hkkjr ds laLFkku
dqN LFkkuksa ij fn[kk;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjrdk fiQYe izHkkx
 iÁkorhfiQYe ds izfr vkØks'k dk ,d lkekftd ifjizs{;  tu ojh 1948 esa fiQYe fMohtu dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr esa lkekftd /kj.kkvksa vkSj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ds ckjs
bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gSA
esa dqN egRoiw.kZ iz'u mBkrk gSA
 fiQYe izHkkx o`Ùkfp=kksa] y?kq fiQYeksa] ,fues'ku
 lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=kky; us gky
fluseSVksxzkiQ
gh esa (la'kks/u)
fo/s;d] 2021 ds elkSns ij turk dh izfrfØ;k dk vuqjks/ lekpkj if=kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
fd;k] tks dsUæh; fiQYe izek.ku cksMZ dh iqujh{k.k jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k
 'kfDr;ksa dks ij dsfUnzr izHkkx dk mn~ns'; jk"Vªh; d
cgky djus dk bjknk j[krk gSA ds dk;kZUo;u esa yksxksa dks f'kf{kr vkSj izsfjr djuk vkSj
 u;k fcy cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkyksd esa LØhfuax ds vkSj
fy, fons'kh n'kZdksa ds fy, ns'k dh Nfo vkSj ns'k dh fojk
fiQYeksa dks izekf.kr djus dh izfØ;k dh izHkko'khyrkdhesa j{kk djuk gSA
lq/kj
djsxk vkSj ik;jslh ds [krjs dks de djsxkA lsaVª
y cksMZ vkWiQ fiQYe lfVZfiQds'ku
jk"Vªh
; fiQYe uhfr  blsfluseSVksxzkiQ ,DV ds1952
rgr LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
 Hkkjr esa nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k fiQYe fuekZ.k m|ksx  gS]lhch,iQlh
bls ns[krs Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud izn'kZu ds fy, fiQYeksa
gq,] ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ,d jk"Vªh; fiQYe uhfr izekf.kr dh djrk gSA
vko';drk gSA
 bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA
 Hkkjr dsdy l ?kjsyw mRikn esa ,d izeq[k ;ksxnku ds lkFk gj
lky ,d gtkj ls vf/d fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSAblds cSaxyksj] dksydkrk] psUubZ] dVd] xqokgkVh] g
eqEcbZ] ubZ fnYyh vkSj fr#ouariqje esssa ukS {ks=kh;
 fiQYe m|ksx ,d fojks/kHkkl esa iaQl x;k gS] bldk foLrkj
vfu;af=kr gS] ysfdu fufeZr fiQYeksa dh lkexzh dks ; fiQYe
jk"Vªh
laslj fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM (,u,iQMhlh)
cksMZ
ds ekè;e ls ljdkj }kjk l[rh ls fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA  bls 1975 esa xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA
 urhtru] yEch vof/ ds fodkl ds fy,] ljdkj dh  bldk xBu Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; fiQYe m|ksx ds laxfBr]
Hkkxhnkjh lhfer gksuh pkfg,A dq'ky vkSj ,dhÑr fodkl dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj mls c<+kok
 {ks=kh; fiQYeksa dks rsth ls gkf'k;s ij /dsyk tk jgk gS] vkSjnsus
bls ds izkFkfed mn~ns'; ds lkFk fd;k x;k FkkA
eq[;/kjk dh fgUnh fiQYeksa ds Lrj rd ykus ds fy, ,dHkkjr
uhfrdk jk"Vªh; fiQYe laxzg
dh t:jr gSA  ;g fuEufyf[kr mn~ns';ksa iQjojh
ds lkFk1964esa lwpuk vkSj
 fiQYe fuekZ.k vkSj iQksVksxzkiQh dh dyk fl[kkbZizlkj.k ea=kky; ds rgr ,d Lora=k ehfM;k bdkbZ ds :i esa
tkuh pkfg,]
vkSj Hkkjrh; fiQYe vkSj Vsyhfotu laLFkku (,iQVhvkbZvkbZ)
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk&
dh rtZ ij vU; fiQYe Ldwyksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A • jk" Vªh; flusek dh fojklr dk irk yxkus] gkfly djus
 ; flusek dks fo'o Lrj ij c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk gS] vkSj Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, lajf{kr djus vkSj fo'o flusek d
Hkkjrh
vkSj ,d jk"Vªh; uhfr bls lgh fn'kk esa ekxZn'kZu djus esa izfrfuf/
enn laxzg dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy,A
dj ldrh gSA
• fiQYe ls lEcaf/r MsVk dks oxhZÑr vkSj nLrkost dju
 ,d jk"Vªh; fiQYe uhfr ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gS fd flusek ij 'kks/ djuk vkSj izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj mUg
lkexzh ds fMftVyhdj.k ds fy, izksRlkgu iznku fd;k tk,Aizdkf'kr vkSj forfjr djukA
dyk ,oa laLÑfr 111
• ns'k esa fiQYe laLÑfr ds izlkj ds dsUæ ds :i esa fons'kksavarjkZ"Vªh;

 dk;Z esa fiQYe lekjksgksa
esa Hkkx ysukA
djuk vkSj fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh; flusek dhlkaLÑfrd
Hkkjrljdkj dh vksj ls fo'ks"k fiQYe izn'kZuhA
mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djukA  fizaVlaxzgvkSjizys[ku
A ;s xfrfof/;k¡ flusek ds {ks=k esa Hkkj
fiQYelekjksg funs'kky; vkSj vU; ns'kksa ds chp fopkjksa] laLÑfr vkSj vuqHk
vknku&iznku ds fy, ,d vuwBk eap iznku djrh gSA
 ;g 1973 esa lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=kky; ds rgr vPNs flusek
dks c<+kok nsus ds eq[; mn~ns'; ls LFkkfir fd;k cPpksa dh fiQYe lkslk;Vh
x;k FkkA
 ;g Hkkjr ljdkj dk ,d uksMy laxBu
gS] tks fofHkUu Hkkjrh;
 fiQYe lekjksg funs'kky; dh xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gS&
Hkk"kkvksa esa cPpksa dh fiQYeksa vkSj fofHkUu Vho
 Hkkjr dk varjkZ"Vªh; fiQYe egksRloA fuekZ.k djrk gSA
 jk" Vªh; fiQYe iqjLdkj
vkSjnknk lkgc iQkYds iqjLdkj
A  bldh LFkkiuk 1955 esa gqbZ FkhA
 lkaLÑfrd vknku&iznku dk;ZØe vkSj fons'kksa esa fe'ku
 lh, ds ds dk;Z lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=kky;] Hkkjr
iQ,lvkbZ
ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dh LØhfuax dk vk;kstuA ljdkj ds varxZr vkrs gSaA
 Hkkjrh; iSuksjek
dk p;uA  bldk eq[;ky; eqaEcbZ
esa gSA

112 dyk ,oa laLÑfr

23 Hkkjrh; flDds
(Indian Coins)
 flDds (Coins) 'kCn dh mRifÙk ySfVu
D;wul
'kCn
(Cunenus) bZjku esa [kksts x;s rkezik"kk.k vfpfÉr lksus dh fMLd dh r

ls gqbZ] ftldk 'kkfCnd iPpj

vFkZ(Wedges) gSA 1000 bZlk iwoZ dh gS vkSj ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd
 flDdksa ds vè;;u djus okys eqæk'kkL=k
dks (Numismatics) ltkoVh dk;ks± dh deh ds dkj.k mudk mi;ksx iSls ds :i esa
dgrs gSA eqæk'kkL=k eqæk dk vè;;u ;k laxzg gS]fd;k x;k FkkA
ftlesa
oSfnd
flDds] Vksdu] dkxth eqæk] ind rFkk lEcaf/r oLrq,¡ vkfndky ds flDds
'kkfey gSaA  oSfnd dky ls vkxs] okf.kT; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh
izkphu flDdksa dk fodkl dherh /krq dh x.kuk ;ksX; bdkb;ksa ds izek.k feyrs gSaA
 flDds ds vkfo"dkj ls igys oLrqvksa dh [kjhn&iQjks[r bl lanHkZ esa ½Xosn fu"d esa
uke dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ckn
rFkk fcØh oLrq fofue; iz.kkyh (Barter system) }kjk ds lk{;ksa ds vuqlkj cNM+ksa dks lksus dh iknksa ls ltk;s t
fd;k tkrk FkkA :i essssa izLrqr fd;s tkus dk mYys[k gSA
 igys Kkr Hkkjrh; flDds pk¡nhds iap&fpfÉr VqdMs+ Fks]'kriFk czkã.k lreku uked ,d bdkbZ dk mYYks[k djrk gS]
tksfd tuinksa esa izpfyr FksA ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ lkS gS ekud vkSj 100 Ñ".k dk
izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
 Hkkjr esa flDdksa ij izkphu dky ls 'kkldksa] nsoh&nsorkvksa vkSj
vU; fo"k;ksa dks fpf=kr fd;k gS] tcfd mÙkj HkkjresadkR;k;u
jktkvksaJkSr lw=k ij ,d ckn dh fVIi.kh ds vuqlkj] ,d
lreku 100
}kjk tkjh fd;s x;s eè;dkyhu yksxksa esa iQkjlh esa f'kykys[k gS eSfVl Hkh gks ldrk gSA
vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa dgkfu;ksa ds lkFk fpf=kr vkd"kZd
 ;s lHkhfMtkbu
bdkb;k¡ fdlh u fdlh rjg ls lksus dh udnh ls
iznf'kZr djrs gSA lEcaf/r gS ysfdu varr% budk mi;ksx pk¡nh dh eqæk ds
 bu flDdksa ds fo"k;ksa us Hkkjr ds dbZ jktkvkssssssa lanHkZ esa fd;kdh
vkSj jktoa'kksa x;kA
lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd] LFkkiR; rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa
tuin dky ds flDds
cgqr dqN iznf'kZr fd;kA
 lcls fuf'pr lkfgfR;d vkSj iqjkrkfRod lk{; tks miegk}hi
 izkjaHk esa] flDdksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, le`¼ /krqvksa dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu] Lora=krk ds ckn ds flDds /krqvksa esa ds

flDdksa ds mi;ksx lq>ko nsrs gSA yxHkx 5oha&6oh
bZlk iwoZ ds gSaA
la;kstu :i esa vk;s] tSls& Vksdu eqækA
 ;g jkT;ksa ds mn~Hko 'kgjhdj.k vkSj c<+rh O;kikfjd xfrfof
 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lk{;ksa ds vk/kj ij [kksts x;s flDdksa
ds lanHkZ esa Fkk fd ckS¼ xzaFkksa vkSj ikf.kuh ds v"
esa T;knkrj eqgj yxh /krq dh NM+s FkhA
jkT;ksaa ds mn; dh okrkZ gSA
izkxSfrgkfld vkSj dkaL; ;qx ds flDds
 nf{k.k Hkkjr ls flDds ds ekud otu dk fu/kZj.k nks izdkj dh
 fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk us O;kikfjd xfrfof/ ds fy, pk¡nh tSlh
dfy;ksa ds otu dk fu/kZj.k djds fd;k tkrk eatnh
Fkk]
fuf'pr~ otu okyh /krqvksa dks fu;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
(vksMsuFksjk iSoksfu;k)
dyatqvkSj
(dSlyfifu;k ckWMqd)A
tSlk fd gM+Iik dky ds var ls eksgutksnM+ks ds {ks=k }kjk
voarh tuin dh jtr d"kkZi.k
izekf.kr fd;k x;kA
 ;g izkphu Hkkjrh; flDdk 500 vkSj 400 bZlk iwoZ ds ch
 iap&fpfÉr eqæk izrhdksa vkSj fla/q eqgjksa ij ik;s tkus okys yksxksa
voarh tuin ds ,d vKkr jktdqekj }kjk <kyk x;k FkkA
ds chp gM+rkyh lekurk ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA
 ;g 3-2 ls 3-4 xzke pk¡nh ds lkFk ekik x;k Fkk vkSj blesaizrhd dks vyx ls vafdr (iap) fd;k x;k gS tks dbZ
 izR;sd
ewY;oxZ d"kkZi.k gSA ckj vlko/kuh ds dkj.k fdlh nwljs izrhd ij vafdr gks x;k gSA
 osvke rkSj ij vfu;fer xksykdkj ;k pkSdksj :i ds gksrs FksA
fgUn&;wukuh flDds
 i ap&fpfÉr [kuu izfØ;k dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mUgsa  flpkj
Ddksa ij ys[k fy[kokus dk dk;Z loZizFke fgUn&;w
vyx&vyx izrhdksa ls fpfÉr fd;k x;k FkkA (fgUn&;ou) 'kkldksa us fd;k FkkA
 ihNs dh vksj ,d fgj.k nkbZ vksj ns[k jgs gSa] lkFk gh fgUnw&;wukuh
 nks vKkr 'kkldksa us vius flDdksa ij lqUnj dyk
izrhd Hkh gSaA vkÑfr;k¡ cuokbZ FkhA buds flDdksa ds eq[; Hkkx ij jktk
d ksly tuin dh jtr foelSfVdk vkÑfr okLrfod izrhr gksrh gSA
 buizkphu Hkkjrh; flDdksa dks dksly tuin ds fy, <kyk
 x;k;s vius flDdksa ds i`"B Hkkx ij fdlh nsork dh vkÑfr
vafdr djokrs FksA
Fkk] tksfd 525 bZlk iwoZ ls 465 bZlk iwoZ rd Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
ij fodflr gqvkA d q"kk.k dkyhu flDds
 k jktkvksa us vf/drj lksus
blesa foa'kfrdk lEiznk; gS vkSj ;g 4-4 xzke pk¡nh ls dq"kk.
fufeZr
gqvkA ds flDds tkjh fd;sA buds dky

esa lokZf/d
bu vlkekU; Hkkjrh; izkphu flDdksa ij pkj vewrZ izrhdksa dks 'kq¼ lksus ds flDds
cukus ds fy, iap&fpfÉr [kuu izfØ;k dk mi;ksx fd;k x;ktkjh fd;s x;s FksA
FkkA mUg
 ksaus dbZ rk¡cs ds flDds Hkh
 t Su /eZvkSjckS¼ /eZ
pyk;s FksaA buds flDds mÙkj
tSl Je.k vkanksyuksa dks dksly us
c<+kok fn;kA Hkkjr esa fcgkj rd ds vf/dre
fgLLkksa esa ik, x;s gSaA oqQ"kk.k flDdk
d fyax tuin dk d"kkZi.k pkanh dk flDdk
k 'kkldksa ds flDdksa ij vusd ;wukuh vkSj iQkjlh (bZjk
 dq"kk.
 ;s Hkkjrh; iqjkus flDds 500 vkSj 260 bZlk iwoZ ds chp dfyax
tuin ds fy, <kys x, FksA nsoh&nsorkvksa ds vfrfjDr cgqr ls Hkkjrh; nsoh&nsorkvk
vkÑfr;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSA
 ;g ns[krs gq, fd pk¡nh ds flDds dk otu 1-7 vkSj 1-85 xzke
ds chp gksrk gS] bldk ewY; 1@2 d"kkZi.k gSA  dq"kk. k jktkfoe dMfiQlsl ds flDdksa ij cSy ds cxy esa
[kM+s fgUnw nsork f'ko dh vkÑfr vafdr gSA
 eqæk' kkL=k ds {ks=k esa] mUgsa vlkekU; ekuk tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa
 dq"kk.
iap&fpfÉr [kuu izfØ;k dk mi;ksx djds cuk;k x;k FkkA k jktkfoe dMfiQlslus flDdksa ij vafdr ys[k esa [kqn
dks egs'oj (f'ko dk HkDr) dgk gSA
 blesa ck;ha vksj fn[kus okys fgj.k ds pkj fNfær izrhd gSa] nks
iq"i fpÉ vkSj ,d cht fMªy gSA  blds vfrfjDr dfu"d] gqfo"do oklqnso vkfn lHkh dq"kk.k
 bu flDdksa dks [kkyh NksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA
jktkvksa ds flDdksa ij ;gh ys[k feyrk gSA
v kgr flDdsa  dfu"d ds flDdksa ls gesa irk pyrk gS] fd

ckS¼
og /eZ
dk
vuq;k;h FkkA
 Hkkjr ds lcls izkphu flDds
vkgr (iapekdZ) flDdsa xqIr&dkyhu flDds
dgykrs gSaA vkgr flDdksa dks  xqIr 'kkldksa us flDdksa ds Vadu ds ekeys esa dq"kk.k 'kkl
'kreku] d"kkZi.kvkfn Hkh ijEijk dk gh vuqlj.k fd;k FkkA xqIr jktkvksa us vius flDdk
dgk x;k gSA vkgr flDdsa dk iw.kZ :i ls Hkkjrh;dj.kdj fn;k FkkA
vf/dka'kr% pkWnh ds cus gq, gSA lkrokgu ds flDds
 buizkphure vkgr flDdksa ij  flDds ds lanHkZ esa] ;g vkerkSj ij Kkr gS fd lkrokgu igys
dksbZ 'kCn ;k ys[k dh txg vkgr flDdk Hkkjrh; jkT; Fks ftUgksaus vius Lo;a ds flDds cuk,] tks m
dsoy izrhd (ekuo] o`{k] i'kq] ioZr] T;kferh; vkÑfr'kkldksa ds fp=kksa ls Hkjs gq, Fks] ftldhxkSrehiq=k
'kq#vkr jktk
vkfn) vafdr fd;k x;k gSA lkrd.khZls gqbZ FkhA
114 dyk ,oa laLÑfr
 lkrokgu ds flDds rkacs] pk¡nh]  cknokyk laLdj.k gtkjksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;s nksuksa lksu
lhlk vkSj iksfVu ls cus gksrs gS vkSj rkacs esa ik, tkrs gSaA
vkSj dbZ :iksa tSls xksy] pkSdksj
jkt iwr jkT;ksa ds flDds
vkSj vk;rkdkj esa ekStwn gksrs gSaA
 fgUnqLrku vkSj eè; Hkkjr esa 'kklu djus okys dbZ jkti
 xkSrehiq=k 'kkrd.khZ ds ckn]
'kkldksssssa ds flDds eq[; :i ls lksus] rkacs ;k fcyu ds cus F
pk¡nh ds flDds] ftuesa ls
vf/dka'k jktkvksa ds fp=k gSa] pk¡nh ds cgqr de viokn FksA
vDlj [kksts tkrs gSaA
lkrokgu flDdk  bu flDdksa ds vxzHkkx ij /u dh izfl¼ nsoh y{eh FkhaA
 mudh lqUnjrk vkSj dykRed ewY; dh deh ds ckotwn]  bu flDdksa ij nsoh dks xqIr flDdksa ij fpf=kr lkekU; nk
lkrokgu flDds lkrokguksssssa ds jktoa'kh; bfrgkl ds ckjs esa Kku ds ctk; pkj Hkqtkvksa ds lkFk fn[kk;k x;k Fkk
Hkqtkvksa
dk ,d vfuok;Z lzksr gSaA esa ukxjh fdaonarh FkhA
 lkrokgu ds vf/dka'k flDdksa ds ,d rjiQ gkFkh] ?kksM+k] 'ksj
 jktiwr rkacsa vkSj cqfy;u flDdksa ij cSBs gq, cSy vkSj ?kq
;k pSR; FkkA
yxHkx ges'kk fn[kk, tkrs FksA
Mks&lklSfu;u flDdk
ba
v gkse jkT;ksa ds flDds
 530 lhbZ ls 1202 lhbZ rd baMks&llkfu;u 'kSyh esa Hkkjrh;
 v gkse lkezkT; ds igys flDds
flDdksa dh ,d cM+h Js.kh Fkh]
x<S;k
ftlsflDdkHkh dgk tkrk
gSA 15oha 'krkCnh ls lqiriQk ds
'kkludky (xngkjk flag) ds
 osxqtZjksa] izfrgkjksa] pkyqD;&ijekj vkSj ikyksa ds chp cgqr gh
T;kferh; rjhds ls lklSfu;u flDds ls fodflr gq,A rgr mRiUu gq, FksA
 flDdksa ds vkdkj v"Vdks.kh;
 jktk dh izfrek vDlj cgqr gh ljyhÑr vkSj vxzHkkx ij
gSaA
16oha 'krkCnh
T;kferh; gksrh gS] tcfd vfXu osnh dk fMtkbu] nks ifjpkjdksa ds flDdksa
ds lkFk ;k fcuk] bl izdkj ds flDds ds ihNs
T;kferh;
,d ij vgkse fyfi ls ysdj iwohZ
e flDdk
vgks
iSVuZds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ukxjh rd dh fyfi;k¡ nksuksa
'kkghpksyksa dk flDdk rjiQ mRdh.kZ gSaA
 bu flDdksa ds vxzHkkx esa 'kkldh; 'kkgh dk ,d ljyhÑr
fnYyh lYrur ds flDds
T;kferh; cLV fn[kk;k x;k Fkk] vkSj fjolZ esa ,d vfXu osnh
 flDdkssa ij lqYrku dk uke rFkk fgtjh dSysaMj ds rgr frfF
tSlk izrhd FkkA
vafdr gSA
 nf{k.k Hkkjrh; eqæk'kkL=kh jktjktk ds flDds ls lcls vf/d
 lksus]pk¡nh] rkacs vkSj cqfy;u ds flDds tkjh fd;sA
ifjfpr gSaA ;g gtkjksa dh la[;k esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 pk¡nh dk Vadk vkSj rkacs dk thry bYrqrfe'k }kjk 'kq: fd;k
 , slk izrhr gksrk gS fd muds flDds dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa rd
rfeyukMq esa izpfyr izeq[k eqæk FksA x;kA
 mudsflDds nks :iksa esa izfl¼ gSA Vkbi 1 esa nksuksa nrjiQ
eksgEe fcu rqxyd }kjk izrhdkRed :i ls dk¡ls ds flDds
/uq"k&ck?k&eNyh dk izrhd fpÉ gS] ftlds uhps ukxjh tkjh fd, x,A
v{kjksa
esa Jh jktk fy[kk gqvk gSA eqxydkyhu flDds
 ljs izdkj esa vxzHkkx ij ,d [kM+s O;fDr vkSj ihNs
nw  dh vksj lwjh
' ksj'kkg us pk¡nh dk :i;k tkjh fd;k] tks dkiQh le;
cSBs gq, O;fDr dks fn[kk;k x;k gS] nksuksa dh ck;ha Hkqtk ds uhps
rd izpfyr jgkA
ukxjh esa Jh jktk jktk gSA
 vdcj usbykgh flDdktkjh fd;kA

dyk ,oa laLÑfr 115

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}kjk izdkf'kr % Physics Wallah

eksckby ,si% Physics Wallah (Iys LVksj ij miyC/)

Nk=k leqnk; ds fgr esa%

 (;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

 çkjafHkd ijh{kk ds fy, mPp laHkkfor fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ

2- Hkkjrh; okLrqdyk 6&17  igkM+h fp=kdyk 33

 gM+Iik lH;rk esa okLrqdyk 6  vk/qfud fp=kdyk 34

kkjrh; dBiqryh dyk

kkjr ds jk"Vªh; izrhd

 v kWy bf.M;k jsfM;ks 88  eè;dkyhu lkfgR; 102

 ckS¼ 92&94  dksly tuin dh jtr foelSfVdk 114

 tSu 94&95  v kgr flDds 114

fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk dh ewfrZ;k¡  fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk ls izkIr ewfrZ;ksa

;wukuh dyk jkse

dyk] fojklr ,oa laLÑfr 5

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 izk;% gM+IikbZ 'kgj nks Hkkxksa esa if'peh rFkkFkk dh

 lk{;ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd LraHkksa

 lkjukFkesa ik;k x;k ekS;Z dkyhu LraHk] uke ls dk Hkkx

:i esa gqbZ] ftls cknvaMk

xqiQk,¡  mn;fxfj igkM+h ij fLFkr nks izfl¼ xqiQk,¡jkuh xqiQkrFkk

 l kjukFk ls çkIr cq¼ dh ewfrZ xqIr dyk dh ,d cstksM+ nj

dyk] fojklr ,oa laLÑfr 11

 rqxydksaus cêðkjds :i esa tkuh tkus okyh fuekZ.k 'kSyh

 igys çdkj esa ,d cjkens ds lkFk

 lu~ 1983esarktegy dks;wusLdks dh fo'o fojklr lwphd 'ehj 'kSyh

dyk dh nDdu 'kSyh

 chtkiqj ds xksy xqEcteqgEen

fo'ks"krk,¡ • lksu Hk.Mkj xqiQkfcgkj

dyk vkSj ewfrZdyk ds chp varj

dyk] fojklr ,oa laLÑfr 17

eafnjksa dk vfLrRo dc ls gS ;g fooknkLin iz'u gS ysfdu

 dqN vU; çdkj ds eafnj gSa%  fuja/j%çnf{k.kkiFk ds lkFk eafnjA

 la/j%fcuk çnf{k.kkiFk ds eafnjA  loZrksHkæ%

ukxj 'kSyh ds izeq[k efUnj  buds dksus pkjesa NksVs nsoky;

fo'ks"krk,¡  dY;k.k eaMiuked ,d u;s eaMi dk pyu bl 'kSyh esa

• [ kqys iznf{k.kk iFkA

 gks;ly 'kkldksa us eSlwj ds fudV viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh blesa ,d yksi{kh

 ;g efUnj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; yksxksa dsvkfFkZd

iky 'kSyh lsu ' kSyh • eq#

cgqr lfg".kq lf g".kq Hkkjr ds ckgj fLFkr dqN eafnj

24 dyk] fojklr ,oa laLÑfr

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Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh  Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh Hkkjrh;

çkphu Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk

ck?k dh fp=kdykcknkeh dh fp=kdyk

 la[;k 16&17ds fp=kik¡poha lnh

 vt arkdh fp=kdyk esa ds tfj;s xgjs&pednkj tSls cksf/lRo in~eikf.k

ck?kdh fp=kdyk xgjs :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSa

dyk] fojklr ,oa laLÑfr 31

fo'ks"krk,¡  v U; dykvksa dh rjg vkSjaxtscds

xhj dkyhu fp=kksa esa

Art & Culture Udaan (Hindi)

Art & Culture Udaan (Hindi)

(;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

çkjafHkd ijh{kk ds fy, mPp laHkkfor fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ