Baguelin-1977-Theoretical Study of Lateral Reaction Mechanism of Piles

BAGUELM, F., FRANK, R. & SAiD, Y. H. (1977). Giotechnique 27, No.
3, 405434
Theoretical study of lateral reaction mechanism of piles
F. BAGUELIN,* R. FRANKt and Y. H. SANDS
The mechanism of the lateral reaction of piles in an On Ctudie le m6canisme de reaction la&ale &s pieux
elastic-plastic medium is examined. Plane strain is en milieu Clasto-plastique. On suppose tout d’abord
first assumed. The analytical solution for a circular que la dbformation est plane. La solution analytique
section in an elastic medium is given. The influence pour une section circulaire dans un milieu &stique
est donnCe. Les influences de la forme de la section
of pile section (square pile), disturbance of a soil ring du pieu (pieu car&), du remaniement d’un anneau de
around the pile, plastic yield of soil in undrained sol autour du pieu, de la plastification du sol en
behaviour (Tresca’s criterion) are studied by means comportement non drain& (crittre de Tresca) sont
of the finite element method. All these factors affect CtudiCes B I’aide de la m&hode des Uments finis.
strains and stresses only in the vicinity of the pile. Tous ces facteurs ne jouent sur le champ des dtfor-
mations et des contraintes que dans le voisinage du
Graphs are given making it possible to calculate the
pieu. Des abaques sont donnt%, permettant de
corresponding corrective terms to be applied to the calculer les termes correctifs correspondants, B
analytical solution. In a second step, which defines appliquer g la solution analytique. Dans un deuxDme
the value of the outside radius of this two-dimensional temps, pour prkciser la valeur ;i prendre en compte du
model, the simplified three-dimensional problem of a rayon extCrieur de ce modble bidimensionnel, on
horizontally-loaded vertical axis in a semi-infinite ttudie le problbme tridimensionnel simpiifie d’un axe
vertical chargt horizontalement dans un massif
elastic solid is studied using Mindlin’s solution for a
Blastique semi-infini, en sommant la solution de
point force. The influence of the relative soil-pile Mindlin pour une force ponctuelle. Les influences
rigidity, head loading and fixing conditions, which de la rigidit relative sol-pieu, des conditions de
have an effect especially on distant fields, are taken chargement et d’encastrement en ttte, qui affectent
into account and quantified by simple rules for deter- surtout les champs au loin, sont ainsi prises en compte
mining this outside radius. Finally, a specific et quantifiees par des r&gles simples de dktermination
de ce rayon exttrieur. Enfin une application
numerical application of the results is made and the numCrique concrkte des rCsultats est faite et la
solution is very satisfactory compared with experi- solution est t&s satisfaisante, cornparke aux mesures
mental measurements. expCrimenta1es.
The earliest methods for determining the dimensions of piles subjected to horizontal loads
were based primarily on calculations at failure. In these methods, the soil is taken to be
everywhere in a state of failure under ultimate horizontal pressure pu. The best-known
estimates of ultimate pressure p,, as a function of ultimate strength parameters measured in the
laboratory (c, 4) are those provided by Blum (1932), Brinch Hansen (1961), and Broms
(1964a, b). MCnard (1962) relates ultimate pressure pu to the limiting pressure of expansion,
pl, of the in situ pressuremeter probe.
Winkler’s (1867) concept of the modulus of subgrade reaction has been used to evaluate
foundation displacements. These methods compare the pile to a beam on elastic supports,
and soil reaction p is assumed to be proportional to deflexion y occurring at the point in
question, with modulus of subgrade reaction k (dimensions of pressure divided by length)
taken as the coefficient of proportionality. But moduli of reaction may be defined more
Discussion on this Paper closes 1 December, 1977. For further details see inside back cover.
* Head of the Soils and Foundations Department, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chau&es, Paris.
t Dr-lngr, Foundations Section, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chauss&es, Paris.
$ Dr-Ingr, Cairo, Egypt. Formerly at Foundations Section, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris.
Downloaded by [ Southeast University] on [01/03/18]. Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
406 F. BAGUELIN, R. FRANK AND Y. H. SAJD
generally as the slopes of the secants or tangents of the basic reaction curves (p, y) relating
horizontal pressure on the pile to the horizontal displacement of the pile. In the case of
cohesive soils, it is generally held that k is constant with depth and the solution of the beam
equations (Timoshenko, 1930) gives shear stresses, bending moments, displacements, and soil
reactions at all depths as a function of I, =(4EpZ,/kB)1’4, called the relative stiffness factor
(&,I, being the pile’s flexibility and B the width or diameter of the foundation).
In the case of cohesionless soils, there is a tendency to assume a linear variation of k with
depth; solutions to the problem have been proposed by Reese and Matlock (1956), Matlock
and Reese (1960), and Davisson (1970) among others. The case of layered soil systems was
solved by Davisson and Gill (1963).
The values of k traditionally used are those recommended by Terzaghi (1955), who showed
that k was not an intrinsic physical parameter of the soil but, roughly, inversely proportional to
foundation width B. McClelland and Focht (1956) linked ‘(horizontal) soil modulus’ Es= kB
(effective dimensions of a modulus) directly to the shear moduli of the triaxial cell. Mtnard
(1962) and Matlock (1970) have done further research on variations in k with loading level and
proposed elementary soil-pile reaction curves, derived from pressuremeter test results by the
former and from triaxial shear test results by the latter. These methods for predicting ele-
mentary reaction curves have been compared with practical experience by Baguelin and
JCzCquel (1972).
Let us cite, finally, the work of Poulos (1971), who has provided a rather general solution to
the problem in a homogeneous linear and isotropic elastic medium by comparing the pile to a
thin plate, using Mindlin’s formulae (1936) to determine soil displacements.
The aim of this theoretical study is to achieve a better understanding of the mechanism of
soil-pile interaction through study of the various parameters that may affect it (disturbance
and plastic yield of the soil near the foundation, effects of the shape, length-to-width ratio, and
rigidity of the pile and, finally, head loading and fixing conditions) with a view to predicting
elementary reaction curves and, in consequence, the soil moduli that must be used.
METHOD AND ASSUMPTIONS

We deal first with the problem of a section of the elastic-plastic soil-pile system and assume
plane strain (two-dimensional study). This simplification is justified, at least near the pile,
because the displacements of the various sections of the pile are not arbitrarily independent but
vary in a highly continuous manner, since the pile’s radius of curvature is always very large
with respect to its diameter. The model used is therefore a disc having an outside radius of R,
representing the soil, with a rigid circular (or square) section fixed at its centre, representing
the cross-section of the pile.
Under load, this section is displaced rigidly along the axis of loading and the outside bound-
ary of the model is fixed. This model is used to study the effects of the pile’s shape and of the
disturbance and plastic yield of the soil on the displacement of the pile section, which also
depends on outside radius R of the model. The soil is further supposed to adhere perfectly to
the pile.
In the second stage, in order to determine the value of radius R of the two-dimensional
model giving correct displacement values that reflect the continuity of the soil, loading and
fixing conditions, and the mechanical and geometrical characteristics of the piles, the three-
dimensional problem of a vertical axis loaded horizontally in a semi-infinite elastic solid is
studied. Several distributions are used of reaction over depth given by the theory of the
modulus of subgrade reaction and deformation fields in the soil calculated using Mindlin’s
LATERAL REACTION MECHANISM OF PILES 407
Fig. 1. Model
(1936) equations. By joining these distant fields with those obtained in plane strain, valid
near the pile, it has been possible to give simple rules for determining the value of outside
radius R to be used in the two-dimensional model.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL STUDY
Circular pile, linear isotropic elasticity

The model used is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a disc representing the soil with a rigid
disc having radius r,, representing the pile cross-section fastened to its centre. The outside
boundary of the model, having radius R, is fixed. The ring of soil having radius rl represents
the zone disturbed by the installation of the pile. Load T is applied to the pile, causing a
uniform translation of the circle having radius r,, (perfect soil-pile adhesion).
Fields of stresses in an intact model. In the case of a soil that is entirely intact (no ring of
disturbed soil), stresses are derived from a single Airy function and have the following analytical
expressions in polar co-ordinates (r, 6):
1
3
T 1 1 1
l r cos e
ur = GO(l-v) [ (3-2v)?-1+(r,lR)2 0? +(3-4~) l+(R/r,)‘<
1
3
T 1 1 --
UB= -&&l-V) [ (1-2V)~-l+(r,,R)2 0: (3 34~) 1 + (A/r$ k ‘OS ’ (la)
1 1
3
---
T 1 1 --
7
” = 4m,(l--v) [ (1-2v)?+l+(r0/R)2 03 (314~) 1 +(&rJ2 k sin L-I
These expressions are functions of l/r, l/r3 and r. If R is sufficiently large (R> IOr,, for
example), the only term that depends on R is the term in r, which is, furthermore, negligible in
the zone near the pile. In this zone, one may therefore write:
T 1
- [(3-2~) y- e)‘] cos 0
ur = 4rrr,(l-V)
T 1
-[(1-2~);-e)~] cos0 . . . . . (lb)
ue = -4rrr0 (1-“) 1
T 1
- [(1-2~):+e)~] sin 81
7*8 N -G&(1-v)
408 F. BAGUELIN, R. FRANK AND Y. H. SAiD
Effect of disturbance. In the case of a zone of disturbed soil having radius rl=cwo, E’=/3E
(j3< l), the field of stresses is given by the following expressions to an excellent degree of
approximation if R is very large with respect to r,:
(a) In the disturbed zone (r. I r I r,) :
T 1
- [(~-~v)~+‘)~CF+&-/(~-CF’)] cos 6
a, = Go (l-v)
. . (2)
(b) In the intact zone (rl I r I R) :
3 \
T 1 1
or 21 &&l_&) (3-2+l+(ro,R)” :
0
x $&)+CF-(l-CF)“’
( I ‘OS e
CF, a constant that depends on the degree of disturbance and is independent of R, has the
following form :
CF = (3-4N -a’71 -RI+@

(3-4V)[l--c(‘4(1-/I)]+8 . . . . * * * (4)
in which ,%I =‘o<]

a rl
and
Equations (2) permit the determination of the distribution of the soil’s reaction on the cross-
section of the pile and the effects of the disturbance of the soil on this distribution. At r =ro,
component (ur) and component (TV&may be written in the following form:
u,(r= ro) = & Cl cos e

. . . . . . . . (5)
T
7,0(r= ro) = -- C, sin 0
27rro i
in which
. 3 . . . . . . (6)
and c, = 2-c, I
In the case of a soil that is fully intact, it can be derived from eqn (4) that CF= 1 (a= 1 or ,3= 1)
and from eqn (6): C, = C, = 1. The eqns (5) then correspond to eqn (lb) for r=r,, or (la)
when R tends to infinity. In these conditions, the reaction stress vector is constant over the
C2
O-6 0 65 0.7 0.75 04 0.85 0.9 0.95 B ’
1 I I I I A
(3-4v)[l-&1-B)l+B
CF= (3-4Y)[l-a’4(l-B)I+/¶
a’_ “=A
‘I
O-721
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I.4 1.35 I.30 I.25 I.2 I.15 I.10 I .os I I.2 I.6 2il 2.4 2.8
Cl a__ II
‘0
Fig. 2. Coefficients CF, Cl and Cz for u=O5
CF= (3-4v)Il-a’*(l-~)~+8
(3-4v)ll-a4(1-B)l+B
&‘+ =&
0.72
i
1 I I 11,1,,,,,,
l-3 I.2 I.1 , I2 : 4 1.6 I.8 2 22 2.4 2.6 24
Cl (p 3
lo
Fig. 3. Coefficients CF, Cl and Cz for v=O-33
410 F. BAGU!ZLIN, R. FRANK AND Y. H. SAiD
whole circumference of the pile; its length is equal to mean reaction T/2m, and it is always
horizontal and independent of angle (0). If there is a disturbed zone, CF assumes a value less
than unity, and in consequence C, is greater than C,, resulting in an increase in the radial stress
and a decrease in the shear stress and thus a rotation of the reaction stress vector towards the
e
Totalreaction
0 Frontal reaction
0 Tangemal reaction
- Inf?.ct model
- - - Dtrrurbed model
Fig. 4. Distribution of horizontal components of reaction
7’ = lO’N/m
r. ; 2.2 x IPirn
E -76x lOsPa
Y 0.33
R =44x10%
B 0.4
Fig. 5. Distribution along x axis @=O) of radial and tangential normal stresses for various values of a
axis perpendicular to the axis of loading. Figs 2 and 3 give the values of CF, Cl and Cz for
various degrees of disturbance for an incompressible medium (~=0.5) and for a compressible
medium (V= 0.33).
Figure 4 shows the distributions of the horizontal components of the frontal reaction
(q cos 0), the tangential reaction (- rrO sin 0), and total reaction on the pile cross-section for
an intact model and a disturbed model. It can be seen that in the case of intact soil, the total
reaction is uniformly distributed over the section, whereas disturbance has the effect of
0 @fl= I (intact) T -- 104N/m

0 Q/9 04 ‘0 2.2 x IO%
(jJ3 = 0.6 E =76x lOsPa
05
c
-k
y4,
L?!L
,
o-3 \
\\
\\\
o.2 \\ \
0.1 &*i3
4 I ‘.
T , =e
9 IO
Fig. 6. Distribution along x axis (8 =0) of radial and tangential normal stresses for various values of f3
Key
@a = I (intact) T 104Nlm
@a= I.4 ‘0 2.2 x IO%

E -7bxIO’Pa
@a= 1.8
Y = 0.33
@a=2
R =44x lO-2m
B = 0.4
--.-
8,-,_ - 7re
-0’ I I I 1 I 1 ,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
Fig. 7. Distribution along y axis @=rr/Z) of shear stress for various values of a
Key
0 #= I (intact) T = I04Nlm
@fl- 04 ra = 2.2 x Io-%l
E -76x lOsPa
08=0.6
Y = 0.33
@/3= 0.4
R =44xXO-2m
Fig. 8. Distribution along y axis (8 =x/2) of shear stress for various values of f3
concentrating the total reaction about the axis of loading. Figs 2 and 3 show that CF passes
through a minimum for a value of CY close to 1.2, a value that also gives the highest concentra-
tion for a given p.
In the soil at a distance from the pile, the effect of the disturbance on stress components is
rapidly damped. Disturbance is characterized by the term (from eqn (3)):
1 r. 3 ro2 cc4
P(3)+CF-(I-CF)a4
I+ (r,/R)2 O(
T
It is in l/r3 and therefore decreases rapidly with respect to the terms in l/r and in r; beyond a
radius equal to twice the radius of the disturbed zone, the stresses in a disturbed model are
almost the same as in an intact model. Figs 5-8 confirm this. They show the distribution of
radial (or) and tangential (ug) normal stresses along loading axis X and of shear stress (T~J
along perpendicular axis Y for models having the following characteristics:
(a) r,=2*2 x 10e2 m;
(b) E=76x lo5 Pa;
(c) ccranges from 1 to 2;
(d> p ranges from 1 to 0.4;
(e) R=44 x 10m2 m (=20r,);
df) v=o*33;
(g) T= IO4 N/m.
Displacements. In the case of an intact model, radial displacement (U,) is given by the follow-
ing analytical expression :
W = &E [(3-4v)ln (~)“-~)2&$-~~~] cos 0 . (7)
These displacements obviously depend on radius of integration R of the model, and U, tends
Fig. 9. Effect of disturbance with Y = 05 Fig. 10. Effect of disturbance with Y =@33
towards infinity as R tends towards infinity. The representative value of R to be used in

practical calculations will be determined later in the three-dimensional study. Pile-section
displacement U,,, in the case in which (R2 - ro2/R2 + ro2) can be taken as equal to 1, is given by
the simple expression :
U,, = &E [(3-4v)ln (E)‘--&J . . . . . (8)

For convenience, it is written as a function of an arbitrary radius, 30r,:
u TO= &Ez [(3-4v)In(30)2-&)+2(3-4v)ln&] . . . (9)
We then introduce dimensionless values s= U,,E/T= E/E,, the ratio of the Young’s modulus
to the horizontal modulus of the soil:
= kB Es = 6
TO
(in which B=2r, is the width of the pile and k is the conventional modulus of subgrade
reaction). This value, s, has the advantage of possessing additive properties of which full
use will be made.
One thus obtains, first of all:
s = 0*573+0*2391nR
30ro
forv = 0.5 . . . . . . (10)
and s = 0.808+0*265 In 3or

x for v = 0.33 . . . . . . (11)
0
for a circular pile in an intact soil.

The disturbance of a ring of soil about the pile increases the displacement of the pile section.
This displacement increment is calculated using the following expression:
Aur
ro
=Tl+v-
87rEl-v /3 1 . * (12)
in which
414 F. BAGUELIN, R. FRANK AND Y. 21. SAiD
r. _ 1.1 x 10.2rn
R i IO r.
T _ 104N/m
E =76x lOsPa
Y 0.33
0.06
E
Dirrurbe
c:
0
= o-05
T_ I I I I I I I 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
I
I,
Fig. 11. Distribution of radial displacement along x axis (e=O) for various values of p
- Analytical rolufio”. drcular pile

I.4 -
I.3 -
1.1 p r = 2.2 x 10d2

m
R =I01
, 2 ,.o- Y 0
T - 14.68I IO ‘N/m
2._ 0.9 - I\,
E =76x105Pa
b’
b
’ ct,‘7-
08--2.
” l
\ Y - 0.33
0.6 -
Fig. 12. Distribution along x axis (0 =0) of (I, (square pile) and o, (circular pile)
LATERAL REACTION MECHANISM OF PILES 41.5
0.60
0.55,
1
0.50.
r. 2-2x w*m
045-
b R _ IO,,
; o-40-
4, T 14~68xIO3Nh
I2 035-
E 76x lOsPa
b .
Y - 0.33
t? 030; .
0.25
-
O-20
-
.
015-
0.10
=t?
lf&
‘ 0.05
$\I?\, .
T I _ I-* I 1 1
1 XL-4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
2y 3 L
'0
Fig. 13. Distribution along x axis (0 =0) of CJ,(square pile) and bg (circular pile)
1
&-==<<.
a rl
Eqn (12) may also be expressed in the form:
A&, = ; As, . . . . . . . . . (13)
in which As, is the increment caused by disturbance of dimensionless value s. Figs 9 and 10
give the values of (As,) as a function of CLand ,6 for incompressible soils (~=0*5) and com-
pressible soils (~=0*33). It should be noted that the disturbance of a ring of soil affects the
field of displacements only in a rather limited zone about the pile; this is confirmed by Fig. 11,
which shows the distribution of radial displacements along the axis of loading for various
degrees of disturbance.
EfSects of shape (Square pile)

Fields of stresses. Square piles are studied using a model of finite elements. It is noted that
the shape of the pile affects stress and strain fields only in a rather limited zone about the pile,
a zone limited to approximately twice the width of the pile. Figs 12-15 compare various
distributions of stresses or displacements for a square pile and a circular pile of the same width
(B=2r,) with the same loading.
In the case of the square pile, the distribution of the frontal reaction of the soil over the two
sides perpendicular to the axis of loading and that of the shear reaction over the other two
sides may be taken, over approximately 80% of the perimeter of the section, as varying with
l/cos 0, in which 0 is the angle between the perpendicular dropped from the origin on to the
side of the pile section in question and the vector radius (Fig. 16). At the corners the stresses
should in theory tend towards infinity. The distortion of these fields by the corner effect may
be observed by comparing the distribution of soil reaction on a square pile and on a pile with
rounded corners (quadrants with a radius of B/8). Fig. 16 shows the distribution of soil
416 F. BACUEt.IN. R. FRANK AND Y. H. SAiD
- Analytical so,ut,o”. circular pile
x Finite-element r&tion. circular pile

-1.1 -
. Finite-element solution, square pile
-I'O.i
r. = 2.2 x Io-21n
-0.9 -
R - IOr,
b
I an -0.8 -
P T 14.68 x IO3 Nlm
.. -0.7 _
E -=76x lOsPa
t-=
b -0.6- Y -0.33
% ”
+ -0.5’ y
Fig. 14. Distribution along y axis (0=x/2) of T,., (square pile) and T,,, (circular pile)
Sol”tion for circular pile

x Solution for square pile. Intact model
. Solution for square pile, disturbed model
I.2 - )J =0.2
al = I.32
l.l- r. = 2.2 x lO-%n
R =IOr,
T - 14.68~ IO3 Nlm
E =76x lOsPa
Y -0.33
0.4 -
0.3 -
#l*,
T I I I +
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
Fig. 15. Distribution along x axis (e=O) of displacement U, (square pile) and U, (circular pile)
Table 1
a 1.32 1.32 1.955 1.955 1.955

Disturbance -~~~-
B 0.2 0.33 0.2 0.33 0.66
-~
Square pile Or 1.25 1.17 1.2 1.153 1.06
uz l”t*Ct
at point (B/2,0)
Circular pile OI~r,ntact ) I.27 ~ 1.2 1 1.17 1 I.15 ( 1.06
at point (B/2,0)
Distribution given by llcor ~9
Distribution by finite elements. square pile
Distribution by finite eleinentr. square pile

Disturbed model, a= I.955 and B ; 0.33
Distribution by Rnite elements, pile

with rounded corners
_I_-
O-O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I.0 1.2 1.4
Fig. 16. Distribution of Q., and T<., for a square pile and a pile with rounded corners (with T/nB=105
8 = 03
0.11
r /-
1’
/’
o.io- / / ,t?-o’y
/
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
0.09 - / /
/ /
/ /
/
/I /
/
0.08 - /
/
e? /
q /
/ B = ;65
0.07 - / / /’
,//
/ ,I’ /’
/’
0.06~/ ,/ ,,R
ol I.1
’ I
I .3
I
I.5
1
I.7 I.9
I
2
,
GC-T!
‘0
Fig. 17. Effect of shape (square pile) at various degrees of disturbance
Table 2
CT 1.32 1.32 1.955 1.955 1.955

Disturbance -_______
B 0.2 0.33 0.2 0.33 0.66
-~
square pile 7ZYdIsturbed 0.782 0.85 0.802 0.847 0.935
TWJ*ntact
at point (0, B/2)
______
&cular pile 778 **St”rbed 0.73 0.8 0.83 0.85 0.94
718 l”te.Ct
at point (0, B/2)
reaction in both cases on a pile measuring 4.4 cm on a side with a load T equal to TB x IO5 Pa.
It can be seen that the corner effect is limited to a small area near the corner. It can also be
seen that, contrary to the case of the circular pile, the frontal reaction is approximately 40%
greater than the tangential reaction in intact soils. The same figure also gives the distribution
of frontal and tangential reactions in a disturbed model, which again roughly follows the law in
l/cos 8. It may also be noted that the disturbance of the soil has the same effect on stresses
uX and 7Xy at points (B/2,0) and (0, B/2) in the case of the square pile as on 0). and T,@at the
corresponding points on the circular pile. Tables 1 and 2 compare disturbed and intact values
at the same load for various degrees of disturbance. It should be noted that the relative
difference between corresponding values for the circular and square piles does not exceed 7%.
Generally, the distribution of frontal and tangential reactions on square piles can be obtained
using the following approximate expressions, comparable to the eqns (5) for circular piles:
(Side perpendicular to axis of loading)

(14)
(Side parallel to axis of loading) . .
(0) and (0’) are defined by Fig. 16 and C, and C, are the constants for circular piles calculated
using eqns (6).
Displacements. In the case of displacements, also, the shape of the pile has an effect only in a
rather limited zone about the pile (approximately twice its width) (Fig. 15). At the same load
and same width, the displacement of a square section is smaller than that of a circular section.
The corresponding variation in dimensionless value ds, has been computed for various
degrees of disturbance and is given in Fig. 17. This variation is practically independent of the
soil’s Poisson’s ratio, V.
From the analytical solution for a circular pile in an intact soil expressed as a function of s
(eqns (10) and (1 I)), the effect of disturbance on the circular pile (As,, Figs 9 and 10) and the
effect of the shape of the pile (As,, Fig. 17) it is possible to compute horizontal soil modulus
E,=T/U in the most general elastic case:
U s+As,-As, * ’ ’ . . ’ * (15)
in which s depends on v and radius R, As, depends on v and disturbance characteristics, and
Asf, applied only to square piles, depends on disturbance characteristics.
Effects of plastic yield (circular pile)

Non-linear phenomena that may affect the behaviour of a section of a pile that is displaced
rigidly in soil are plastic yield of the soil, soil-pile separation and relative slippage. We shall
restrict ourselves here to studying plastic yield of the soil at low strain values, therefore still
assuming perfect adhesion of the soil to the pile. The criterion used is Tresca’s
lu1-u21 I2C
in which C is soil cohesion.
This study is therefore valid only to provide a schematic picture of the behaviour at depth of
a purely cohesive soil, in the short term, without variations in volume, and at the start of
loading. Using the finite element method, the model of Fig. 1 is therefore studied, in an
elastic-plastic mode, and with a value of v of 0.48 (the value closest to elastic incompressibility
compatible with the numerical method). Mechanical characteristics are E and C for the
intact soil and BE and /3C for the disturbed zone of radius rl = clrO,i.e., with cohesion reduced
E L 130x 105~. I T 255x IO’Nhn

ty
c -b3xlO5P, 2 T-3~53x103N/m
r. = 1o-%fI 3 T- 397x103N/m
4 T 459x103N/m
5 T= SOOx 103N/m
6 T 5-29x I03N/m
7 T- 557x103N/m
8 T-589x 103N/m
Fig. 18. Expansion of plastic zones in intact model

IT 1023~103N/rn
2 T _ 1.892x 103N/m
3 7’ 2-63 x IO3 N/m
Y 4 7’ 3.36 x IO3 N/m
5 7’ 3.86 x IO3 N/m
6 T =4,16x IO’ N/m
: radtur of dirwrbed zone
Fig. 19. Expansion of plastic zones in disturbed model
to the same degree as the Young’s modulus, thus assuming that plastic yield occurs at the same
strain values as in the intact soil.
Outside radius R is taken equal to 30r,, reducing the effect of the fixing of the boundary of
the model to less than 5% of the maximum stress-strain value at 5ro from the pile centreline.
In the results given, the following have been taken : r, = 10m2 m, E= I30 x lo5 Pa, C=O*3 x IO5
Pa, and a = 1.4 and /3= 0.25 in the case of the disturbed model.
Figures 18 and 19 show the expansion of the plastic zones in the case of a fully intact soil
and in that of a ring of disturbed soil, for a quarter of the model. This problem, in which the
soil adheres perfectly to the pile, is as it happens symmetrical with respect to the x axis and
antisymmetrical with respect to they axis; and the plastic zones, for their part, are symmetrical
with respect to both axes (criterion expressed in absolute value).
Plastic yield may be divided into two stages: The first stage is characterized by the plastic
yield of a small volume of soil (zones l-2) starting from y axis along the soil-pile contact (and
at intact soil-disturbed soil contact in the case of a disturbed ring). During this phase,
tangential reaction
T,, = - r,, 1:” rroe sin 8 d0
420 F. RAGLJELIN, R. FRANK AND Y. H. SAiD
I T, Frontal reaction
-1
‘E I Ttg Tangential reaction
so -
=I
I
5.0
Fig. 20. Loading curves for intact model

bd
T Total raceion
4-o
E
i
??
3.0 t /’
E-w .E ’ ,’
/’ /
,_
5 /- ,’
&.- 2-o - f ,/J/’

Y /- ,’
1,
I-O-
//‘/
-+‘,
Ter
5’
&,__----_--_-_-__-
-- _---...-
H I I I I I
0 A 0.5 10 I.5 2-o 2.5 -iii 3:5
Fig. 21. Loading curves for disturbed model
is quickly mobilized and tends towards the value 4r,C corresponding to 17roeI= C at all points
of contact (shear stress 7,00 on the soil-pile surface of contact is the maximum shear stress at
these points) and the contribution of frontal reaction
T,=r, ‘Auro
I0 cos 8 d8
increases, resulting in an increase in the slope of curves (T,, U,,). During this phase,
the curve of total loading (T= T,+ Ttg, U,,) then remains linear (Figs. 20 and 21). The
second phase is characterized by expansion of the plastic zones (zones 3-4, etc.) in the direction
of loading axis x and by a marked decrease in the slopes of curves (T, U,,) and (T,, U,,), which
become ‘parallel’ (Figs 20 and 21), since the soil reaction is purely frontal.
To determine the effect of disturbance on the elastic-plastic behaviour, it is interesting to
compare the increments of frontal reaction AT, and increments of displacement AU,, for both
models beyond their respective elastic limits (since the contribution of the tangential reaction
is in practice negligible beyond the elastic limit). It is then found that for a given AT, the
values of AU,, are in the same ratio as the elastic displacements of the two models at a given
loading.
3.0 -
X
i
”
D
Intact mcdel
--- Disturbed model: 6 1.4. fl O-25
A Approximate curve of disturbed

model calculated from curve af
kG- IS- intxt model
7
Increment of pile section dkplacement beyond elastic limit

00
V 08
1 1.b
I 2.4
I 3-2
k 40
I
A Go
Fig. 22. Loading cur\cs of both models beyond elastic limit
k
%
bL
Elastic-plarric
IOl”fi0”l
@
I
@T=
@T=
@Ta
1.880~ 103N/m
2-860x IO’N/m
~T=4~124x103N/m
4.945 x IO3 N/m
T= S-357x IO’ Nlm

@Elastic solution
arT=5~357x103N/m
I ! ! I I 4 I I 9 I I 1
Ol 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO II 12
L
r.
Fig. 23. Radial stress on axis of loading at different loadings (intact model)
Figure 22 gives these loading increment curves (AT,, AU,,) beyond the elastic limit for both
models together with the curve obtained by multiplying the displacement increments AU,,, of
the intact soil by the ratio of disturbed to intact displacements obtained in the elastic phase.
It can be seen that this curve is a close approximation to the increment curve of the disturbed
model. It may be concluded that disturbing has the same effect on soil behaviour in the
plastic phase as in the elastic phase, at least for disturbances of the same order of magnitude
as that studied here (CL=1.4; /3=0*25).
It can also be seen that, for both models, plastic yield of the soil does not affect stress fields
and displacements at a distance (Figs 23-26); at the limits of the plastic zone, they practically
match the fields obtained in an elastic condition at the same loading (curves 5 and 6).
The additional displacement caused by soil yielding AU, is therefore independent of model
radius R. From the elastic solutions for the disturbed model and for the intact model (solu-
tion depending on R), it is therefore possible to calculate AU, from the results for the intact
2~T _ 5357 x IO3Nim
Fig. 24. Radial displacement on loading axis at different loadings (intact model)
@T=0.706x103N,m
@Ts 1.620~IO’Nlm
@-=2.625x IO’N/m
@T- 3.361x 103N/m
BT= 3.861x 103Nlm
ar T _ 3.861x 103N,m
0 I I I I I I 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
r
I,
Fig. 25. Radial stress on loading axis at different loadings (disturbed model)
model only, in both cases. These results can, furthermore, be generalized to all mechanical
characteristics (E and C) and geometric characteristics (rJ other than those of the model used,
since the loading curve as expressed in dimensionless terms, oU,E/r,C=f[(T-T,,)/r,C] (in
which T,, is the load at the elastic limit) is unique. This curve is given in Fig. 27.
The additional displacement caused by the plastic yield is thus
Al.&) = %f(F) . . . . . . . (16)

for intact soil.
It can be seen that AU, becomes significant only when (T-T,,)/r,C is close to 6. This
is because the loading curve remains linear throughout the first stage of plastic yield.
It should be noted that T,,/r,C=2n, since the first point at which plastic yield appears is
point (rO, r/2) and since eqn (5) allows us to write Te,/2wo = C.
The corresponding increment of dimensionless term s caused by plastic yield is
. . . . . . . .
(17)
and Es = E/(s+As,) . . . . . . . . . (18)

for the intact model.
aT=O.%x 103N/m
@T= 1.620~IO3N/m
@T= 2.6Xx IO’Nln
Fig. 26. Radial displacement on loading axis at different loadings (disturbed model)
2
& II
L2
, 13
I2
II
IO
9
f
8 ,/’
I ,,’
61
/ ’
.’
/c
/c
_c*c
__--
__--
__--
__-- _-
Fig. 27. Additional displacement resulting from plastic yield (intact model)
For the disturbed model, the loading at elastic limit T,, is derived from eqn (5) by writing:
7ro = -Cp at point (ro, 42)
T = roC2?r13
_ TA with C, given by eqn (6)
er
CL? G
S+AS
for which the displacement is U, = T,, -+
The displacement increment beyond this limit is derived from the increment obtained with
intact soil with the elastic limit exceeded by the same amount, T-T,,, so for load T,,+ T- TBr:
s-b As, T-T,,
AUe=s - s + A &CT., + I’- T.,)
E I
with A&T~,+T-T~~)
= %f(*) given by Fig. 27.
Fig. 28. Tnu-dimensional (e,) and three-dimensional (u’,) deformations on loading axis x
The additional displacement due to yielding in the case of the disturbed model is therefore:
AU,, = +qj-(%) . . . . . . . (19)
Thus Es = E/(3+ As,+ As,,.) . . . . . . . (20)

may be written in the case of disturbed soils with:
Asp, = . . . . . . . (21)
in which s is given by eqns (10) and (11) (function of Y and R) and where As, is the correction
for disturbance in the elastic stage given by Figs 9 and 10.
This two-dimensional study shows that the various phenomena studied (disturbance, plastic
yield and shape of pile) affect displacements or stresses only in a limited area about the pile.
The corrections to be made to the absolute displacement to allow for these phenomena are
therefore independent of outside radius R even if absolute displacement itself directly
to R.
STUDY WITH ISOTROPIC ELASTICITY
was seen the study plane strain the displacement the pile by a
loading (T) on the radius R this two-dimensional As it
towards infinity, this is realistic representation a horizontal of the
the displacement the pile tends in towards infinity, this is unrealistic.
A study of problem is necessary.
LATERAL REACTION MECHANISM OF PILES 42s
Distribution of Load distribution used for Displacement of point m (z, y, z) caused by

reaction with Es0 three dimensional model Pi (0, 0, zi ) given by Mindlin (1936)
unvarying with Fi = T (q)d A
depth (Winkler’s model)
T(z)=EroUx (4
Fig. 29. Three-dimensional calculation
Method of calculation
It is proposed to divide the soil into two zones by a radius ra such that for r<r, the soil
follows the laws of plane strain and for r > r, the condition of plane strain no longer holds and
the behaviour of the soil is three-dimensional.
The aim is to calculate a value of outside radius R capable of giving results representative
of real displacements for use in the two-dimensional study. This is done by comparing the
deformation curves (e,) of the two- and three-dimensional models in the plane of loading(y= 0).
The two- and three-dimensional deformation curves are represented schematically by (a) and
(b) respectively of Fig. 28. Radius ra is equal to the radius of the point of intersection of the
two curves and R is chosen in such a way that the displacement of this point along the x axis
as calculated by the two- and three-dimensional models is the same; this amounts to saying
that the shaded areas (Fig. 28) must be equal. This procedure for calculating pile displace-
ment therefore amounts to using the two-dimensional strains near the pile and the three-
dimensional strains at a distance from the pile. The two-dimensional strains are calculated
analytically (differentiation with respect to r of displacement U, as in eqn (7)). They are
practically unaltered by radius R near the pile. The three-dimensional strains are calculated
by considering the pile as a loaded axis in a semi-infinite solid. For this problem, it is obvious
that the three-dimensional strains at infinity are infinitesimal of an order higher than unity and
the displacements, in particular the displacement at the point of junction, are finite.
Using Winkler’s concept of modulus of subgrade reaction (1867), the soil reaction may be
calculated from the theory of beams on elastic supports. It is this reaction, calculated with
&=kOB unvarying with depth, that is used in the three-dimensional calculation as the load
acting on the vertical line representing the centreline of the pile within a semi-infinite solid
bounded by a horizontal plane, the surface of the soil (Fig. 29).
Mindlin (1936) gives, for linear isotropic elasticity, the displacements (U,) and deformations
(e,) at all points in a semi-infinite solid bounded by a plane resulting from a concentrated force
(F,) inside the solid (Fig. 29). For a given distributed load T(z), the displacements and
deformations at a point (x, z) on loading axis y =0 are obtained by integrating Mindlin’s
equations over 2. This integral is determined numerically by dividing the pile into N equal
intervals (dh) (Fig. 29) and breaking the distributed load down into concentrated forces Fi at
the midpoints of these intervals.
Results
To rationalize calculating outside radius R of the two-dimensional model and, subsequently,
soil modulus E, using the method presented above, it is interesting to approach the problem
from the two basic parameters commonly used in studies of horizontally-loaded piles: h, the
embedded length and I,, the relative (soil-pile) stiffness factor (4EpZp/Es,J1~*, in which Ep is the
Young’s modulus of the pile material, IP is the moment of inertia of the pile section and
Eso=koB is the soil modulus, assumed to be unvarying with depth.
It should first be noted that the procedure for interconnecting the two- and three-dimensional
strains presented in the preceding paragraph involves three difficulties.
First, if starting from a soil reaction distribution calculated using a soil modulus E,, assumed
to be unvarying with depth and calculating the displacements of pile sections at various levels
using the procedure of linking two- and three-dimensional strains described above, it is found
that the initial assumption of a constant modulus is confirmed only in the case of highly rigid
piles (h/1,, ~0.5) with fixed heads; these are in fact the only piles that are displaced rigidly under
load without bending or tilting and thus the only piles satisfying the conditions of plane strain
of the soil underlying the theory of an intrinsic soil modulus. In the other cases, at the end of
the calculations, a horizontal modulus Es is found that decreases with depth (Fig. 30) and
depends on relative soil-pile rigidity and on head loading and fixing conditions.
Second, the two- and three-dimensional strains cannot be interconnected at and below the
initial centre of rotation (level of zero reaction), since the two-dimensional strains are always
smaller than the three-dimensional strains or of opposite sign; this means that the model’s
behaviour is rather three-dimensional throughout this region.
Third, making a second calculation using the modulus distribution given by the first and SO
on until convergence was reached might be envisaged. Even supposing that convergence
exists, this procedure runs up against the fact that the first calculation gives the distribution of
the modulus only in the upper portion.
Figure 30 gives the following diagrams for a flexible pile (l, = 1.78 m and h = 10 m) for three
head conditions (free-head pile with horizontal load H= lo4 N; pile with free head subjected
to overturning moment M= IO4 Nm; and pile with fixed head subjected to load H= lo4 N):
(a) The distribution of soil reaction T(Z) calculated from Winkler’s soil model with Es0
unvarying with depth.
(6) The three-dimensional deformation of the vertical line representing the pile centreline
caused by the distribution of load T(Z) over it, obtained using Mindlin’s equations.
(c) Deformation U of the upper portion of the pile calculated using the procedure of
interconnecting the two- and three-dimensional strains at these levels described above.
(d) Variations in the soil modulus with depth given by (a) and (b) (Es = T/U).
These figures show the decrease in soil modulus with increasing depth in the region in which
the two-dimensional and three-dimensional deformations could be interconnected. Even
though, from a theoretical point of view, the assumption of a soil modulus unvarying with
depth cannot be confirmed, one might estimate a mean soil modulus Es function of the length
and rigidity of the pile and head loading and fixing conditions; this would yield a convenient
T: IO’N/m UIO%l T: IO’Nlm u IOJm

I 0.5 0 0.5 I I .5 0 0.5
T: IO’N/m u IO-%n
0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 0 0.5 I
I
B, = lOSPa
0 Reaction T calculated from Winkler’s model

with Elo constant, used as three-dimensional load
@ Three-dimensional deformation of pile centre line
under load T given by Mindlin’r (1936) equations
@ Pile displacement U given by combining two
and threedimensional strains
@ Variation in modulus E, = 5, I
end ofcalculation
Fig. 30. Results with a flexible pile under three head-loading conditions
estimate of the head displacement of horizontally loaded piles, and it is this displacement
which it is most important to know. On the basis of the equilibrium of the upper load-
bearing portion of the soil, the most decisive for pile behaviour, one may set:
mean Es 2 U, = 2 T1
in which U, is the pile deformation obtained by the procedure of interconnecting the two- and
three-dimensional strains and T, the Winkler’s soil reaction; this amounts to calculating the
ratio of the areas bounded by the pile centreline and curves (1) and (3) of Fig. 30. To
generalize the results, they are given as a function of the elementary parameters of the problem
-relative stiffness factor 1,, embedded length h, and radius R of the two-dimensional model-
making it possible to calculate mean soil modulus Es. The following values of radius R for
‘mean Es’ have been computed:
(a) Piles with free heads subjected to load H at the head:
R = Inf {71,, 3h)
or, for flexible piles (h/l, > S), 71, R =
. . . . R=3h . . . . . * (22)
and, for rigid piles (h/1, < p), >
(b) Piles with free heads subjected to an overturning moment:
R = Inf{31,, 1.25/r}
or, for flexible piles (h/l0 > 2*4), R = 31,
and, for rigid piles (h/f0 < 2*4), R= 1.25h ’ * - ’ - - * ’ ’ . (23)
>
428 F. klACiUEI.IN. H. FRANK AND Y. H. SdD
20
@ Poulor’rrol”tion (1971)
:- @ ProporedmeanE, solution
.Q
e;,
IO
L\
‘\
‘\
‘\
‘k,
-: 5 .=-a.._
-_----,-----
---_-
Fig. 31. Poulos’~ (1971) solution and proposed solution for piles with frrc heads (b/R=25; v=tM) under hori-
zontal loading
‘::>,p
SO-
‘,‘, 1
‘, \
P
‘,‘\
f 1,
\\
\\
20- \\
\\
\\
\\
\\
\\
\\
\\
IO -
‘,‘\
\\
‘\‘\
‘-‘,,
‘2we______--
--______-
I , I
5
10-5 IO4 10-j IO.2 IO. I IO
K_Epl,
R
Eh’
Fig. 32. POU~OS’S

(1971) solution and proposed solution for piles with free heads (/1/B=25; v=W5) subjected to
overturning moment
(c) Piles with fixed heads and subjected to load H:

R = Jnf {121,,, 8/z)
or, for flexible piles (h/l,, > 1*5), R = 121,
. . . . . . . . . . (24) R= 8h
and, for rigid piles (h/l, < l-5), >
These values of R are for incompressible soils with Poisson’s ratio v=O*5. For compressible
soils (v=O*33), these values should be halved.
To determine the degree of approximation in the calculation of pile head displacements
using modulus ‘mean E,’ found in this three-dimensional study, they are compared with the
solution proposed by Poulos (1971), who studied the three-dimensional problem by considering
33. Poulos’s (1971) solution and proposed solution for piles with fixed heads (/@=2!5; v=O-5)
the pile to be a thin plate having flexibility (&,I,), also held in a linear elastic medium (homo-
geneous and isotropic), neglecting horizontal soil-pile friction. We use the same parameters
as Poulos, ZpH,ZDMand ZpFsuch that if U,,, is the head displacement:
U,,,, = ZpH$+ZDM -z!$ is obtained for a free-head pile
and U,,, = ZpFg for a fixed-head pile
in which E is the Young’s modulus of the soil; EpZp is the flexibility of the pile; h is the pile
embedded length; B is the diameter of the pile; H is the horizontal load at the head; M is the
moment at the head; KR is the pile flexibility factor (equal to EpZp/Eh4). Figs 31-33 give
computed coefficients ZpH,ZpMand ZDFfor piles having different rigidities and an h/B ratio of 25
set in an incompressible soil (v=O*5). Curves (1) and (2) of these figures give, respectively,
Poulos’s values and the values obtained using ‘mean Es’ (estimated by the joining method
described earlier). It can be noted that in the case of free piles with head loads there is no
significant difference between the two solutions. In the case of piles with free heads subjected
to overturning moments and those with fixed heads, the solution based on ‘mean Es’ estimated
by this three-dimensional study gives results that are more optimistic than Poulos’s solution;
the discrepancy between the two is greatest in the case of very flexible piles, and is less than
25% of Poulos’s solution.
As regards the maximum bending moments acting on the shafts of piles with free heads
subjected to horizontal loads and the moments at the heads of fixed-head piles, it is obvious
that they depend substantially on the distribution of the soil reaction and in consequence the
discrepancy between the solutions is 75% and 50% respectively for moments at the head of
fixed piles and maximum bending moments in the case of piles with free heads (Fig. 34).
This three-dimensional study, like that of Poulos (1971), shows that soil modulus Es depends
not only on the characteristics of the soil (E and v), but also, finally, on relative soil-pile
rigidity, the pile’s length-to-width ratio, and head fixing and loading conditions, which affect
primarily distant fields.
Maximum bending nwmcnf% Moments at head
h/B=25 v-05 h/B-X r=O.S
06 Piles with heads Rxed

r
KR
(4 (b)
Fig. 34. Comparison of moments from Pwlos (1971) and following proposed solution
In this study the variation of Es is determined via radius R to be used. It was found that R
varied in the ratio of 1 to 4 in the case of flexible piles and 1 to 6-4 in the case of rigid piles,
giving the following maximum deviations in s= E/E, (eqns (10) and (11)):
v = 0.5
As = O-239In 4 = O-331 for flexible piles
As = 0.239 In 6.4 = 0444 for rigid piles
v = 0.33
As = O-265In 4 = O-367 for flexible piles
As = O-265In 6-4 = O-492 for rigid piles.
Thus, for example, in the case of a flexible circular pile:
Es ranges from 1.75E to lolIE for Y = O-5 and I,, = lOr,
Es ranges from l-24E to 0.85E for v = O-33 and 1, = 20ro
and for a rigid circular pile:
Es ranges from 1.75E to 0.98E for v = O-5 and h = 24r,
Es ranges from 1*24E to 0*77E for v = O-33 and h = 48r,
in an undisturbed elastic soil, depending on head fixing and loading conditions.
It should, however, be noted that radius R itself depends on soil modulus Es through
Z,,= (EpZp/Es)1’4. For the practical calculation of R, Es may simply be taken as being equal
to E; this results in an error of not more than approximately 5% in the final value of soil
modulus Es.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
During the horizontal loading test carried out at the Planco&t Station on a set of two H-type
piles, stress uXoon the front pile was measured using a Gliitzl cell and induced pressures a, and
uu in the ground 1 m in front of the pile were measured using the square self-boring probe
OF PILES 431
- Experimental curves (PIand&)
- - - Theorerlul curves ( Y = 0.5)
Fig. 35. Comparison of theory with measurements made during a test of a set of two piles
(Baguelin et al., 1974). These experimental values, for a,, at point (B/2,0) and for a, and a,
at 1 m from the shaft (1.14 m, 0), are given in Fig. 35 as a function of pile displacement U,,.
These curves will be determined, at least in their initial linear portions, by applying the
results of this study for the elastic case.
Data and assumptions

The characteristics of the H pile of interest are (Baguelin and Jtztquel, 1972): Frontal
width, B = 2r, = O-28m; flexibility, EPZP= 275 x lo5 Nma.
The Young’s modulus of the soil is derived from initial tangential modulus E,, as determined
by the self-boring pressuremeter (Baguelin and JCzCquel, 1973). At the Plancott site, E,,=
120 x lo5 Pa at a depth of 1 m. The Young’s modulus is therefore:
EO
E = m(l+v) = 135x105Pa
if the soil is taken to be incompressible (v=O-5).

Disturbance characteristics a and /3 were chosen on the basis of findings made with another
pile, the box pile 1 m wide (Baguelin and Jtzequel, 1972). A small vane shear device pushed
through the side revealed the presence of a zone 20 cm thick in which cohesion had been re-
duced to one quarter that of the intact soil. This observed change in cohesion was applied
to the moduli:
a = l-4, jI = O-25
The H pile is, furthermore, considered as a square pile, since the spaces between its flanges
were covered during this experiment.
432 F. BAGIJELIN, R. FRANK AND Y. H. SAiD
Calculations
(a): Es and aXo
Relative stiffness factor lo is
= 1.69 m, taking Es = E
Radius R is given by eqn (22) : R = 71,~ 11.83 m

Modulus Es is given by eqn (15)
in which s is given by eqn (10) (s = O-573 + O-239 In $$0.82)
ds, is a function of c(, /I and v given by Fig. 9 (ds,110*08)

dsr is a function of a and B given by Fig. 17 (&,2:0*09).
E
This gives Es N m N 166.6 x lo5 Pa.
Let us repeat the calculation using this value of Es. We obtain, in turn: lo- 1.60 m;
R~lle22m; s-0.81; ds,210.08; dsr-0.09; Es-E/O*8z169x i05 Pa. These are the values
which will be used in subsequent stages of the calculation, since convergence has already been
reached.
The slope of curve (uXo, U,,) is easily derived from Es using eqn (14):
which C, given by Fig. 2 as a function of CLand p (C, N 1.36)

u
and 2 N 186x lo5 N/m3 or O-186 x lo5 Pa/mm
0x0
(b): u, and a2 at point (1.14 m, 0)

It should be noted that the distance of 1 m in front of the pile is equivalent to 3.6 times the
width of the pile; it may therefore be assumed that neither disturbance nor the shape of the
pile section affects stress values at this point. We may therefore use here the analytical
solution for a circular pile in an intact soil (eqn (l)), with: ro=0*14 m; r= 1.14 m; RN 11.22 m;
v=o*5.
Application of eqn (1) gives:
QX
-= UX T = TX
-- Es N 47 x lo5 N/m3 or 0.047 x lo5 Pa/mm
and
u X0 T Uxo
together with $ N 6x 10e3 m-l
and ou- - 9 ES 2: 1 x lo5 N/m3 or OGOl x lo6 Pa/mm

u X0
Functions u,,(B/2,0), ~~(1.14 m, 0), and u,,(l*14 m, 0) of U,, so obtained are shown by the
three dotted straight lines of Fig. 35, which are highly satisfactory approximations of the
experimental curves. It should be noted that these calculations were made assuming a
perfectly elastic soil behaviour. This has led us to choose a single modulus on the basis of the
pressuremeter curve given by the self-boring pressuremeter. Moreover, our calculations are
necessarily approximate in the case of square piles, since there is an onset of plastic yield near
the corners; this would further decrease the slope of u,~/U,~, but would probably be without
effect on the other two functions. The difficulty in choosing disturbance characteristics
should, however, be noted.
CONCLUSIONS
So far, calculation methods based on the concept of modulus of subgrade reaction or
horizontal soil modulus have required a certain number of simplifications: intrinsic soil
modulus independent of ‘three-dimensional’ conditions (loading conditions, relative rigidity,
etc.) or moduli independent of the loading level, the shape of the pile, etc. This situation
called for systematic study of displacement and stress fields with the aim of determining the
respective effects of these various parameters. This is what was done in this theoretical study,
which divided the problem into two parts.
In the first part, a study in plane strain, the effects of the disturbance of the soil (by the
installation of the pile), of the shape of the pile, and of plastic yield of the soil, all restricted to
the immediate vicinity of the pile, were isolated and quantified.
The second part, a simplified three-dimensional study, yielded a first picture of the effects of
mechanical and geometric characteristics (pile embedded length) and of head loading and
fixing conditions, which affect primarily the distant fields; this makes it possible to super-
impose the various estimates and thus take all the parameters considered into account.
In the current state of knowledge, with such phenomena as surface fissuring of the soil,
pile-soil separation on the back of the shaft, and the effects of the installation of the pile and
of soil-pile friction poorly understood, using the concept of modulus of subgrade reaction or
soil modulus may be considered a reasonable approach to the problem of laterally-loaded
piles, provided that allowance is made, as far as possible, for the various corrections it is
currently possible to estimate, as shown by this study.
The finite element program used is the program ROSALIE of the Laboratoires des Ponts et
ChaussCes.
This research was carried out for Said’s (1975) doctoral thesis in engineering.
REFERENCES
Baguelin, F. & J&quel, J. F. (1972). fitude exptrimentale du comportement de pieux sollicitb horizontale-
ment. AnnIs Inst. Tech. Britim. 297, sCrie SF/91, 153-204 and Bull. Liais. Labs Pants et Chaussies, No. 62,
129-170.
Baguelin, F. & Jkzkquel, J. F. (1973). Le pressiombtre autoforeur. Annls Inst. Tech. Britim. 307-308, sCrie
SFl97. 133-160 and Bull. Liais. Labs Ponts et ChaussPes, Suvvl. to No. 67, 9-30.
Bagueiin,.F., Jtzkquel, J. F. & Le MChautC, A. (1974). A piopdsde l’ttat initial en m&anique des ~01s. Anais
I” Semindrio Brasileiro MPtodo dos EIementos Finitos aplicado a Mec&ica dos Solos, Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro, 287-302 and Bull. Liais. Labs Ponts et ChaussPes, No. 75, 148-156.
Blum, H. (1932). Wirtschaftliche Dalbenformen und deren Berechnung. Bautechnik 5.
Brinch Hansen, J. (1961). The ultimate resistance of rigidpiles against transversalforces. Bull. No. 12, pp. 5-9.
Copenhagen: Geoteknisk Institut.
Broms, B. B. (1964a). Lateral resistance of piles in cohesive soils. Jnf Soil Mech. Fdn Div. Am. Sot. Civ.
Engrs 90, SM2, 27-63.
Broms, B. B. (1964b). Lateral resistance of piles in cohesionless soils. Jnl Soil Mech. Fdn Div. Am. Sot. Civ.
Engrs 90, SM3, 123-156.
McClelland, B. & Focht, J. A. (1956). Soil modulus for laterally loaded piles. Jnl Soil Mech. Fdn Div. Am.
Sot. Civ. Engrs 82, SM4, paper 1081.
Davisson, M. T. (1970). Lateral load capacity of piles. Highw. Res. Reed, No. 333, 104-112.
434 F. BAGUELIN, R. FRANK AND Y. l-l. SAiD
Davisson, M. T. & Gill, H. L. (1963). Laterally loaded piles in a layered soil system. Jnl Soil Mech. Fdn Diu.
Am. Sot. Civ. Engrs 89, SM3,63-94.
Matlock, H. (1970). Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. Offshore Tech. Co&, paper
No. OTC 1204.
Matlock, H. & Reese, L. C. (1960). Generalized solutions for laterally loaded piles. Jnl Soil Mech. Fdn Div.
Am. Sot. Civ. Engrs 86, SMS, part I, 63-91.
Menard, L. (1962). Comportement dune fondation profonde soumise a des efforts de renversement, Sols-
Soils, No. 3, 9-23.
Mindlin, R. D. (1936). Force at a point in the interior of a semi-inlinite solid. Physics 7, 195-202.
Poulos, H. G. (1971). Behaviour of laterally loaded piles. Jnl Soil Mech. Fdn Div. Am. Sot. Civ. Engrs 97,
SM5, 711-731.
Reese, L. C. & Matlock, H. (1956). Non-dimensional solutions for laterally loaded piles with soil modulus
assumed proportional to depth. Proc. 8th Texas Conf. Soil Mech. Fdn Engng, Austin.
Said, Y. H. (1975). Eftudetht!oriquedespieux soflicitks horizontalement. Th&se de Dr. Ing., Universite Paris VI,
30 juin.
Terzaghi, K. (1955). Evaluation of coefficients of subgrade reaction. Ghotechnique 5, No. 4,297-326.
Timoshenko, S. (1930). Strength of materials. New-York: Van Nostrand.
Winkler, E. (1867). Die Lehre van Elastizitiit und Festigkeit. Prague.

Baguelin-1977-Theoretical Study of Lateral Reaction Mechanism of Piles

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Baguelin-1977-Theoretical Study of Lateral Reaction Mechanism of Piles

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

BAGUELM, F., FRANK, R. & SAiD, Y. H. (1977). Giotechnique 27, No.

Theoretical study of lateral reaction mechanism of piles

F. BAGUELIN,* R. FRANKt and Y. H. SANDS

METHOD AND ASSUMPTIONS

Circular pile, linear isotropic elasticity

(a) In the disturbed zone (r. I r I r,) :

(b) In the intact zone (rl I r I R) :

CF = (3-4N -a’71 -RI+@

in which ,%I =‘o<]

u,(r= ro) = & Cl cos e

Fig. 2. Coefficients CF, Cl and Cz for u=O5

Fig. 3. Coefficients CF, Cl and Cz for v=O-33

Fig. 4. Distribution of horizontal components of reaction

0 @fl= I (intact) T -- 104N/m

@a= I.4 ‘0 2.2 x IO%

W = &E [(3-4v)ln (~)“-~)2&$-~~~] cos 0 . (7)

towards infinity as R tends towards infinity. The representative value of R to be used in

U,, = &E [(3-4v)ln (E)‘--&J . . . . . (8)

u TO= &Ez [(3-4v)In(30)2-&)+2(3-4v)ln&] . . . (9)

and s = 0.808+0*265 In 3or

for a circular pile in an intact soil.

- Analytical rolufio”. drcular pile

1.1 p r = 2.2 x 10d2

A&, = ; As, . . . . . . . . . (13)

EfSects of shape (Square pile)

- Analytical so,ut,o”. circular pile

x Finite-element r&tion. circular pile

Sol”tion for circular pile

. Solution for square pile, disturbed model

a 1.32 1.32 1.955 1.955 1.955

Circular pile OI~r,ntact ) I.27 ~ 1.2 1 1.17 1 I.15 ( 1.06

Distribution given by llcor ~9

Distribution by finite elements. square pile

Distribution by finite eleinentr. square pile

Distribution by Rnite elements, pile

Fig. 17. Effect of shape (square pile) at various degrees of disturbance

CT 1.32 1.32 1.955 1.955 1.955

(Side perpendicular to axis of loading)

Effects of plastic yield (circular pile)

E L 130x 105~. I T 255x IO’Nhn

Fig. 18. Expansion of plastic zones in intact model

Fig. 19. Expansion of plastic zones in disturbed model

Fig. 20. Loading curves for intact model

&.- 2-o - f ,/J/’

A Approximate curve of disturbed

Increment of pile section dkplacement beyond elastic limit

Fig. 22. Loading cur\cs of both models beyond elastic limit

4.945 x IO3 N/m

T= S-357x IO’ Nlm

2~T _ 5357 x IO3Nim

@T- 3.361x 103N/m

BT= 3.861x 103Nlm

Al.&) = %f(F) . . . . . . . (16)

and Es = E/(s+As,) . . . . . . . . . (18)

@T= 2.6Xx IO’Nln

AU,, = +qj-(%) . . . . . . . (19)

Thus Es = E/(3+ As,+ As,,.) . . . . . . . (20)

STUDY WITH ISOTROPIC ELASTICITY

Distribution of Load distribution used for Displacement of point m (z, y, z) caused by

Fig. 29. Three-dimensional calculation

T: IO’N/m UIO%l T: IO’Nlm u IOJm

0 Reaction T calculated from Winkler’s model

Fig. 32. POU~OS’S