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La presse internationale en V.O. pour progresser en anglais

THE NEW GLOBAL

ORDER
CHINA’S WAY TO GLOBAL POWER AND HOW TRUMP HAS REDRAWN
THE TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP

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CLINT HOW BREXIT WHY IS THE
EASTWOOD ON COULD CHANGE OCTOPUS SO
THE MULE RURAL BRITAIN SMART?
USA TODAY THE ECONOMIST THE NEW YORK TIMES
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édito sommaire N° 465 / Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019
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(Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les langues) :
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Pour faciliter le repérage et la compréhension, les mots traduits sont surlignés dans tous les
articles du magazine.

AMÉLIE ARA
RÉDACTRICE EN CHEF Grand angle ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
On parle d'eux ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

À la une
A new world order?  C1-C2 2018 was the year Europe stood up to Trump
QUARTZ (US) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2018 experienced many unexpected develop- Faced with Trump’s ofensives, European leaders are leading a counter-
ments internationally. Old established alliances attack.
threatened to fall apart, while others formed. The
transatlantic relationship took a bit of a beating.  B2-C1 China’s Way to Global Power THE NEW YORK TIMES (US) ...................... 9
The unpredictable American president, Donald U.S. global leadership challenged by Xi Jinping’s China.
Trump, has never sought to hide his aversion to
the European Union, seeing it as the commercial  A2-B1 Sur le vif .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
“enemy” of his country. Since his election, these
feelings have been expressed in a series of strong Société
measures, such as removing the U.S. from the  B2-C1 How Brexit could change the face of rural Britain
Paris Climate Accord, and the establishment of THE ECONOMIST (UK) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
steep tariffs on European aluminium and steel. How do British farmers view the post-Brexit landscape?
When Washington withdrew from the Iranian
Nuclear Deal, it was the last straw, ending the  B2-C1 The Supreme Court’s Class Photos THE NEW YORK TIMES (US) ............. 15
historically friendly alliance – and the very high The historic tradition of the “class photo” of the American Supreme Court’s
proiled “bromance” between Macon and Trump justices.
in the media. The most recent upset in this tur-
moil is the downgrading, by the Trump adminis-
tration, of the diplomatic status of the European PRATIC’ABLE ................................................................................................................................. 17
Union to a mere international organisation. Vocabulaire, expressions et astuces pour parler
comme un anglophone
And if there is someone set to gain from all this, Ecrire une lettre / Les modeaux can et could / Soignez votre orthographe /
it would be China’s president, Xi Jinping, who, Jeux de mots
since coming to power in 2013, has been work-
ing steadfastly on China’s international proile.
His “Belt and Road Initiative”, a series of rail,  A2-B1 À 360° ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
road and sea links between Asia, Europe and
Africa has allowed him to forge new alliances Enjeux
and solidify his country’s economic power. Some  C1-C2 Billboards: a booming ad medium THE ECONOMIST (UK) .............................. 22
European countries, offended by Donald Trump, The rise of large publicity panels in the United States.
are beginning to view Xi Jinping, with his mas-
sive investment in infrastructure worldwide, as Culture
a new ally... Can China surpass its commercial  B2-C1 Clint Eastwood on drug drama The Mule USA TODAY (US) ........................ 24
rival, the United States? The American actor-director talks about his latest movie.
Happy Reading!  B2-C1 I predict a Riley THE GUARDIAN (UK) .................................................................................................................. 27
A multisensorial exhibition curated by the English rock band Kaiser Chiefs.
Rejoignez-nous sur et suivez-nous sur et sur
 A2-B1 Les échos ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Découverte
 B2-C1
BONUS Gut bacteria may ofer a treatment for autism
THE ECONOMIST (UK) ................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
L. reuteri, a promising small intestinal bacteria.
L’article est repris sur le CD ou les MP3
de conversation : Des interviews en V.O.  B2-C1 Why is the octopus smart as heck? THE NEW YORK TIMES (US) ........... 32
pour améliorer votre compréhension
The octopus: one of the world’s smartest animals.
Tous les articles du magazine sont lus par des
anglophones sur le CD (ou les MP3) de lecture Les sorties .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Retrouvez le reportage vidéo
Le dessin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
lié à l’ article sur vocable.fr

Photo de couverture : SIPA; Istock; Doug Mills/The New York Times

 Grand L’actualité en images

angle

(Andrew MacColl/REX/Shutterstock/SIPA)
ROYAUME-UNI
BURNS NIGHT
Burns Night supper tradition
These women are part of a lantern procession that took place in Dumfries, Scotland, to
Dumfries
commemorate Burns Night last year. Robert Burns, born in Scotland, on January 25, 1759, is
the country’s national bard. He wrote numerous poems addressing political and civil issues.
Every year on this date, he is celebrated throughout the country with parades and
processions. Men wear kilts while women wear tartan skirts or dresses. Scots also hold a
Burns supper, with friends and family, which traditionally centres on the entrance of the
haggis to the sound of bagpipes. The host then reads “Address to a Haggis,” an ode
celebrating the Scottish dish, written by Robert Burns.
bard poet / to address to deal with, to focus on / tartan Scottish fabric pattern of a clan, family / to hold, held, held to organise /
to centre on (GB), to center on (US) to be based on, be about / haggis traditional Scottish dish of sheep’s or calf’ boiled in a bag
made from the animal’s stomach / bagpipe woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form
of a bag / host person who looks after guests at a social event / address speech / dish food prepared in a particular way.

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 On parle d'eux… Retrouvez le fil d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

Ceux qui font l'actu

Bernie Sanders
Democratic Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders
is facing allegations of sexism and pay dis-
crimination that allegedly occurred during his
unsuccessful 2016 Democratic primary run.
Earlier this month, more than two dozen fe-
male staff members from his campaign signed
a letter seeking a meeting with him and his top
advisers to address the issue of “sexual vio-
lence and harassment on the 2016 campaign”.
A former staffer complained that she made
$2,400 a month while a younger male staffer
she was managing made $5,000 a month. “I
certainly apologize to any woman who felt she
was not treated appropriately and, of course, if
I run we will do better next time,” Bernie Sand-

(Kathryn Gamble/The New York Times)

ers told CNN.
to face to be confronted by / allegedly supposedly / to occur to
happen, take place / unsuccessful did not win, lost (the election) /
primary a preliminary election by voters of a political party to select
a candidate for oice / run candidacy / staf member, stafer
member of the (election) team / to seek, sought, sought here to
try to obtain / adviser counsellor / to address here, to deal with /
harassment persistent torment / to complain here, to ile a formal
complaint, criticise / to apologize (US) = to apologise (GB) to say
sorry (for).
(SIPA)

(SIPA)

(SIPA)
Jacob Zuma Elizabeth Warren David Cameron

Former South African president Jacob Zuma
is to record an album of apartheid-era
struggle songs. The announcement has
provoked a political row, his opponents
claiming that the project was a taxpayer-
funded waste of money. Jacob Zuma, who
was elected President of South Africa in 2009,
was forced out last year amid multiple fraud
scandals. The album will be recorded in front
of a live audience in April and released later in
the year.
former ex / apartheid-era period of apartheid /
struggle song song about the ight against apartheid /
announcement notiication / row argument, dispute /
opponent rival, adversary / to claim to airm /
taxpayer-funded inanced by taxes paid by citizens /
waste careless or unnecessary use / to force out to
eject, to ask to resign, to ire / amid in the context of /
audience public / to release here, to make available,
put on the market.
Democratic Massachusetts senator Elizabeth
Warren has released a video to announce
that she is entering the 2020 presidential race.
She became the irst major candidate to
declare her intentions to run for presidency
and to enter what is likely to be a crowded
Democratic primary. The 69-year-old senator
is well-known for her critiques of big banks
and corporations. In the past, she has
denounced Trump as a “wannabe tyrant.”
race electoral campaign (as a presidential candidate) /
to run, ran, run for (US) = to stand, stood, stood for
(GB) to present oneself as a candidate for election / to
be likely to to be probable to, risk being / crowded with
many candidates / corporation large business
enterprise / wannabe would-be, aspiring.
UK former prime minister, David Cameron,
has been barred from Parliament after failing
to renew his pass. While he was one of the
400 former politicians still allowed to use the
House of Commons’ subsidised facilities –
including a part-funded food and drink bar –
with a security pass, he is now no longer
allowed to enter Parliament itself.
to bar (from) to prohibit, not allow (access to) / to fail
to not to do sth / to allow sb to to permit/enable sb to /
House of Commons lower house of Parliament in the
UK / subsidised (GB) = subsidized (US) government
inanced reduced prices / facility building or service
provided for a particular purpose / part-funded
partially inancially supported.

VOCABLEDu 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 •5

À la une I Géopolitique I
In 2017, the U.S. accounted for 51.1% of NATO’s
ETATS-UNIS / EUROPE I  C2
As of June 2017, only six nations met NATO
combined GDP and 71.7% of its combined spending standards (2% of their GDP): the U.S.,
defense expenditure. Greece, the United Kingdom, Estonia, Poland and
Romania.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel speaks

with U.S. President Donald Trump, seated,
during the G7 Leaders Summit in La
Malbaie, Quebec, Canada, on June 9, 2018.
(Jesco Denzel/German Federal Government via AP/SIPA)

QUARTZ ANNABELLE TIMSIT

2018 WAS THE YEAR EUROPE

STOOD UP TO TRUMP
Europe changes tactics in dealing with Trump
April 2018, marked the occasion of Emmanuel Macron’s state visit to the U.S. capital, Washington D.C., where he was greeted
with great fanfare by Donald Trump. A few months later, during the French centenary commemorations of 11 November, relations
between the two leaders seemed to turn sour – as did transatlantic relations in general. Faced with diplomatic and commercial
ofensives from Trump, Europe led a counter-attack!

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NIVEAU BASIQUE ET AVANCÉ DU SUPPLÉMENT SONORE
On the Advanced recording, meet Ivor Davies, a European cultural actor from Sheield, England,
the city whose mayor stood up to Trump!
CD audio ou téléchargement MP3 (sur abonnement)
O ne of 2018’s most memorable
political photographs came to us
courtesy of the G7 Leaders Summit in
Canada. The picture captured European
and other world leaders standing across a
table from a seated, unimpressed-looking
Donald Trump. After two years of Euro-
pean leaders trying—and mostly failing—to
forge a good relationship with the US
president, 2018 was the year they inally
started to stand up to him.  new to US diplomacy.
2. Since Trump’s election in November 2016,
Europeans have grappled with the new dy-
namic he has brought to the transatlantic
relationship, given his lack of interest for (and
sometimes open hostility towards) European
affairs during his campaign for president. At
irst, many European leaders believed that
creating a bond with Trump would ulti-
mately pay off. It did not. In the last year,
they have instead coalesced around a broad
strategy to protect themselves from the
whims of a global superpower and its fa-
mously mercurial president.  spending his second term trying to repair
CHANGES IN THE TRANSAT-
LANTIC RELATIONSHIP
3. Trump has made a concerted effort since
2016 to disengage from the transatlantic
relationship. He pulled the US out of the
Paris Agreement on climate change and the
Iran nuclear deal; repeatedly criticized NATO
and threatened to cut back US defense spend-
ing in Europe. He started a global trade war
1. ... came to us courtesy of... taken at, coming from... /
to capture to take a photo, here, to show / unimpressed-
looking here, with an air of indiference / to fail not to
succeed / to forge to create, establish / to stand, stood,
stood up to to resist, to not be overpowered by.
2. to grapple with to struggle with, get to grips with /
given in view of / lack absence / bond connection /
ultimately in the end, eventually / to pay, paid, paid of
to be beneicial / to coalesce to combine, unite / whim
capricious idea / famously well-known for being... /
mercurial unstable, volatile.
3. to pull out to withdraw, leave / Paris Agreement on
climate change accord established in Paris within the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
/ Iran nuclear deal agreement on the Iranian nuclear
program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015 / repeatedly
again and again, many times / NATO = North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation / to threaten to menace / to cut,
cut, cut back to reduce / defense spending (GB) =
defence spending (US) expenses for the military /
Améliorez votre prononciation en écoutant tous les articles sur le supplément audio de lecture
that has impacted European aluminum and
steel producers; cozied up to Putin’s Russia;
praised the UK’s withdrawal from the EU;
and called the bloc one of his “greatest foes.”
EUROPE FIGHTS BACK
6. Now, European leaders are changing track.
Both French president Emmanuel Macron
and German chancellor Angela Merkel have
His position towards the continent has large- repeatedly stated that the EU can no longer
ly been one of benign neglect or outright count on the US to ensure European secu-
hostility, mixed in with jarring moments of rity. After Macron did so in an interview [in
praise and admiration.  November], Trump, who
previously enjoyed a good
4. This dual approach is not Trump's position rapport with the French
While Barack Obama spoke
towards the president, sent out a series
of aggressive tweets about
passionately about the continent has France. In response, Ma-
strength of the transatlan- largely been one cron more or less ignored
tic relationship, and re-
mained commit ted to
of benign neglect him, stating during an in-
terview, “I do not do policy
American defense obliga- or outright or diplomacy by tweets.” 
tions under NATO, he also hostility.
famously called Europeans 7. In an August editorial in
“free riders” and made Asia Handelsblatt, German for-
relations a focus during his two terms. And eign minister Heiko Maas criticized “the
before Obama, George W. Bush regularly ever-changing whims of the American
castigated EU members for not investing President” and called for Europe to “reas-
enough into their defense budgets, while sess” its relationship with the US. Several
European nations have called for an in-
the European relations that had faltered creased investment in sovereign defense
during the Iraq War.  spending, and Germany and France have
both renewed calls to form a united Euro- >>>
5. But Trump has brought this type of diplo-
matic hedging to new extremes. Initially,
there was “this idea that…you could cultivate 6. to ight, fought, fought back to counterattack,
a relationship with him, throw him a military defend oneself / to change track to take a diferent
stance towards / to state to declare / to count on to rely
parade or something, and he would be daz- on / to ensure to guarantee, make sure / rapport
zled by the baubles,” says Jeremy Shapiro, the relationship.
research director of the European Council on 7. ever-changing which constantly change / to reassess
Foreign Relations. “I think in the course of to re-evaluate, reconsider /
this year, slowly and progressively…people
stopped believing in that at all.” 
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
aluminum (US) = aluminium (GB) / steel hard metal
made of iron and carbon / to cozy up to sb (US) = to cosy
up to sb (GB) make friends with / to praise to applaud (ig.)
/ withdrawal exit / bloc here, European Union / foe enemy,
Les phrasal verbs
/ benign neglect non-interference that is intended to (verbes à particule) ne
beneit someone or something more than continual attention sont pas toujours
would / outright complete / jarring troubling, disturbing.
faciles à saisir !
4. dual double / to be committed to to be loyal to, to
adhere to the values of / free rider freeloader, sb who who Ne pas confondre :
takes things from others without paying for them or giving to stand up se lever
anything in return / focus here, priority / term period in to stand up to someone (§ 1)
oice / to castigate to criticise vehemently / to falter to afronter, tenir tête à quelqu'un
become unsteady, weaken.
to stand up for someone défendre
5. hedging equivocation, (here, to hedge one’s bets to quelqu'un
follow two opposing strategies in protecting one’s
to stand someone up faire faux
interests) / to throw, threw, thrown here, to organise /
dazzled impressed, attracted / bauble decoration, here, bond, poser un lapin à quelqu'un
ceremony, pomp, magniicent display.
VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 •7
 À la une I Géopolitique I ETATS-UNIS / EUROPE I  C2
SUPPLÉMENT VIDÉO
Découvrez un extrait de la conférence de presse d’Emmanuel Macron et
de Donald Trump lors du séjour du président américain à Paris les 10 et
11 novembre derniers, et testez votre compréhension sur
www.vocable.fr/videos-anglais

U.S. President Donald Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron during a U.S. President Donald Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron inside
joint news conference in the East Room of The White House, April 24, 2018. the Élysée Palace in Paris, November 10, 2018. (Tom Brenner/ The New York Times)
(Doug Mills/The New York Times)

>>> pean army, something EU members have
tried, and failed, to turn into reality for
years. After Trump reimposed US sanctions
on Iran, European inance ministers an-
nounced in late September that they would
develop a inancial strategy to allow Euro-
pean companies to keep doing business with
Iran while avoiding secondary sanctions
from US regulators. The Trump administra-
tion has hit back hard. Secretary of state
Mike Pompeo said he was “disturbed and
indeed deeply disappointed” by European
attempts to bypass US sanctions.  but his approach appears to be driven by the
WHAT’S NEXT?
8. Observers say Europe can, and should, do
more to protect its sovereign interests. As
Mark Leonard, the director of the European
Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) writes,
“In order to have a strong transatlantic alli-
ance, the EU will need to develop the tools to
[...] stand up for its own interests.”  sentially saying: Don’t take us for granted.” l
to avoid to escape, evade / regulators here, authorities /
administration government / to hit, hit, hit back to
retaliate / Secretary of state (US) equivalent of the
minister of foreign afairs / disturbed troubled, concerned
/ disappointed discouraged, dissatisied / attempt
efort, tentative / to bypass to get round, circumvent.
8. to stand, stood, stood up for to defend.
9. They will need this leverage if they hope to
extract any concessions from the US, Shapiro
says. “The usual way you would deal with the
American ally is to appeal to the strategic
value of the relationship, the cultural ties, the
longstanding sense that ‘We’re in this to-
gether,'” he explains. “None of that was work-
ing with Donald Trump. So then you have to
confront him from a position of strength.”  11. Alina Polyakova, a fellow at the Brookings
10. Trump may want to reimagine the trans-
atlantic relationship to better beneit the US,
idea that a splintered, weaker Europe is pref-
erable to a uniied one. This ultimately risks
hurting the US, as Europe has sought to
circumvent American authority on trade
issues and has drawn closer to China in the
process. “Playing ‘divide and rule’ is a good
idea when dealing with real enemies, but it
9. leverage means of pressure, strategic advantage to
accomplish sth / to extract to obtain / to appeal to to call
upon / tie link, connection / longstanding existing for a long
time / sense feeling, idea / We’re in this together we are all
in the same boat / to confront to face up to, deal with.
10. to drive, drove, driven to motivate / splintered
fragmented, divided / to seek, sought, sought to to try
to, attempt to / to circumvent to avoid, get around / to
draw, drew, drawn closer to to become more friendly
with, allied to / in the process at the same time, while
doing this / divide and rule create division to rule more
efectively /
makes no sense to sow division among
countries with whom one has generally
friendly relations [...], and when their collec-
tive support might be needed in other con-
texts,” writes international affairs professor
Stephen M. Walt. 
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR EUROPE?
Institution, says that a US retreat poses an
opportunity for Europe. “Europe has a great
capacity for … political leverage that they’re
not using at all,” she says. “As the US poten-
tially takes a step back from having this role
as the shining beacon of Western liberal de-
mocracy, that could be an opportunity for
Europe to step in.” That’s what European
leaders seem to have decided to do, as they go
head-to-head with the US over secondary
sanctions, trade, climate change, and defense
spending. As Shapiro explains, “They’re es-
to make, made, made no sense to be absurd / to sow,
sowed, sowed or sown division to create discord.
11. fellow academic research position at a university /
retreat withdrawal / to pose to constitute / to take, took,
taken a step back to remove itself from the position of /
shining beacon here, one that leads the way / to go, went,
gone head-to-head with to take up an opposing position
towards / essentially basically / to take sb for granted to
expect sb or sth to be available to serve in some way without
thanks or recognition; to value sb or sth too lightly.

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À la une I Géopolitique I CHINE I  B2-C1
Xi Jinping has been serving as general secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2012
and as the president of China since 2013. Born in Beijing in 1953, he is the son of revolutionary
veteran Xi Zhongxun, one of the Communist Party’s founding fathers. In 2018, China
approved the removal of the two-term limit on the presidency, efectively allowing Xi Jinping
to remain in power for life.

THE NEW YORK TIMES PETER S. GOODMAN AND JANE PERLEZ

CHINA’S WAY TO
GLOBAL POWER
A new world order forged by China

Chinese President Xi Jinping meets the press

after the Leaders’ Roundtable Summit at
the Belt and Road Forum for International
Cooperation in Beijing, May 15, 2017. (SIPA)

Since Xi Jinping came to power in 2013, China has embarked on vast projects aimed at inluence, directing investment to woo gov-
extending its inluence worldwide, while reinforcing its economic and inancial ties ernments that control vital assets. 
internationally – most notably with the famous “Belt and Road Initiative”. Can the
Chinese giant steal the limelight from the United States and in so doing, redeine the 3. A traditional ally of the United States,
rules of international commerce? Egypt controls the Suez Canal, a vital ship-
ping passage where a threat to access could

U
nder a merciless sun, a dozen
Chinese construction workers
survey an empty expanse of desert, prepar-
ing to transform it into the heart of a new
Egyptian capital. The workers are employed
by China’s largest construction conglomerate
through a $3 billion contract from an Egyp-
tian company, with inancing from Chinese
banks. They are erecting a thicket of 21
skyscrapers, one as tall as the Empire State
Building.
1. merciless without pity, relentless / construction
worker builder / to survey here, to observe, assess /
expanse stretch / through by way of / billion thousand
million / thicket here, group / skyscraper very tall
modern building.
SECURING VITAL ASSETS
2. The presence of Chinese labor and largesse
on the sands of Egypt is a testament to Chi-
na’s global aspirations. After centuries of
weakness and isolation, China is reclaiming
what its leaders regard as its natural destiny
— supremacy in Asia, and respect around the
planet. Through the ventures in Egypt and
elsewhere, China is exploiting its formidable
economic clout to expand its geopolitical
2. to secure to ensure, guarantee / asset here, resource /
labor (US) = labour (GB) work, here, workers / largesse
generosity / to be a testament to sth to bear witness to
/ global international / weakness lack of strength,
fragility / to reclaim to restore, recover, get back / to
regard to consider / venture project / clout inluence,
power /
impede China’s movement around the globe.
In constructing a central piece of the futur-
istic capital, China is ingratiating itself with
the canal’s ultimate gatekeeper, President
Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi, while rendering his
grandest visions dependent on friendly rela-
tions with Beijing. 
4. China’s reach for commercial expansion
along with diplomatic inluence guides an
array of Chinese undertakings, from rail >>>
to direct to target / to woo to court, solicit.
3. shipping maritime transport / threat menace / to
impede to obstruct / to ingratiate oneself with to
make a friend of / ultimate supreme, here, controlling, key
/ gatekeeper guardian, controller / grand grandiose,
ambitious.
4. reach here, endeavour, quest / array variety, series /
undertaking enterprise, project /

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 •9

 À la une I Géopolitique I CHINE I  B2-C1

According to the US-China Economic and Security Review

Commission, China’s military power could match America’s
by 2050.

Chinese surveyors working at the future site of the central business district in Beijing demands consideration commensu-
Cairo, August 2018. (Bryan Denton/The New York Times)
rate with its stature. 

7. In the telling of the ruling Communist

Party, China’s modern history is the story of
Chinese mastery degraded by colonial de-
pravity. China is the land that invented the
compass, gunpowder, paper and printing,
amassing stupendous wealth while Europe
was still backward. Then came centuries of
humiliation — Britain’s proiting from forc-
ing opium on the populace, Japanese brutal-
ity, demeaning lectures about human rights
from hypocritical Americans. Now, China is
intent on securing its own fate. 

8. “China wants to be a great power in the

world,” said Paul Heer, a former chief national
intelligence oficer in East Asia for the United
States, who now teaches at George Washington
University. “They think the rest of the world
>>> networks and highways taking shape across resources, often from countries forsaken by owes them recognition, and a return to what
Africa and Latin America to ports and power the West as pariah states like Iran, Sudan the Chinese see as their rightful place.” 
stations being constructed in Eastern Europe and Myanmar. In foreign policy, China pur-
and South Asia. In Southeast Asia, Chinese sued a sole obsession — peeling off diplo- 9. Nowhere are China’s designs clearer than
entrepreneurs are engineering a crop of web matic recognition of Taiwan, the self-govern- in Asia. China has overtaken the United
companies just as China projects growing ing island that Beijing claims as its territory. States as the leading trading partner with
military power in the South China Sea.  Even as China skirmished with neighbors Asian nations while pushing back against
over contested islands, it accepted the domi- American naval primacy in the South China
5. Little more than a decade ago, China’s nance of the U.S. Navy. Those days are over. Sea. China is disrupting American alliances
forays beyond its borders were mainly about in the region, from Japan to Singapore to
bringing home energy, minerals and other CHINA’S “RIGHTFUL PLACE” Australia. Beyond its backyard, China’s ambi-
6. Under the muscular leadership of Presi- tions are boundless. It celebrates its Belt and
dent Xi Jinping, China has cast off previous
highway (US) = motorway (GB) major road / to take, restraints, rejecting deference to a U.S.-
took, taken shape to form, develop / power station
building where electricity is produced / to engineer here, dominated global order as an impediment to to demand to insist upon, require / commensurate with
to put in place / crop here, generation / to project to fulil national revival. In matters of commerce and in accordance with.
its ambition of. national security, China is competing with 7. in the telling of way of telling the story / ruling in
5. foray incursion / border frontier / power / mastery control, supreme skill or knowledge /
the United States, even in traditional Amer- depravity deprivation / compass instrument with a
ican spheres of inluence. From a Chinese magnetised needle to ind north, south, east or west /
perspective, this reordering is merely an gunpowder mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and
overdue reversion to historical reality as sulfur used in ireworks / stupendous phenomenal,
prodigious / backward behind, retrograde / from forcing
opium on the populace ref to the Opium Wars in the
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE mid-19th century involving China and the British Empire
over the British trade of opium and China’s sovereignty /
to forsake, forsook, forsaken to abandon / to pursue populace population / demeaning humiliating, humbling
Notez où se trouve to follow / sole only one / to peel of here, to eradicate / / lecture sermon / to be intent on to be determined to /
self-governing autonomous / to claim to assert as one’s
l'accent tonique : own, one’s right to / to skirmish to conduct a minor
to secure one’s own fate to take control of one’s destiny.
SUBSTANTIF VERBE military battle / Navy naval forces. 8. intelligence information (espionage) / chief oicer
director / to owe to have a moral obligation to render/ofer.
projects (§ 4) to project 6. rightful legitimate / muscular energetic, powerful / to
cast, cast, cast of to get rid of / restraint constraint, 9. design here, intention / to overtake, took, taken to
D'autres exemples : surpass / leading principal / trading partner commercial
reserve / impediment obstacle / revival renaissance,
produce to produce renewal / reordering here, new order of things / merely partner (trade commerce, business) / to push back
record to record simply / overdue long awaited, that should have against to oppose / primacy superiority / to disrupt
protest to protest happened before / reversion return / here, to destabilise / backyard territory, area, region /
boundless unlimited, ininite /

10 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  diicile C1-C2

Over the past four decades, economic growth in China has been
10 times faster than in the United States, and it is still more
than twice as fast.
Road Initiative, a vast collection of infra-
structure projects around the world, as the
means of recreating the Silk Road, the trails
navigated in ancient times by merchants
carrying goods between Asia and Europe. 
XI JINPING’S LEADERSHIP
10. “Xi Jinping is leading a China that has
inluences in all corners of the globe,” said
Zhang Baohui, a professor of international
relations at Lingnan University in Hong
Kong. “The 2008 inancial crisis in the West
was the turning point for China. Beijing
started to embrace a triumphal mindset,
and pursued global leadership with new
conidence on the back of the West’s per-
ceived laws.” 
11. For the Western powers whose order has
prevailed since the end of World War II,
China poses a foundational challenge. The
United States and its victorious allies erected
institutions that were — at least rhetorically
— designed to keep the peace by promoting
trade and fair competition. The World Bank
and the International Monetary Fund have
dispensed aid with conditions, though fre-
quently drawing accusations that they have
failed to comply with their standards on
protecting human rights and the rule of law.
China’s investments come with no such
strictures. China bankrolls autocrats who
control geopolitically valuable real estate.
China demands only that its companies gain
a piece of the action while recipients eschew
criticizing Beijing.  who heads the Egyptian state-owned com-
Silk Road ancient network of trade routes that connected
the East and West / trail path, track, way / to navigate to
travel over, to ind one’s way in / ancient very old, of
antiquity / goods merchandise.
10. corner here, area / turning point here signiicant
moment in time / to embrace to adopt / mindset way of
thinking / conidence self-assurance / on the back of on
the basis of / law fault, defect.
11. to prevail to dominate / foundational fundamental,
here, historic / fair competition equitable
competitiveness / to dispense to provide / to draw,
drew, drawn accusations that... to be accused of / to
fail here, to omit, neglect / to comply with to respect,
conform to / standard principle / rule of law the
authority of the law, here rules of conduct / stricture
restriction, constraint / bankroll inances / valuable
precious / real estate property / to gain a piece of the
action to obtain a portion, share of the monetary gains or
other beneits produced by some venture or activity /
recipient beneiciary / to eschew to avoid.
Une suggestion ? écrivez-nous sur monavis@vocable.fr
Projects that China helped inance in the last
decade with grants, loans and investments
Europe
North
America
Africa
South
America
Pipelines and other
41 elements of oil and
gas infrastructure are
203
helping China secure
valuable resources.
12. China’s challenge to the Western-domi-
nated order is ampliied by the reality that
its primary architect, the United States, is
now led by an avowed nationalist. As Presi-
dent Donald Trump wages a trade war and
derides international cooperation, he has
generated doubts about the perseverance of
the liberal democratic philosophy the United
States has long championed. Xi has sought
to ill the vacuum. He has cast himself as the
leader of the rules-based international trad-
ing system.  Often described as a new silk road, the
13. In an interview, Gen. Ahmed Zaki Abdeen,
pany overseeing the new Egyptian capital,
railed against U.S. reluctance to invest in his
country. “Stop talking to us about human
rights,” he said. “Come and do business with
us. The Chinese are coming — they are seek-
ing win-win situations. Welcome to the
Chinese.” l
12. primary principal, main / avowed openly declared /
to wage a war to engage in an armed struggle, here, to act
in a hostile way / to deride to mock, ridicule, / to
champion to defend, support, promote / to seek,
sought, sought to look for, here to try (to do) / to ill to
occupy / vacuum void denigrate / to cast, cast, cast
oneself as to present oneself as.
13. Gen. = General / to head to preside over, direct, lead /
state-owned public, nationalised / to oversee, saw,
seen to supervise, be in charge of / to rail against to
criticise vehemently / reluctance reticence / win-win
proitable for all parties concerned.
Belt and Road countries
are shaded.
Asia
China
Australia
(N.Y. Times News Service)
Bridges, roads and Power plants —
railways are creating
new ways for China
199 nuclear, natural gas,
coal and renewables
to move its goods — are giving China
around the world. new markets for its
domestic companies.
THE NEW YORK TIMES
The Belt and
Road Initiative
The Belt and Road Initiative is a
development strategy adopted by the
Chinese government in order to connect
Asia, Africa and Europe, which includes
numerous infrastructure projects around
the world. It was unveiled by Chinese
President Xi Jinping in September 2013.
Belt and Road is geographically
structured along overland routes for road
and rail transportation (“belt”) and sea
routes (“road”) stretching from
South-east Asia to Eastern Europe and
Africa. It includes 71 countries and is
expected to cost an estimated US$4–8
trillion. With this initiative, Chinese irms
are engaging in construction work across
the globe on a massive scale. So far, they
have secured more than $340bn in
construction contracts in the countries
that have joined the project.
belt band of leather or other material worn around
the waist, here metaphorical for transport corridors
/ to connect to link / to unveil to reveal / silk
road ancient trade route between China and the
Mediterranean / overland route here,
infrastructure for road travel / rail transportation
infrastructure for travel by train / to stretch to
extend, go (from...to) / trillion one thousand
billion / to engage in to become involved in / on a
massive scale a very big project / to secure to
obtain / bn = billion thousand million.
VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 11
 Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr
e
Brèves d
société

le chifre de la quinzaine

(Hazel Thompson/The New York Times)

(Royal Mail)
Design mistake This is the new minimum wage
Last month, British postal service, Royal Mail, had to apologise to customers for that came into efect in New York
early this month. Most of the city’s
a mistake on a stamp to commemorate the 75th anniversary of D-Day. When companies that employ more than
Royal Mail posted a picture of the forthcoming limited-edition stamp on Twitter, 10 workers now have to pay their
whose caption read, “D-Day: Allied soldiers and medics wade ashore,” customers workers a minimum of $15 an hour
immediately spotted the mistake: the image that Royal Mail used for the stamp – a $2 increase. The increase will
showed American troops on a beach in Dutch New Guinea (today part of Indone- mostly beneit workers paid hourly,
including more than one million
sia) instead of Normandy! Royal Mail faced a serious backlash, with many cus- fast-food employees and more
tomers complaining that the mistake was disrespectful to veterans. They apolo- than 25,000 staf at the city’s two
gised and announced that the error was caught in time to make the required airports.
correction for the rollout in June. minimum wage minimum hourly rate of
mistake error / Royal Mail British postal service / to apologise (GB), to apologize (US) to say sorry / stamp adhesive pay / to come, came, come into efect
paper on an envelope to show that postage has been paid / forthcoming about to come out / caption words written under to become law / early at the beginning of
a picture / medic (GB) doctor / to wade to walk through water / ashore to the shore, ie, the land / to spot to detect / / increase augmentation, rise / mostly
troop here, soldier / to face here, to be subjected to / backlash strong negative reaction / to complain to criticise / principally.
disrespectful showing no respect / veteran former combattant / rollout introduction onto the market, launch.

Irish passports
The department of foreign
affairs in Dublin has revealed
that a record number of Brits
are currently applying for Irish (Istock)
passports. In 2018, almost
200,000 Irish passport
applications were received
Nasty scare
from the UK, among which In Perth, multiple police oicers were sent to
84,855 were from Northern respond to an emergency call by a concerned
Ireland and 98,544 were from passerby who reported having heard a toddler
Great Britain. These numbers screaming and a man repeatedly shouting
“Why don’t you die?” while walking outside a
represent a 2% and a 22%
(George Sweeney/REX/SIPA)

suburban house. When they arrived at the

increase respectively,
compared with 2017. The Irish
government had to hire new
staff in its passport office to
cope with this increase in
demand.
currently at present, at the moment / to apply for to request, ask oicially / application formal request / to hire to
employ / staf employees, personnel / to cope with to deal with, manage.
house, police oicers found a screaming man
with a “serious fear” of spiders...
nasty scare frightening disturbance / emergency
call uphone call to emergency services / concerned
worried, alarmed / passerby person walking past / to
report to signal, here alert / toddler very young child
who has just started to walk / to scream to cry, shout
as if in distress / repeatedly again and again,
continually / to shout to cry out / suburban in a
residential area outside a big city / spider arachnid.

12 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019

Société I Brexit I ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1
NIVEAU AVANCÉ DU SUPPLÉMENT SONORE
Ivor Davies of Sheield, England, talks to us on the Advanced recording, with a
brief recap on the Basic, about Brexit, Article 50 and the years that led up to the
current state of afairs.
CD audio ou téléchargement MP3 (sur abonnement)

THE ECONOMIST

HOW BREXIT COULD CHANGE

THE FACE OF RURAL BRITAIN
Agriculture in post-Brexit Britain

Nearly three-quarters of British land is

used for farming. (Istock)

With only two months to go to the oicial exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the farming sector, which
depends heavily on subsidies from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), stands to lose signiicant funding. Last September,
Agriculture Minister, Michael Gove, submitted an “ecological” bill to reform the criteria for farming subsidies in the future. How
do British farmers view the Post-Brexit landscape?

2 018 was a testing year for Britain’s

150,000 or so farmers. A summer heat-
wave scorched the broccoli and cauliflower
crops. Before that, freezing conditions held up
on his farm in the 1920s, has learned to live with.
Brexit is different. 

2. In most sectors of the economy, the govern-

sowing, and scythed through the lambing sea-
son. On Pant-y-Beiliau farm, in Wales’s Usk
Valley, the Trumper family was anticipating a
bumper year from their lock of a thousand ewes.
In the end they lost about 5% of their newborns
to the knackermen. But the extremes of weath-
er are something that Maurice Trumper, born
1. testing diicult / or so about, approximately /
heatwave period of extremely hot weather / to scorch to
burn, here, to dry out with intense heat / caulilower
variety of white cabbage / crop agricultural plant / to
hold, held, held up to delay / sowing planting of seeds /
to scythe to cut into, here, to interrupt, to reduce the time
available for / to lamb to help the birth of lambs (baby
sheep) / farm land used for agricultural production /
Wales country which is part of the UK (capital: Cardif) /
to anticipate to forecast, to predict / bumper
exceptionally abundant / lock group of animals / ewe
female sheep / knackerman person who works in an
abattoir.
ment is doing its best to maintain continuity
after Britain leaves the European Union next
March. But in agriculture, it promises big chang-
es. Michael Gove, the secretary for the environ-
ment, food and rural affairs, has pledged a
shake-up regardless of whatever deal the govern-
ment eventually reaches with Brussels.  Britain’s economy. But it employs almost half a
UNDER THE CAP
3. Under the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy
(CAP), British farmers receive subsidies worth
2. to pledge to promise / shake-up complete
reorganisation / regardless of whatever... no matter
what... / deal agreement / eventually in the end / to
reach to conclude.
3. under subject to / (the) Common Agricultural
Policy agricultural policy of the EU / worth with a value
of... /
about £3.1bn a year. After Brexit those payments
will end. The Treasury has promised to pay farm-
ers the equivalent of the CAP subsidies until the
end of the parliament, due in 2022. After that, the
payments will be phased out and replaced by a
new system that the government is drawing up.
Its design will determine the future of British
farming, and the face of the countryside. 
4. Agriculture makes up only about 0.5% of
million people, or 1.5% of the working population,
a igure which rises to 4.1% in Wales and 5.7% in
Northern Ireland. It supports other industries, >>>
about approximately / bn = billion (one thousand
million) / (the) Treasury ministry of inance / to phase
out to progressively stop / to replace to substitute / to
draw, drew, drawn up to create, to establish / design
model, structure / countryside rural areas.
4. to make, made, made up to represent / almost
nearly / working active / igure number / to rise, rose,
risen to go up, to increase / to support to provide for, to
help /

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 13

 Société Téléchargez l’appli Vocable oferte à nos abonnés ! www.vocable.fr/applimobile

>>> contributing most of the raw materials for the er says that his 500-acre farm receives about heavy investment
food and drink business, for instance. And per- £36,000 a year in CAP payments: “We are to- in technology
haps no industry has a greater physical impact tally dependent on that to survive.”  such as drones
on the country. Nearly three-quarters of British and high-tech
land is used for farming.  8. Ministers have yet to reveal the details of the greenhouses. In Brit-
system that will replace direct payments. But it ain, there is plenty of
5. Under the CAP, most subsidies are given out seems that farmers will face a choice: either seek potential for improve-
according to the acreage of a farm, in what are government payments for creating public goods, ment. 
known as direct pay- or focus on eficiency in
ments. The rest are allo-
cated for the work that
Some farmers are order to survive without
subsidies. One govern-
11. Back in the Usk Val-
ley, farmers wait to
farmers do to look after excited by the ment adviser says farm- learn their fate. Ag-
the environment. British prospect of being paid ers will have ive years or ricultural policy
farmers have long argued for their maintenance so to shape up. Those that has been devolved
that the system is unjust
and ineficient, reward-
of the countryside. don’t “will come a cropper
and go bankrupt.” 
to the govern-
ments of Scot-
ing rich landowners for land, Wales and
the size of their holdings and failing properly to HOPE AND FEAR Northern Ire-
recognise farmers’ stewardship of the landscape.  9. Some farmers are excited by the prospect of land, which
being paid for their maintenance of the coun- might choose
NEW FORMULA AFTER BREXIT tryside. Yet small farms may not have the where- to continue di-
6. So the government is seizing the opportunity withal to compete for the payments that Mr rectly prop- British Secretary of State for
that Brexit presents to lip the formula. In future, Gove has in mind. Many voted for Brexit as a ping up farms if Environment, Food and Rural Afairs
Michael Gove. (SIPA)
subsidies will be awarded for delivering “public protest against the bureaucracy involved in ap- they do not like
goods”. The most important of these, Mr Gove plying for EU subsidies. The replacement system the look of Mr Gove’s new system. As one Welsh
says, is “environmental protection and enhance- may be no less cumbersome. Nor is it clear that oficial says, the local coal and steel industries
ment”, such as planting woods, restoring peat there is much more scope for diversiication. were virtually wiped out in the 1980s. In some
bogs or maintaining hedgerows. Mr Gove has Two-thirds of farmers have already gone into areas, farming, “a social anchor to communities”,
won plaudits from environmentalists for his other lines of business, such as solar energy and is all they have left. l
apparent devotion to their cause; he calls himself bed-and-breakfast; a quarter make more money
a “romantic” about the countryside.  from this than farming.  heavy considerable / greenhouse glass structure for the
cultivation of plants / plenty of a lot of.
7. Although the CAP is unpopular, iddling with 10. Mr Gove has also talked up the potential of 11. to learn, learnt or learned, learnt or learned to
the system provokes nervousness. The subsidies technology. On small farms, like that of Gary know / fate destiny / to devolve to decentralise / to prop
up to support sth to stop it from falling down / look
make up 61% of farm income in England; in Ryan in Monmouthshire, gizmos like Moocall, appearance, here, structure / virtually almost, practically
Wales and Northern Ireland the igure is over a sensor stuck on a cow’s tail to alert a farmer / to be wiped out to be destroyed / anchor heavy piece
80%. Small, upland livestock farms tend to be before calving, improve eficiency. Government of metal used to secure a boat at sea, here, pillar of
stablility and security / [it] is all they have left [it] is the
particularly reliant on the subsidies. Mr Trump- aides point to the Netherlands, a country of only only thing which remains.
17m people that is nevertheless the world’s sec-
ond-largest agricultural exporter, thanks to
raw material basic material which is then converted into
goods in a production process / business industry / for
instance for example. SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
8. to face to be confronted with / either... or one or other
5. to give, gave, given out to distribute, to allocate / of two things / to seek, sought, sought to ask for / to
according to depending on / acreage size, area of land
measured in acres (1 acre= 4,047 m²) / to allocate to
focus on to concentrate on / adviser consultant / to Dans cet article, les
shape up to improve one’s performance to meet a
give, to distribute / to look after to take care of, here, to standard / to come, came, come a cropper to fail badly / trois mots "could"
protect, to preserve / long for a long time / to argue to
airm, to say / ineicient not managed efectively / to
to go, went, gone bankrupt to become inancially "may" et "might"
reward to recompense / landowner person who
ruined. indiquent une
possesses land / holding property / to fail to to not do 9. fear apprehension, worry / prospect possibility / yet
however / wherewithal means / to compete to be in
possibilité :
sth / properly correctly, appropriately, fairly / to
recognise to appreciate, to acknowledge / stewardship competition with one another / in mind as an idea/a plan "How Brexit could change the face
management / landscape countryside, environment. / to be involved in to be required / to apply for to make of rural Britain" (titre)
a formal request for / cumbersome complex / scope " ... small farms may not have the
6. to seize to take / to lip to change / to deliver to opportunity / line of business type of commercial
provide / enhancement improvement / such as like (for wherewithal to compete for the
enterprise.
example) / peat bog wetland of decomposing vegetation payments ..." (§ 9)
/ hedgerow row of bushes around a ield / plaudits 10. to talk up to speak in favour of, to promote / that
here, the one / gizmo gadget / sensor detector / to stick,
" ... the replacement system may be
praise, expression of approval. no less cumbersome ... " (§ 9)
stuck, stuck to attach / tail elongated posterior part of
7. although even if / to iddle with to play around with, an animal / to calve to give birth to a young cow / to " ... the governments of Scotland,
here, to change / nervousness anxiety, unease / income improve to make better, to ameliorate / aide consultant / Wales and Northern Ireland, which
revenue / over more than / upland in an area of high to point to to refer to, to cite as an example / (the) might choose to continue directly
elevation / livestock farm animals / to tend to to have a Netherlands Holland / nevertheless all the same / propping up farms ..." (§ 11)
tendency to / reliant (on) dependent. thanks to because of /

14 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  diicile C1-C2
Société I  B2-C1
The Supreme Court group photo taken in 1894.
I Tradition I ETATS-UNIS (C.M. Bell via Library of Congress via The New York Times)

SUPPLÉMENT VIDÉO
Découvrez le reportage vidéo sur le quotidien
des juges de la Cour Suprême et testez votre
compréhension sur
www.vocable.fr/videos-anglais

e New York Times)

ber 30, 2018. (Doug Mills/Th
up pho to in Washington, Novem Associate Justice Clarence Thomas. (SIPA)
The Supreme Court gro

THE NEW YORK TIMES ADAM LIPTAK

THE SUPREME COURT’S

CLASS PHOTOS
A group photo of the Supreme Court justices
Brett Kavanaugh joined the U.S. Supreme Court in October. The Court is responsible for ruling on major issues concerning the
American Constitution. On this occasion, the nine justices of the Supreme Court gathered in front of the cameras for an oicial
“class photo”. A New York Times journalist explains this historic tradition.

J ustice Brett Kavanaugh stood in the back

row, on the far right, beaming. Justice Ruth
Bader Ginsburg, recovering from a fall, sat in
had just recalled. It was the latest installment of
an awkward and illuminating tradition at the
Supreme Court: the group photographs prepared
ber, the justices took their places, in strict order
of seniority, and tried to smile for the cameras. 

front of him, grimacing. Off to her right, Justice
Stephen Breyer appeared to chuckle at a joke he
1. justice judge / to stand, stood, stood to be positioned
/ row line / far right extreme right / to beam to smile
radiantly / to recover to return to a normal state of health
after an illness / of not far from / to appear to seem / to
chuckle to laugh /
when a new justice joins the court. Last Novem-
installment (US) = instalment (GB) episode /
awkward diicult, uncomfortable / illuminating
revealing / photograph photo /
2. About a dozen news photographers were there
to document the occasion, supervised by a court >>>
seniority number of years in service.
2. news photographer press photographer / to
document to record / occasion event / court oicial
court employee/representative /

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 15

 Société
>>> oficial with a stopwatch. “It’s a tradition that all photograph for which color ilm was not used,” JUST MINUTES TO CAPTURE
the photographers in town look forward to get- the notes said, “and the result is the first to HISTORY
ting a crack at,” said Doug Mills, a photographer
for The New York Times, “because it’s a histori-
cal picture no matter what.”  but Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who was
PHOTOSHOPPING THE JUSTICES
3. A Supreme Court photographer also takes
pictures. Until recently, the justices voted on
which of those would be the oficial photograph.
“It is not clear when the justices began voting
for their preferred pose, but the process goes at
least as far back as the Taft court” in the 1920s,
Franz Jantzen, one of the court’s photographers,
wrote in 2015 in The Journal of Supreme Court
History. If there were 5-4 splits, they have not
been reported.  newest on the far right.  other,” said Bob Daugherty, a retired Associated
4. The 2017 oficial photograph, according to
notes to an exhibit at the court, included an in-
novation. It looks like a class photo, but it is a
composite. “This is the irst oficial color group
stopwatch watch for measuring the exact duration of
time of sth / to look forward to to be enthusiastic about,
to await with anticipation / to get, got, got a crack at to
try, to have a go / no matter what whatever happens.
3. to Photoshop to touch up/improve a photo with
software / to go, went, gone as far back as to date back
to as many years ago as / Taft court Supreme Court from
1921-1930 when William Howard Taft was Chief Justice /
5-4 split division of 5 votes against 4 in a legal decision.
4. according to as stated/reported by... / exhibit
exhibition, exposition /
16 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019
Une suggestion ? Ecrivez-nous sur monavis@vocable.fr
combine each of the justices’ individual choices,
from several poses, into a single image.”  Decades ago, they were allowed three minutes,
NEW FACES IN OLD PLACES
5. The Supreme Court is resistant to change. For
the past 50 years, the elements of the group
photographs have been identical. They are taken
in the court’s east conference room, in front of
red velvet drapes. Some traditions are older. Since
1899, the justices have arranged themselves in
order of seniority. These days, that means the
chief justice is seated in the middle, with his four
longest-serving colleagues seated at his sides.
The four more junior justices stand, with the
6. The irst group photograph of the justices in
their robes was taken in 1867, by Alexander
Gardner. The justices have assembled 52 more
times since then, generally whenever a new
member joined. In 2003, after the justices had
been together for nine years without a change
in personnel, they added a bonus sitting.  Dennis Brack, who photographed the justices for
several numerous.
5. velvet velours, soft voluptuous fabric / drape curtain /
to arrange to organise / chief justice chief judge of the
Supreme Court / to serve to work, to perform duties.
6. to assemble to come together / sitting photo session.
SÉJOURS
LINGUISTIQUES
& VACANCES
JEUNES
IM012100014
05 65 77 10 47
www.verdiehello.com
destinations
humaines
7. The news photographers have to work fast.
not known for his patience, thought that too
generous. He gave the photographers two min-
utes. Last November, Kathleen Arberg, the
court’s public information oficer, used a stop-
watch to count down the allotted 120 seconds.
The main thing photographers want in those
two minutes is a formal group portrait in which
the justices look at the camera.  
8. “The tough part is that most of the time their
heads are turned and they’re talking to each
Press photographer. “You like the animated stuff,
but you do want something where the faces are
identiiable in a group shot.” That can be hard to
achieve, particularly if Justice Clarence Thomas
is in characteristically gregarious form. “Our
nemesis is Thomas, because he’ll start laughing
and joking with whoever is next to him,” said
many years for Black Star Publishing Co. There
were other challenges, Brack said. “Our biggest
nonfan was Thurgood Marshall,” he said. “His
solution was to go to sleep.” l
7. decade period of ten years / to allow to authorize, here,
to give / public information oicer communications
coordinator / to count down to count numbers in reverse
order to zero / allotted appointed, scheduled / main
principal.
8. tough diicult, hard / retired no longer working
because of old age / stuf things / shot photo / to
achieve to accomplish / challenge diiculty, obstacle.
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
" ... a tradition that all
the photographers look
forward to getting a
crack at ... " (§ 2)
Notez l'utilisation du gérondif (-ing)
et non de l'ininitif (to do) dans
cette expression :
to look forward to doing something
attendre avec impatience l'occasion
de faire quelque chose
On le trouve également dans des
expressions telles que :
I look forward to meeting you,
hearing from you, seeing you, etc.
 facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  diicile C1-C2
 www.vocable.fr

PRATIC’ABLE
Vocabulaire, expressions et astuces pour parler comme un Anglais…

AUGUSTIN HABRAN

Ecrire une lettre

Que vous ayez l’intention d’envoyer une lettre de motivation
à une grande entreprise new-yorkaise ou de déclarer votre

(ISTOCK)
lamme à votre beau correspondant australien, cette page
est faite pour vous !

Vocabulaire clé
addressee, recipient
destinataire
anger colère
annoucement faire-part
break-up letter, Dear John
letter lettre de rupture
conirmation letter lettre de
conirmation
conirmation of receipt accusé
de réception
convincing convaincant
correspondence
correspondance
cover letter lettre de motivation
enclosed joint
envelope enveloppe
epistolary épistolaire
express oneself s’exprimer
feelings sentiments
greetings card carte de vœux
indent alinéa
inspiration inspiration
letter lettre
letter of intent lettre d’intention
love letter lettre d’amour
oicial oiciel
paragraph paragraphe
parcel colis
pen stylo
pen friend correspondant
postcard carte postale
postman facteur Retrouvez cette fiche de vocabulaire lue sur le
private privé CD lecture et son commentaire sur la partie
basique du CD conversation.
receive recevoir
reference letter lettre de CD audio ou téléchargement MP3
recommandation
registered recommandé
reminder letter lettre de relance Expressions à retenir
scathing letter lettre d’insulte
Dear Sir or Madam Madame, Monsieur,
send envoyer
To whom it may concern Madame, Monsieur, (très formel)
sender expéditeur
I’m writing to conirm my application. Je vous écris pour
signature signature
conirmer ma candidature.
spelling orthographe
I am delighted to inform you that you have been selected.
stamp timbre J’ai le plaisir de vous informer que vous avez été sélectioné.
stationery papier à lettre I regret to inform you that your application was rejected. J’ai
subject objet le regret de vous informer que votre candidature a été rejetée.
tear déchirer Please ind enclosed the documents you required. Merci de
thank-you letter lettre de bien vouloir trouver ci-joint les documents demandés.
remerciement An answer at your earliest convenience would be much
write écrire appreciated. Une réponse rapide de votre part nous obligerait.
writing écriture Yours sincerely / yours faithfully Salutations respectueuses
rejection letter lettre de refus Best regards Bien à vous, cordialement
complaint letter lettre de Looking forward to hearing from you. Dans l’attente d’un
réclamation retour de votre part.

Bon à savoir Testez-vous

Dans une lettre formelle rédigée en anglais, on trouvera en général Trouvez un équivalent des mots de liaison de
l’adresse de l’expéditeur en haut à droite et celle du destinataire, en
dessous, sur le côté gauche de la page. C’est l’inverse du modèle français. la première liste dans la seconde :
La date se trouvera également à droite, quelques lignes sous les adresses. 1- First of all a- Therefore, thus
Vous pouvez écrire une date de diférentes manières. Par exemple 2- In addition to this b- To sum up / (to put it) in a nutshell
pour le 28 mai 2019, vous pourrez écrire : 28th May, 2019 ; May 28th, 2019 ; 3- That is why c- Also
28 May 2019 ; May 28, 2019 ; 28/05/19 (GB) et 05/28/19 (US). Les jours et 4- However d- Furthemore
les mois en anglais prennent toujours une majuscule (ce qui n’est pas le 5- For example e- Nevertheless, still, yet
cas en français). Pour un jour précis, on écrira on May 28, 2019, mais in May 6- Indeed f- Actually
(pour parler seulement du mois).
7- All in all g- To begin with
Les Anglo-Saxons sont très friands de cartes de vœux. En envoyer, pour 8- Besides h- For instance
Noël, la Saint Valentin et autres grands événements fait vraiment partie
de la tradition. Ne pas en envoyer vous ferait passer pour quelqu’un SOLUTIONS : 1-g ; 2-d ; 3-a ; 4-e ; 5-h ; 6-f ; 7-b ; 8-c.
d’impoli.

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 17

PRATIC’ABLE / Grammaire

JOAN GREENWOOD

Les modaux can et could

Piqûre de rappel
Les mêmes modaux ont des fonctions
1 Indiquez si la fonction de can dans ces phrases
multiples. correspond à (a) ou (b) de la piqûre de rappel.
Comparez les fonctions de can et could : 1. Europe can, and should, do more to protect its sovereign interests. (___)
(a) can = is/are able to 2. You want something where the faces are identiiable in a group shot.
(b) can = it sometimes happens that That can be hard to achieve. (___)

(c) could = was/were able to 3. Providers can deliver ads for cofee when it is cold and izzy drinks when
it is warm. (___)
(d) could = possible action or consequence
4. Billboards can be programmed to show ads for allergy medication
when the air is full of pollen. (___)
5. The speakers are arranged so visitors can weave in and out, creating an
2 Indiquez si la fonction de could dans immersive experience. (___)
ces phrases correspond à (c) ou (d) 6. Visitors can peruse his collection and make a claim on anything in the
de la piqûre de rappel.
collection. (___)
1. The discussion is about how Brexit could change
7. Intestinal bacteria can have dramatic efects on their nervous systems. (___)
the face of rural Britain. (___)
8. Cuttleish can scare of predators by forming eyespots on their bodies. (___)
2. That could be an opportunity for Europe to step
in. (___) SOLUTIONS : 1.a, 2.b, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.b, 8.a

3. A threat to access the Suez Canal could impede

China’s movement around the globe. (___)
4. About half a billion years ago, their ancestors
could load chambers in the shell with gas to loat
up and down in the ocean. (___)
5. Now the animals could start exploring places
that had been of-limits to their shelled
ancestors. (___)
6. Octopuses could slip into rocky crevices, for
example, to hunt for prey. (___)
7. He wasn’t the guy who went of and did a lot of
wild things, but he could have been. (___)
8. Eastwood could also personally understand the
character’s predicament and choices. (___)
9. But then we realised we could take it anywhere we
wanted to, within reason. (___)
10. The mice had their faeces collected regularly, so
that their bacteria could be tracked. (___)
11. The mouse could go either into a chamber
where there was an empty wire cup or into one
where there was a similar cup containing an
unfamiliar mouse. (___)

Retrouvez Yves Cotten sur et-compagnie.blogspot.fr

SOLUTIONS : 1.d, 2.d, 3.d, 4.c, 5.c, 6.c, 7.d, 8.c, 9.c, 10.c, 11.c

18 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019

/ Prononciation Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

Soignez votre orthographe

Le saviez-vous ?
1 Corrigez les 10 fautes d’orthographe ou de ponctuation cachées The photograph came to us
dans ce texte.
courtesy of the G7 Leaders
Under a mercyless sun, a dozen Chinese construction workers survey an Summit in Canada.
(article “2018 was the year Europe
empty expense of dessert, preparing to transform it in to the heart of a new stood up to Trump” §1)
Egyptian capitol. The workers are employed by Chinas’ largest construction “Courtesy” [le “ou” se prononce
comme le “er” de “her”] se traduit
conglommerate through a $3 billion contract from an Egyptian company,
par “courtoisie” :
with inancing from Chinese banks. They are erecting a thickset of 21 He had the courtesy to apologize
skyscrappers, one has tall as the Empire State Building. il a eu la courtoisie de s’excuser.
Mais d’autres traductions sont
SOLUTIONS : merciless, expanse, desert, into, capital, China’s, conglomerate, thicket, skyscrapers, as possibles :
Will you do me the courtesy of
accompanying me? auriez-vous
2 Tendez l'oreille l’obligeance de m’accompagner?

Trouvez les mots qui se prononcent de la même manière mais qui ne s’écrivent An exchange of courtesies un
pas de la même façon. échange de politesses
Pour vous aider, ces mots commencent par p, b, y, w, s, e ou t. The wine is courtesy of the

 .................... / ....................  pulled (e.g. a car or a boat)

restaurant le vin est ofert par la
similar to a frog direction

 .................... / ....................  used to make furniture

Illustrations by courtesy of the
the conditional of will
National Gallery illustrations

 .................... / ....................  a surface you can write on

reproduites avec l’aimable
not interested
autorisation de la National Gallery

what he/she does with A courtesy bus une navette

 .................... / ....................  take hold of

gratuite
his/her eyes
A courtesy car une voiture
scattered seeds  .................... /....................  stitched together gracieusement mise à la
disposition d’un client
a female sheep  .................... / ....................  not me A courtesy call une visite de
politesse
lean forwards in A courtesy card une carte
reverence  .................... / ....................  branch of a tree privilège (utilisable dans les
hôtels, banques etc)
the glass of a window  .................... /....................  acute discomfort

put into categories  .................... /....................  past tense of to seek

sur www.vocable.fr
Retrouvez beaucoup plus d'exercices de
grammaire, d'orthographe et de culture
pane / pain, sort / sought
SOLUTIONS : toad / towed , would / wood, bored / board, sees / seize, sowed / sewed, ewe / you, bow / bough, générale sur notre site internet !

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 19

PRATIC’ABLE / Vocabulaire www.vocable.fr

Jeux de mots
Le vocabulaire à trouver dans les deux exercices ci-dessous provient de l’article “How Brexit could change
the face of rural Britain” (page 13).
A retenir
1 En préparation pour le Brexit, parlons agriculture ! 5 mots à mémoriser dans ce
Complétez ces phrases en formant des “phrasal verbs” à partir des numéro
verbes suivants + une préposition.
drawing shape given
held wiped look makes to smile sourire
phased beaming rayonnant, avec un grand
sourire
+ out up out up out up after up
to laugh rire
1. Freezing conditions .................. ...... sowing. to chuckle rire, glousser
2. The payments will be ...................... ...... and replaced by a new system. to joke rigoler
3. The government is .......................... ...... a new system.
4. Agriculture .................. ...... only about 0.5% of Britain’s economy.
L'expression idiomatique
5. Most subsidies are .................. ...... according to the acreage of a farm.
6. The rest are allocated for the work that farmers do to .................. ...... the “Billboard owners are also making hay
from the location data that are pouring of
environment. people’s smartphones.” (voir page 22 § 3)
7. One adviser says farmers will have ive years or so to .................. ...... . to make hay faner, faire les foins (sens
propre), profiter d’une occasion (sens
8. The local coal and steel industries were virtually .................. ...... in the iguratif)
1980s. make hay while the sun shines
(proverbe) battre le fer pendant qu’il est
8. wiped out
chaud
SOLUTIONS : 1. held up 2. phased out 3. drawing up 4. makes up 5. given out 6. look after 7. shape up

2 Allons à la campagne !
Traduisez ces mots pour compléter la grille et découvrir le mot clé représenté par les cases bleues.
1
1. propriété, ferme 2
2. période de l’agnelage 4
3. faucher
5 6 7
4. animaux d’élevage
8
5. tourbières
9
6. vache
7. agriculture
8. queue 10
9. haies 11

10. serres
3
11. bois
12
12. produits agricoles

mot clé : la campagne  countryside

SOLUTIONS : 1. holding 2. lambing season 3. scythe 4. livestock 5. peat bogs 6. cow 7. farming 8. tail 9. hedgerows 10. greenhouses 11. wood 12. crops

Ne manquez pas dans le prochain numéro la nouvelle page PRATIC’ABLE : Louer/acheter un appartement

20 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019

 À 360°
Le tour du monde en V.O.
Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

(Istock)
Pigeon war
The Spanish city of Cádiz has pledged to
remove 5,000 pigeons after a local
federation of hoteliers complained that the
numerous birds were “menacing” tourists
and ultimately harming tourism in the city.
Cádiz’s council has decided to solve the
problem by relocating 5,000 of its 8,000

(PuzzlePix/REX/Shutterstock/SIPA)
pigeons. The birds will be trapped, given
health checks and released near the town
of Riba-Roja de Túria, close to Valencia.
to pledge to promise, commit to do / to complain to
criticise, to ind fault with / ultimately in the end / to
harm to damage, be detrimental to / council local
authority, municipality / to trap to catch, capture /
health check medical examination / to release
here, to liberate, set free.

New home
The Central European University will relocate from Budapest to Vienna in Sep-
tember 2019. Founded by the Hungarian-American philanthropist George Soros
in 1991, the university, which teaches in English, is highly ranked internationally
and regarded as one of the best in the region. It has 1,300 graduate and masters
students. The decision follows an 18-month legal battle between the university
and Hungary’s far-right prime minister, Viktor Orban, who engaged in this battle
as part of a broader war against foreign interference. George Soros has become

(Istock)
Orban’s number one political target over the past few years.
to relocate to move to a new place / to be highly ranked to be at a top level in the classiication / to regard to consider
/ graduate here, with a diploma from university / far-right extreme-right / to engage in to become involved in / as
part of within the framework of / interference intervention / target person or thing sth is aimed at. Cycles for
cigarettes
No-kill eggs In Kilis, a small Turkish city on the border
with Syria, a scheme aimed at creating a
The world’s irst no-kill eggs – the irst to be sold from liveable environment for Syrian refugees
hens reared without killing male chicks – have hit enables the city’s children to get a free
supermarket shelves in Berlin. Bearing the seal bicycle, but only if they meet three
“respeggt,” the eggs were produced using a process requirements: maintaining strong grades,
devised by German scientists – the patented promising to ride for an hour a day... and
“Seleggt” process – to determine a chick’s sex before getting a smoking relative to quit! The
it hatches (nine days after the egg has been fertilised). Syrian civil war has doubled Kilis’s
They are sold by German supermarket Rewe Group. An population to 260,000 since 2016.
estimated 4-6 billion male chicks are culled globally
every year because they serve no economic purpose. cycle = bicycle, bike / border frontier / scheme
programme / to be aimed at to have as an objective
hen female chicken / to rear to raise, bring up / chick baby / liveable nice/pleasant to live in / to enable to
chicken / to hit, hit, hit here, to arrive in / shelf (plur. shelves) make possible / requirement condition, criteria / to
here, supermarket section, department, aisle / to bear, bore, maintain to keep up, hold on to / grade mark / to
borne the seal to be stamped / to devise to invent, conceive / ride, rode, ridden here to sit on and pedal / relative
patented copyrighted / to hatch to emerge from an egg / to cull member of the family / to quit, quitted or quit to
(Istock)

to select, here to kill a selected portion of / globally worldwide / stop, give up, cease (smoking).
to serve no purpose not to have any usefulness.

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 21

Enjeux I Economie I ETATS-UNIS I  C2

Advertising for J.J. Abrams’ Star Wars: The Force Awakens on a giant LED screen in Times Square, New York, December 2015. (SIPA)
THE ECONOMIST

BILLBOARDS:
A BOOMING AD MEDIUM
"Programmatic" publicity (billboard publicity board in a public place / medium means of communication)
Large publicity panels, which have been part of the landscape of New York since the 19th century, are as popular as ever in the
United States. Along with the development of smartphones and ‘tracking’ technology, big business has also rediscovered the
advantages of this physical type of advertising.

P edestrians strolling down 8th Ave-

nue in Manhattan’s Hell’s Kitchen
neighbourhood will be struck by the cast-
limestone façade of the Hearst Magazine
Building. Commissioned by William Ran-
dolph Hearst in 1926, the 40,000-square- foot
(3,716-square-metre) art deco building is
adorned with luted columns and statues and
topped by a 600-foot (183-metre) glass and
steel skyscraper. Another conspicuous fea-
ture is a vast digital screen transmitting
advertisements from BuzzFeed, ESPN and
Vice. This blend of history and modernity is
emblematic of the outdoor-advertising busi-
ness itself, which, despite being one of the
world’s oldest forms of marketing is embrac-
ing digital technologies.  screens found in airports and shopping malls,
2. Most forms of conventional advertising—
print, radio and broadcast television—have
been losing ground to online ads for years; only
billboards, dating back to the 1800s, and TV
ads are holding their own. Such out-of-home
(OOH) advertising, as it is known, is expected
to grow by 3.4% in 2018, and digital out-of-home
(DOOH) advertising, which includes the LCD
by 16%. Such ads draw viewers’ attention from
phones and cannot be skipped or blocked, un-
like ads online. 

1. pedestrian person on foot / to stroll to walk casually /
to be struck to be impressed / cast-limestone type of
calcium carbonate sedimentary rock mixed with cement /
to commission to oicially ask sb to create sth / square
foot (pl. feet) 1 ft² (square foot) = 0.09m² / to be
adorned with to be decorated with / luted ornamental
vertical lines / to top to put at the top of sth / steel strong
metal made of iron and carbon / skyscraper very tall
modern building / conspicuous remarkable /
feature element / digital electronic / screen TV monitor
/ BuzzFeed American news and entertainment website /
ESPN = Entertainment Sport Programming
Network US sports TV channel / Vice US media company
/ blend combination / outdoor outside / to embrace to
adopt/accept enthusiastically.
2. print here, paper / broadcast television terrestrial
television /
to lose, lost, lost ground to sufer a loss, to lose
popularity / to date back to to date from, to start / to
hold, held, held one’s own to resist / to be expected to
to be predicted to / LCD screen (= Liquid Crystal
Display) electronic screen / shopping mall shopping
centre / to draw, drew, drawn attention to attract
attention / to skip to avoid.

22 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  diicile C1-C2
 Retrouvez plus d’infos dans la newsletter Vocable www.vocable.fr/newsletter

ADAPTABILITY ers to select, purchase and place ads in minutes,

NOUVEAU
3. Billboard owners are also making hay from rather than days or weeks. Industry boosters
the location data that are pouring off people’s say outdoor ads will increasingly be bought
smartphones. Information about their owners’ like online ones, based on audience and views

HORS-SÉRIE
whereabouts and online browsing gets aggre- as well as location. 
gated and anonymised by car-
riers and data vendors and sold 5. That is possible because bill-
to media owners. They then use DOOH board owners claim to be able
these data to work out when
providers can to measure how well their ads
different demographic groups— are working, even though no 4 pages d’informations sur
“business travellers”, say—walk deliver ads for
by their ads. That knowledge is coffee when it
“click-through” rates are in-
volved. Data irms can tell ad- les séjours linguistiques
added to insights into trafic, is cold and fizzy vertisers how many people
weather and other external data
to produce highly relevant ads.
drinks when it walk past individual advertise-
ments at particular times of the
DOOH providers can deliver is warm. day. Advertisers can estimate
ads for coffee when it is cold and how many individuals exposed
izzy drinks when it is warm. to an ad for a Louis Vuitton
Billboards can be programmed to show ads for handbag then go on to visit a nearby shop (or
allergy medication when the air is full of pollen. website) and buy the product. Such metrics
make outdoor ads more data-driven, auto-
“PROGRAMMATIC” ADVERTISING mated and measurable, argues Michael Proven-
4. Such targeting works particularly well when zano, co-founder of Vistar Media, an ad-tech
it is accompanied by “programmatic” advertis- irm in New York.
ing methods, a term that describes the use of
data to automate and improve ads. In the past FAVOURED BY THE TECH GIANTS
year billboard owners such as Clear Channel 6. As the outdoor-ad industry becomes more data-
and JCDecaux have launched programmatic driven, tech giants are among those to see more
platforms which allow brands and media buy- value in it. Netlix recently acquired a string of
billboards along Hollywood’s Sunset Strip, where
it will start advertising its ilms and TV shows.
3. to make, made, made hay from sth to turn sth to one’s
advantage / location data information about the Tech irms, among them Apple and Google, are
geographic situation / to pour of to emit in large quantities / heavy buyers of OOH ads, accounting for 25 of
whereabouts location, situation / online browsing online the top 100 OOH ad spenders in America. 
activity / carrier operator / to work out to determine, to
establish / insights here, information / traic here, internet
activity / relevant pertinent / to deliver here, to propose / 7. The outdoor-ad revolution is not problem-free. • Comment sélectionner un
izzy drink soft drink, soda / medication medicine. The collection of mobile-phone data raises pri- organisme et comment
4. targeting act of focusing on a speciic group / to
automate to make automatic / to allow to enable /
vacy concerns. And criticisms of the online-ad
business for being opaque, and occasionally
a-t-il obtenu un label de
brand trademark /
fraudulent, may also be lobbed at the OOH busi- qualité ? L’Unosel vous
ness as it becomes bigger and more complex. l conseille
SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE booster promoter / view act of seeing sth / location
• Ils sont partis : des
geographical situation. parents, enseignants,
Vous savez sûrement 5. to claim to declare, to say / click-through rate =
(CTR) number of users who click on a link to visit a web
salariés témoignent
qu'il y a plusieurs page / to involve to include, to take into account /
façons dans un texte advertiser company which advertises a product / nearby
écrit d'annoncer des
in close proximity / metrics data / data-driven
determined by data analysis / to argue to assert, to say /
Disponible gratuitement :
exemples : ad-tech irm company specialised in advertising
technology.
• sur vocable.fr/horsserie
for example, e.g., such as, for
instance
6. to favour (GB), to favor (US) to prefer / string series, • sur simple demande au
Mais saviez-vous que "say" peut
succession / Sunset Strip part of Sunset Boulevard which
goes though West Hollywood in Los Angeles / heavy here,
01 44 37 97 97
également vouloir dire par exemple? big / to account for to represent / ad spender here,
publicity budget.
Dans cet article, on peut lire (§ 3) :
7. ... is not problem-free ... is not without diiculties / to
"when diferent demographic raise to bring to attention / privacy conidentiality /
groups - “business travellers", say concern preoccupation / fraudulent dishonest / to lob Union Nationale des Organisations

- walk by their ads" to throw.

de Séjours Educatifs, Linguistiques
et de Formation en Langues

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 23

Culture I Cinéma I ETATS-UNIS I  B2-C1

USA TODAY BRIAN TRUITT

CLINT
EASTWOOD
ON DRUG DRAMA
THE MULE
Clint Eastwood talks about directing
and starring in his latest film
about the drug trade
Clint Eastwood is back. In his latest ilm,
The Mule – in cinemas from 23 January –
the emblematic director also plays the
star role of Earl Stone, a man in his
eighties who becomes a drug mule for a
Mexican cartel in order to save his
failing business. It’s the irst time since
Gran Torino (2009) that Clint
Eastwood is both behind and in front
of the camera. At the age of 88 he is
as impressive as ever.

24 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019  facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  diicile C1-C2

SUPPLÉMENT VIDÉO
Découvrez la bande annonce du Play Misty for Me (1971)
film et testez votre
compréhension sur
www.vocable.fr/videos-anglais Unforgiven (1992)
O
ne positive about being Clint Eastwood,
Oscar-winning director: Make a mov-
ie about men in the twilight of their lives – like,
say, the world’s oldest drug courier – and you al-
ways have a really good option as your star.  of narcotics from Mexico.  into criminal activity.”  >>>
2. Still, Eastwood didn’t initially think of himself
to star in The Mule until a fellow producer sug-
gested he’d be the best man for the job. “All of a
sudden, I started thinking, 'Well, it might be kind
of fun to play a guy who was even older than me,'
” Eastwood, 88, recalls with a chuckle during an
exclusive interview, his irst for the movie.  daylily farm when he accidentally and unknow-
INSPIRED BY A TRUE STORY
3. His newest ilm – Eastwood directs and stars
for the irst time since 2009’s Gran Torino – is
inspired by the true story told in a 2014 New York
Times Magazine article: “The Sinaloa Cartel’s
1. director ilmmaker / twilight evening, sunset / courier
carrier, traicker.
2. still here, however / to star to have the principal role /
fellow colleague / all of a sudden suddenly, at that
moment / kind of in a way, sort of / chuckle small low
laugh.
(SIPA)
Améliorez votre prononciation en écoutant tous les articles sur le supplément audio de lecture.
Clint Eastwood selected filmography
Mystic River (2003) Gran Torino (2008)
The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) Million Dollar Baby (2004) Invictus (2009)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) Sully (2016)
Clint Eastwood as Earl Stone and Alison Eastwood as Iris in The Mule. (Claire Folger / 2018 Warner Bros.
Entertainment Inc., Imperative Entertainment, LLC, and BRON Creative USA, Corp.)
90-Year-Old Drug Mule.” It chronicled how Leo says. “Pretty soon, he’s in high cotton, getting paid
Sharp, a Detroit horticulturalist and World War an enormous amount of money to transfer this
II veteran, ran into inancial trouble with his material. It’s an enormous amount of money that
lower business and wound up transporting kilos he’s able to spend helping people, but he’s really
4. In The Mule, lonely and cash-strapped Earl
pretty soon very quickly / to be in high cotton to
Stone (Eastwood) is estranged from his ex-wife prosper inancially, to be rich.
Mary (Dianne Wiest) and daughter Iris (real-life
daughter Alison Eastwood) – though he has a
better relationship with his granddaughter Ginny
(Taissa Farmiga). He’s facing foreclosure on his SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
ingly gets involved in an illegal but well-paying Dans le film de Clint
operation. “Then it’s, ‘Maybe if I tried it one more Eastwood figure
time I could afford to do this and that,' " Eastwood l’expression "men in the
twilight of their lives" (§ 1)
3. to chronicle to relate, recount / to run, ran, run into twilight le crépuscule (le soir), l'aube
to come up against, to be confronted by / trouble naissante (le matin)
diiculties, problems / to wind, wound, wound up to end (en vieil anglais "twi" voulait dire
up, inish up, here to ind oneself.
"demi" et "twixt" est une
4. cash-strapped lacking in money, in inancial diiculty / contraction de "betwixt" ou
to be estranged from not to be in contact with, to have "between")
ceased communication with / though although / to face
in the twilight dans la semi-
to be confronted by, here, to risk / foreclosure seizure of
property for nonpayment / daylily Hemerocallis, type of
obscurité ou la pénombre
lily / unknowingly without knowledge, without realising / twilight world un monde nébuleux
to get involved (in) to become part of a venture / to twilight zone une zone floue
aford to have enough money for /
VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 25
 Culture I Cinéma I ETATS-UNIS I  B2-C1

>>> 5. That ties into the parallel story of Colin Bates,
the DEA agent played by Bradley Cooper who’s
charged with chasing down Stone and ending
this traficking ring. Eastwood’s supporting cast
includes Michael Pena and Laurence Fishburne
as government operatives, Ignacio Serricchio as
Stone’s cartel handler and Andy Garcia as a cartel
boss.  of these factors it in to make it a character that's
A ROBIN HOOD-LIKE CHARACTER
6. Stone’s story is different from Sharp’s, mainly
because “we don't know what he incurred when
he was on the road doing all these trips,” Eastwood
says. One detail that the ilmmaker did hook into:
Sharp was making so much money that he be-
came a Robin Hood-like character who would stop
5. to tie into to connect with, merge with / DEA = Drug
Enforcement Administration American federal agency, part
of the Department of Justice, whose mission is to uphold the
laws concerning the illegal use, selling and traicking of drugs /
traicking ring drug network / supporting cast secondary
roles / operative agent / handler (operations) supervisor.
6. Robin Hood famous English outlaw who stole from the
rich and gave to the poor / mainly principally, mostly / to
incur to sustain, be subjected to / ilmmaker person in
charge of making a ilm / to hook into to focus on, highlight /
and help those who needed it. “He was able to get
his farm out of hock and live a rather odd life.”  the guy who went off and did a lot of wild things,
7. While “doing things that most men his age
would not be doing” as a “wealthy knight of the
roads,” Stone also tries to mend relationships with
his family before it’s too late, Eastwood adds. “All
got complications, just like everybody does in real
life. Sometimes people wander astray and then
they try to reinstate feelings, and it's very difi-
cult.”  collapsing. So on one hand, life’s coming up, and
PERSONAL MOTIVES
8. Eastwood patterned his character partly off his
own grandfather, who owned a chicken farm that
to get, got, got (sth) out of hock to resolve the inancial
problems, pay of one’s debts / odd strange, curious.
7. wealthy rich / knight medieval horseman / to mend
to ix, repair, here, rectify, amend / to add to say / to it in
to contribute to / to wander astray to go away (from
their loved ones), or to take a less desirable direction / to
reinstate to re-connect.
8. to pattern to model / of here, inspired by / to own to
possess /
the ilmmaker would visit as a child. “He wasn’t
but he could have been, if he was of a different
nature,” Eastwood says. “He worked as an older
man, he moved like an older man, and I tried to
emulate his walk and talk and everything else.” 
9. But Eastwood could also personally understand
the character’s predicament and choices because
“I'm fairly far along in life,” he says. Stone’s illegal
work “becomes a savior for him, but morally, it's
the other hand, it’s going down. And one of these
days, he has to pay the piper on it and face the fact
that he’s been doing the wrong thing.” l
...who went of and did... who embarked on... / wild
extravagant, far-fetched, crazy / to emulate to imitate.
9. predicament diicult situation / fairly quite, rather /
to be far along in life to be elderly, old / savior (US) =
saviour (GB) means of being saved, way out (of trouble),
solution / to collapse to fall apart, here, it’s collapsing...
it is descending into immorality / on (the) one hand... on
the other hand in one sense… in contrast, however / to
pay the piper to sufer the consequences.

SALON DE

QUE FAIRE APRÈS

UN BAC + 2/+ 3
© Photos iStock

Année de spécialisation | Admission parallèle | Bachelor

Licence pro | Master | Diplôme d’État | Réorientation

RI S ESPACE CHAMPERR ET
SAM ED I 9 FÉ VR IE R • PA
INVITATION SUR
Conférences et rencontres

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Culture I Exposition I ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1

Leeds

THE GUARDIAN HELEN PIDD

I PREDICT
A RILEY
Artwork and music (ref. to the song
by the Kaiser Chiefs I Predict A Riot and the
artist Bridget Riley)
The York Art Gallery is hosting a unique exhibition
(on until March) that explores the frontiers
between ine art and music. On this occasion, rock
group the Kaiser Chiefs have been invited to select
a soundtrack to accompany the paintings. This
article ofers a tour of the multisensorial
exhibition that attempts to please both the eyes
and ears.

P laying guitar in front of 10,000 people

is something I stopped being nervous
about a long time ago,” says Simon Rix, the bass-
ist in long-running Leeds indie band Kaiser
dium in a cavalcade of Hells Angels, singing
Pinball Wizard on the back of a motorbike. Nah,
says Rix. “Spoiler alert: I was miming. Ricky had
to do it live but beforehand the rest of us were
The indie rock band Kaiser Chiefs. (Dani Beck)
ise was pretty simple: “Pick the work and choose
music to accompany it,” says Mistry, who jacked >>>

to pick to choose / to jack in (inf.) to give up /

Chiefs. “But this is different.” He’s talking about
the band’s irst ever art show, which opened in
December at York Art Gallery. He curated the
exhibition alongside the band’s drummer Vijay
Mistry, and the pair are feeling the pressure.  SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
SELECTING ARTWORK AND
2. “Is it as stressful as the Olympics?” asks Mis- MUSIC
try, who joined shortly after the Kaiser Chiefs
played in the London 2012 closing ceremony,
when singer Ricky Wilson arrived in the sta-
1. long-running which has existed for a long time / indie
independent rock / irst ever very irst / art show art
exhibition / to curate to organise / exhibition exposition
/ alongside together with / drummer person who plays
the drums in a group (percussion instruments) / pair here,
duo / pressure stress.
2. stressful causing stress / to join to become a member
(here, of the group) /
just having a drink with the Spice Girls. Trying
to ind David Beckham was my main task. I did
ind him, we had a chat. I asked him to come to
Leeds [United] – obviously.” 
3. When the band were irst approached to cu-
"When we catch up on
rate a show in York, back in June 2017, the prem-
the phone a few days
later, ..." (§ 4)
To catch up est une expression à la
cavalcade procession / Hells Angels motorcycle club mode, une invitation à reprendre
founded in 1948 (whose members ride Harley-Davidson contact, très utile lorsque l’on est
motorbikes) considered as an organised crime syndicate in pressé et que l’on n'a pas le temps
the US / Pinball Wizard 1969 song by The Who / spoiler
advance warning of information which will reveal
d’entamer une conversation.
important details about a story / to mime to pretend to Par exemple, si on rencontre un ami
sing at the same time as a recorded song / beforehand dans la rue on peut lui dire :
before, earlier / to have a chat to have a conversation /
"Oh hi! Nice to see you. Can't stop. I've
Leeds [United] = Leeds United Football Club /
got a dental appointment. Catch up
obviously clearly, of course.
3. artwork works of art / premise principle, idea / with you later!"

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 27

 Culture Une suggestion ? Ecrivez-nous sur monavis@vocable.fr

>>> in a career as a scientist for the rock’n’roll life.

“But then we realised we could take it anywhere
we wanted to, within reason.” 

4. Of the ive Kaiser Chiefs, only Wilson has a

formal background in art, having studied and
then taught graphic design in Leeds. But he is
not here today, having long moved down to
London to sit next to Kylie Minogue as a judge
on The Voice. When we catch up on the phone
a few days later, he cheerfully admits to having
left Rix and Mistry to it once the call came from
York last year. “I don’t want to sound patronising
but I think it’s amazing what Vijay and Simon
have done,” he says. “Let’s face it, we are all in
our extremely late 30s – we are in our 40s – and
isn’t it great that Simon, who has always just
been Simon, has discovered this new part of his
life and is discovering the artistic world?” He
and Rix have been friends since they were 16. 

THE HEADLINER The Forty Part Motet (A reworking of “Spem in Alium,”by Thomas Tallis 1556), by Janet Cardif, 2001. (Fondation
d’entreprise Hermès, Tokyo, 2009. Photo by Atsushi Nakamichi / Nacása & Partners Inc. Courtesy of the Fondation d'entreprise Hermès, 2009)
5. For a mainstream band, the Chiefs have
ended up curating a decidedly esoteric exhibi- so visitors can weave in and out, creating an Bridget Riley’s abstract Study 4 for Painting
tion. Rix pushed for a loan of a big-name piece immersive experience. The work does not trav- With Two Verticals; the Kinks’ “Village Green
of sound art to accompany paintings from the el easily: it comes with a “tone meister” who Preservation Society” is the soundtrack for
gallery’s own collection. “I’ve been viewing it a came to York to check the acoustics before Car- Lowry’s The Bandstand, Peel Park, Salford; Talk-
bit like a festival,” he says, and you need a head- diff gave the band the nod.  ing Heads’ “Love – Building on Fire” plays from
liner. “You need the Foo headphones hung next to Turner’s The Dormi-
Fighters. Well. Janet Car- THE “SILENT GIG” tory and Transept of Fountain’s Abbey. Super
diff is the Foo Fighters.”  For a mainstream 7. On the other end of Rix’s Furry Animals, Mercury Rev and the Cure also
band, the Chiefs fantasy art festival is what feature. 
6. Rix had seen – or rather, is being billed as “the silent
heard - Cardiff’s Forty Part have ended up gig”. Continuing the festi- NOT A KAISER CHIEFS SHOW
Motet on one of his art curating a decidedly val analogy, he says this is 9. The band have invited their friend, artist
mini-breaks and wanted to esoteric exhibition. probably “the guy who Roger Miles, to reprise his interactive installa-
bring it to Yorkshire. It is might not turn up. It’s Pete tion, The Bureau of Found Audio Objects. Oper-
the sound of a 40-part choir Doherty. Might be good. ating like a lost property ofice, visitors can pe-
singing Thomas Tallis’s “Spem in Alium” in Might be on heroin.” When we meet, it is this ruse his collection and make a claim on anything
harmony, with each voice part playing through element of the show that Rix seems most nerv- in his vinyl collection. The best bids, made in
an individual speaker. The speakers are arranged ous about. The idea is to give visitors the feeling writing, will win a Kaiser Chiefs album. It’s one
of being on stage in a band without the music, of the only obvious Kaiser Chiefs bits of the
using light and colour and projected lyrics.  show. “We are happy we didn’t go down the
within reason provided it is reasonable.
Kaiser Chiefs route, because although that does
4. background experience, training / graphic design
profession of preparing text/images for visual 8. Not Kaiser Chiefs lyrics though, says Mistry, have an appeal it is a limited one,” acknowl-
communication / to catch, caught, caught up here, to who has taken the lead choosing music to match edges Mistry. “This is something that everyone
speak / cheerfully happily / to leave, left, left sb to it the works taken from York Art Gallery’s archives. can experience and learn and really enjoy it
rather than having to be a fan to enjoy.” l
to allow sb to do sth (without interfering) / patronising
(GB) = patronizing (US) condescending / amazing Julia Holter’s “Sea Calls Me Home” accompanies
fantastic, incredible / let’s face it let’s be honest.
5. headliner best-known group in a show / mainstream
which appeals to the mass market/general public / to end to weave, wove, woven in and out to move in and out / soundtrack accompanying music / headphones
up to inally do sth / decidedly distinctly / to push for to immersive completely stimulating, in total immersion / electronic device worn over the ears to listen to sth / to
put pressure on (to obtain sth) / loan object which is given to travel to move from one place to another / tone feature to be included.
temporarily / big-name famous / piece of art work of art quality of sound / meister master, here, audio engineer / 9. to reprise to do again / lost property oice place
/ to view to consider / Foo Fighters American rock band to give, gave, given sb the nod to give sb approval. where lost objects are kept / to peruse to look through /
(formed in 1994) / Janet Cardif Canadian artist who 7. gig concert / to bill as to present as / guy man / to to make, made, made a claim on sth to ask for sth / bid
creates sound installations. turn up to come / stage raised platform in a theatre/ request / bit part / to go, went, gone down a route to
6. mini-break short holiday, weekend away / choir group arena / lyrics words (of a song). follow a particular course / appeal attraction / to
of singers / Spem in Alium 40-part Renaissance motet 8. to take, took, taken the lead to take charge / to acknowledge to admit, to recognise.
(sacred choral music) / speaker electric device connected match to associate, to put together /
to a hi-i or computer which sound comes out of /

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 Échos
Brèves de culture
Retrouvez plus d’infos sur www.vocable.fr

(DR)
Break visitor
record
The world’s most visited museum,
the Louvre, broke all ticket oice
records in 2018, helped by the
success of Beyoncé and Jay-Z’s
video for their song “Apeshit,”
viewed more than 150m times
online. “Apeshit” was shot in the
museum last summer and featured
some of its key works, including

(Istock)
Jacques-Louis David’s masterpiece,
The Consecration of the Emperor
Napoleon and the Coronation of
Brexit page-turners Empress Joséphine. More than 10.2
million people visited the Louvre last
year – a 25% increase.
In the United Kingdom, books tackling Brexit are proving extremely popular. Re-
cent bestsellers include How to be Right … in a World Gone Wrong, a non-iction to break, broke, broken a record to beat
a record formerly set / ticket oice sales
book from radio presenter James O’Brien, and Jonathan Coe’s latest novel, Middle oice, entrance desk / to shoot, shot, shot
England. Apollo, publishers of Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain by Fin- to ilm / to feature to appear, to be present
on / work piece of art / masterpiece piece
tan O'Toole, another popular title, said that more than 17,000 copies had sold in the of work worthy of a master, one’s greatest
irst four weeks after its publication in November. Publishers appear to have decided achievement.
to follow this unexpected trend: The Friends of Harry Perkins, sequel to a popular
1982 novel, will be published on 28 March – the day before “Brexit Day” – by Scrib-
ner, who has pitched it as “the deinitive post-Brexit thriller”.
page-turner compelling read / to tackle to deal with / to prove to turn out to be / to go, went, gone wrong to turn out
badly, not to function correctly / publisher company (or person) that prepares and sells books / copy here, book / unexpected
surprising, unanticipated / trend general tendency, fashion / sequel follow-up, second part / to pitch to present a product,
promote / deinitive done with authority, conclusive.

(University of Saint Andrews)

Dangerous challenge
The movie Birdbox, released on Netlix
last month, launched a new trend.
Birdbox tells the story of a mother
(Sandra Bullock) and her two children
as they navigate a post-apocalyptic
world while blindfolded in order to Missing hand
avoid seeing supernatural creatures. A
Students of the University of St
social media challenge has spread from
Andrews, located in Scotland, have
the movie, with people sharing images
been asked for help to ind the
and videos of themselves performing
missing “lucky” hand of the statue
everyday tasks while wearing a
of St Andrews, which disappeared
blindfold, both on Twitter and YouTube.
decades ago. The university plans
Netlix even issued a warning statement
(Netlix)

to restore the statue and put it on

on Twitter.
public display.
to navigate to ind one’s way, to deal with / to blindfold to cover one’s eyes with a cloth / supernatural paranormal / to to be located to be situated / lucky here,
spread, spread, spread to develop, propagate / to perform to carry out, do / everyday task daily, normal / to issue to that brings good luck, fortune / to be put on
pronounce, deliver, publish / warning statement declaration of caution. public display to be exhibited to the public.

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 29

Découverte I Médecine I ETATS-UNIS I  B2-C1

THE ECONOMIST

GUT BACTERIA MAY

OFFER A TREATMENT
FOR AUTISM
New research into autism reveals possible new solutions
Scientists have recently discovered that the intestine is the ‘second brain’ in humans. A team of
American researchers have ofered another proof, following a series of experiments, that
demonstrates the link between the intestinal tract and behaviour issues. They have isolated a
promising small intestinal bacteria that could help to treat autism.

A utism affects people’s social behav-

iour and communication, and may
impair their ability to learn things. All this is
well known. Less familiar to most, though, are
the gastrointestinal problems associated with
the condition. The intestines of children with
autism often harbour bacteria different from
those in the guts of the neurotypical. As a
consequence, such people are more than three
times as likely as others are to develop serious
alimentary-canal disorders at some point in
their lives.  obtainable for use as a probiotic
2. Unfortunate though this is, the upset gut
loras of autistic people are seen by some in-
vestigators as the key to the condition—and to
treating it. Recent research has shown that
altering animals’ intestinal bacteria can have
dramatic effects on their nervous systems.
Ameliorating autism by tinkering with the
ecology of the gut might thus be a fruitful line
of inquiry.  and unwillingness to communicate. The re-
1. behaviour conduct, comportment / to impair here, to
limit / ability capacity, aptitude / though however /
condition syndrome / to harbour to hold, to have /
neurotypical here, people not alicted with autism /
such those (with autism) / likely susceptible of /
alimentary canal digestive system / disorder syndrome
/ at some point at any given time.
2. unfortunate unlucky, regrettable, / upset here,
abnormal / to see, saw, seen to perceive, consider /
investigator researcher / dramatic spectacular,
considerable / to tinker with here, to modify / ecology
here, lora / thus in this way, as a result / fruitful that
produces good results, worthwhile / line area, here strand
/ inquiry here, research, study.
3. A study just published in Neuron suggests
that it is. In it, Mauro Costa-Mattioli of Baylor
College of Medicine, in Texas, and his col-
leagues demonstrate that introducing a
particular bacterium into the guts of mice
that display autistic symptoms can abol-
ish some of those symptoms. The bug
in question is Lactobacillus reuteri. It
is commonly found in healthy diges-
tive systems and helps regulate
acidity levels. And it is also easily
from health-food shops. 
4. Dr Costa-Mattioli and his team
irst reported L. reuteri’s effects on
autism in 2016, after conducting experi-
ments with obese female mice. These ani-
mals have a tendency to give birth to offspring
with autistic traits familiar from people—un-
willingness to socialise, repetitive behaviour
searchers noted that the guts of both the obese
mothers and their young were bereft of L. reu-
teri. They wondered what effect transplanting
3. college university / mouse (pl. mice) / to display to
present, exhibit / to abolish to make disappear / bug
here, bacteria / commonly ordinarily, generally / healthy
well balanced, in good condition / level amount / health
food food that is good for the body, healthy.
4. to report to describe, explain, relate / to conduct to
carry out / experiment scientiic test / ofspring (inv.)
children / trait characteristic, symptom / unwillingness
refusal / to socialise to interact / both each one, the two
(of them) / to be bereft of to lack, be without / to
wonder to ask oneself, speculate /
(Istock)

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 Retrouvez plus d’infos dans la newsletter Vocable www.vocable.fr/newsletter

these bugs into the animals might have. They regularly, so that their bacteria could be tracked.
found, when they did so to the offspring, that And, at the age of seven weeks, they were given SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
the youngsters’ autism-like traits vanished.  two sorts of social tests. 
"the guts of both the
LATEST EXPERIMENTS 8. The irst test involved putting each experi- obese mothers and
5. That led to the latest experiments, on mice thatmental mouse into a perspex container from their young were bereft
have autistic symptoms induced in four other, which it could go either into a chamber where of L. reuteri" (§ 4)
different ways. Some were genetically edited to there was an empty wire cup or into one where
En anglais ancien, bereft était le
be autistic. Some were exposed to valproic acid, there was a similar cup containing an unfamil- participe passé du verbe to bereave
a drug used to treat bipolar dis- iar mouse. Subject mice were (priver quelqu'un de quelque chose de
order and migraines that is left in the container for ten
known to induce autism in fe- L. reuteri proved minutes and were monitored
valeur). De nos jours on l'utilise
uniquement comme adjectif, comme
tuses. Some had their guts able to abolish to see how long they spent dans l'exemple ci-dessus ou dans des
cleared of all bacteria. And some autistic with the empty cup and with expressions telles que :
belonged to a strain called the other mouse. The second bereft of hope désespéré
BTBR, individuals of which dis- behaviour even test placed a mouse in an arena he is bereft of reason il a perdu la
play autism-like traits that have in those mice
raison.
where another, unfamiliar
En anglais moderne on utilise
no known cause.  which had guts mouse was already present.
An observer then noted how
bereaved dans le sens de endeuillé ou
6. Martina Sgritta, one of Dr otherwise often over the course of ten
aligé
et bereavement dans le sens de perte :
Costa-Mattioli’s colleagues, devoid of minutes the two mice touched, a sad bereavement une perte cruelle
analysed the bacteria in the microbes. sniffed, groomed and crawled in his bereavement dans son deuil
guts of all of these animals. on one another.  owing to a recent bereavement en
She found that, while the ge- raison d'un deuil récent
netically engineered mice and the BTBR mice MORE SOCIABLE WITH L. REUTERI
had, as expected, reduced levels of L. reuteri, 9. In both tests, all the mice that had had their
and those with bacteria-free guts were water laced with L. reuteri, regardless of how
(obviously) free of the bug altogether, the their autism had been induced, were more so- which already had normal levels of the bug.
valproic-acid mice had normal amounts ciable than equivalents that had been drinking That suggests boosting levels of this bacterial
of the bacterium.  unlaced water. In the irst, they spent twice as species is shaping behaviour all by itself. 
much time with the mouse under the wire cup.
L. REUTERI WATER In the second, they engaged in many more 11. The crucial aspect of this work is L. reuteri’s
7. This last result was unexpect- social interactions with the unfamiliar mouse. wide availability—an availability approved by
ed, but the team carried on regard- regulators such as America’s Food and Drug
less. They arranged for between 10. The team’s initial hypothesis had been that Administration. This existing approval, wich
seven and 15 mice of each of the four the supplementary L. reuteri were somehow means L. reuteri poses no known health hazard,
types to have, starting at the age of changing the gut lora of the mice exposed to simpliies the process of organising clinical
three weeks, their drinking water laced them into something more normal. But they trials. Clearly, autism in people is more compli-
with L. reuteri. Equivalent numbers of each weren’t. Indeed L. reuteri proved able to abolish cated than a mere willingness to associate with
type continued to be given ordinary water autistic behaviour even in those mice which others. And getting too excited about a mouse
as a control. During the course of the ex- had guts otherwise devoid of microbes—as well trial is usually a mistake. But in Dr Costa-
periment the mice had their faeces collected as in those with valproic-acid-induced autism, Mattioli’s view, his results would justify em-
barking on at least preliminary trials intended
to determine whether L. reuteri has positive
so here, this / youngster young person or animal / -like so that in order that / to track to monitor, study, here, to
effects on people with autism, and might thus
characteristic of... / to vanish to disappear. measure. be worth pursuing. l
5. latest most recent / to lead, led, led to to cause, to 8. to involve to comprise / perspex plexiglass, clear hard
result in / to induce to provoke, create / way manner / to plastic / either... or one or other of two things / chamber
edit here, to modify, programme / drug medication, here, compartment / empty unoccupied / wire here, made
medicine / to clear to clean out (ig.), to eliminate / to from metal in the form of thin lexible threads / cup goblet / species (inv.) group of living organisms / to shape to
belong to to be part of / strain type, variety. to monitor here, to observe, study / how long how much determine, inluence.
6. while although / to engineer here, to modify / as time passed / to spend, spent, spent to pass (time), devote 11. work here, research, study / wide general /
expected unsurprisingly / -free exempt from, without / / arena space, area / how often how many times, at what availability accessibility / approval approbation,
obviously evidently, here, of course, understandably / frequency / to snif to smell / to groom here, to care for, look authorisation / to pose to constitute / hazard danger /
altogether totally, completely / amount concentration. after / to crawl on one another to move over. trial clinical test / mere simple / to associate here, to
9. to engage in to take an interest in, to participate in, to interact / to get, got, got excited about to become
7. to carry on to continue / regardless in spite of that,
become involved in. enthusiastic about / mistake error / in sb’s view in sb’s
irrespective of that / to arrange for to make
opinion / to embark on to begin, enter into / at least as a
arrangements for, plan, work out / drinking water clean 10. somehow in some way / to change into to transform
minimum / to be intended to to have the objective of /
drinkable water / to lace with to add / control group to into / indeed actually, in fact / to prove to turn out to be /
whether if (or not) / to be worth (+ ger.) to merit / to
act as a standard of comparison / during/over the even here, even more surprisingly / otherwise here,
pursue here, to follow up, investigate.
course of while the experiment took place / faeces initially / to be devoid of to be without, exempt from / as
excrement / well as and also /

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 31

Découverte I Zoologie I
THE NEW YORK TIMES CARL ZIMMER
WHY IS THE
OCTOPUS
SMART AS
HECK?
Why is the octopus
so intelligent?
Monkeys, dolphins, and even elephants are among the most
intelligent animals on earth. But there is another to add to the
list: the octopus. It is a species gifted with an incredible
intelligence, and capable of impressive exploits. For example,
Inky the octopus recently managed to escape from the National
Aquarium of New Zealand. However, this intelligence has had a
disconcerting efect on specialists of animal cognition and our
article explains why.
T o demonstrate how smart an oc-
topus can be, Piero Amodio points
to a YouTube video. It shows an octopus
pulling two halves of a coconut shell to-
gether to hide inside. Later the animal
stacks the shells together like nesting
bowls — and carts them away. “It suggests
the octopus is carrying these tools around
because it has some understanding they
may be useful in the future,” said Amodio,
a graduate student studying animal intel-
ligence at the University of Cambridge in
Britain.  published this month in the journal Trends
2.But his amazement is mixed with puz-
zlement. For decades, researchers have
studied how certain animals evolved to be
intelligent, among them apes, elephants,
dolphins and even some birds, such as
1. to point to to indicate with one’s inger / to pull
together to unite together / coconut large round fruit
with a hard brown hairy exterior and white lesh / shell
hard outer covering / to stack to pile / nesting bowl set
of bowls which it inside each other / to cart to take, to
carry / tool utensil, object / graduate student student
working on a Master’s degree or PhD.
2. amazement great surprise / puzzlement perplexity /
researcher scientist who investigates a subject / ape primate /
32 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019
ROYAUME-UNI I  B2-C1
crows and parrots. But all the scientiic
theories fail when it comes to cephalopods,
a group that includes octopuses, squid and
cuttleish. Despite feats of creativity, they
lack some hallmarks of intelligence seen
in other species.  gent animals don’t rely on ixed responses
WHAT IS ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE?
3. “It’s an apparent paradox that’s been
largely overlooked in the past,” Amodio
said. He and ive other experts on animal
intelligence explore this paradox in a paper
in Ecology and Evolution . For scientists
who study animal behavior, intelligence
is not about acing a calculus test or taking
a car apart and putting it back together.
Intelligence comprises sophisticated cog-
crow black bird / parrot brightly coloured tropical bird / to
fail to not succeed / squid sea creature with a long body
and tentacles / cuttleish cephalopod mollusc with a
hard internal shell / feat accomplishment, achievement /
to lack to not have / hallmark distinctive characteristic /
species group of living organisms.
3. to overlook to ignore, to neglect / paper article, study
/ trend general tendency / behavior (US) = behaviour
(GB) conduct / to ace to get an excellent mark in /
nitive skills that help an animal thrive.
That may include the ability to come up
with solutions to the problem of inding
food, for example, or a knack for planning
for some challenge in the future. Intelli-
to survive — they can invent new behav-
iors on the ly. 
4. To measure animal intelligence, scien-
tists observe creatures in the wild — watch-
ing a dolphin stick a sponge on its beak to
avoid getting cuts from sharp rocks and
coral, for example. Or they bring animals
into the lab and offer them puzzles to solve,
such as rewarding crows when they learn
to rip paper into strips of just the right size.
Only a few species stand out in these stud-
skill aptitude / to thrive, thrived or throve, thrived or
thriven to lourish / ability capacity / knack talent / to
rely on to depend on / on the ly spontaneously.
4. wild living in its natural habitat / to stick, stuck, stuck
to put / sponge porous aquatic animal / to avoid to stop /
sharp pointed / to solve to ind the solution to / to
reward to give sth in recognition of accomplishments or
eforts / to rip to tear / strip long narrow piece of paper /
size dimension / to stand, stood, stood out to be
distinct from others /
 facile A2-B1 /  moyen B2-C1 /  diicile C1-C2
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6. Together, these forces appear to have
encouraged the development of bigger,
more powerful brains. Smart animals also
tend to live for a long time, and it’s possible
that bigger brains drove the evolution of
longevity. It takes years for juveniles to
develop these complex organs, during
which time they need help from adults to
get enough food.  animals could start explor-
WHAT ABOUT Cephalopods
CEPHALOPODS?
7. Cephalopods behave in behave in ways
ways that certainly suggest
they’re highly intelligent.
that certainly
half a billion years ago, their snaillike an-
cestors evolved to use their shells as a
buoyancy device. They could load cham-
bers in the shell with gas to loat up and
down in the ocean. About 275 million years
ago, the ancestor of today’s cephalopods
lost the external shell. It’s not clear why,
but it must have been liberating. Now the
ing places that had been
off-limits to their shelled
ancestors. Octopuses could
slip into rocky crevices, for
example, to hunt for prey. 

An octopus named Inky, for suggest 10.

(Istock)
ies, and by comparing them, scientists have
identiied some shared factors. The animals
have big brains relative to their body size,
they live for a long time, and they can form
long-lasting social bonds. Those similari-
ties have led to some promising explana-
tions for how certain animals evolved to
be smart.  pear to end. Most of the neurons that do the
INTELLIGENCE HYPOTHESES
5.One is known as the ecological intelli-
gence hypothesis. It holds that intelligence
evolves as an adaptation for inding food.
While some animals have a reliable food
supply, others have to cope with unpredict-
ability. Other researchers have argued for
what’s known as the social intelligence
hypothesis: smarter animals “cooperate
and learn from other members of the same
species,” Amadio said.  hypothesis (singulier) prononcé
shared common / brain encephalon organ / long-
lasting durable, which last a long time / bond link,
connection / to lead, led, led to result in / explanation
interpretation.
5. to hold, held, held to airm, to defend / reliable
dependable / supply provisions / to cope with to deal
with, to live with / unpredictability uncertainty / to
argue for to present arguments in favour of.
On the other hand, los-
example, made a notorious they’re highly ing their shells left cephalo-
escape recently from the
National Aquarium of New intelligent. pods quite vulnerable to
hungry predators. This
Zealand, exiting his enclo- threat may have driven
sure and slithering into a cephalopods to become
floor drain and, apparently, out to sea. masters of disguise and escape. They did so
Cuttleish can scare off predators by form- by evolving big brains. Yet intelligence is
ing eyespots on their bodies in order to look not the perfect solution for cephalopods,
like giant ish. But they only use this trick Amodio suggested. Sooner or later, they get
against predators that rely on vision to ind eaten. Natural selection has turned them
prey. If a predator that depends on smell into a paradox: a short-lived, intelligent
shows up, the cuttleish are smart enough animal. l
just to lee. 
8.Another feature that cephalopods share 9. billion thousand million / snaillike which resemble a
with other smart animals is a relatively big snail / buoyancy device lotation object / to load to ill /
of-limits inaccessible / to slip to quickly move (easily
brain. But that’s where the similarities ap- and smoothly) / to hunt for to look for.
10. on the other hand in contrast, however / threat
computing, for example, are in the octopus’ danger.
arms. Most strikingly, cephalopods die
young. Some may live as long as two years,
while others only last a few months. Nor do
cephalopods form social bonds. 
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY SUR LE BOUT DE LA LANGUE
9.Amodio and his colleagues think the
evolutionary history of cephalopods may
explain this intelligence paradox. About Notez la prononciation
et l'accent tonique :
6. to appear to seem / to drive, drove, driven to have comme [high + poth + a + ssiss]
an impact on, to cause. hypotheses (pluriel) prononcé
7. notorious infamous / enclosure cage / to slither to comme [high + poth + a + sseez]
move, to slide / loor drain water evacuation ixture in the Comme :
loor / eyespot mark which resembles an eye / trick
analysis (singulier) prononcé
technique, strategy / prey victim of attack / to lee, led,
led to escape. comme [a + nal + a + ssiss]
analyses (singulier) prononcé
8. feature characteristic / to share to have in common /
to do the computing to calculate, to do the reasoning / comme [a + nal + a + sseez]
strikingly remarkably.

VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019 • 33

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34 • VOCABLE Du 24 janvier au 6 février 2019

 le
dessin
I Décryptage I ETATS-UNIS

defendant accused, suspect.

NEW CONGRESS
At the beginning of the month, Democrats regained control of the House of Representatives eight years after
losing power when the congresspeople, freshly elected in the last midterm elections, took the oath of oice. A
record 102 women were sworn into the House, 35 of whom were elected for the irst time in November,
including the irst Native American women, the irst Muslim women, and the youngest woman to be elected
to Congress. Nancy Pelosi has reclaimed her former title as speaker of the House, which she held in 2007 – she
was the irst woman to hold it –, before handing over her gavel when the Republicans won the House in 2011.
“I put on a suit of armor, eat nails for breakfast,” CNN quoted her as saying about her new position.
to regain to recover, take back / House of Representatives the lower House in the United States Congress / congresspeople member of Congress / freshly recently, newly /
midterm elections (US) general elections in the US that are held near the midpoint of the four-year presidential term. All 435 seats in the US House of Representatives, and the full
terms for 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the Senate are up for election / oath of oice the text for swearing in to the elected position / to be sworn in(to) to take the pledge / to reclaim
to restore, recover, get back / speaker of the House leader of the House of Representatives / to hand over to give back / gavel judicial hammer / suit of armor (US) = suit of
armour (GB) metaphorical for a protection from attack / nail a small metal spike with a head used for fastening / to quote to cite.

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