&KDSLWUH,

ÉLÉMENTS DE MÉTALLURGIE

1. LES MATÉRIAUX MÉTALLIQUES

3DUPL O HQVHPEOH GHV VXEVWDQFHV VROLGHV TXH O RQ UHQFRQWUH GDQV OD YLH
TXRWLGLHQQHLOHQHVWFHUWDLQHVGRQWFKDFXQUHFRQQDvWOHFDUDFWqUHPpWDOOLTXHHWTXHO RQ
DSSHOOHG DLOOHXUVPpWDX[ELHQTXHODSOXSDUWGXWHPSVLOV DJLVVHHQIDLWG DOOLDJHV

/D QRWLRQ GH FDUDFWqUH PpWDOOLTXH HVW OLpH j XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH GH SURSULpWpV
IDFLOHPHQW SHUFHSWLEOHV FRPPH O pFODW PpWDOOLTXH O RSDFLWp OD ERQQH FRQGXFWLELOLWp
WKHUPLTXHHWpOHFWULTXHO pODVWLFLWpRXODSODVWLFLWp2QSRXUUDLWjSDUWLUGHFHVSURSULpWpV
pODERUHU XQH GpILQLWLRQ GH O pWDW PpWDOOLTXH 7RXWHIRLV FHWWH GpILQLWLRQ QH VHUDLW SDV WUqV
VFLHQWLILTXHHWVXUWRXWQRQGLVFULPLQDQWHFDULOHVWGLIILFLOHGHWURXYHUXQHSURSULpWpTXLVRLW
FRPPXQHjWRXVOHVPpWDX[VDQVrWUHSDUWDJpHSDUDXFXQDXWUHFRUSVQRQPpWDOOLTXH,O
HVW SUREDEOH TXH OD EDVLFLWp GH OHXUV R[\GHV HW O DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH OHXU UpVLVWLYLWp
pOHFWULTXH DYHF OD WHPSpUDWXUH VRLHQW OHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV OHV SOXV VSpFLILTXHV DX[
pOpPHQWVPpWDOOLTXHV
/ pWXGH GHV PDWpULDX[ PpWDOOLTXHV SDVVH SDU O pWXGH GH OHXUV SURSULpWpV
LQWULQVqTXHV TXL VRQW ELHQ VRXYHQW DXVVL GHV SURSULpWpV G XWLOLVDWLRQ (Q SDUWLFXOLHU OD
FRPSUpKHQVLRQGXFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVPpWDX[HWGHOHXUVDOOLDJHVYLVjYLVGHVGLIIpUHQWHV
IRUPHV GH FRUURVLRQ HW HQ SDUWLFXOLHU GH OD FRUURVLRQ VRXV FRQWUDLQWH VXSSRVH OD
FRQQDLVVDQFH GHTXHOTXHV EDVHVIRQGDPHQWDOHV VXU ODVWUXFWXUH FULVWDOOLQH GHVPpWDX[
OHV GLDJUDPPHV G pTXLOLEUH GHV DOOLDJHV HW OHV WUDLWHPHQWV WKHUPLTXHV TXL HQ GpFRXOHQW
DLQVLTXHVXUOHVPpFDQLVPHVGLYHUVGHGpIRUPDWLRQSODVWLTXHHQIRQFWLRQGHODVWUXFWXUH
FULVWDOOLQHHWGHODWHPSpUDWXUH

2. STRUCTURE CRISTALLINE DES MÉTAUX ET ALLIAGES

2.1. Métaux purs

/H FDUDFWqUH HVVHQWLHO GH OD VWUXFWXUH FULVWDOOLQH GHV PpWDX[ HVW OH PRGH
G HPSLOHPHQWGHVDWRPHVTXLRIIUHXQHFRPSDFLWpRSWLPDOH&HWWHGHUQLqUHHVWGpILQLHSDU
ODFRRUGLQHQFH1FGXUpVHDXFULVWDOOLQTXLV H[SULPHSDUOHQRPEUHG DWRPHVWDQJHQWVj
XQ DWRPH GRQQp 3DUPL O HQVHPEOH GHV VWUXFWXUHV FULVWDOOLQHV VHXOV WURLV W\SHV GH
UpVHDX[ UpSRQGHQW j FH FULWqUH GH FRPSDFLWp &H VRQW OHV UpVHDX[ FXELTXH FHQWUp FF 
FXELTXHjIDFHVFHQWUpHV FIF HWKH[DJRQDOFRPSDFW KF 
2 &KDSLWUH,²eOpPHQWVGHPpWDOOXUJLH
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.1.1. Structure cubique centré

/HV DWRPHV VRQW VLWXpV DX[  VRPPHWV G XQ FXEH G DUrWH D DSSHOpH SDUDPqWUH
GH PDLOOH  DLQVL TX DX FHQWUH GX FXEH OH GLDPqWUH GHV DWRPHV pWDQW WHO TXH O DWRPH
FHQWUDOVRLWWDQJHQWDX[DWRPHVGHVVRPPHWV )LJXUH,² FHTXLGRQQH1F 

Figure I – 1 : représentations schématiques du réseau cubique centré

6LO RQDGPHWFRPPHjOD)LJXUH,²GHUHSUpVHQWHUOHVDWRPHVSDUGHVVSKqUHV
GH UD\RQ U UD\RQ DWRPLTXH  RQ HQ GpGXLW TXH OH SDUDPqWUH GH PDLOOH D G XQ PpWDO
FXELTXHFHQWUpHVWGRQQpSDUD Uξ͵/HQRPEUHQG DWRPHVSDUPDLOOHpOpPHQWDLUH
GHODVWUXFWXUHFXELTXHFHQWUpHVWpJDOj  FDUFKDTXHDWRPHRFFXSDQWXQGHV
VRPPHWV GX FXEH HVW FRPPXQ j  FXEHV YRLVLQV 2Q SHXW GRQF j SDUWLU G XQH VHXOH
PDLOOHFDOFXOHUODPDVVHYROXPLTXH ρG XQPpWDOFXELTXHFHQWUpDXPR\HQGHODUHODWLRQ
ρ $ 1D3  R $ HVW OD PDVVH DWRPLTXH GH O pOpPHQW PpWDOOLTXH HW 1 OH QRPEUH
G $YRJDGUR 23 

2.1.2. Structure cubique faces centrées

/HVDWRPHVVRQWVLWXpVDX[VRPPHWVG XQFXEHG DUrWHDDLQVLTX DXFHQWUHGHV
IDFHVGXFXEH )LJXUH,² &KDTXHDWRPHVLWXpjXQVRPPHWHVWWDQJHQWDX[DWRPHV
RFFXSDQW OH FHQWUH GHV IDFHV SDVVDQW SDU FH VRPPHW &HV IDFHV VH UpSDUWLVVHQW HQ 
IDFHV YHUWLFDOHV DXGHVVXV HW  IDFHV YHUWLFDOHV DXGHVVRXV DSSDUWHQDQW DX[  FXEHV
VXSpULHXUV HW DX[  FXEHV LQIpULHXUV GRQW LO FRQVWLWXH OH VRPPHW FRPPXQ HW  IDFHV
KRUL]RQWDOHVGDQVOHSODQVpSDUDQWFHVGHX[VpULHVGHFXEHV2QREWLHQWGRQFSRXUOH
UpVHDX FXELTXH IDFHV FHQWUpHV XQH YDOHXU GH 1F pJDOH j  /H UpVHDX FXELTXH IDFHV
FHQWUpHVDGRQFXQDUUDQJHPHQWG DWRPHVSOXVGHQVHTXHOHUpVHDXFXELTXHFHQWUpFH
TXHFRQILUPHOHQRPEUHG DWRPHVSDUPDLOOHpJDOj FHTXLGRQQHSRXUOD
PDVVH YROXPLTXH ρ $ 1D3  /D GLDJRQDOH G XQH IDFH GX FXEH FRUUHVSRQG j 
UD\RQVDWRPLTXHVVRLWSRXUOHSDUDPqWUHGHPDLOOHD Uξʹ.

Figure I – 2 : représentations schématiques du réseau cubique faces centrées

²6WUXFWXUHFULVWDOOLQHGHVPpWDX[HWDOOLDJHV 3
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.1.3. Structure hexagonale compacte

/HVDWRPHVVRQWVLWXpVDX[VRPPHWVG XQSULVPHGURLWjEDVHKH[DJRQDOHDX[
FHQWUHV GHV GHX[ SODQV GH EDVH HW VXU XQ SODQ LQWHUPpGLDLUH HQWUH OHV GHX[ SODQV GH
EDVH VXU OHTXHO VH WURXYHQW WURLV DWRPHV GpFDOpV GH WHOOH VRUWH TX LOV VRLHQW DX FRQWDFW
GHVDWRPHVGHVSODQVGHEDVH )LJXUH,² 
&KDTXH DWRPH VLWXp DX FHQWUH G XQ SODQ GH EDVH D SRXU YRLVLQV LPPpGLDWV OHV 
DWRPHVVLWXpVDX[VRPPHWVGHO KH[DJRQHIRUPDQWFHSODQHWOHVIRLVDWRPHVGHV
SODQV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV VLWXpV DXGHVVXV HW DXGHVVRXV GX SODQ GH EDVH FRQVLGpUp &HV
GHUQLHUV FRQWDFWV DYHF OHV DWRPHV GHV SODQV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV QH VRQW SRVVLEOHV TXH VL OH
UDSSRUWFDGHODKDXWHXUFGXSULVPHDXSDUDPqWUHGHPDLOOHD F{WpGHO KH[DJRQH 
HVWpJDOj ඥͺΤ͵ 

,O H[LVWH HQIDLW GHX[ W\SHV GH PpWDX[ j VWUXFWXUH KH[DJRQDOH FHX[ SRXU OHVTXHOV
FD HWGRQF1F HWFHX[SRXUOHVTXHOVFD!HWGRQF1F 

Figure I – 3 : représentations schématiques du réseau hexagonal compact

2.2. Alliages métalliques

'XSRLQWGHYXHGHOHXUVWUXFWXUHFULVWDOOLQHRQSHXWUpSDUWLUOHVDOOLDJHVPpWDOOLTXHV
VHORQTXDWUHW\SHVOHVVROXWLRQVVROLGHVGHVXEVWLWXWLRQSULPDLUHOHVVROXWLRQVVROLGHVGH
VXEVWLWXWLRQVHFRQGDLUHOHVVROXWLRQVVROLGHVGҋLQVHUWLRQHWOHVFRPSRVpVGpILQLV

2.2.1. Solutions solides de substitution primaire

/RUVTXHOHVUD\RQVDWRPLTXHVGXVROYDQWHWGXVROXWpVRQWSHXGLIIpUHQWVO XQGH
O DXWUHHQSUDWLTXHΔr / rVROYDQW qUHUqJOHGH+XPH5RWHU\ OHVDWRPHVGXVROXWp
%UHPSODFHQWXQSDUXQOHVDWRPHVGXVROYDQW$VXUVRQUpVHDXSURSUH6LGHSOXVOHV
GHX[UpVHDX[FULVWDOOLQVVRQWOHVPrPHVODVXEVWLWXWLRQSHXWrWUHWRWDOH

,O \ D DORUV VROXELOLWp PXWXHOOH FRPSOqWH DYHF YDULDWLRQ FRQWLQXH GX SDUDPqWUH GH
PDLOOHHQIRQFWLRQGHODWHQHXUFURLVVDQWHHQ%&HWWHYDULDWLRQHVWVRXYHQWTXDVLPHQW
OLQpDLUH ORLGH9HJDUG 

2.2.2. Solutions solides de substitution secondaire ou intermédiaires

/H UpVHDX FULVWDOOLQ GH FHV DOOLDJHV HVW HQ JpQpUDO GLIIpUHQW GH FHOXL GHV pOpPHQWV
SXUV $ HW % HW OHXU GRPDLQH G H[LVWHQFH HQ FRPSRVLWLRQ VH VLWXH DXWRXU G XQH YDOHXU
4 &KDSLWUH,²eOpPHQWVGHPpWDOOXUJLH
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

FRUUHVSRQGDQW j XQ DOOLDJH GH FRPSRVLWLRQ VW±FKLRPpWULTXH WHOOH TXH $% $%2 $2%
$2%3RX$3%2.
3DU H[HPSOH GDQV OH FDV GHV DOOLDJHV OpJHUV WHOV $O&X RX $O0J OHV SKDVHV
UHVSRQVDEOHV GX GXUFLVVHPHQW VWUXFWXUDO VRQW UHVSHFWLYHPHQW $O2&X HW $O30J2.
&RQWUDLUHPHQW DX[ FRPSRVpV GpILQLV FHV DOOLDJHV SHXYHQW SDUIRLV SUpVHQWHU GHV pFDUWV
UHODWLYHPHQWLPSRUWDQWVSDUUDSSRUWjODVW±FKLRPpWULH

2.2.3. Solutions solides d'insertion

0DOJUp OD JUDQGH FRPSDFLWp GHV UpVHDX[ FULVWDOOLQV LO H[LVWH GHV YLGHV HQWUH OHV
VSKqUHV UHSUpVHQWDQW OHV DWRPHV $ FRQGLWLRQ TXH OHXU UD\RQ DWRPLTXH VRLW SOXV IDLEOH
TXHFHOXLGHVDWRPHVFRQVWLWXDQWOHUpVHDXLQLWLDOGHVDWRPHVVXSSOpPHQWDLUHVSHXYHQW
YHQLURFFXSHUFHVYLGHVGpQRPPpVVLWHVLQWHUVWLWLHOV
,OH[LVWHGHX[W\SHVG LQVHUWLRQSRVVLEOHV )LJXUH,²HW)LJXUH,² O LQVHUWLRQHQ
VLWHWpWUDpGULTXHRO DWRPHLQVpUpRFFXSHOHFHQWUHG XQWpWUDqGUHGRQWOHVVRPPHWVVRQW
IRUPpV SDU GHV DWRPHV GX VROYDQW PpWDOOLTXH HW O LQVHUWLRQ HQ VLWH RFWDpGULTXH R OHV
DWRPHVLQVpUpVRFFXSHQWOHFHQWUHG XQRFWDqGUH

Figure I – 4 : insertions tétraédrique et octaédrique dans le réseau cubique centré

Figure I – 5 : insertions tétraédrique et octaédrique dans le réseau cubique faces

centrées
6HXOV  pOpPHQWV RQW GHV UD\RQV DWRPLTXHV LQIpULHXUV j FHOXL GHV DWRPHV
PpWDOOLTXHVHWVRQWGRQFVXVFHSWLEOHVGHV LQVpUHUGDQVFHVVLWHV&HVRQWUHVSHFWLYHPHQW
²6WUXFWXUHFULVWDOOLQHGHVPpWDX[HWDOOLDJHV 5
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

O K\GURJqQH O R[\JqQH OH FDUERQH HW O D]RWH &HV TXDWUH pOpPHQWV MRXHQW XQ U{OH
SUpSRQGpUDQWPrPHjGHVWHQHXUVWUqVIDLEOHVGDQVOHVDFLHUVLQR[\GDEOHVFRPPHGDQV
les aciers ordinaires.

2.2.4. Composés définis

'H VWUXFWXUH FULVWDOOLQH WUqV GLIIpUHQWH GH FHOOH GHV PpWDX[ SXUV LOV VH GLVWLQJXHQW
GHVDXWUHVW\SHVG DOOLDJHVSDUGHVOLDLVRQVLQWHUDWRPLTXHVVRLWLRQLTXHVVRLWFRYDOHQWHV
TXLUDSSHOOHQWFHOOHVGHVFRPSRVpVGpILQLVGHODFKLPLH
& HVWOHFDVSDUH[HPSOHGHVFDUEXUHVGHVR[\GHVRXGHVQLWUXUHV$LQVLSRXUOHV
DFLHUVRQWURXYHUDODFpPHQWLWH)H3&OHVQLWUXUHV)H41HWSRXUOHVDFLHUVLQR[\GDEOHVOHV
FDUEXUHV &U23&6 &HV FRPSRVpV SHXYHQW HQ RXWUH SUpVHQWHU GH WUqV IDLEOHV pFDUWV j OD
VW±FKLRPpWULH

3. DÉFAUTS DES RÉSEAUX CRISTALLINS

/ pWDW FULVWDOOLQ D MXVTX LFL pWp FRQVLGpUp FRPPH XQ HPSLOHPHQW SDUIDLW G DWRPHV
UpJXOLqUHPHQW UpSDUWLV VHORQ XQ V\VWqPH SURSUH DX PDWpULDX FRQVLGpUp /HV FULVWDX[
PpWDOOLTXHV VRQW HQ UpDOLWp LPSDUIDLWV HW SUpVHQWHQW GHV GpIDXWV ORFDX[ &HV GpIDXWV
SHXYHQW rWUH FODVVpV G XQ SRLQW GH YXH JpRPpWULTXH HQ GpIDXWV SRQFWXHOV GpIDXWV
OLQpDLUHVHWGpIDXWVUpSDUWLVVXUXQHVXUIDFHLQWHUQH
,OV VH VpSDUHQW GH SOXV HQ GpIDXWV WKHUPRG\QDPLTXHPHQW VWDEOHV HW GpIDXWV
WKHUPRG\QDPLTXHPHQWLQVWDEOHV&HVGHUQLHUVQHSHXYHQWSDUGpILQLWLRQH[LVWHUGDQVGHV
FRQGLWLRQVG pTXLOLEUHHWOHXUSUpVHQFHDXJPHQWHO pQHUJLHOLEUHGXV\VWqPH$XFRQWUDLUH
OHV GpIDXWV VWDEOHV DXJPHQWHQW O HQWURSLH GRQWO LQIOXHQFH V RSSRVH j O DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH
O pQHUJLH /HXUQRPEUHHVWGpWHUPLQpSDUXQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQjO pTXLOLEUHTXLGpSHQGGHOD
WHPSpUDWXUH

3.1. Défauts ponctuels

,OVSHXYHQWVHUpSDUWLUHQTXDWUHFDWpJRULHVVHORQOHXUJpRPpWULH
• OHVODFXQHVSRQFWXHOOHV DQJODLVYDFDQFLHV 
• OHVDWRPHVLQWHUVWLWLHOV
• OHVDWRPHVGHVXEVWLWXWLRQ
• OHVGpIDXWVSRQFWXHOVFRPSOH[HV
'DQVXQFULVWDOjO pTXLOLEUHWKHUPRG\QDPLTXHLO\DWRXMRXUVGHVQ±XGVGXUpVHDX
LQRFFXSpV TXL FRQVWLWXHQW GHV ODFXQHV /HXU QRPEUH GpSHQG GH OD WHPSpUDWXUH PDLV
ORUVTXH O RQ IDLW YDULHU FHWWH GHUQLqUH LO SHXW V pFRXOHU XQ FHUWDLQ WHPSV DYDQW TXH OH
QRPEUHGHODFXQHVDWWHLJQHVRQQRXYHOpWDWG pTXLOLEUH
7RXWHIRLVVLOHQRPEUHGHODFXQHVHVWVXVFHSWLEOHGHYDULHULOIDXWHQFRQFOXUHTXH
FHV YLGHV DWRPLTXHV VRQW FDSDEOHV GH PLJUHU j O LQWpULHXU GXUpVHDX HWG HQIUDQFKLU OHV
OLPLWHV
6 &KDSLWUH,²eOpPHQWVGHPpWDOOXUJLH
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

&HPpFDQLVPHUpVXOWHGHSHUPXWDWLRQVVXFFHVVLYHVHQWUHXQHODFXQHHWXQDWRPH
YRLVLQTXLVHGpSODFHSRXUODFRPEOHUFRPPHLOOXVWUpjODILJXUHFLGHVVRXV

Figure I – 6 : migration d'une lacune par déplacements successifs d'atomes

/H VHFRQG W\SH GH GpIDXW SRQFWXHO SHXW rWUH UHSUpVHQWp SDU OH VFKpPD GH OD
)LJXUH,²RO RQFRQVWDWHODSUpVHQFHG XQDWRPHLQWHUVWLWLHOGDQVOHUpVHDX

Figure I – 7 : atome interstitiel dans un réseau

/HV VFKpPDV GH OD )LJXUH,² HW GH OD )LJXUH,² QH GRQQHQW HQ IDLW TX XQH
UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ LQFRPSOqWH GHV GpIDXWV SRQFWXHOV FRQVLGpUpV FDU OHV LPSHUIHFWLRQV
FRUUHVSRQGDQWHV QH VH OLPLWHQW SDV j XQH UDQJpH DWRPLTXH RX j XQ SODQ PDLV VH IRQW
UHVVHQWLU GDQV OHV SODQV YRLVLQV HW DIIHFWHQW DLQVL XQ FHUWDLQ YROXPH &KDTXH DWRPH
LQWHUVWLWLHOHQSDUWLFXOLHUSURYRTXHXQHGpIRUPDWLRQGXUpVHDXGDQVVRQYRLVLQDJH

8QH GpIRUPDWLRQ DQDORJXH PDLV GH PRLQGUH LPSRUWDQFH HVW FDXVpH SDU OH
WURLVLqPHW\SHGHGpIDXWSRQFWXHOjVDYRLUODSUpVHQFHG XQDWRPHpWUDQJHUVXEVWLWXpj
XQ DWRPH GX PpWDO FRQVLGpUp DWRPH GH VXEVWLWXWLRQ  /H TXDWULqPH W\SH GH GpIDXW
pYRTXp GpIDXWSRQFWXHOFRPSOH[H HVWFRQVWLWXpSDUO DFFXPXODWLRQGHGHX[GpIDXWVSDU
H[HPSOHODFXQHDWRPHLQWHUVWLWLHO

3.2. Défauts linéaires ou dislocations

3.2.1. Dislocation coin

/D )LJXUH,² UHSUpVHQWH XQ HPSLOHPHQW DWRPLTXH GDQV OHTXHO RQ REVHUYH
GLVWLQFWHPHQW XQH LPSHUIHFWLRQ ORFDOH 8Q SODQ VXSSOpPHQWDLUH G DWRPHV HVW LQVpUp
FRPPHXQFRLQGDQVOHUpVHDXH[LVWDQWTXLVHWURXYHORFDOHPHQWGpIRUPp2QUHPDUTXH
TXHFHWHPSLOHPHQWGpIHFWXHX[SHXWrWUHUpDUUDQJpMXVTX jIRUPHUXQHPSLOHPHQWFRUUHFW
→
SDUXQJOLVVHPHQWUHSUpVHQWpSDUOHYHFWHXU E GHVUDQJpHVG DWRPHVMXVTX jODVXUIDFH
GX PDWpULDX \ FUpDQW DORUV XQH PDUFKH &HWWH LPSHUIHFWLRQ OLQpDLUH HVW DSSHOpH
GLVORFDWLRQFRLQ/DOLJQHKRUL]RQWDOH$$ SDUDOOqOHDXSODQG DWRPHVVXSSOpPHQWDLUHVHVW
²'pIDXWVGHVUpVHDX[FULVWDOOLQV 7
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

→
DSSHOpHOLJQHRXD[HGHGLVORFDWLRQ/HYHFWHXU E UHSUpVHQWDQWODJUDQGHXUHWODGLUHFWLRQ
GX JOLVVHPHQW SHUSHQGLFXODLUH j OD OLJQH GH GLVORFDWLRQ GDQV OH FDV G XQH GLVORFDWLRQ
FRLQ HVWOHYHFWHXUGH%XUJHUVGHODGLVORFDWLRQ

→
Figure I – 8 : dislocation coin d'axe AA' et de vecteur de Burgers E

3.2.2. Dislocation vis

,OH[LVWHXQHGHX[LqPHHVSqFHGHGLVORFDWLRQDSSHOpHGLVORFDWLRQYLVHWFDUDFWpULVpH
SDU XQ YHFWHXU GH %XUJHUV SDUDOOqOH j OD OLJQH GH GLVORFDWLRQ $$  )LJXUH,²  'DQV FH
FDV OH UpVHDX HVW ORFDOHPHQW GpIRUPp SDU XQ GpSODFHPHQW G DWRPHV FRUUHVSRQGDQW j
XQHWRUVLRQ

→
Figure I – 9 : dislocation vis d'axe AA' et de vecteur de Burgers E
8QH GLVORFDWLRQ VLPSOH VRLW HQ FRLQ VRLW HQ YLV QH SHXW ILQLU VHXOH j O LQWpULHXU GX
FULVWDO6RLWHOOHHQDWWHLQWODVXUIDFHVRLWHOOHV HQFKDvQHjXQHDXWUHGLVORFDWLRQ2QSHXW
DORUV SDU HQFKDvQHPHQW GH SOXVLHXUV GLVORFDWLRQV DERXWLU j O LQWpULHXU GX FULVWDO j OD
IRUPDWLRQG XQHERXFOHGHGLVORFDWLRQFRPPHUHSUpVHQWp)LJXUH,²

Figure I – 10 : représentation schématique d'une boucle de dislocation

8 &KDSLWUH,²eOpPHQWVGHPpWDOOXUJLH
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

6XUFHVFKpPDRQDVXFFHVVLYHPHQWXQHGLVORFDWLRQYLVGHOLJQH$$ HWGHYHFWHXU
→ →
GH %XUJHUV  E Y  XQH GLVORFDWLRQ FRLQ GH OLJQH $% HW GH YHFWHXU GH %XUJHUV E c  XQH
→
GLVORFDWLRQYLVGHOLJQH$ % HWGHYHFWHXUGH%XUJHUV E Y HWXQHGLVORFDWLRQFRLQGHOLJQH
→
%% HWGHYHFWHXUGH%XUJHUV E c .

/HV GLVORFDWLRQV YLV HW FRLQ QH VRQW TXH OHV FDV H[WUrPHV G XQH GLVORFDWLRQ SOXV
JpQpUDOHGRQWODOLJQHHWOHYHFWHXUIRUPHQWXQDQJOHTXHOFRQTXH

4. DIAGRAMMES D'ÉQUILIBRE
4XHO TXH VRLW OH W\SH G DOOLDJH OD VROXELOLWp GH O pOpPHQW % GDQV OH PpWDO $ YD
GpSHQGUH GH OD WHPSpUDWXUH /HV GLDJUDPPHV G pTXLOLEUH RQW SRXU REMHW GH GpILQLU HQ
IRQFWLRQ GH FHWWH GHUQLqUH O pWDW SK\VLTXH OLTXLGH VROLGH RX VROLGH  OLTXLGH GH O DOOLDJH
GDQV GHV FRQGLWLRQV R OD FLQpWLTXH GH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ HVW VXIILVDPPHQW OHQWH SRXU TX j
FKDTXH LQVWDQW VRLW UpDOLVp O pTXLOLEUH WKHUPRG\QDPLTXH &HV GLDJUDPPHV QH GRQQHQW
GRQFSDVG LQIRUPDWLRQGLUHFWHVXUOHVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVGHSKDVHVXVFHSWLEOHVG LQWHUYHQLU
ORUVG XQHYDULDWLRQUDSLGHGHODWHPSpUDWXUH& HVWOHFDVGHODWUHPSHGHVDOOLDJHV$O&X
TXLGRQQHQDLVVDQFHjGHVVROXWLRQVVROLGHVGHVXEVWLWXWLRQPpWDVWDEOHVVXUVDWXUpHVHQ
FXLYUHGRQWO pYROXWLRQSDUIRUPDWLRQG DPDVULFKHVHQFXLYUH ]RQHVGH*XLQLHU3UHVWRQ 
SURYRTXHOHGXUFLVVHPHQWVWUXFWXUDO
&LQT W\SHV GH GLDJUDPPHV ELQDLUHV j GHX[ FRPSRVDQWV  SHXYHQW rWUH DVVRFLpV
DX[ TXDWUH W\SHV G DOOLDJHV GpFULWV DX † GHX[ GLDJUDPPHV FRUUHVSRQGDQW DX[
VROXWLRQVVROLGHVGHVXEVWLWXWLRQSULPDLUHVHORQTXHODVROXELOLWpHVWRXQ HVWSDVFRPSOqWH

4.1. Diagramme binaire à solubilité mutuelle complète

&H GLDJUDPPH )LJXUH,²D  HVW FDUDFWpULVp SDU XQ IXVHDX GH VROLGLILFDWLRQ
GpOLPLWp SDU GHX[ FRXUEHV FRUUHVSRQGDQW O XQH DX GpEXW GH VROLGLILFDWLRQ OLTXLGXV  HW
O DXWUHjODILQGHVROLGLILFDWLRQ VROLGXV &HVGHX[FRXUEHVDERXWLVVHQWDX[WHPSpUDWXUHV
7$ HW 7% TXL FRUUHVSRQGHQW DX[ WHPSpUDWXUHV GH VROLGLILFDWLRQ RX GH IXVLRQ  GHV GHX[
PpWDX[ SXUV /H IXVHDX FRPSULV HQWUH OH OLTXLGXV HW OH VROLGXV FRUUHVSRQG j OD
FRH[LVWHQFH GH GHX[ SKDVHV FRQVWLWXpHV O XQH SDU XQ OLTXLGH HW O DXWUH SDU GHV FULVWDX[
IRUPpVSDUXQHVROXWLRQVROLGHGHVXEVWLWXWLRQGHVWUXFWXUHFULVWDOOLQHLGHQWLTXHjFHOOHGHV
PpWDX[$HW%

4.2. Diagramme binaire à solubilité limitée avec transformation eutectique

$X[ H[WUpPLWpV GH FH GLDJUDPPH )LJXUH,²E  H[LVWHQW GHX[ GRPDLQHV OLPLWpV
HQFRPSRVLWLRQHWHQWHPSpUDWXUHSDUOHVFRXUEHV cHW dFRUUHVSRQGDQWjGHVVROXWLRQV
VROLGHVGHVXEVWLWXWLRQSULPDLUHVO XQHGH%GDQV$ VROXWLRQVROLGHα D\DQWODVWUXFWXUH
GH$HWO DXWUHGH$GDQV% VROXWLRQVROLGHβ D\DQWODVWUXFWXUHGH%6LO RQV LQWpUHVVH
SDU H[HPSOH j XQ DOOLDJH GH FRPSRVLWLRQ $x%\ j O pWDW VROLGH j OD WHPSpUDWXUH 7R LO VH
SUpVHQWH VRXV OD IRUPH G XQH VHXOH SKDVH IRUPpH SDU OD VROXWLRQ VROLGH α /RUVTXH OD
WHPSpUDWXUH GLPLQXH SRXU DWWHLQGUH OD YDOHXU 71 OH PD[LPXP GH VROXELOLWp GX PpWDO %